Ci a ion: Ple icosic-Ramí ez, Y.;
A u e-Gi áldez, V.; Rod íguez-Neg o,
J.; Mecías-Cal o, M.; Na a o-Pa ón,
R. Is I Possible o Imp o e he
Pe cei ed Quali y o Li e o
O e weigh o Obese Olde People
h ough a Mul icomponen Physical
Exe cise P og am? Beha . Sci. 2024,14,
618. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
bs14070618
Academic Edi o : Ma ialau a Di Tella
Recei ed: 21 May 2024
Re ised: 16 July 2024
Accep ed: 17 July 2024
Published: 21 July 2024
Copy igh : © 2024 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
beha io al
sciences
A icle
Is I Possible o Imp o e he Pe cei ed Quali y o Li e o
O e weigh o Obese Olde People h ough a Mul icomponen
Physical Exe cise P og am?
Yazmina Ple icosic-Ramí ez 1,2 , Víc o A u e-Gi áldez 3, Josune Rod íguez-Neg o 4,5 ,
Ma cos Mecías-Cal o 6,* and Rubén Na a o-Pa ón6
1Depa amen o de Salud, Uni e sidad In e nacional Ibe oame icana, Campeche 24560, Mexico;
[email p o ec ed]
2Facul ad de Educación, Pedagogía en Educación Física, Uni e sidad San Sebas ián, Lien u 1457,
Concepción 4080871, Chile
3Facul ad de Ciencias de la Educación, Uni e sidad de A Co uña, 15008 A Co uña, Spain; .a [email p o ec ed]
4
Depa men o Didac ics o Musical, Plas ic and Co po al Exp ession, Facul y o Educa ion, Uni e si y o he
Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; [email p o ec ed]
5Resea ch Uni o School Spo , Physical Educa ion and Psychomo ici y, Uni e si y o A Co uña,
15008 A Co uña, Spain
6Facul ade de Fo mación do P o eso ado, Uni e sidade de San iago de Compos ela, 27001 Lugo, Spain;
uben.na a [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: ma [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Mul icomponen exe cise is a physical exe cise modali y in which a ious physical qual-
i ies (s eng h, ca dio espi a o y endu ance, lexibili y, and balance) a e de eloped wi h an equal
dis ibu ion o olume in he same session (app oxima ely 60 min) and ha has been li le explo ed
in imp o ing he quali y o li e o olde adul s. The aim o his s udy was o e i y he e ec o
mul icomponen aining on sel -pe cei ed quali y o li e in Chilean o e weigh o obese olde people.
To his end, a quasi-expe imen al s udy wi h a con ol g oup was designed o e alua e sel -pe cei ed
Quali y o Li e using he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion Quali y o Li e, b ie e sion [O e all Quali y
o Li e (OQOL); O e all Heal h (OH); Physical Heal h (PH); Psychological Heal h (PsH); Social
Rela ions (SR); En i onmen (E)]. Se en y o e weigh o obese people aged be ween 60 and 86 yea s
pa icipa ed (M = 73.15; SD = 5.94) and we e andomized in o a con ol g oup (CG, n = 35) and an
expe imen al g oup (EG, n = 35). The esul s in he EG (p e s. pos -in e en ion) indica ed ha he e
we e s a is ically signi ican di e ences in OQOL (p= 0.005), OH (p= 0.014), PH (p< 0.001), PsH
(
p< 0.001
), E (p= 0.015), and SR (p< 0.001) which we e no ound in he CG in any o he a iables
(
p> 0.050
) excep in SR (p< 0.001). Rega ding sex, pos -in e en ion di e ences we e only ound
be ween CG and EG in women in OQOL (p= 0.002), PH (p< 0.001), PsH (p= 0.003), and SR (
p< 0.001
),
bu no in OH o E (p> 0.050). These di e ences we e no ound among men in any o he a iables
(p> 0.050). As a conclusion, we can say ha a mul icomponen physical exe cise p og am applied o
6 mon hs signi ican ly imp o es he pe cep ion o OQOL, OH, PH, PsH, SR, and E in o e weigh o
obese olde people. This pe cep ion is g ea e in men han in women.
Keywo ds: quali y o li e; elde ly; ageing; pe cep ion; WHOQOL-BREF physical ac i i y
1. In oduc ion
Nowadays, in de eloped coun ies, eaching an ad anced age is no longe excep-
ional [
1
]. The demog aphic ans o ma ion owa ds an aging socie y is pe cei ed as a
sociodemog aphic change ha has been inc easing in ecen decades [
2
]. Ageing b ings
wi h i physical limi a ions o ch onic diseases ha cause a lack o ull well-being in his
sec o o he popula ion [
3
,
4
]. Howe e , well-being can be imp o ed h ough he p ac ice
o physical exe cise (PE) [
5
], which consequen ly causes an inc ease in he sel -pe cei ed
Beha . Sci. 2024,14, 618. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/bs14070618 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/beha sci
Beha . Sci. 2024,14, 618 2 o 11
quali y o li e in olde adul s [
6
]. Quali y o li e e e s o an indi idual’s pe cep ion o his o
he posi ion in li e in he con ex o he cul u e and alue sys em in which he o she li es
and in ela ion o his o he goals, expec a ions, s anda ds, and conce ns [7,8].
Rela ing PE o quali y o li e, Vázquez e al. [
5
] ound a posi i e associa ion be ween
quali y o li e and highe le els o physical ac i i y, as well as lowe le els o dep ession
and dependence. Bouaziz e al. [
9
] men ion ha egula exe cise has been shown o ha e
many heal h bene i s, posi i ely impac ing quali y o li e.
Heal h- ela ed quali y o li e has been s udied h ough he SF-36 ques ionnai e in
p e ious esea ch, whe e signi ican e ec s we e ob ained on physical pe o mance and
quali y o li e [
10
]; in he men al componen and men al heal h subscale wi h he p ac ice o
HITT [
11
]; pain educ ion, social and i ali y imp o emen s wi h he p ac ice o mode a e
in ensi y aqua ic aining; imp o ing i ali y and heal h s a us wi h HIIT aqua ic ain-
ing [
12
]; imp o emen in gene al heal h, physical unc ioning, men al heal h, and i ali y
wi h esis ance aining [
13
]; and imp o emen in heal h s a us, i ali y, and social aspec s
wi h mul icomponen aqua ic aining [
14
]. P e ious s udies ela ed o imp o emen s
h ough mul icomponen exe cise ha e analyzed imp o emen s in BMI [
15
], unc ional
capaci y, o physical capaci y [
16
], among o he s. Finally, he scien i ic e idence o da e,
including he WHOQOL-BREF ques ionnai e and mul icomponen physical exe cise, o
e alua e quali y o li e in olde adul s is sca ce o has been ca ied ou only in women [
17
,
18
]
o only o e alua e cogni i e unc ions [19].
Mul icomponen exe cise is a PE modali y in which a ious physical quali ies (s eng h,
ca dio espi a o y endu ance, lexibili y, and balance) a e de eloped wi h an equal dis i-
bu ion o olume in he same session (app oxima ely 60 min) [
20
] and ha has been li le
explo ed in imp o ing he quali y o li e o olde adul s.
Fo all o he abo e, and gi en he lack o e idence on he e ec o mul icomponen
PE on quali y o li e in olde adul s, he objec i e o his s udy was o e i y he e ec o
mul icomponen aining on sel -pe cei ed quali y o li e in olde Chilean o e weigh o
obese people and whe he hese e ec s a e he same in men and women.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. S udy Design
Fo his s udy wi h a quasi-expe imen al design wi h p e- and pos - es measu es, wi h
a con ol g oup [
21
], he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion ques ionnai e (WHOQOL-BREF) [
22
]
was used o e alua e quali y o li e, adap ed o he Chilean adul popula ion [
23
] (i.e., O e -
all Quali y o Li e (OQOL); O e all Heal h (OH); Physical Heal h (PH); Psychological
Heal h (PsH); En i onmen (E); Social Rela ions (SR)) acco ding o he g oup (con ol s.
expe imen al), and his was s a i ied acco ding o gende (man s. woman).
2.2. Pa icipan s
A o al o 153 indi iduals who we e o e weigh o obese and we e 60 yea s o age
o olde —59 men and 94 women—we e in i ed o ake pa in his s udy. A con enience
sample was p o ided o membe s o clubs a ilia ed wi h he Regional Fede a ion o
Communi y Unions o he Elde ly in he Biobío a ea o Concepción, Chile. The ollowing
c i e ia had o be me in o de o be conside ed o inclusion: (a) being 60 yea s o age o
olde ; (b) being o e weigh o obese people acco ding o WHO c i e ia [
24
]; (c) no ha ing
a medical condi ion ha would p e en hem om aking pa in he es s o in e en ion
p og am; (d) being physically independen ; (e) signing an in o med consen o m.
A e ul illing all he equi emen s o admission, 70 pa icipan s we e andomly
assigned o one o wo g oups: he expe imen al g oup (EG, n = 35; 28 women/7 men) o
he con ol g oup (CG, n = 35; 33 women/2 men).
2.3. Ins umen s
2.3.1. Sociodemog aphic Da a
The da a on he a iables age (yea s) and sex (male/ emale) we e sel - epo ed.
Beha . Sci. 2024,14, 618 3 o 11
2.3.2. An h opome ic and Body Composi ion Measu emen s
Fo an h opome ic and body composi ion measu emen s, he p o ocol o he In e na-
ional Socie y o he Ad ancemen o Kinan h opome y (ISAK) [
25
] was used o bo h
body mass and heigh . These wo allowed us o de e mine he deg ee o obesi y h ough
he body mass index (BMI) wi h he o mula [weigh kg/heigh m
2
], ollowing he WHO
measu emen s [24].
The heigh measu emen was pe o med wi h he po able SECA 206 s adiome e in
he maximum ex ension posi ion, placing he squa e i mly on he Ve ex, comp essing
he hai as much as possible, and asking he pe son o inhale deeply and hold hei b ea h
be o e he subjec e alua ed exhaled [25].
Body mass was calcula ed using he Om om HBF-514C equipmen . Weigh was
e alua ed wi h minimal clo hing, checking ha he scale was a ze o. These measu emen s
we e ou inely pe o med in he mo ning, wel e hou s a e he las meal [25].
2.3.3. Adap ed Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion Quali y o Li e Ques ionnai e
(WHOQOL-BREF)
The sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHOQOL-
BREF) [
22
] was used o e alua e he quali y o li e adap ed o he Chilean olde people
popula ion [
23
]. This sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e is composed o a gene al ques ion
on quali y o li e (“How would you a e you quali y o li e?”), a ques ion on sa is ac ion
wi h you heal h s a us (“A e you sa is ied wi h you heal h?”), and 24 i ems g ouped in o
ou dimensions: Physical Heal h (e.g., “To wha ex en do you hink ha physical pain
p e en s you om doing wha you need?”), Psychological Heal h (e.g., “To wha ex en do
you eel ha Does you li e ha e meaning?”), Social Rela ionships (e.g., “To wha ex en
a e you sa is ied wi h you in e pe sonal ela ionships?”), and En i onmen (e.g., “To wha
ex en a e you sa is ied wi h he condi ions o he place whe e you li e?”). The i ems a e
sco ed on a i e-poin Like 1 scale wi h i e di e en o ma s (1 = “ e y bad” o 5 = “ e y
good”, 1 = “ e y dissa is ied” o 5 = “qui e sa is ied”, 1 =no a all o 5= “a lo ”, 1= “ e y
li le” o 5= “ e y good”, 1= “ne e ” o 5= “always”).
2.3.4. In e en ion P og am
The EG pa icipa ed in a mul icomponen physical exe cise p og am. This is de ined
as a ype o aining ha inco po a es di e en elemen s, such as ca dio ascula aining,
coo dina ion, s eng h, balance, and lexibili y, in a single exe cise session [
26
] which was
augh by he main esea che , who has 15 yea s o expe ience in he ield o Physical
Educa ion. The p og am las ed 6 mon hs, wi h 2 sessions pe week, each las ing 60 min.
Each session was o ganized as can be seen in Figu e 1. The CG pa icipan s con inued
wi h hei daily li es wi hou modi ying hei habi s o pa icipa ing in any physical
exe cise p og am.
2.4. P ocedu e
Con ac was made i s wi h he managemen o he clubs o he Regional Fede a ion
o Communi y Unions o olde people in he Biobío egion o he ci y o Concepción (Chile),
and he objec i e o he s udy was explained o hem. A e managemen app o al, an
in i a ion le e was sen o po en ial pa icipan s o an in o ma ional mee ing o explain
he aim and pu pose o he s udy, he p ocedu e, and hei olun a y pa icipa ion, as well
as he con iden iali y s a emen .
A e he pa icipan s signed he in o med consen , he necessa y sociodemog aphic
da a (age and sex) we e sel - epo ed and he pa icipan s we e andomly assigned o
EG and CG. The an h opome ic measu emen s (i.e., heigh , weigh , and BMI ollowing
he o mula BMI = weigh kg/heigh m
2
) and he sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e we e
collec ed p io o he s a o he in e en ion. The su ey las ed app oxima ely 15 min.
Once he ini ial da a was collec ed, he in e en ion p og am was applied o he EG. Once
he in e en ion pe iod was o e , da a on quali y o li e we e collec ed using he WHOQOL-
Beha . Sci. 2024,14, 618 4 o 11
BREF ques ionnai e o bo h g oups (CG and EG) wi hin one week a e comple ing he
in e en ion p og am. All esea ch was ca ied ou in acco dance wi h he Decla a ion o
Helsinki. The esea ch p o ocol was sen and app o ed by he E hics Commi ee o he
Uni e sidad In e nacional Ibe oame icana on 22 June 2022, being app o ed and egis e ed
in ile numbe CR-163.
Beha . Sci. 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 12
Figu e 1. Phases and con en s o he sessions and ypes o exe cises o he mul icomponen p og am.
2.4. P ocedu e
Con ac was made i s wi h he managemen o he clubs o he Regional Fede a ion
o Communi y Unions o olde people in he Biobío egion o he ci y o Concepción
(Chile), and he objec i e o he s udy was explained o hem. A e managemen app o al,
an in i a ion le e was sen o po en ial pa icipan s o an in o ma ional mee ing o ex-
plain he aim and pu pose o he s udy, he p ocedu e, and hei olun a y pa icipa ion,
as well as he con iden iali y s a emen .
A e he pa icipan s signed he in o med consen , he necessa y sociodemog aphic
da a (age and sex) we e sel - epo ed and he pa icipan s we e andomly assigned o EG
and CG. The an h opome ic measu emen s (i.e., heigh , weigh , and BMI ollowing he
o mula BMI = weigh kg/heigh m2) and he sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e we e col-
lec ed p io o he s a o he in e en ion. The su ey las ed app oxima ely 15 minu es.
Once he ini ial da a was collec ed, he in e en ion p og am was applied o he EG. Once
he in e en ion pe iod was o e , da a on quali y o li e we e collec ed using he
WHOQOL-BREF ques ionnai e o bo h g oups (CG and EG) wi hin one week a e com-
ple ing he in e en ion p og am. All esea ch was ca ied ou in acco dance wi h he Dec-
la a ion o Helsinki. The esea ch p o ocol was sen and app o ed by he E hics Commi -
ee o he Uni e sidad In e nacional Ibe oame icana on 22 June 2022, being app o ed and
egis e ed in ile numbe CR-163.
2.5. S a is ical Analysis
The IBM SPSS S a is ics o Windows p og am, e sion 25.0, was used o s a is ically
analyse he da a in his s udy. Measu es o cen al endency (mean and s anda d de ia-
ion) a e used o p esen he esul s o he quan i a i e a iables (O e all Quali y o Li e
(OQOL), O e all Heal h (OH), Physical Heal h (PH), Psychological Heal h (PsH), En i-
onmen (E), Social Rela ions (SR), BMI, heigh , weigh , and age); pe cen ages and e-
quencies a e used o p esen he esul s o he quali a i e a iables (sex and deg ee o
o e weigh ness o obesi y). The Kolmogo o –Smi no es was pe o med o con i m he
no mali y o he da a. Fi s , o each dependen a iable unde in es iga ion, he desc ip-
i e s a is ics (mean and s anda d de ia ion) we e de e mined. Second, an independen
Figu e 1. Phases and con en s o he sessions and ypes o exe cises o he mul icomponen p og am.
2.5. S a is ical Analysis
The IBM SPSS S a is ics o Windows p og am, e sion 25.0, was used o s a is ically
analyse he da a in his s udy. Measu es o cen al endency (mean and s anda d de ia ion)
a e used o p esen he esul s o he quan i a i e a iables (O e all Quali y o Li e (OQOL),
O e all Heal h (OH), Physical Heal h (PH), Psychological Heal h (PsH), En i onmen (E),
Social Rela ions (SR), BMI, heigh , weigh , and age); pe cen ages and equencies a e used
o p esen he esul s o he quali a i e a iables (sex and deg ee o o e weigh ness o
obesi y). The Kolmogo o –Smi no es was pe o med o con i m he no mali y o he
da a. Fi s , o each dependen a iable unde in es iga ion, he desc ip i e s a is ics (mean
and s anda d de ia ion) we e de e mined. Second, an independen sample - es was used
o de e mine whe he he g oups ( he expe imen al g oup and he con ol g oup) we e
equi alen in e ms o age and an h opome y (BMI, heigh , weigh ), he Chi squa e es
was used o de e mine whe he he g oups we e equi alen in e ms o he pa icipan s’ sex
and deg ee o obesi y o o e weigh ness, and inally, an independen samples T es was
used o check o changes in BMI, heigh , and weigh . Using Time as a epea ed measu es
ac o (i.e., Time (p e- es s. pos - es ), G oup (Con ol g oup s. Expe imen al g oup), and
Sex (man s. woman)) o analyse he po en ial main e ec o hese ac o s on he a iables
o he WHOQOL-BREF ques ionnai e and hei in e ac ion using he s a is ic Bon e oni, a
h ee- ac o ANOVA ( ime x g oup x deg ee o o e weigh o obesi y) was conduc ed a e
he six-mon h in e en ion. The e a squa ed (η2) was used o calcula e he e ec size.
3. Resul s
The sample was di ided in o wo analysis g oups, he CG (n = 35), wi h a mean age
o 72.54 yea s (SD = 5.55), and he EG (n = 35), wi h a mean age o 73.77 yea s (
SD = 6.32
).
Rega ding he sex a iable, 87% o he pa icipan s we e women (n = 61) and 13% men
Beha . Sci. 2024,14, 618 5 o 11
(n = 9), dis ibu ing 33 women and 2 men in he CG and 28 women and 7 men in he EG.
The baseline cha ac e is ics o he sample (Table 1) indica e ha he e we e no s a is ically
signi ican di e ences in any o he a iables [i.e., mean age (p= 0.391); gende (p= 0.075);
a e age heigh (p= 0.685); a e age weigh (p= 0.443); BMI (p= 0.215) and deg ee o
o e weigh -obesi y (p= 528)] be ween he CG and EG.
Table 1. Sample cha ac e iza ion.
Con ol G oup Expe imen al G oup
Va iables
A e age age (yea s) 72.54 ±5.55 73.77 ±6.32
Sex
Man 2 (72.2%) 7 (27.8%)
Woman 33 (27.8%) 28 (72.2%)
A e age heigh (m) 1.538 ±7.16 1.530 ±9.16
A e age weigh (kg) 72.51 ±11.99 74.80 ±12.75
A e age BMI (kg/m2)30.71 ±4.075 31.88 ±3.73
Deg ee o o e weigh -obesi y
O e weigh 17 (24.3%) 11 (15.7%)
Type I Obesi y 13 (18.6%) 17 (24.3%)
Type II Obesi y 4 (5.7%) 6 (8.6%)
Type III Obesi y 1 (1.4%) 1 (1.4%)
No e: Quan i a i e a iables a e exp essed as mean and s anda d de ia ion, and quali a i e a iables a e exp essed
as equencies and pe cen ages.
The no mali y es e ealed ha he da a ollowed a no mal dis ibu ion [i.e., OQOL
(p= 0.121), OH (p= 0.243), PH (p= 0.516), PsH (p= 0.412), E (p= 0.288), and SR (p= 0.300)].
3.1. CG and EG P e-In e en ion Compa ison
The esul s be o e he in e en ion indica ed ha he e we e no s a is ically signi ican
di e ences in any o he a iables s udied [i.e., OQOL (p= 0.084), OH (p= 0.783), PH
(
p= 0.175
), PsH (p= 0.732), SR (p= 0.715), and E (p= 0.705)] in he compa ison be ween he
CG and EG (Table 2).
Table 2. P e- and pos -in e en ion esul s o he con ol and expe imen al g oups.
Va iable CG P e (n = 35) EG P e (n = 35) CG Pos (n = 35) EG Pos (n = 35)
Quali y o Li e 3.25 ±1.01 3.80 ±0.96 3.42 ±0.91 4.22 ±0.80
O e all Heal h 3.00 ±1.11 3.31 ±0.96 3.14 ±0.91 3.62 ±0.80
Physical Heal h 3.51 ±0.67 3.58 ±0.54 3.46 ±0.59 3.93 ±0.51
Psychological
Heal h 3.60 ±0.74 3.82 ±0.39 3.58 ±0.71 4.10 ±0.52
Social Rela ions 3.22 ±0.69 3.49 ±0.64 3.09 ±0.72 3.80 ±0.52
En i onmen 3.47 ±0.55 3.68 ±0.61 3.60 ±1.26 3.96 ±0.56
No e: Da a a e p esen ed as mean ±s anda d de ia ion.
Depending on sex (Figu e 2), he esul s indica ed ha he e we e no p e ious s a is i-
cally signi ican di e ences be ween women in he CG and women in he EG in any o he
a iables s udied [i.e., OQOL (p= 0.067); OH (p= 0.246); PH (p= 0.272); PsH (p= 0.085); SR
(p= 0.067); E (p= 0.062)], no be ween men om he CG and men om he EG [i.e., OQOL
(p= 0.216); OH (p= 0.933); PH (p= 0.077); PsH (p= 0.360); SR (p= 0.330); E (p= 0.318)]. Fo
all hese easons, he g oups we e equi alen wi h espec o all he a iables s udied.
Beha . Sci. 2024,14, 618 6 o 11
Beha . Sci. 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 12
Table 2. P e- and pos -in e en ion esul s o he con ol and expe imen al g oups.
Va iable
CG P e (n = 35)
EG P e (n = 35)
CG Pos (n = 35)
EG Pos (n = 35)
Quali y o Li e
3.25 1.01
3.80 0.96
3.42 0.91
4.22 0.80
O e all Heal h
3.00 1.11
3.31 0.96
3.14 0.91
3.62 0.80
Physical Heal h
3.51 0.67
3.58 0.54
3.46 0.59
3.93 0.51
Psychological
Heal h
3.60 0.74
3.82 0.39
3.58 0.71
4.10 0.52
Social Rela ions
3.22 0.69
3.49 0.64
3.09 0.72
3.80 0.52
En i onmen
3.47 0.55
3.68 0.61
3.60 1.26
3.96 0.56
No e: Da a a e p esen ed as mean s anda d de ia ion.
Depending on sex (Figu e 2), he esul s indica ed ha he e we e no p e ious s a is-
ically signi ican di e ences be ween women in he CG and women in he EG in any o
he a iables s udied [i.e., OQOL (p = 0.067); OH (p = 0.246); PH (p = 0.272); PsH (p = 0.085);
SR (p = 0.067); E (p = 0.062)], no be ween men om he CG and men om he EG [i.e.,
OQOL (p = 0.216); OH (p = 0.933); PH (p = 0.077); PsH (p = 0.360); SR (p = 0.330); E (p =
0.318)]. Fo all hese easons, he g oups we e equi alen wi h espec o all he a iables
s udied.
Figu e 2. P e- es di e ences be ween CG and EG. CG: con ol g oup; EG: expe imen al g oup;
OQOL: O e all Quali y O Li e; OH: O e all Heal h; PH: Physical Heal h; PsH: Psychological
Heal h; SR: Social Rela ions; E: En i onmen .
3.2. Con ol G oup Resul s
The p e- and pos -in e en ion esul s o he CG (Table 1) indica ed ha he e we e
s a is ically signi ican di e ences in OQOL [F(1, 66) = 4.423, p = 0.039, η2 = 0.063, 95% CI
−1.093, −0.028], wi h he sco es being lowe be o e han a e 6 mon hs, bu no in he es
o he a iables [i.e., OH (p = 0.737); PH (p = 0.668); PsH (p = 609); SR (p = 0.724); E (p =
0.827)].
The e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in any o he a iables s udied in
he p e–pos compa ison in he CG, depending on sex (Figu e 3), no in women [i.e.,
OQOL (p = 0.345); OH (p = 0.164); PH (p = 0.071); PsH (p = 0.676); SR (p = 0.143); E (p =
0.363)], no in men [i.e., OQOL (p = 0.058); OH (1.00); PH (p = 0.288); PsH (p = 0.671); SR (p
= 1.00); E (p = 1.00)].
Figu e 2. P e- es di e ences be ween CG and EG. CG: con ol g oup; EG: expe imen al g oup;
OQOL: O e all Quali y O Li e; OH: O e all Heal h; PH: Physical Heal h; PsH: Psychological Heal h;
SR: Social Rela ions; E: En i onmen .
3.2. Con ol G oup Resul s
The p e- and pos -in e en ion esul s o he CG (Table 1) indica ed ha he e we e
s a is ically signi ican di e ences in OQOL [F(1, 66) = 4.423, p= 0.039,
η
2 = 0.063, 95%
CI
−
1.093,
−
0.028], wi h he sco es being lowe be o e han a e 6 mon hs, bu no in
he es o he a iables [i.e., OH (p= 0.737); PH (p= 0.668); PsH (p= 609); SR (p= 0.724);
E (p= 0.827)].
The e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in any o he a iables s udied in he
p e–pos compa ison in he CG, depending on sex (Figu e 3), no in women [i.e., OQOL
(
p= 0.345
); OH (p= 0.164); PH (p= 0.071); PsH (p= 0.676); SR (p= 0.143); E (p= 0.363)],
no in men [i.e., OQOL (p= 0.058); OH (1.00); PH (p= 0.288); PsH (p= 0.671); SR (p= 1.00);
E (p= 1.00)].
Beha . Sci. 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 12
Figu e 3. P e-pos - es sex di e ences in he CG. CG: con ol g oup; OQOL: O e all Quali y O Li e;
OH: O e all Heal h; PH: Physical Heal h; PsH: Psychological Heal h; SR: Social Rela ions; E: En i-
onmen .
3.3. Expe imen al G oup Resul s
The p e- and pos -in e en ion esul s o he EG (Table 1) indica ed ha he e we e
s a is ically signi ican di e ences in all he a iables o he ques ionnai e (i.e., OQOL [F(1,
66) = 11.995, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.154, 95% CI −0.845, −0.227]; OH [F(1, 66) = 9.894, p = 0.002, η2
= 0.130, 95% CI −0.671, −0.150]; PH [F(1, 66) = 24.187, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.268, 95% CI −0.595,
−0.252], PsH [F(1, 66) = 48.737, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.425, 95% CI −0.524, −0.291]; SR [F(1, 66) =
12.557, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.160, 95% CI −0.642, −0.179] and E [F(1, 66) = 6.321, p = 0.001, η2 =
0.087, 95% CI −0.793, −0.091]).
In he compa ison o p e- and pos -in e en ion in he EG (Figu e 4), he e we e s a-
is ically signi ican di e ences in all he a iables s udied be ween women (OQOL [F(1,
66) = 6.664, p = 0.012, η2 = 0.092, 95% CI −0.633, −0.081; OH [F(1, 66) = 4.582, p = 0.036, η2 =
0.065, 95% CI −0.483, −0.017]; PH [F(1, 66) = 14.764, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.183, 95% CI −0.450,
−0.142]; PsH [F(1, 66) = 14.139, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.176, 95% CI −0.301, −0.092]; SR [F(1, 66) =
5.1816, p = 0.019, η2 = 0.176, 95% CI −0.457, −0.043], excep in E (p = 0.285); and be ween
men (OQOL [F(1, 66) = 6.664, p = 0.012, η2 = 0.092, 95% CI −1.267, −0.162]; OH [F(1, 66) =
5.985, p = 0.017, η2 = 0.083, 95% CI −1.038, −0.105]; PH [F(1, 66) = 12.797, p = 0.001, η2 =
0.162, 95% CI −0.859, −0.243]; PsH [F(1, 66) = 35.107, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.347, 95% CI −0.828,
−0.410]; SR [F(1, 66) = 7.596, p = 0.008, η2 = 0.347, 95% CI −0.985, −0.157], and E [F(1, 66) =
5.160, p = 0.026, η2 = 0.073, 95% CI −1.342, −0.086]).
Figu e 3. P e-pos - es sex di e ences in he CG. CG: con ol g oup; OQOL: O e all Quali y O
Li e; OH: O e all Heal h; PH: Physical Heal h; PsH: Psychological Heal h; SR: Social Rela ions;
E: En i onmen .
Beha . Sci. 2024,14, 618 7 o 11
3.3. Expe imen al G oup Resul s
The p e- and pos -in e en ion esul s o he EG (Table 1) indica ed ha he e we e
s a is ically signi ican di e ences in all he a iables o he ques ionnai e (i.e., OQOL
[
F(1, 66) = 11.995
,p< 0.001,
η
2 = 0.154, 95% CI
−
0.845,
−
0.227]; OH [F(1, 66) = 9.894,
p= 0.002
,
η
2 = 0.130, 95% CI
−
0.671,
−
0.150]; PH [F(1, 66) = 24.187, p< 0.001,
η
2 = 0.268,
95% CI
−
0.595,
−
0.252], PsH [F(1, 66) = 48.737, p< 0.001,
η
2 = 0.425, 95% CI
−
0.524,
−
0.291];
SR [F(1, 66) = 12.557, p= 0.001,
η
2 = 0.160, 95% CI
−
0.642,
−
0.179] and E [F(1, 66) = 6.321,
p= 0.001, η2 = 0.087, 95% CI −0.793, −0.091]).
In he compa ison o p e- and pos -in e en ion in he EG (Figu e 4), he e we e
s a is ically signi ican di e ences in all he a iables s udied be ween women (OQOL
[
F(1, 66) = 6.664
,p= 0.012,
η
2 = 0.092, 95% CI
−
0.633,
−
0.081; OH [F(1, 66) = 4.582,
p= 0.036
,
η
2 = 0.065, 95% CI
−
0.483,
−
0.017]; PH [F(1, 66) = 14.764, p< 0.001,
η
2 = 0.183, 95% CI
−
0.450,
−
0.142]; PsH [F(1, 66) = 14.139, p< 0.001,
η
2 = 0.176, 95% CI
−
0.301,
−
0.092]; SR
[F(1, 66) = 5.1816, p= 0.019,
η
2 = 0.176, 95% CI
−
0.457,
−
0.043], excep in E (p= 0.285);
and be ween men (OQOL [F(1, 66) = 6.664, p= 0.012,
η
2 = 0.092, 95% CI
−
1.267,
−
0.162];
OH [F(1, 66) = 5.985, p= 0.017,
η
2 = 0.083, 95% CI
−
1.038,
−
0.105]; PH [F(1, 66) = 12.797,
p= 0.001
,
η
2 = 0.162, 95% CI
−
0.859,
−
0.243]; PsH [F(1, 66) = 35.107, p< 0.001,
η
2 = 0.347,
95% CI
−
0.828,
−
0.410]; SR [F(1, 66) = 7.596, p= 0.008,
η
2 = 0.347, 95% CI
−
0.985,
−
0.157],
and E [F(1, 66) = 5.160, p= 0.026, η2 = 0.073, 95% CI −1.342, −0.086]).
Beha . Sci. 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 12
Figu e 4: P e-pos - es sex di e ences in he EG. EG: expe imen al g oup; OQOL: O e all Quali y
O Li e; OH: O e all Heal h; PH: Physical Heal h; PsH: Psychological Heal h; SR: Social Rela ions;
E: En i onmen . No e: * p < 0.05 di e en be ween P e- s. Pos - es ; ** p = 0.001 di e en be ween
P e- s. Pos - es ; *** p < 0.001 di e en be ween P e- s. Pos - es
3.4. CG s. EG Pos -In e en ion Resul s
The e we e s a is ically signi ican di e ences pos -in e en ion esul s be ween he
CG and EG (Table 1) only in OQOL [F(1, 66) = 3.954, p = 0.005, η2 = 0.057, 95% CI −1.430,
−0.003]. The e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in OH (p = 0.212), PH (p = 0.552),
PsH (p = 0.155), SR (p =0.149), o E (p = 0.501).
In he pos -in e en ion compa ison be ween g oups (CG s. EG) (Figu e 5), a e
ca ying ou he s a i ied analysis by gende and analyzing hei in e ac ion, he e we e
s a is ically signi ican di e ences in almos all he a iables s udied be ween women
(OQOL [F(1, 66) = 10.597, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.138, 230 95% CI −1.151, −0.276]; PH [F(1, 66) =
13.558, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.170, 95% CI −0.808, −0.098]; PsH 231 [F(1, 66) = 9.355, p = 0.003, η2
= 0.124, 95% CI −0.800, −0.168]; and SR [F(1, 66) = 20.080, p < 232 0.001, η2 = 0.233, 95% CI
−1.026, −0.393], excep in OH (p = 0.066) and E (p = 0.209).
Figu e 4. P e-pos - es sex di e ences in he EG. EG: expe imen al g oup; OQOL: O e all Quali y O
Li e; OH: O e all Heal h; PH: Physical Heal h; PsH: Psychological Heal h; SR: Social Rela ions; E:
En i onmen . No e: * p< 0.05 di e en be ween P e- s. Pos - es ; ** p= 0.001 di e en be ween P e-
s. Pos - es ; *** p< 0.001 di e en be ween P e- s. Pos - es .
3.4. CG s. EG Pos -In e en ion Resul s
The e we e s a is ically signi ican di e ences pos -in e en ion esul s be ween he
CG and EG (Table 1) only in OQOL [F(1, 66) = 3.954, p= 0.005,
η
2 = 0.057, 95% CI
−
1.430,
−
0.003]. The e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in OH (p= 0.212), PH (p= 0.552),
PsH (p= 0.155), SR (p=0.149), o E (p= 0.501).
In he pos -in e en ion compa ison be ween g oups (CG s. EG) (Figu e 5), a e
ca ying ou he s a i ied analysis by gende and analyzing hei in e ac ion, he e we e s a-
is ically signi ican di e ences in almos all he a iables s udied be ween women (OQOL
[F(1, 66) = 10.597, p= 0.002,
η
2 = 0.138, 230 95% CI
−
1.151,
−
0.276]; PH [
F(1, 66) = 13.558
,
p< 0.001,
η
2 = 0.170, 95% CI
−
0.808,
−
0.098]; PsH 231 [F(1, 66) = 9.355, p= 0.003,
η
2 = 0.124,
Beha . Sci. 2024,14, 618 8 o 11
95% CI
−
0.800,
−
0.168]; and SR [F(1, 66) = 20.080, p< 232 0.001,
η
2 = 0.233, 95% CI
−
1.026,
−0.393], excep in OH (p= 0.066) and E (p= 0.209).
Beha . Sci. 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 12
Figu e 5. Pos - es sex di e ences be ween CG and EG. CG: con ol g oup; EG: expe imen al g oup;
OQOL: O e all Quali y O Li e; OH: O e all Heal h; PH: Physical Heal h; PsH: Psychological
Heal h; SR: Social Rela ions; E: En i onmen . No e: * p < 0.05 di e en be ween P e- s. Pos - es ; ***
p < 0.001 di e en be ween CG s. EG Pos - es .
Rega ding men, no s a is ically signi ican di e ences we e ound in any o he a i-
ables s udied [i.e., OQOL (p = 0.300), OH (p = 0.472), PH (p = 0.583), PsH (p = 0.598), SR (p
= 0.924), and E (p = 0.762)].
4. Discussion
The aim o he p esen s udy was o de e mine he e ec o a six-mon h mul icompo-
nen PE p og am on he pe cei ed quali y o li e o olde Chilean o e weigh o obese
people and whe he hese e ec s a e simila in women and men. A a gene al le el, he
esul s ob ained indica e he bene icial e ec s o p ac icing PE in olde people [5,27], spe-
ci ically highligh ing ha a mul icomponen PE p og am is associa ed wi h imp o emen s
in he pe cei ed quali y o li e in olde Chilean o e weigh o obese adul s [15,28].
Be o e he in e en ion, he CG and he EG p esen ed simila sco es in QOL, since
he e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in any o i s componen s (i.e., OQOL; OH;
PH; PsH; SR; E), nei he globally [28,29] no based on sex [30]. These esul s could be due
o he ac ha he sample was pulled om he same popula ion sou ce and had simila
ages and BMIs.
A e he in e en ion using he mul icomponen PE p og am, signi ican imp o e-
men s in OQOL we e ound when compa ing CG e sus EG. These imp o emen s in he
sco es gi en by he EG may be ela ed o he ac ha a PE p og am, such as he one im-
plemen ed in his esea ch, p oduces changes and imp o emen s in he unc ional abili ies
o he pa icipan s [17] and, consequen ly, in imp o ing he pe cep ion o quali y o li e.
These esul s a e consis en wi h he esul s ob ained by T icco e al. [31] and Villa eal e
al. [32], who obse ed a posi i e co ela ion be ween he inc ease in pe o mance in gen-
e al EF wi h he inc ease in quali y o li e in olde people wi h obesi y a e six mon hs o
in e en ion, as in ou case. Depending on sex, he esul s indica ed ha he e we e sig-
ni ican di e ences be ween women in he CG and EG a e he in e en ion in OQOL,
PH, PsH, and SR. These esul s may be associa ed wi h and ela ed o wha was epo ed
in p e ious s udies, which indica es ha egula PE can imp o e esul s beyond physical
heal h and gene a e g ea e social in e ac ion [33]. Howe e , no signi ican di e ences
we e ound be ween men in bo h g oups.
Figu e 5. Pos - es sex di e ences be ween CG and EG. CG: con ol g oup; EG: expe imen al g oup;
OQOL: O e all Quali y O Li e; OH: O e all Heal h; PH: Physical Heal h; PsH: Psychological Heal h;
SR: Social Rela ions; E: En i onmen . No e: * p< 0.05 di e en be ween P e- s. Pos - es ; *** p< 0.001
di e en be ween CG s. EG Pos - es .
Rega ding men, no s a is ically signi ican di e ences we e ound in any o he a i-
ables s udied [i.e., OQOL (p= 0.300), OH (p= 0.472), PH (p= 0.583), PsH (p= 0.598), SR
(p= 0.924), and E (p= 0.762)].
4. Discussion
The aim o he p esen s udy was o de e mine he e ec o a six-mon h mul icom-
ponen PE p og am on he pe cei ed quali y o li e o olde Chilean o e weigh o obese
people and whe he hese e ec s a e simila in women and men. A a gene al le el, he
esul s ob ained indica e he bene icial e ec s o p ac icing PE in olde people [
5
,
27
], speci -
ically highligh ing ha a mul icomponen PE p og am is associa ed wi h imp o emen s in
he pe cei ed quali y o li e in olde Chilean o e weigh o obese adul s [15,28].
Be o e he in e en ion, he CG and he EG p esen ed simila sco es in QOL, since
he e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in any o i s componen s (i.e., OQOL; OH;
PH; PsH; SR; E), nei he globally [
28
,
29
] no based on sex [
30
]. These esul s could be due
o he ac ha he sample was pulled om he same popula ion sou ce and had simila
ages and BMIs.
A e he in e en ion using he mul icomponen PE p og am, signi ican imp o e-
men s in OQOL we e ound when compa ing CG e sus EG. These imp o emen s in he
sco es gi en by he EG may be ela ed o he ac ha a PE p og am, such as he one imple-
men ed in his esea ch, p oduces changes and imp o emen s in he unc ional abili ies
o he pa icipan s [
17
] and, consequen ly, in imp o ing he pe cep ion o quali y o li e.
These esul s a e consis en wi h he esul s ob ained by T icco e al. [
31
] and Villa eal
e al. [
32
], who obse ed a posi i e co ela ion be ween he inc ease in pe o mance in
gene al EF wi h he inc ease in quali y o li e in olde people wi h obesi y a e six mon hs
o in e en ion, as in ou case. Depending on sex, he esul s indica ed ha he e we e
signi ican di e ences be ween women in he CG and EG a e he in e en ion in OQOL,
PH, PsH, and SR. These esul s may be associa ed wi h and ela ed o wha was epo ed
Beha . Sci. 2024,14, 618 9 o 11
in p e ious s udies, which indica es ha egula PE can imp o e esul s beyond physical
heal h and gene a e g ea e social in e ac ion [
33
]. Howe e , no signi ican di e ences we e
ound be ween men in bo h g oups.
A e he in e en ion using mul icomponen PE in he EG, he e we e signi ican im-
p o emen s in all componen s o he pe cei ed quali y o li e e alua ed wi h he WHOQOL-
BREF ques ionnai e (i.e., OQOL; OH; PH; PsH; SR; E), globally [
34
] and in bo h men [
35
,
36
]
and women [
17
], which did no occu in he CG. This imp o emen in quali y o li e may
be ela ed o pa icipa ion in PE p og ams whe e muscle s eng h is inc eased, con ibu ing
o he pe o mance o mo e asks o daily li ing wi h less e o and help. Consequen ly,
pa icipan s pe cei e an imp o emen in le els o heal h and physical and psychological
well-being, imp o ing social in e ac ion by pe cei ing ha hey a e mo e independen [
37
].
Ou esul s a e simila o hose epo ed by Whi ehu s e al. [
38
], who, a e applying
a mul icomponen PE p og am and e alua ing quali y o li e wi h he sho o m heal h
su ey (SF-36), obse ed an imp o emen in he pe cei ed quali y o li e, as well as hose
epo ed by Maung e al. [
34
] o A ad and Caspi [
39
], who showed ha pe o ming 2.5 h o
PE pe week no only p oduced be e physical heal h bu was also associa ed wi h a be e
pe cei ed quali y o li e.
Rega ding he CG, once he in e en ion pe iod was o e , he sco es o he di e en
dimensions o quali y o li e o he componen s s udied we e main ained and, in some cases,
dec eased. These esul s a e consis en wi h hose ob ained by Resende-Ne o e al. [
17
]
since he imp o emen in he pe cep ion o quali y o li e occu s alongside pa icipa ion in
sys ema ic PE p og ams, which was no ca ied ou by his g oup.
5. Limi a ions
This esea ch has limi a ions ha we wan o no e; he i s o hem is he use o
a sel - epo ed ques ionnai e, which can p oduce biases in he pa icipan s’ esponses.
Ano he limi a ion is he size o he sample, due o i s limi ed numbe and i s selec ion o
con enience and he possibili y o access. Rega ding he sample, i should also be no ed
ha he small numbe o male pa icipan s is e y limi ed due o he cha ac e is ics o
pa icipa ion in physical ac i i y p og ams, and he e o e, we canno ex apola e he esul s
o his g oup. Thus, mo e s udies would be necessa y in which i would be possible o
inc ease he sample size in his ega d.
Finally, we mus indica e ha a long- e m ollow-up was no ca ied ou o e i y
whe he his mul icomponen physical exe cise p og am main ains i s long- e m e ec on
he pe cei ed quali y o li e o o e weigh o obese olde people.
6. Conclusions
As conclusions o his s udy, we can say ha a mul icomponen physical exe cise
p og am, applied o 6 mon hs, p oduces signi ican imp o emen s in sel -pe cei ed quali y
o li e and global heal h, as well as physical and psychological heal h, social ela ionships,
and he en i onmen , in o e weigh o obese olde people. Howe e , no imp o emen s
occu ed in olde people who did no pa icipa e in his mul icomponen exe cise p og am.
We can also conclude ha a mul icomponen physical exe cise p og am p oduces a
g ea e pe cep ion o quali y o li e in men compa ed o women in all he a iables s udied
excep in physical heal h, whe e women gi e highe sco es.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, Y.P.-R., M.M.-C. and R.N.-P.; me hodology, Y.P.-R., M.M.-C.
and R.N.-P.; alida ion, Y.P.-R., V.A.-G., J.R.-N., V.A.-G., M.M.-C. and R.N.-P.; o mal analysis, R.N.-P.;
in es iga ion, Y.P.-R., M.M.-C. and R.N.-P.; da a cu a ion, Y.P.-R.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion,
Y.P.-R., V.A.-G., J.R.-N., M.M.-C. and R.N.-P.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, Y.P.-R., V.A.-G., J.R.-N.,
M.M.-C. and R.N.-P.; isualiza ion, Y.P.-R., V.A.-G., J.R.-N., M.M.-C. and R.N.-P.; supe ision, M.M.-C.
and R.N.-P.; p ojec adminis a ion, Y.P.-R., M.M.-C. and R.N.-P. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o
he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
