Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
A ailable online 25 Oc obe 2022
2352-409X/© 2022 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
De e mina ion o li hic aw ma e ials in Can ab ian Spain du ing G eenland
S adial 2: The Magdalenian o Ti o Bus illo Ca e (Ribadesella, As u ias)
Se gio Ma ín-Ja que
a
,
b
,
*
, Diego He e o-Alonso
c
, An onio Ta i˜
no
b
,
d
,
e
, C is ina L´
opez-Tasc´
on
,
Alejand o P ie o
d
,
e
, Juli´
an B´
eca es
a
,
b
, Es eban ´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez
a
,
b
a
Depa amen o de P ehis o ia, His o ia An igua y A queología, Facul ad de Geog a ía e His o ia, Uni e sidad de Salamanca (h ps:// o .o g/02 40zc51), Calle
Ce an es s/n, E-37002 Salamanca, Spain
b
G upo de In es igaci´
on Reconocido PREHUSAL-Uni e sidad de Salamanca, Spain
c
Museo A queol´
ogico de Cacabelos, Calle las Angus ias 24, E-24540 Cacabelos (Le´
on), Spain
d
Depa amen o de Geog a ía, P ehis o ia y A queología, Facul ad de Le as, Uni e sidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Campus de ´
Ala a, Paseo de la Uni e sidad 5, E-
01006 Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain
e
G upo Consolidado de In es igaci´
on del Gobie no Vasco en P ehis o ia: e oluci´
on humana, cambio clim´
a ico y adap aci´
on cul u al en las sociedades p eindus iales
(GIZAPRE), IT-1435-22, Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain
´
A ea de P ehis o ia, Depa amen o de His o ia, Facul ad de Filoso ía y Le as, Uni e sidad de O iedo, Calle Ampa o Ped egal s/n, E-33011 O iedo, Spain
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Magdalenian
Sella alley
Raw ma e ial supply
Li hic educ ion
Use-wea
ABSTRACT
The li hic assemblage s udied he e comes om he space known as he ´
A ea de Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e
(Ribadesella, As u ias, Spain), a ep esen a i e Magdalenian si e. The emains we e ound in Sub-le el 1c2 in he
Lowe Complex (1LC), which was exca a ed by J.A. Mou e Romanillo om 1981 o 1983 and is associa ed wi h
abundan e idence o osseous indus y, auna, po able a , e c. The p esen s udy is especially inno a i e
because i in oduces a holis ic app oach o he unde s anding o he managemen o li hic esou ces by hun e -
ga he e g oups in he la e Pleis ocene. I es ablishes he wo main g oups o aw ma e ials in he assemblage
( lin and qua zi e) and he di e en ypes h ough a pe og aphic desc ip ion, and he di e en p ocu emen
s a egies ha we e employed. Some p elimina y esul s abou he unc ionali y o hese ools a e also o e ed.
The occupan s o his ca e du ing he G eenland S adial 2 aced a di e si ied and complex dynamic o
exploi a ion o li hic esou ces ha combined bo h he mos immedia e, easily a ailable and in g ea e olume
( o example, qua zi e and Pilo˜
na lin ), and he mos dis an , o good knapping quali y (Flysch lin , unda-
men ally). This ci cula ion o aw ma e ials is pa allel o he pa e ns de ec ed in o he deposi s in he egion
wi h a simila ch onology. Signi ican di e ences a e obse ed in he knapping schemes be ween aw ma e ials
based on he p oduc ion o blanks o he manu ac u e o ools, whose ypological classi ica ion and analysis o
use-wea makes us p opose a specialized and li le di e si ied unc ionali y, which is usually ela ed o ha o
empo a y occupa ions.
1. In oduc ion
The de elopmen and sys ema iza ion o esea ch on he pe ological
de e mina ion and p o enance o li hic aw ma e ials ound in a chae-
ological deposi s expanded signi ican ly in he Ibe ian Peninsula a he
u n o he cen u y, when se e al doc o al heses on he opic we e
submi ed (e.g., Te adas, 1997; Sa abia, 1999; Ta i˜
no, 2001; Man-
gado, 2002).
Since hen, u he esul s o p ehis o ic esea ch p og ammes in
Can ab ian Spain ha e been published, applying he me hodological
p oposal based on he pe ological cha ac e iza ion o he ocks. O e
ime, his has enabled a mo e de ailed knowledge o he ou c ops ha
could po en ially ha e been used as sou ces o aw ma e ials o hun e -
ga he g oups in he Can ab ian Zone (He e o-Alonso, 2018; P ie o,
2018), in he Vasco-Can ab ian basin (Ta i˜
no, 2006; Risse o, 2009;
Ga cía-Rojas, 2014; Fon es, 2016a) and he Wes e n Py enees (Elo ie a,
* Co esponding au ho a : Depa amen o de P ehis o ia, His o ia An igua y A queología, Facul ad de Geog a ía e His o ia, Uni e sidad de Salamanca (h ps:// o .
o g/02 40zc51), Calle Ce an es s/n, E-37002 Salamanca, Spain.
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (S. Ma ín-Ja que), [email p o ec ed] (D. He e o-Alonso), [email p o ec ed] (A. Ta i˜
no),
[email p o ec ed] (C. L´
opez-Tasc´
on), [email p o ec ed] (A. P ie o), [email p o ec ed] (J. B´
eca es), [email p o ec ed] (E. ´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/jas ep
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jas ep.2022.103678
Recei ed 28 Ap il 2022; Recei ed in e ised o m 13 Sep embe 2022; Accep ed 6 Oc obe 2022
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
2
2016; Cal o, 2019).
Many o hese s udies ha e ocused on occupa ions da ed in he
Lowe Magdalenian (ca. 19.0–18.2 ka cal BP), abo e all in he eas e n
sec o o Can ab ian Spain (Fig. 1). The si es a ibu ed o his pe iod
whose aw ma e ials, especially he di e en lin ypes, ha e been
s udied a e El Lina (Le el 3), Las Aguas (Le el B), Cual en i (Le el E)
(Ta i˜
no, 2016), Al ami a (Le el 2 and Obe maie Collec ion) (Ta i˜
no
e al., 2013a; Fon es e al., 2016), El Juyo (Le el 6), El Rasca˜
no (Le el
4b) (Fon es e al., 2016) and El Mi ´
on (Le el 17 o he Ou e Ves ibule o
“Cabin” and Le el 504 o he Ves ibule Rea o “Co al”) (Fon es e al.,
2016, 2018) in Can ab ia; and San imami˜
ne (Le el Csn-Cam ) (Ta i˜
no,
2011), An oli˜
nako koba (Le el Lgc in ) (Ta i˜
no and Agui e, 2002),
P aileai z I (Le el IV) (Ta i˜
no, 2017) and U iaga (Le el F) (Fon es,
2016b) in he Basque Coun y.
In he cen al sec o , ewe s udies ha e been ca ied ou on
a chaeological li hic aw ma e ials, e en hough in ha geog aphic a ea
he s udy o La Rie a Ca e (As u ias) was a pionee in i s app oach o he
classi ica ion o li hic esou ces in o ypes based on hei pe og aphic
desc ip ion and analysis (S aus e al., 1986). O he si es in As u ias
whe e aw ma e ials analysis, also ocused on he iden i ica ion o he
di e en lin ypes, ha e been applied o Middle Magdalenian a Las
Caldas – Chambe II (Le els IX, VIII and VII) (Co ch´
on e al., 2009), and
o Lowe Magdalenian a El Cie o (Le el F) (´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez e al.,
2016) and Co a Rosa (Laye 4 =CR2) (´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez e al., 2020,
2021), al hough in hose cases wi h qui e limi ed samples (Fig. 1). To
da e, he geoa chaeological s udies ca ied ou in his egion o iden i y
qua zi e esou ces ha e concen a ed on Middle Palaeoli hic occupa-
ions, basically because o he g ea e quan i a i e impo ance o ha
aw ma e ial (P ie o, 2018; P ie o e al., 2019, 2020, 2021).
The si ua ion ega ding unc ional s udies is simila . This ype o
esea ch has been applied o e y ew Lowe Magdalenian si es in
Can ab ian Spain: he nuclei o m endsc ape s om Le el F in El Cie o
Ca e (´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez e al., 2016), Le els 4 and 5 in El Rasca˜
no Ca e
(Domingo e al., 2012), Le el 17 in he Ou e Ves ibule o “Cabin” a El
Mi ´
on (S aus e al., 2016), and inally he chipped li hic emains in
Le el IV in he ca e o P aileai z I (Clemen e-Con e e al., 2017).
The i s esul s ega ding he managemen and p o enance o he
aw ma e ials in he li hic assemblage om Sub-le el 1c2 in he Lowe
Complex (1LC) in he ´
A ea de Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e (Ribadesella,
As u ias) a e p esen ed he e, as well as a i s app oach o he unc ion o
hose implemen s a he si e. These a chaeological ma e ials we e ound
in he exca a ions pe o med by J.A. Mou e Romanillo om 1981 o
1983. They a e cu en ly deposi ed in he Depa men o P ehis o y,
Ancien His o y and A chaeology a he Uni e si y o Salamanca and in
As u ias A chaeological Museum (O iedo). The adioca bon da es o
Sub-le el 1c2 si ua e his occupa ion in G eenland S adial 2.
2. Ti o Bus illo Ca e
2.1. Fieldwo k in Ti o Bus illo
Ti o Bus illo Ca e is loca ed a he wes e n end o he Can ab ian
Range (La . 43◦27′35′′ N. – Long. 5◦23′10′′ W.), ba ely 200 m om he
es ua y o he Ri e Sella and abou 1 km om he mode n coas line. The
ca e ollows a linea passage on an eas –wes di ec ion app oxima ely
550 m in leng h. The Ca e was made known o he scien i ic communi y
in 1968, he da e on which he To eblanca Ca ing Club disco e ed i s
ca e pain ings and eng a ings (Díaz Ga cía and Mallo Viesca, 2018).
In 1970, M.A. Ga cía Guinea ca ied ou a se ies o ial exca a ions
in he so-called Conjun o XI, nea wha was hough o be he o iginal
en ance hall o he ca e, which was blocked by a collapse (Ga cía
Guinea, 1975). These exca a ions succeeded in documen ing se e al
occupa ions asc ibed o he Magdalenian.
J.A. Mou e Romanillo con inued he ieldwo k in he same pa o he
ca e, oday called he ´
A ea de Es ancia, om 1972 o 1986. In an exca-
a ion co e ing a su ace a ea o abou 27 m
2
(Mou e Romanillo, 1975,
1990, 1997; Mou e Romanillo and Cano, 1976), we e di e en ia ed in
Le el 1 and Le el 2.
In 2020 and 2022, he sec ions le by he exca a ions in he ´
A ea de
Es ancia in he 1970s and 80s we e cleaned and s aigh ened, and
samples we e collec ed o ob ain mo e in o ma ion abou he occupa-
ions in ha pa o he ca e (´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez e al., 2022).
Apa om hese in es iga ions in he inne a ea nea he p ehis o ic
en ance o he ca e, exca a ions ha e been ca ied ou in o he pa s o
he ca e: In he ou e pa o said en ance (Díaz Ga cía and Mallo
Viesca, 2018; ´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez e al., 2022) and in he Sala del G an
Panel Políc omo o Conjun o X (Ga cía Guinea, 1975; Mou e Romanillo,
1990). Mo e ecen exca a ions ha e been ca ied ou in he Gale ía de
los An opomo os, in Conjun o XI, in El Coxu and In e io (Balbín Beh -
mann e al., 2022).
Fig. 1. A chaeological si es da ed du ing G eenland S adial 2 (Lowe and Middle Magdalenian) in Can ab ian Spain wi h pe ological de e mina ion o li hic aw
ma e ials. 1. Ti o Bus illo; 2. Las Caldas; 3. El Cie o; 4. Co a Rosa; 5. La Rie a; 6. Las Aguas; 7. El Lina ; 8. Cual en i; 9. Al ami a; 10. El Juyo; 11. El Rasca˜
no; 12. El
Mi ´
on; 13. San imami˜
ne; 14. An oli˜
nako koba; 15. P aileai z I; 16. U iaga. The sea le el con ou s a e a e Zickel e al. (2016).
S. Ma ín-Ja que e al.
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
3
2.2. S a ig aphy a ´
A ea de Es ancia
The s a ig aphy de ined in he s udy by Mou e Romanillo (1990)
a e his exca a ion in he ´
A ea de Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e consis ed
o wo a chaeological le els. The uppe Le el 1 p o ided e idence o
in ense an h opic ac i i y (Fig. 2).
Se e al combus ion s uc u es o med by bu n qua zi e and lime-
s one cobbles and cha coal emains we e documen ed. The aunal e-
mains a e e y abundan and indica e wha ype o subsis ence ac i i ies
he Magdalenian g oups p ac iced: hun ing (a specializa ion in dee is
no ed), ishing o salmonids and he ga he ing o ma ine in e eb a es,
mainly limpe s (Pa ella ulga a) and pe iwinkles (Li o ina li o ea). The
li hic a i ac s (sc ape s, a ma u es, e c.) we e made mainly in lin and
qua zi e. The bone indus y is cha ac e ized by a wide a ie y o ools
(assegais, punches, spa ulae, needles, e c.) made o ce id an le s and
bones. These wo ma e ials, bu also di e en ocks (schis , je , e c.),
ee h o he bi o es and ca ni o es and seashells se ed as a suppo o
he c ea ion o a la ge numbe o pe sonal o namen s and beads.
Po able a has been elabo a ed on o ganic (bone and an le ) and
ino ganic (sands one pla es) suppo s. They ep esen eng a ed igu es
o na u alis ic animals, bu also schema ic, in addi ion o a ious signs
(Mou e Romanillo, 1990; ´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez, 2006, 2013; ´
Al a ez-
Fe n´
andez e al., 2018, 2022).
The pollen analyzes o Le el 1 indica e i s o ma ion in a cold phase
o he s eppe ype, wi h an abundance o hea he and he p edominance
o g asses o e e icaceas (Boye -Klein and Le oi-Gou han, 1987; Mou e
Romanillo, 1990).
Le el 1 eached a maximum hickness o abou 50 cm. I was di ided
in o di e en sub-le els o laye s based on a se ies o indus ial and
sedimen ological cha ac e is ics, and hese we e la e g ouped in o wo
complexes.
The Uppe Complex (1UC), om 30 o 32 cm hick, included Sub-
le els 1a, 1b and 1c1. Sub-le el 1a was he su ace laye and Sub-le el
1b was o med by limes one ocks in he o m o a ‘pa emen ’. These
sub-le els we e no always con inuous, so he con ac s be ween hem
we e called Sub-le els 1a-b and 1b-c.
The Lowe Complex (1LC), 18 o 20 cm hick, g ouped Sub-le els
1c2, 1c3 and 1c4.
These sub-le els ha o med Le el 1 we e no ound in all he squa es
ha we e exca a ed. Sub-le el 1c2, s udied he e, was only documen ed
in Squa es XI.B, XI.C, XII.C and XIII.C.
Le el 2 was a sedimen a y laye o med by na u al p ocesses in he
ca e and possibly by occasional human p esence, and con ained e y
ew a chaeological emains, abo e all auna (ce id bones and ma ine
shells) and some osseous and li hic a e ac s. Pollen da a indica e a
humid phase wi h a o es en i onmen (pine, alde , bi ch and he -
mophilic ees) (Boye -Klein and Le oi-Gou han, 1987; Mou e Roma-
nillo, 1990). The in o ma ion a ailable o Le el 2 is much sca ce since
his le el was only exca a ed in dep h in squa es XII.E and XIII.E.
2.2.1. AMS adioca bon da ing
A o al o 15 adioca bon da es ha e been ob ained o he di e en
sub-le els o ming Le el 1 in he ´
A ea de Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e
(Mou e Romanillo, 1997; ´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez e al., 2015). They da e he
deposi be ween 19.0 and 16.7 ka cal. BP. Bayesian modelling has
de e mined mo e p ecisely he ime o occupa ions be ween 18.5 and
17.6 ka cal. BP and i was no possible o disc imina e he Uppe and
Lowe Complexes s a is ically (´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez e al., 2018).
Sub-le el 1c2, in he Lowe Complex, has been da ed h ee imes by
he AMS 14C me hod (Table 1). Bayesian modelling da es his sub-le el
o be ween 18.3 and 17.7 ka cal. BP wi h 68.3 % p obabili y (´
Al a ez-
Fe n´
andez e al., 2018).
3. Me hodology
3.1. Raw ma e ials
The analy ical p o ocol designed o cha ac e ise he lin ypes ound
in Ti o Bus illo Ca e is based on he p oposals p e iously pu o wa d o
he s udy o aw ma e ials (Ta i˜
no and Agui e, 2002; Ta i˜
no, 2006,
2011, 2016, 2017; Ta i˜
no e al., 2007a, 2007b,2013a, 2013b, 2015,
2016; Ta i˜
no and Te adas, 2013; He e o-Alonso, 2018; He e o-
Alonso e al., 2021b). The i s s ep is he de isu obse a ion o he
colou , gloss, anspa ency, eel and co ex (p ima y, seconda y and
deg ee o ounding). Second, he ex u e and di e en inclusions, which
may be mine al (de i ic qua z, ca bona es, sulpha es and oxides) and
o ganic (bioclas s), a e obse ed wi h a s e eomic oscope. Thi d, anal-
ysis o hin sec ions using a pe og aphic mic oscope can de e mine,
ollowing he p oposal o Folk (1980): 1) o hochemical componen s:
de ini ion o he ype o qua z and o ganisa ion o he c ys als; 2)
allochemical componen s: con en s o bioclas s, in aclas s, peloids,
ooids, co oids, e c.; 3) elic mine als: ca bona es, oxides, sulpha es,
silica es, e c.; 4) au higenic mine als: phospha es, ca bona es, silica es,
sulphu s, oxides, e c.; 5) ola ile elemen s: wa e and o ganic ma e ; 6)
al e a ions; and 7) po osi y.
The me hodology applied o he qua zi e emains om Ti o Bus illo
is based on s e eomic oscopic obse a ion ollowing he p oposal o
P ie o e al. (2020). Al hough he obse a ions we e no alida ed
h ough di ec inspec ion o a e ac hin sec ions, he da a acqui ed
we e applied o classi y each a e ac in o he se en pe ogene ic ypes
as p oposed by P ie o e al. (2019a): clas ic ab ic wi h ma ix o non-
qua z cemen qua z-a eni e (MA), clas ic qua z-a eni e (CA), syn ax-
ially o e g own o hoqua zi e (OO), su u ed g ain o hoqua zi e (SO),
bulging ec ys allized qua zi e (BQ), subg ain o a ion ec ys allized
qua zi e (RQ) and g ain bounda y mig a ion ec ys allized qua zi e
(MQ). The associa ion o mos ea u es classi ied each qua zi e in o he
Fig. 2. S a ig aphic sec ion (squa es XIV.D-XI.D) o he ´
A ea de Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e (modi ied by Mou e Romanillo, 1997). UC: Uppe Complex; LC:
Lowe Complex.
S. Ma ín-Ja que e al.
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
4
a o emen ioned pe ogene ic ypes, bu also cha ac e ised he g ain-size
mean alue and he non-qua z mine als. A e e ence collec ion was
used based on 106 hin sec ions om qua zi e a e ac s and ock ob-
ained in geological su eys in he De a-Ca es Valley (P ie o, 2018) and
an on-going p ojec in he p oximi y o Ti o Bus illo Ca e. The co ical
a eas we e cha ac e ized by adap ing he p oposal made by Fe nandes
e al. (2007) o he qua zi es in he a ea, ollowing P ie o e al. (2021).
These da a we e applied o ela e he ea u es wi h speci ic and po en ial
aw ma e ial sou ces bu , especially, o iden i y di e en aw ma e ial
uni s.
Li hic aw ma e ials can be classi ied based on he dis ance be ween
he ou c ops o po en ial supply a eas and he a chaeological si es being
s udied. In his way, h ee managemen models ha e been p oposed
(Ta i˜
no e al., 2015, 2016): 1) local esou ces, hose loca ed inside a
adius which i is es ima ed ha a pe son can a el in hal a day, unde
30 km. This model is sub-di ided in o p oxima e local (<15 km) and
dis an local (15–30 km); 2) egional esou ces: in u n sub-di ided in o
p oxima e egional o dis ances equi alen o wha a pe son can a el
in a day and a hal (30–60 km) and dis an egional, o dis ances ha
can be co e ed in less han h ee days’ walking (60–120 km); and 3)
ace esou ces: hose ha we e anspo ed o e a dis ance ha a
pe son can walk in a ime o be ween h ee days and a week (120–250
km). Resou ces ha come om sou ces mo e han a week’s ek away
(>250 km) a e called supe - ace s.
3.2. Technological s udy
The echnological s udy has been based on g oups, like o he p e-
ious s udies o chipped li hic assemblages (Fue es-P ie o, 2010;
He e o-Alonso, 2018; He e o-Alonso e al., 2020, 2021a):
– G oup 0: unknapped nodules o blocks o aw ma e ials. This g oup is
ep esen a i e o he p ocu emen phase and implies he anspo o
ma e ials ha ha e no been wo ked.
– G oup 1: lakes wi h (G oup 1a) o wi hou co ex (G oup 1b): I
includes bo h he objec i es o educ ion in he lake ope a i e chains
( lakes wi hou co ex o ma ginal co ex) and he ini ial s eps o he
use o co es in lake and blade ope a i e chains.
– G oup 2: blades and bladele s p oduced by lamina educ ion, as well
as p oduc s ela ed o he main enance and sel -main enance o
lamina educ ion, such as blades wi h lank.
– G oup 3: shaping p oduc s (a ises, c es s and semi-c es s, co e
lanks, e c.) ep esen ing he p epa a ion sequences in he p oduc-
ion phase.
–G oup 4: co es. The s udy o he echnical o ms o he co es (dia-
c i ical in e p e a ion) is a key indica o o he o ganisa ion o he
educ ion and is able o de e mine he objec i es o p oduc ion.
– G oup 5: inde e mina e pieces and b oken elemen s gene ally la ge
han a cen ime e. These a e pieces ha a e di icul o in e p e
echnically and may de i e om di e en phases o bo h he p ep-
a a ion sequences and main enance.
–G oup 6: deb is, knapping lakes and agmen s smalle han a cen-
ime e. They may de i e om he educ ion and shaping sequences
in any phase ( om p epa a ion o p oduc ion and co ec ion) as well
as he e ouching phase. The agmen s may also ha e been p oduced
by pos -deposi ional p ocesses (such as ampling) a ec ing he
assemblage. None heless, a high pe cen age o deb is is a good in-
dica o o he in ensi y o he educ ion o a ma e ial.
– G oup 7: i includes he emains ela ed o e ouching, especially
bu in spalls bu also agmen s o e ouched objec s.
The managemen o li hic aw ma e ials used in Ti o Bus illo Ca e
ha e been classi ied depending on he deg ee o comple eness o hei
ope a ional chain: comple e, incomple e o b oken.
3.3. Typological s udy
The ypological s udy has ollowed he classic c i e ia es ablished in
he ype-lis s o Sonne ille-Bo des and Pe o , 1954, 1955, 1956a,
1956b. Re ouched a e ac s ha e been s udied in e ms o he leng h,
angle, mo phology, o ien a ion, loca ion, dis ibu ion and delinea ion o
he emo als om he edges.
3.4. Use-wea analysis
The me hodology used in he unc ional s udy is based on a long
adi ion o p e ious s udies aimed a iden i ying he use-wea on lin
implemen s (Semeno , 1964; Keeley, 1980; Mazo, 1989; Gonz´
alez-
U quijo and Ib´
a˜
nez Es ´
e ez, 1994, among o he s). In addi ion o he
specialised li e a u e, he obse ed use-wea on he emains om Ti o
Bus illo has been compa ed wi h he expe imen al collec ion o one o
he au ho s (CL) (L´
opez-Tasc´
on e al., 2018; L´
opez-Tasc´
on, 2022).
The mic oscopic analysis o siliceous su aces aims o de e mine
wha he ools we e used o and wi h. T aces ela ed o echnological
and pos -deposi ional p ocesses a e also iden i ied. The equipmen
employed has been a s e eomic oscope wi h 6.6 o 40×magni ica ion o
s udy mac oscopic use-wea , such as mic o- laking and ounding. An
op ical mic oscope a 40–500×magni ica ion was used o iden i y
mic opolish and s ia ions, o de e mine he subs ance wo ked wi h he
ools.
The objec s we e cleaned by applying a gen le cleaning p o ocol,
using wa e , neu al pH soap and pu e ace one. Howe e , he iden i i-
ca ion codes ha e no been emo ed om hei su aces, which has
caused some p oblems. The p esence o hese codes has hinde ed he
mic oscopic analysis o many o he bladele s.
4. Resul s
2,178 li hic objec s we e eco e ed om Sub-le el 1c2 in he ´
A ea de
Table 1
AMS 14C da es o Sub-le el 1c2 in he ´
A ea de Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e. The AMS 14C esul s ha e been calib a ed wi h OxCal 4.4 (B onk Ramsey, 2009) using he
In Cal20 (Reime e al., 2020) and Ma ine20 calib a ion cu es (Hea on e al., 2020).
Le el Complex Suble el Sample Lab. Re .
14
C S . De . Re e ence
1 1CI 1c2 Inde . Bone wi h cu ma ks OxA-6262 14,680 110 Mou e Romanillo (1997)
1 1CI 1c2 Inde . Cha coal G N-12753 14,930 70 Mou e Romanillo (1997)
1 1CI 1c2 Ma ine Shell
(L. li o ea)
OxA-29117 15,570 55 ´
Al a ez-Fe n´
andez e al. (2015)
Calib a ed (BP)
68.3 % 95.4 %
om o om o
OxA-6262 18,171 17,868 18,231 17,560
OxA-29117 18,156 17,927 18,234 17,792
G N-12753 18,277 18,184 18,610 18,100
S. Ma ín-Ja que e al.
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
5
Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e. Two g oups o aw ma e ials in he li hic
assemblage ha e been di e en ia ed: qua zi e and lin . In addi ion, he
assemblage con ains a ew objec s in qua z.
4.1. Raw ma e ials: Flin
The s udy o he lin in he li hic assemblage om Sub-le el 1c2 was
pe o med on 1,102 emains om Squa es XI.B, XI.C, XII.C and XIII.C
(Figs. 3 and 4).
4.1.1. Local esou ces
4.1.1.1. Alba adiola i e. I s wide geog aphic dis ibu ion makes Alba
adiola i e a well- ep esen ed ma e ial (6.62 %) bu , equally, a e y
poo ma ke o e i o ial mobili y. I is a a ie y o med in he Visean
(Lowe Ca boni e ous), which ou c ops in he middle and uppe mem-
be s o he Alba Fo ma ions (Wagne e al., 1971). The p esence o his
siliceous a ie y has been known since he la e 20 h cen u y and i has
been iden i ied a se e al a chaeological si es in no he n Spain. How-
e e , i had no been desc ibed om he pe ological, mine alogical and
geochemical poin s o iew un il ecen ly (Ta i˜
no e al., 2015; He e o-
Alonso, 2018; He e o-Alonso e al., 2021b). All he Alba adiola i e a
Ti o Bus illo comes om he middle membe , cha ac e ised by e y
egula pa allel lamina ion and he p esence o adiola ians. The join
ex inc ion o he phyllosilica es can also be app ecia ed in hin sec ions.
4.1.1.2. Pilo˜
na lin . This is one o he main aw ma e ials used in he
assemblages (19.15 %). The capaci y o his a ie y as a ma ke o e -
i o ial mobili y is weak. I ou c ops in he San onian limes one (Uppe
C e aceous) in en i onmen s o he ou e ma ine pla o m, in he alley
o he Ri e Pilo˜
na, a ibu a y o he Sella, bu is also ound in de i ed
posi ion in he Eocene-Oligocene con inen al conglome a es in he
‘Posada pudding-s one’ in he O iedo Te ia y basin (As u ias). This
lin , whose ex u e, mine alogy and geochemis y ha e been desc ibed
(Ta i˜
no e al., 2013b), is cha ac e ised by i s con en s o e igenous
mine als (mainly, qua z and musco i e) and bioclas s o miliolids
(Lacazina genus). I is o en ound a a chaeological si es in As u ias
(Ta i˜
no e al., 2015; Dua e e al., 2016).
4.1.1.3. Fi o che . Fi o che is gene ally used less, due o a mo e
es ic ed geog aphical dis ibu ion han in he case o adiola i e, and
appea s in oken p opo ions (0.18 %). Howe e , his makes i a be e
ma ke o e i o ial mobili y. The che in he Fi o Fo ma ion ou c ops
a he head o he Ri e Ponga, ano he ibu a y o he Sella, in ca -
bona e acies o he Podolskian / Myachko ian (Uppe Ca boni e ous)
o med in a ansi ion om a p og ading del a o a subsiding pla o m.
Re e ences o silici ica ions in his geological o ma ion a e e y sca ce
and only appea in a epo (Bahamonde, 1989), while he i s ex u al,
mine alogical and geochemical desc ip ion has been e y ecen (He -
e o-Alonso, 2018; He e o-Alonso e al., 2021b). The mos impo an
cha ac e is ic o his a ie y is a len icula lamina ion wi h equen
bioclas s and dolomi e idiomo ph c ys als, c ea ing a a ie y wi h a
dis inc b ownish and blackish hue.
4.1.2. Regional esou ces
4.1.2.1. Las Po illas che . Las Po illas che is a poo ly ep esen ed
aw ma e ial (0.18 %) because o i s small dis ibu ion a ea. This
esou ce ou c ops in a e y speci ic place in no he n Spain, nea Espi-
nama (Can ab ia) and is he e o e an excellen ma ke o e i o ial
mobili y. I o med in a shallow ma ine pla o m in he ansi ion om
he Famennian (De onian) o he Tou naisian (Lowe Ca boni e ous). As
in he case o Fi o che , e e ences o his a ie y o siliceous ock a e
limi ed, apa om a s udy by Ra en (1983) wi h a desc ip ion ha is no
longe used. I is cha ac e ised by a e y homogeneous ma ix, wi h a
e y in ense i eous gloss and equen p esence o de i ic accesso y
mine als (qua z, ou maline, zi con, e c.) (He e o-Alonso, 2018;
He e o-Alonso e al., 2021b).
4.1.2.2. Mon e Pico a lin . Mon e Pico a lin is one o he mos abun-
dan aw ma e ial ypes (16.52 %). I ou c ops mainly in he San Rom´
an
syncline, nea M . Pico a on he coas o he wes o San ande Bay
(Can ab ia). These silici ica ions a e associa ed wi h an in e nal ma ine
pla o m in he Maas ich ian (Uppe C e aceous). The mos impo an
cha ac e is ic o his lin is i s chalcedoni ic composi ion wi h abundan
issu es and cemen a ion o ib ous qua z and mega-qua z in addi ion
o he usual idiomo ph c ys als o dolomi e. This lin is ound in sig-
ni ican pe cen ages a se e al a chaeological si es ela i ely close o he
main ou c op (Ta i˜
no e al., 2013a; Ta i˜
no, 2016) and has been
desc ibed in ecen yea s (He e o-Alonso, 2018).
4.1.2.3. U gonian lin . The equency o U gonian lin is qui e signi -
ican (5.99 %). This aw ma e ial ou c ops in he ca bona e U gonian
complex ha is widely dis ibu ed ac oss he cen al and eas e n sec o s
o no he n Spain, which means ha i is a e y poo ma ke o e i-
o ial mobili y. I is associa ed wi h Uppe Ap ian – Lowe Albian ee
Fig. 3. Pe cen ages o he lin ypes ep esen ed in he li hic assemblage om Sub-le el 1c2 in he ´
A ea de Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e (n =1,102).
S. Ma ín-Ja que e al.
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
6
pla o ms (Lowe C e aceous) (Bus illo e al., 2017). I is cha ac e ised
by he p esence o udis s and bo h massi e and b anching co als, among
many o he iden i iable ossils. Al hough i s use as a aw ma e ial has
gene ally been conside ed es imonial, in ecen yea s i has been
de ec ed in signi ican p opo ions a some Can ab ian si es (Fon es
e al., 2016).
4.1.3. T ace esou ces
4.1.3.1. Flysch lin . Flysch lin is he bes ep esen ed siliceous aw
ma e ial (33.30 %) and he Ku zia Flysch a ie y has been iden i ied
wi h ce ain y. This esou ce comes om u bidi ic geological o ma-
ions deposi ed in deep en i onmen s a he oo o he slopes connec ing
he ma ine pla o ms wi h he pelagic ocean dep hs. Se e al a ie ies
ha e been de ined, co esponding o ou c ops on bo h sides o he Py -
enees (Ta i˜
no e al., 2015). They sha e a se ies o mic oscopic cha ac-
e is ics such as he high bioclas con en (mainly he la ge numbe o
sponge spicules), abundan de i ic qua z o sand g ain size and
equen idiomo ph dolomi e c ys als. The Ku zia a ie y comes om
he Cenomanian-San onian (Uppe C e aceous) in a e y speci ic a ea
nea he coas al own o Ba ika (Bizkaia) (Ta i˜
no, 2006), which makes
i one o he bes ma ke s o e i o ial mobili y in Can ab ian Spain. I
displays a cha ac e is ic u bidi ic lamina ion wi h a gene ally ans-
lucen ma ix a ec ed by he s igmas o se e e ma ine ab asion and is
ound in nea ly all he si es ha ha e been s udied in no he n Spain
(Ta i˜
no e al., 2016).
4.1.3.2. T e i˜
no lin . T e i˜
no lin appea s in a qui e signi ican p o-
po ion (5.72 %) and i s ou mic o- acies ha e been iden i ied. The
nodula mic i e wi h bioclas s is he mos common a ie y in he
a chaeological deposi . This esou ce, which is a good ma ke o e i-
o ial mobili y, ou c ops in lacus ine-palus ine en i onmen s in he
Mi anda-T e i˜
no basin, associa ed wi h he Miocene. I appea s in he
hills o he Sie a de A aico and i s p olonga ion owa ds he no h in he
Cucho-Bus o Hills (Ta i˜
no, 2006). The a iabili y in he con ex o he
o ma ion o hese silici ica ions means ha di e en mic o- acies can be
iden i ied (Ta i˜
no e al., 2015). A a mic oscopic scale, cha ac e is ic
ossils o con inen al en i onmen s p edomina e (gas opods, os acods,
pedo ubules, e c.). This esou ce has been documen ed a many
a chaeological si es in no he n Spain (Ta i˜
no e al., 2016).
4.1.3.3. U basa lin . U basa lin is ep esen ed wi h a es imonial
pe cen age (0.73 %). None heless, i s alue as a ma ke o e i o ial
mobili y is ou s anding. This esou ce ou c ops in he ka s in he Sie a
de U basa in Na a e (Ta i˜
no, 2006). I is ound wi h a nodula
mo phology. I o med in an ou e ma ine pla o m and has been da ed
in he middle Thane ian (Palaeocene) by o amini e a: discocyclinids
(D. seunesi) and nummuli ids (N. he be i) (Bace a, 1996). I has been
desc ibed om he pe ological, mine alogical and geochemical poin s
o iew (Ta i˜
no e al., 2007b). In addi ion o he high con en o o a-
mini e a and o he bioclas s, such as he emains o echinode ms, one
undamen al cha ac e is ic o his a ie y is i s incipien mic o-
dolomi isa ion. Toge he wi h he Flysch and T e i˜
no ypes, his lin
was one o he main sou ces o aw ma e ials on he sou he n side o he
Wes e n Py enees (Ta i˜
no e al., 2007a).
Fig. 4. Pe og aphic cha ac e is ics o some
o lin ypes de e mined om he Sub-le el
1c2 o Ti o Bus illo. A. De ail o a possible
ben honic o amini e a (genus Nummuli es)
wi h opalised in e nal chambe s, c ossed
nicols. B. De ail o a plank onic o amini e a
( amily Globige inidae) wi h opalised cham-
be s and ib ous qua z walls, and e ugi-
nised idiomo ph c ys als ( homboids) o
dolomi e wi h a size o 20 µm, pa allel nicols.
C. Gene al aspec o he ex u e cha ac e ised
by a e y bioclas ic siliceous ma ix wi h
long-sec ions o sponge spicules, c ossed
nicols. D. De ail o siliceous ma ix wi h ce-
men a ions o ib ous qua z and a mic o-
geode wi h ib ous qua z walls and nucleus
o mega-qua z c ys als, c ossed nicols. E.
Gene al aspec o he ex u e cha ac e ised
by an in e ace be ween he siliceous ma ix
and he ca bona e ma ix, c ossed nicols. F.
De ail o a plank onic o amini e a ( amily
Globige inidae) in he ca bona e ma ix,
wi h i s in e nal chambe semi-opalised,
pa allel nicols.
S. Ma ín-Ja que e al.
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
7
4.1.3.4. Salies-de-B´
ea n lin . Al hough he appea ance o Salies-de-
B´
ea n lin is es imonial (0.09 %), like he p e ious case, i is an
impo an ma ke o e i o ial mobili y. This aw ma e ial ou c ops in a
Campanian ca bona e se ies (Uppe C e aceous) exposed in he Pey -
eho ade an icline, associa ed wi h a deep ma ine basin, in he F ench
Depa men o Py ´
en´
ees-A lan iques (Ta i˜
no e al., 2007a). I is a da k,
ine-g ained lin wi h bio u ba ions ich in elic ca bona es ha c ea e
a banded ou e appea ance in ligh g eyish hues. Plank onic o ami-
ni e a a e also usually p esen (No mand, 2002). This a ie y is mos ly
ound a si es no h o he Py enees, bu has also been iden i ied a
se e al places on he sou he n side (Ta i˜
no e al., 2015).
4.1.4. Inde e mina e esou ces
Some lin a e ac s could no be assigned a mo e o less exac
p o enance owing o se e al causes impeding hei de e mina ion,
ei he because o an al e a ion o he ou e appea ance o he ma ix
( i e, whi e pa inas, e c.) esul ing in mic o- issu es, colou change and
po osi y, o di icul y in iden i ying he disc iminan c i e ia o he lack
o hem. These objec s we e classi ied in he p esen s udy in he ca e-
go y o Inde e mina e. These inde e mina e lin emains ep esen an
impo an pe cen age a Ti o Bus illo (11.52 %).
In hose cases when i was possible o make an app oxima e bu no
de ini i e iden i ica ion, hei possible places o p o enance we e no ed.
One small g oup o inde e mina e emains migh belong o he ypes
known a he si e, such as he Flysch and U basa lin ypes. Howe e ,
mos o he inde e mina e emains possibly co espond o ypes whose
p esence could no be con i med, such as Pied amuelle, Loza, Te cis and
Chalosse lin .
4.2. Raw ma e ials: Qua zi e
The s udy o he qua zi e was pe o med on a sample o 89 objec s
ou o a o al o 1,071 documen ed emains. They all come om Squa e
XI.B.
The qua zi e is qui e a iable and he se en pe ogene ic ypes
iden i ied in o he con ex s we e de e mined he e by s e eomic oscopic
inspec ion. Se e al a ie ies we e also iden i ied. O hoqua zi es (OO
and SO) a e p edominan , ollowed by me amo phic qua zi es, mainly
he BQ ype and a ew MQ and RQ a e ac s. Qua z-a eni es a e simi-
la ly ep esen ed o me amo phic qua zi es and hey consis o MA
(mo e abundan ) and CA ypes.
In gene al, he a e ac s in he MA ype a e ex emely a iable in
qua z g ain size, colou (b own, g ey, black o whi e), non-qua z
mine al con en (micas, black and hea y non-iden i ied mine als,
manganese and i on oxides and eldspa s) and he na u e and he
amoun o cemen and ma ix. Mo eo e , his a iabili y is also
obse able in MA indi iduals, emphasising he in insic he e ogenei y o
his ype. Howe e , a equen a ie y wi h ine qua z g ains and
abundan clayey and e uginous cemen be ween g ains was de ec ed.
Di e en colou and mine al a ie ies in CA qua z-a eni es we e also
de ec ed, all o hem wi h he e ogeneous qua z g ain-size dis ibu ions.
In his case, he small elic s o cemen and ma ix do no display di -
e ences al hough he absence o hin sec ions could ha e impeded hei
disc imina ion. Rega ding he o hoqua zi es, he e a e wo a ie ies o
OO ype acco ding o he colou /mine al cha ac e isa ion: g ey-whi e
(mo e common) and black (less common). The la e is associa ed
wi h py i es and manganese oxides. One o he qua zi es o his ype
di e s om p e ious a ie ies due o i s ed colou ing and he p esence
o ci cula s uc u es associa ed wi h py i es, i on and manganese ox-
ides. In gene al, all OO o hoqua zi es ha e medium g ain sizes wi h
he e ogeneous dis ibu ions and hey can be ela ed o he inc ease in
g ain size mo i a ed by he syn axial qua z o e g ow hs, as obse ed in
hin sec ions o ocks o med in simila gene ic condi ions (Bas ida,
1982; Thi y and Milnes, 2017; P ie o e al., 2019b). In he whi e a ie y,
some g ains show u led, i egula and hin limi s on la elie s, o ig-
ina ed as a consequence o an inc ease in he de o ma ion p ocesses ha
p omo es su u es be ween qua z g ains, a ou ing knapping p ope ies.
In he SO ype, he e a e wo a ie ies, he ligh -g ey one, wi h ine
qua z g ains (mo e common); and ano he wi h olia ed s uc u es, da k
blue-g ey colou and coa se qua z g ains homogeneously dis ibu ed.
Py i es and dense i on oxides a e equen in he inne and co ical
qua zi e su aces o he second ype bu hey a e less equen in he
inne pa o he i s a ie y. Again wo BQ qua zi e a ie ies we e
iden i ied: a black one, wi h py i es, i on, manganese oxides and ine
qua z g ain sizes and a whi e one, associa ed wi h medium qua z g ain
sizes. Bo h ha e olia ion s uc u es. The las ea u e is also common o
he RQ and MQ ype, bu , p obably due o hei small numbe s, no
speci ic a ie ies we e obse ed.
Co ex is p ese ed on hal o he a e ac s, gene ally on su aces
smalle han 33.0 %. I on oxide p ecipi a es (also py i es) in oids o
abo e he allu ial neoco ex de i ed om he clayey sedimen s o he
si e hinde he iden i ica ion o co ical su aces because hese p e-
cipi a es cons i u e a ele an ma ke o de e mine he conglome a e
neoco ex (Fe nandes e al., 2007; P ie o e al., 2021, 2022). This causes
a high quan i y o non-iden i ied su aces (≈40.0 %) and also o ces us o
nuance he conclusions gi en. Two- hi ds o iden i ied co ex is de i ed
om lu ial deposi s, ew qua zi e a e ac s ha e neoco ex de i ed
om conglome a es and only one de i ed om a massi e exposed
qua zi e ou c op. Neoco ex om conglome a es was cha ac e ised in
o hoqua zi es and qua zi es. P elimina y da a sugges ha all hese
qua zi e ypes could be p ocu ed in 30 km adius conglome a e o -
ma ions and in lu ial deposi s.
4.3. Li hic echnology
The echnological s udy o he li hic assemblage was ca ied ou o a
o al o 1,102 lin objec s (Table 2). I should be no ed ha his s udy o
he a e ac s has no quan i ied ei he he qua zi e o qua z emains,
which a e cu en ly being s udied in g ea e de ail by one o he p esen
au ho s (AP). Fo he lin a e ac s, a numbe o di e ences ha e been
obse ed in he managemen o he a ious ypes and hei educ ion
p ocess (Fig. 5).
A comple e ope a ional chain has only been iden i ied in Alba adi-
ola i e, in which lakes (50.68 %) a e mo e nume ous han blades
(13.70 %) in a signi ican ly highe p opo ion han in he o he lin
ypes. The high pe cen age o G oup 3 emains, consis ing o p epa a ion
and debi age main enance p oduc s (15.07 %) is also no ewo hy. Mos
o he main enance p oduc s a e blade co e lanks aimed a main aining
he ca ´
enage and cin age, as well as es o ing he laking su ace in he
case o knapping de ec s ( e lec ions, na u al planes, e c.). Co ical
lakes and i s o de lakes ha e also been documen ed and wo na u al
co ical a ises ha e been iden i ied. They we e emo ed as a way o
begin educ ion, as seen p e iously in o he assemblages wi h adiola i e
(He e o-Alonso e al., 2021a). Las ly, some bladele s wi h a c es o
neo-c es linked o lamina p oduc ion ha e also been iden i ied. These
a e usually ex ac ed o co ec he cen al a is and acili a e educ ion.
Only one co e used o p oduce bladele s has been documen ed; i dis-
plays a well-delimi ed lank and bipola ex ac ions om wo pla o ms.
Table 2
Technological in en o y o he lin assemblage om Sub-le el 1c2 in he ´
A ea de
Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e.
G oup Re ouched Non e ouched To al
0 – Nodules 0 0 0
1 – Flakes 31 250 281
2 – Lamina blanks 170 480 650
3 – By-p oduc s 1 28 29
4 – Co es 1 12 13
5 – Inde e mina e pieces 1 59 60
6 – Deb is 0 60 60
7 – Bu in spalls 0 9 9
To al 204 898 1102
S. Ma ín-Ja que e al.
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
8
Incomple e ope a ional chains ha e been obse ed in he lin ypes:
Pilo˜
na (local), Mon e Pico a ( egional), U gonian ( egional), Flysch
( ace ) and T e i˜
no ( ace ). Thei cha ac e is ics a e e y simila .
Lamina blanks a e mo e abundan han lakes and e y ew elemen s
a e linked o he ini ial educ ion phases. Al hough some lakes wi h
co ex a e ound, hey a e no abundan and no o he elemen s a e
associa ed wi h ini ia ing educ ion. This p ac ical absence o emains
sugges s ha he co es eached he si e in a mo e o less ad anced s age
o debi age. Howe e , elemen s linked o main enance o he echnical
p ocess in la e educ ion phases, such as c es s aimed a co ec ing he
cen al a is and a semi- able , ha e been iden i ied. Knapping was e is
ela i ely sca ce, albei mo e common in he local and egional ma e-
ials. The co es ha ha e been iden i ied, a o al o 13, we e used o
p oduce lakes wi h discoid me hods (Fig. 6: 2), and blades and bladele s
(Fig. 6: 1). The la e co es a e mos ly p isma ic wi h a single pe cussion
pla o m and me hod o semi-su ounding and unipola ex ac ions. I
should be s essed ha whe eas lake co es ha e been obse ed in he
local and egional aw ma e ials, in he ace Flysch and T e i˜
no lin
ypes, p oduc ion ocused only on blade blanks and no lake co es ha e
been iden i ied.
Fig. 5. Pe cen ages o he echnological g oups ep esen ed in he lin assemblage om Sub-le el 1c2 in he ´
A ea de Es ancia a Ti o Bus illo Ca e (n =1,102).
Fig. 6. 1: Py amidal Flysch lin and 2: Discoid U gonian lin co es om Sub-le el 1c2 in he ´
A ea de Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e.
S. Ma ín-Ja que e al.
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
9
The b oken ope a ional chains appea in ou lin ypes: wo o
Palaeozoic che (Fi o, local; and Po illas, egional) and wo o lin
(U basa, ace ; and Salies-de-B´
ea n, ace ). In hese cases, only p e-
pa ed blanks a e ound (mainly blades and bladele s) and a ew inde-
e mina e objec s, gene ally wi hou co ex. This would sugges ha
hese ma e ials a i ed as inished p oduc s o as co es shaped away
om he si e, eady o he occasional emo al o blanks.
The size o he li hic objec s has been s udied wi h 252 whole e-
mains, mainly lakes and blades. In gene al, ce ain homogenei y is seen
in he assemblage, wha e e he lin ype, and mos pieces a e be ween
2.2 and 2.8 cm in leng h (Fig. 7). The excep ions a e wo blades in
U gonian lin ha a e much la ge han he o he s, o e 10 cm in
leng h. The di e ence in size may be connec ed wi h he p esence o
o he ope a ional chains and educ ion sequences, o which no o he
emains ha e been ound in he sub-le el, ei he because hey we e
made ou side he si e o away om he a ea o he exca a ion.
The echnological analysis o he sample o 89 qua zi e objec s only
om Squa e XI.B shows in e es ing pa e ns, especially when his in-
o ma ion is ela ed o he geological ea u es commen ed abo e. In he
selec ed squa e me e, he e is only one co e, discoid o bi-py amidal,
displaying an in ense deg ee o exploi a ion. One c es is con igu ed in
his co e and i canno be uled ou ha he co e was abandoned due o
i s small size be o e emo ing he c es . This co e is made on he BQ ype
(black and small g ain size a ie y) and has a small emnan o he co ex
and a isible c ack ha hinde s knapping ac i i ies. Besides, he e a e
h ee co e p epa a ion/ eju ena ion p oduc s ( wo c es s and one lank)
in he h ee main a ie ies o OO ype, sugges ing ha knapping ac i -
i ies we e (occasionally?) pe o med a he si e using o he pe ogene ic
ypes and a ie ies a he han he BQ ype. Blanks mainly consis o
lakes and some elonga ed lakes and only a ew di e ences a e
obse able in he p oduc s on di e en pe ogene ic ypes. In his e-
ga d, mo e complex exploi a ion sys ems based on di ec and longi u-
dinal schemes a e obse able in all a ie ies o BQ and SO ypes,
whe eas mos o he qua z-a eni es we e exploi ed less and based on
expedien beha iou . The only excep ion is he MA ype wi h ine g ain
and clayey/ e uginous cemen which shows a mo e complex exploi a-
ion sys em.
4.4. Li hic ypology
A o al o 204 e ouched a e ac s in lin ha e been s udied. A e
hei indi idual obse a ion and classi ica ion in he ype-lis , hey ha e
been g ouped in o di e en ca ego ies o a e ac s (Table 3). The backed
g oup is he mos nume ous and makes up o e hal he e ouched
assemblage (55.39 %). Objec s wi h con inuous e ouching on one o
wo sides make up he second mos equen g oup (23.01 %) and bu ins
ep esen he hi d mos abundan ca ego y (8.82 %). Pe o a o s and
he g oup o no ches and den icula es appea wi h he same pe cen ages
(4.41 %). The e ouched assemblage is hen comple ed by unca ed
objec s (1.96 %), a simple endsc ape , an endsc ape -bu in and ano he
wo a e ac s in he Va ious ca ego y (Fig. 8).
The backed g oup (n =113) (Fig. 9: 6, 7, 8 and 9) consis s o a
den icula ed backed bladele , made in T e i˜
no lin , and a o al o 112
backed bladele s: 41 in Flysch lin , 35 in Pilo˜
na lin , 17 in Mon e Pico a
lin , six in T e i˜
no lin , one in U gonian lin and 13 in inde e mina e
ypes.
The g oup o objec s wi h con inuous e ouching (n =47) (Fig. 9: 3
and 4) is o med by i e blades e ouched on wo sides ( wo in Flysch
lin , wo in Pilo˜
na lin , and one in U gonian lin ) and 42 objec s
e ouched on one side. Six o hese a e lakes and he o he 36 a e blades.
O he lakes, ou a e in Pilo˜
na lin , one in Flysch lin and one in an
inde e mina e ype. In u n, 17 blades a e in Flysch lin , six in Pilo˜
na
lin , ou in U gonian lin , h ee in Mon e Pico a lin , h ee in T e i˜
no
lin and he o he h ee in inde e mina e ypes.
The bu in g oup (n =18) (Fig. 9: 1 and 2) consis s o se en s aigh
dihed al bu ins on lakes ( ou in Flysch lin , one in Pilo˜
na lin , one in
U gonian lin and one in T e i˜
no lin ); wo angled dihed al bu ins (one
on a blade in Pilo˜
na lin and he o he on a lake in U basa lin ); ou
Fig. 7. Leng h o lakes (whi e) and blades (g ey) in he lin assemblage om Sub-le el 1c2 in he ´
A ea de Es ancia in Ti o Bus illo Ca e (n =252).
S. Ma ín-Ja que e al.
Jou nal o A chaeological Science: Repo s 46 (2022) 103678
16
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