1. In oduc ion
Con inen al holeii es a e usually associa ed o ex ao dina y lood basal emissions and o ma ion o la ge igne-
ous p o inces (Hawkeswo h e al.,1999; Pea e & Hawkeswo h,1996, and e e ences he ein). They ep esen he
mos widesp ead ype o in a-pla e basal s (S epano a e al.,2014). Such la ge magma emissions gene ally de el-
oped in ela ion o ei he ano ogenic (ho spo ) o i (pla e di e gence) geodynamic se ings (Ingle e al.,2004;
Keppie e al.,2008; Pea e e al.,1992; Poucle e al.,2017; Shellnu e al.,2014; S epano a e al.,2014; Whi e
& McKenzie,1989), examples o hei ela ionship wi h ec onic se ings ha do no associa e deep man le
Abs ac In he Mississippian Ma achel small olcanic ield o he Ossa-Mo ena Zone (sou he n Ibe ian
Massi ) ou pou ed basic-in e media e la as exhibi geochemical cha ac e is ics o Low-Ti con inen al holeii es
and calc-alkaline la as. Low-Ti con inen al holeii es in eg a e wo con as ing g oups o ocks: basal s (Mg#:
54 o 70; Ti/Z : 61–79; LaN/LuN: 1.6–2.9; εNdi: +4.0–+6.6; “G oup #1”), and basal s and basal ic andesi es
(Mg#: 43 o 66; Ti/Z : 36–58; LaN/LuN: 2.5–5.9; εNdi: −0.2–+3.5; “G oup #2”). P imi i e G oup #1 holeii ic
magmas we e gene a ed by pa ial mel ing o a ga ne - ee lhe zoli e om an en iched li hosphe ic man le,
nea he li hosphe e-as henosphe e he mal bounda y laye (wi h a e y limi ed as henosphe e mel ing inpu ).
P og essi e in e ac ion o hese magmas wi h c us al alkali igneous ocks esul ed in he o ma ion o he
pe ological e olu iona y ends obse ed, o a la ge ex en in he case o G oup #2 Low-Ti holeii es. Fu he
assimila ion o amphibole- ich calc-alkaline me aigneous ocks migh ha e o igina ed he basal s and basal ic
andesi es wi h calc-alkaline signa u e (Mg#: 33 o 56; Ti/Z : 25–78; LaN/LuN: 2.0–5.6; εNdi: +2.8–+4.8).
These exhibi a “Co dille an- ype” e olu iona y end, hough a e un ela ed o pla e con e gence. The magmas
wi h calc-alkaline signa u e a es o a closed-sys em di e en ia ion p ocess con olled by he ac iona ion
o plagioclase, clinopy oxene, magne i e and ilmeni e. I is p oposed ha Mississippian li hosphe ic-scale
in a-con inen al w enching, un ela ed o coe al man le plume upwelling, ewo ked complexly docked man le
domains and igge ed man le mel ing. Endu ing mid-uppe c us al p ocesses (magma s o age in mid-c us al
chambe s and c us al assimila ion) likely shaped he la es pe ologic and geochemical aspec s o he Ma achel
Low-Ti holeii es and ela ed ocks wi h calc-alkaline signa u e.
Plain Language Summa y The Ma achel a ea o he sou he n Ibe ian Massi was he scena io
a ound 350 million yea s ago o in a-con inen al olcanism subsequen o a pe iod o con inen al c us
hickening ( he Va iscan O ogeny). The in a-pla e olcanic p oduc s he e a e bo h acid and basic (bimodal)
and ou c op a p esen along elonga ed basins di ec ed NW-SE, bounded by s ike-slip aul s. In his s udy, we
ocused on he silica-poo basic uni s (basal s o basal ic andesi es). The mo e basic uni s p esen cha ac e is ics
o i anium-poo con inen al holeii e magmas, ha is, hey a e no ela ed as usual o lood basal emissions
and o ma ion o la ge igneous p o inces. The less basic uni s co espond o magmas wi h calc-alkaline
signa u e, iche in i anium and a e ea h elemen s. O e all, he geochemical and mine alogical ea u es o
hese wo ypes o basic olcanic p oduc s wi hin he same con inen al scena io a es o an e olu ion om
pu ely man le-de i ed magmas ( holeii e uni s) owa d o he s ha eco d con amina ion wi h an olde c us
(calc-alkaline uni s), ei he pu ely con inen al c us o , mo e likely, an Andean- ype con inen al a c o med
du ing he Lowe Paleozoic Cadomian O ogeny.
SARRIONANDIA ETAL.
© 2023 The Au ho s. Geochemis y,
Geophysics, Geosys ems published by
Wiley Pe iodicals LLC on behal o
Ame ican Geophysical Union.
This is an open access a icle unde
he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i s
License, which pe mi s use and
dis ibu ion in any medium, p o ided he
o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, he use is
non-comme cial and no modi ica ions o
adap a ions a e made.
Low–Ti Con inen al Tholeii e O igin o Magmas Wi h
Calc-Alkaline Signa u e in T anscu en Se ings: The
Mississippian Ma achel Volcanic Field (SW Ibe ian Massi )
F. Sa ionandia1 , J. E andonea-Ma in2 , E. La ondo3 , M. Ca acedo-Sánchez2, B. Ábalos2,
and J. I. Gil Iba guchi2
1Depa amen o de Geología, Facul ad de Fa macia, Uni e sidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain,
2Depa amen o de Geología, Facul ad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Uni e sidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, 3Team
Ingenie ía y Consul o ía S.L., Pa que Cien í ico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Zamudio, Spain
Key Poin s:
• Li hosphe ic-scale anscu en
ec onics can p omo e low deg ees o
li hosphe ic man le mel ing
• Di e en Low-Ti con inen al
holeii es can de i e om an en iched
li hosphe ic man le, by a iable
assimila ion o alkali c us al ocks
• Low-Ti con inen al holeii es can
beha e as ma ic p ecu so s o magmas
wi h calc-alkaline signa u e by c us al
assimila ion
Suppo ing In o ma ion:
Suppo ing In o ma ion may be ound in
he online e sion o his a icle.
Co espondence o:
F. Sa ionandia,
e nando.sa [email p o ec ed]
Ci a ion:
Sa ionandia, F., E andonea-Ma in, J.,
La ondo, E., Ca acedo-Sánchez, M.,
Ábalos, B., & Gil Iba guchi, J. I. (2023).
Low–Ti con inen al holeii e o igin o
magmas wi h calc-alkaline signa u e in
anscu en se ings: The Mississippian
Ma achel olcanic ield (SW Ibe ian
Massi ). Geochemis y, Geophysics,
Geosys ems, 24, e2023GC011139. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1029/2023GC011139
Recei ed 18 JUL 2023
Accep ed 10 AUG 2023
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion: F. Sa ionandia, B.
Ábalos
Da a cu a ion: J. E andonea-Ma in, E.
La ondo
Fo mal analysis: J. E andonea-Ma in,
E. La ondo, M. Ca acedo-Sánchez
Funding acquisi ion: J. I. Gil Iba guchi
10.1029/2023GC011139
RESEARCH ARTICLE
1 o 39
Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems
SARRIONANDIA ETAL.
10.1029/2023GC011139
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upwelling (Hawkeswo h e al.,1999; Shellnu e al.,2014; Whi e & McKenzie,1989) o wi h li hosphe ic-scale
shea zones (w ench and con e gen ; Dessu eau e al.,2000) being sca ce. Published pe o ec onic models mos
o en con ey hei gene a ion di ec ly o indi ec ly o man le plumes (Dessu eau e al.,2000; Hawkeswo h
e al.,1999; Ingle e al.,2004; Lassi e & DePaolo,1997; Ligh oo e al.,1993; Neal e al.,2002; Pea e &
Hawkeswo h,1996; Pea e e al.,1992; Sandeman e al.,2014; S epano a e al.,2014; Whi e & McKenzie,1989).
In la ge-scale ec ono-magma ic se ings such as he la e , he gene a ion o c us -de i ed magmas is usually
conspicuous (Keppie e al.,2008; Shellnu e al.,2014), which also discloses an ac ual high ex en o c us al
ewo king in ela ion wi h con inen al holeii ic magma ism.
Con inen al holeii es possess a p ominen pe o ec onic signi icance o he egions whe e hey a e ound, he
hypo heses ha would explain hei o igin and he speci ic p ocesses in ol ed in hei genesis being di e se
(Dupuy & Dos al,1984). Ye , con inen al holeii e basal s ha e gene ally e ol ed a he han p imi i e geochemi-
cal/iso opic composi ions ha hinde he accu a e ecogni ion o hei sou ces (Cox,1980; Dessu eau e al.,2000;
Dos al & Dupuy,1984; Dupuy & Dos al,1984; Sandeman e al.,2014). Addi ionally, composi ional a ia ions
obse ed in con inen al holeii ic basal s may be condi ioned by he in e ac ion o magmas gene a ed om di e -
en man le and c us al sou ces (Ingle e al.,2004; Ligh oo e al.,1993; Poucle e al.,2017; Sandeman e al.,2014)
and by c us al con amina ion (Cox & Hawkeswo h,1985; Dupuy & Dos al,1984; Hawkeswo h e al.,1999;
Ingle e al.,2004; Keppie e al.,2008; Sandeman e al.,2014; Shellnu e al.,2014; S epano a e al.,2014) all o
which obscu e hei p ima y cha ac e is ics.
Ex ensi e holeii ic emissions ha e con ibu ed signi ican ly o c us al g ow h along Ea h's his o y (Puch el
e al.,1998). Thei lack o p ima y composi ions cons i u es a s ong limi a ion o iden i ica ion o he man le
sou ce egions in ol ed and, subsequen ly, o econs uc ion o he ec ono-magma ic e olu ion o he li hosphe ic
domains whe e hey occu . P esumed man le sou ce egions o holeii ic magma ex ac ion include (a) man le
plume as henosphe e/li hosphe e sys ems (Dessu eau e al.,2000; Ingle e al.,2004; Lassi e & DePaolo,1997;
Lea ,2008; Neal e al.,2002; Pea e & Hawkeswo h,1996; Pea e e al.,1992), (b) subcon inen al man le li hosphe e
(Hawkeswo h e al.,1999; Lassi e & DePaolo,1997; Pea e & Hawkeswo h,1996; Poucle e al.,2017; Shellnu
e al.,2014), and (c) deple ed as henosphe e (Dos al & Dupuy,1984; Dupuy & Dos al,1984; F ey e al.,1996;
Poucle e al.,2017; S epano a e al.,2014). The appa en ly concomi an occu ence o High-Ti and Low-Ti con i-
nen al holeii es, o emission o associa ed alkali basal s, has been used as suppo ing e idence o un a el join
con ibu ions o di e en man le sou ces (Ingle e al.,2004; Ligh oo e al.,1993; Neal e al.,2002; Pea e,1997;
Pea e e al.,1992; Poucle e al.,2017). Al e na i e pe ogene ic models sugges ha bo h High-Ti and Low-Ti
con inen al holeii es can be gene a ed by di e en deg ees o pa ial mel ing o a spinel–pe ido i e li hosphe ic
man le (i.e., EMII-like), ollowed by a iable amoun s o c us al assimila ion (Shellnu e al.,2014). Hence,
comp ehension o he man le sou ces implied in he gene a ion o p imi i e holeii ic magmas is s ill puzzling.
This a icle deals wi h Tou naisian–Lowe Viséan (Mississippian) Low-Ti con inen al holeii es ecen ly iden-
i ied in olcanic ou pou ings om he Ossa-Mo ena Zone o he sou hwes e n Ibe ian Massi . These include
p incipally pillow-la a lows ha cons uc ed a se e al km in a eal ex ension (bu olume ically limi ed) la a
ield wi hin an epheme al Ca boni e ous con inen al ma ine basin egionally known as he Ma achel basin. I s
cu en ec onic con ex ela es o a majo li hosphe ic-scale shea zone ac i e du ing he Va iscan o ogeny (Bu g
e al.,1981) ha ewo ked an olde su u e (Ábalos e al.,2023; Eguíluz e al.,2000). Con inen al holeii ic
olcanism also in ol ed he coe al emission o calc-alkaline basal s and basal ic andesi es. As a as we know,
ew examples ha e been epo ed o ou pou ings o con inen al holeii es and associa ed basal s wi h calc-alkaline
signa u e (Benek e al.,1996; Mi ja ila e al.,1997; Poucle e al.,2017). Based on he pe ologic da a p esen ed
(Sa ionandia e al.,2023) and discussed he e, a gene ic ela ionship be ween hose geochemical assemblages
is disclosed and a new pe o ec onic model is p oposed. Iden i ica ion o he geochemical associa ion epo ed,
coupled o he ela i ely small emission olumes, p o ides an oppo uni y o u he imp o e he knowledge o
li hosphe ic p ocesses ha ope a ed du ing he Va iscan e olu ion o he La e Paleozoic no he n Gondwana edge.
2. Regional Se ing
2.1. The Ossa-Mo ena Zone
The Ibe ian Massi ep esen s he mos ex ensi e and comple e segmen exposed o he Eu opean Va iscan Bel
(Lo ze,1945; Figu e1a) This o ogen esul ed om a la gely diach onous oblique collision be ween Lau ussia
In es iga ion: F. Sa ionandia, E.
La ondo, M. Ca acedo-Sánchez
Me hodology: E. La ondo, M.
Ca acedo-Sánchez
Supe ision: J. I. Gil Iba guchi
W i ing – o iginal d a : F.
Sa ionandia, B. Ábalos
W i ing – e iew & edi ing: J.
E andonea-Ma in, B. Ábalos, J. I. Gil
Iba guchi
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Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems
SARRIONANDIA ETAL.
10.1029/2023GC011139
3 o 39
and Gondwana, and he consump ion o he Rheic ocean (B aid e al.,2018; Díez-Fe nández e al., 2016;
Gu ié ez-Alonso e al., 2011; Ma e & Ribei o, 1975; Pe ei a, Chicho o, Johns on, e al., 2012; Pe ei a
e al.,2017). The Ibe ian Massi was subdi ided in o majo ec ono-s a ig aphic domains (Juli e e al.,1972;
Lo ze,1945) bounded by ec onic con ac s ha some imes co espond o complex c us al-scale su u e zones
(Díez-Fe nández e al.,2016; Quesada,1991; Schulmann e al.,2022, and e e ences he ein). Among hese
a eas, he Ossa-Mo ena Zone (he ea e OMZ) o he SW Ibe ian Massi (Figu e1b) encloses he emnan s o a
Cadomian a c asc ibable o Andean- ype pla e con e gence and subduc ion (Band és e al.,2002,2004; Eguíluz
e al.,2000; López-Guija o e al.,2008; Pin e al.,2002; Sánchez-Lo da e al.,2014). The ac i e ma gin in ol ed
Figu e 1. (a) Geological ske ch map o he Ibe ian Massi . (b) Expanded Geological ske ch map o he sou he n Ibe ian Massi , which displays he Ca boni e ous
basins and he ela i e loca ion o he Ma achel Basin.
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Gondwana hype -ex ended c us and was ac i e be ween ca. 645Ma and ca. 534Ma (Sa ionandia e al.,2020).
The Cadomian a c cons i u es he basemen on o which he sedimen a y and olcanic sequences o he Va iscan
cycle we e uncon o mably o e lain in he OMZ.
The Va iscan cycle was ini ia ed in he mid- o la e Camb ian wi h he de elopmen o an in a-con inen al i
(Chicho o e al.,2008; Sánchez-Ga cía e al.,2010,2014; Sa ionandia e al.,2012) ha e ol ed in o a passi e
ma gin wi h O do ician-Silu ian pla o m siliciclas ic sequences (Roba de & Gu ié ez-Ma co,2004). Middle
De onian–Ca boni e ous syn-o ogenic ensembles we e la e deposi ed uncon o mably on o he i - o-d i
ensemble (Oli ei a & Quesada,2019), acking he complex and p o ac ed closu e o a e-en an o he Rheic
ocean (B aid e al.,2018). So a , i is widely accep ed ha Va iscan o ogenic de elopmen was diach onous and
inco po a ed ou s anding o ogen-pa allel ( anscu en ) ec onic displacemen s (K one & Rome ,2013; Pe ei a
e al.,2010; S amp li e al.,2013). A he Va iscan o ogen scale, his anscu en s age has been asc ibed as
well o escape ec onics (e.g., A haud & Ma e,1977; B un & Bu g,1982; Shelley & Bossiè e,2000). All his
enabled he o ma ion and closu e o in a-o ogenic s ike-slip basins bounded by c us al-scale aul s (Ábalos &
Eguíluz,1991). As occu s in simila ec onic se ings wo ldwide, hese basins usually associa e an ou s anding
magma ism (Dessu eau e al.,2000, and e e ences he ein). Va iscan w enching was b acke ed be ween 360 and
320Ma by some au ho s (Ábalos e al.,1991; Pe ei a, Chicho o, Johns on, e al.,2012; Pe ei a, Chicho o, Sil a,
e al.,2012; Pe ei a e al.,2009), whe eas o he s hypo hesize Tou naisian ex ension s ages (ca. 360–345Ma) we e
ollowed by Viséan (345–330Ma) ansp ession (Simancas e al.,2006). Wha e e he case, he con inen al-scale
s ike-slip aul s bounded epheme al ma ine basins in illed wi h in e bedded syn-o ogenic de i al sedimen s
and olcanic deposi s ha we e la e de o med in a sinis al ansp essional con ex un il he la e Ca boni e ous
(Ábalos & Eguíluz,1991; Díez Fe nández e al.,2021; Sil a & Pe ei a,2004; Simancas e al.,2006).
2.2. The Ea ly Ca boni e ous Magma ism and I s O igin
Ea ly Ca boni e ous magma ism in SW Ibe ia (including plu onic and olcanic ocks) was oluminous
(Cas o,2019; Sánchez-Ca e e o e al.,1990; Figu e1b). In he case o in usi e plu onic ocks, his magma-
ism is ep esen ed by me a-aluminous and pe aluminous calc-alkaline g ani oids s.l., wi h a e alkali e ms
(E andonea-Ma in e al.,2019; Ga cía Casque o,1991; Lima e al.,2012; Moi a e al.,2009,2015; Pe ei a
e al.,2009; Pin e al.,2008; Pons,1982; San os e al.,1990; Sa ionandia e al.,2013). The olcanic coun e -
pa s include me a-aluminous high-K calc-alkaline, pe aluminous, N-MORB-like, and alkali ocks (A mendá iz
e al.,2008; Munhá,1983; Oli ei a e al., 2013; Rosa e al., 2008; Sánchez Ca e e o e al., 1989; To nos
e al.,2005).
Excluding N-MORB-like and c us al-de i ed pe aluminous magma ic ocks, he man le sou ce o he ea ly
Ca boni e ous calc-alkaline/alkaline magma ism emains unexplained. Two p incipal ec ono-magma ic hypo h-
eses ha e been p oposed ha en isage di e en egions o he man le o magma ex ac ion: an ac i e o imme-
dia ely demised subduc ion se ing and a man le plume. On one hand, he subduc ion con ex conside s mel
ex ac ion om an en iched li hosphe ic man le and/o upwelling as henosphe ic man le unde nea h (Cas o
e al.,1996; Díaz Azpí oz e al.,2006; Jesus e al.,2007; Moi a e al.,2009,2015; Pe ei a e al.,2009,2017;
Pin e al.,2008; San os e al.,1990; Sa ionandia,2006; To nos e al.,2005). On he o he hand, he man le
plume hypo hesis in ol es plume ac i i y a ca. 350–340Ma in o de o explain ex ac ion o man le-de i ed
alkali magmas (Cambeses e al.,2015). Apa om hese wo models, he possibili y also exis s ha he sugges ed
subduc ion con ex ac ually co esponds o a ozen, ea lie subduc ion- ela ed edi ice (la e Neop o e ozoic-Ea ly
Camb ian) ha unde wen Camb ian i ing and Va iscan s ike-slip eac i a ion. This migh be suppo ed by a
co ela ion o su ace alignmen s o Va iscan g ani oid plu ons, ba holi hs and olcanic complexes wi h he he -
mal e ec s o coe al li hosphe ic shea zones sepa a ing man le pieces wi h dis inc p e-Va iscan ab ics (Ábalos
& Díaz,1995; Díaz e al.,1996; Sa ionandia e al.,2012, and e e ences he ein).
2.3. The Syno ogenic Ca boni e ous Basins
Du ing he la e De onian–ea ly Ca boni e ous, wo main shallow ma ine basins de eloped in he SW Ibe ian
Massi , sepa a ed by an eme ged a ea ha oughly co esponds wi h he cen al OMZ. These a e he Los Ped oches
basin o he No h (A mendá iz e al.,2019), and he Sou h-Po uguese Zone (Colmene o e al.,2002; Gabaldón
e al.,1985) o he Sou h (Figu e1b), which a e cha ac e ized by u bidi ic successions and by a signi ican
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Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems
SARRIONANDIA ETAL.
10.1029/2023GC011139
5 o 39
olcanic inpu (A mendá iz e al.,2008; Oli ei a & Quesada,2019; Pe ei a, Chicho o, Sil a, e al.,2012).
Gabaldón e al.(1985) and Oli ei a and Quesada(2019) sugges ed ha , excluding he Sou h-Po uguese Zone,
he disconnec ed Mississippian ou c ops bounded by egional-scale aul s in he OMZ (locali ies om 2 o 15
in Figu e1b) would con o m a single ma ine basin e e ed o as he No h Ma ine Basin o he Los Ped oches
Basin. Sánchez Ca e e o e al.(1989,1990) conside ed ha hei olcanic deposi s we e gene ically ela ed o
he so-called Villa iciosa de Có doba–La Co onada magma ic alignmen ha hos s a complex o bimodal igneous
ocks. To he No h o his olcanic alignmen a shallow ma ine, s o m-domina ed, mixed (siliciclas ic-ca bona e)
pla o m exis s (A mendá iz e al.,2008; Colmene o e al.,2002; Gabaldón e al.,1985). Dis al pla o m ma ine
sequences include pillow MORB- ype and alkali basal s in e bedded wi h hyoli ic olcaniclas ic deposi s and
sla es (A mendá iz e al.,2008; La ondo,2014; Pé ez-Lo en e,1979). The Tou naisian–Viséan (350–335Ma)
olcanic eco d in he Sou h-Po uguese Zone ( he Sou h Ma ine Basin) and neighbo domains was concomi-
an wi h sedimen a ion in a simila shallow-mixed ma ine pla o m, and i has been ela ed o a geochemically
complex bimodal magma ism oo (Chicho o,2006; Pe ei a e al.,2009, Oli ei a & Quesada,2019, and e e -
ences he ein). I consis s o basic-in e media e a c- holeii es and mode a ely alkaline la as, basic o acid I- ype,
low-K o high-K calc-alkaline ocks (Chicho o,2006; Pe ei a e al.,2009; Ribei o,1983), and acid igneous
ocks o c us al de i a ion (Munhá,1983). The wo ld-class massi e sulphide deposi s o he Ibe ian Py i e Bel
(Oli ei a e al.,2013; Quesada,1998; To nos e al.,2005) a e gene ically ela ed wi h he acid magma ic ocks.
3. The Basic Volcanism o he Ma achel Basin
The Ma achel basin cu en ly o ms a ∼55km long and >2km wide, NW-SE ending, igh , e ical and symme -
ic syncline. I is bounded by wo egional-scale s ike-slip aul s con e ging down-dip, subsidia y wi h he
Ho nachos aul o he No heas (Ábalos & Eguíluz,1991; La ondo,2014). These aul s sepa a e he Ca bon-
i e ous eco d o his syncline om La e Ediaca an and ea lies Camb ian uni s o he Badajoz-Có doba (o
Coimb a-Có doba; e.g., Bu g e al.,1981) duc ile shea bel (Figu e2). The shea bel ep esen s a ewo ked su u e
zone wi h a complex and p o ac ed polyphase ec ono he mal e olu ion (Ábalos e al.,1991,2023). Geological
maps o he Ma achel basin (Apala egui e al.,1983; A iola e al.,1983; Sánchez Cela e al.,1977) disclose
a ∼2km hick Mississippian olcano-sedimen a y succession made o conglome a es, sla es, g eywackes and
limes ones wi h in e bedded olcanic ocks. Th ee dis inc olcanic episodes can be ecognized ha , acco ding o
hei s a ig aphic posi ion om base o op, a e as ollows: an olde “acid olcanism I,” a “basic olcanism”, and
a younge “acid olcanism II” (Apala egui e al.,1983; La ondo,2014). Sánchez Ca e e o e al.(1989) me ged
he igneous eco d o he Ma achel basin wi h ha o he Benaja a e basin, loca ed a i s SE p olonga ion wi hin
he egional-scale Villa iciosa de Có doba–La Co onada magma ic alignmen . Two main li hos a ig aphic
g oups esul ed om his co ela ion: he Campana (consis ing o andesi es, daci es and basal s) and E illas
(made o daci es and hyoli es) olcanic complexes. The Tou naisian–Lowe Viséan E illas g oup encloses he
“basic olcanism” episode epo ed abo e.
Ábalos and Eguíluz(1991) iden i ied he le -la e al s ike-slip cha ac e o he Ma achel basin NW-SE bounding
aul s and econs uc ed i s a e se geome y as an in e ed lowe s uc u e. Acco ding o hese au ho s, he
s ai -s epped, dex al NNW–SSE aul s ha o se NW-SE linea basin and aul segmen s allowed accommoda ion
o N–S s e ching componen s ha i s d o e basin subsidence and hen s uc u al in e sion in o a igh syncline
(Apala egui e al.,1983). Localized sinis al ansp ession was eco ded bo h by he basin in illing and by neigh-
bo majo aul s (Ábalos,1992; Díez Fe nández e al.,2021). T ansp ession ga e ise in he olcano-sedimen a y
basin in illing o he de elopmen o a pe asi e N130-140E olia ion bea ing gen ly dipping in e sec ion and
s e ching linea ions and o he gene a ion o ansec ed olds (Ábalos,1992). A syn-de o ma ional e y low-g ade
me amo phic o e p in (chlo i e zone) accompanied s uc u al de elopmen .
The “basic olcanism” o he Ma achel basin can be pe ologically cha ac e ized and geologically mapped (e.g.,
in he syn hesis a e he 1:25.000 su ey conduc ed by La ondo(2014); Figu e2). Acco ding o he ield ela-
ionships, i is ep esen ed mos ly by pillow-la a lows (∼75% in olume) and o a lowe ex en by pahoe-hoe-like
shee la a lows, agglome a es, lapilli- u s, and u s (Figu e3). The olcanic package also con ains mino
sla e, g eywacke, and mic o-conglome a e beds. Gabb o and dio i e syn- olcanic shallow in usions we e
emplaced in he olcano-sedimen a y package, oo. These in usi es usually con o m isola ed o in e connec ed
small-sized sills (<50m hick and <1.5km long), hough occasionally o m la ge (400m hick and 3.5km long)
i egula -shaped in usions (Figu e2). Field ela ionships also e eal ha he olcanic cen e s we e une enly
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dis ibu ed, being mo e common in he cen al and eas e n a eas o he Ma achel basin (Figu e2). In his ega d,
only h ee la a lows (20–45m hick) ha e been ecognized in he cen al a ea o he Ma achel basin. By con as ,
in he sou he n limb o he a -eas a ea 30 la a lows (some o hem up o 55m hick) we e iden i ied by
La ondo(2014).
A he ou c ops, he basic olcanic ocks s udied appea as massi e, appa en ly iso opic and da k colo ed. A
gene al aphy ic and poo ly esicula cha ac e o he la a lows is ou s anding, whe eas aphani ic ex u es p e ail
in he in usi es. Only in a ew cases plagioclase phenoc ys als (up o 4mm in size) a e disce nible o he naked
eye in he la a lows. Py oxene oikoc ys als (up o 15mm in size) and plagioclase phenoc ys als (up o 12mm in
size) can be obse ed in he in usi es.
4. Me hods
A collec ion o 23 samples om di e en Ma achel basic la a lows (10 samples) and in usi e bodies (13
samples) was selec ed o his s udy (see sample loca ion in Table S1 in Suppo ing In o ma ionS1). Analy ical
s udies included a de ailed pe og aphic cha ac e iza ion o each sample, as well as mine al chemis y and whole-
ock elemen al and S , Sm-Nd iso opic de e mina ions p esen ed he ein o a ailable in Sa ionandia e al.(2023).
Geological mapping was imp o ed wi h Ligh De ec ion And Ranging (LIDAR) images a 5m esolu ion and
wi h o opho og aphs o he Spanish Na ional Plan o Ae ial O opho og aphy (PNOA, 2009, 2011, and 2013).
Figu e 2. Geological ske ch map o he Tou naisian–Lowe Viséan Ma achel Basin. Pole diag ams e e o he olcano-sedimen a y sequence bedding o he
wes and eas a eas o he basin. These diag ams also includes e ching linea ions and linea ions o bedding and olia ion in e sec ions. See Table S1 in Suppo ing
In o ma ionS1 o he loca ion UTM coo dina es o he s udied samples (#1 o #23).
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Subsequen image analysis allowed planning o ield i ine a ies and imp o ed delinea ion o he main con ac s in
he ield a he scale 1:18.000. De ailed ou c op desc ip ions in e ms o ock s uc u e and ex u e ollowed he
p ocedu e o McPhie e al.(1993). The p elimina y map design was made a he 1:25.000 scale (La ondo,2014)
on he basis o he Villa anca de los Ba os (0829-II and 0829-IV), Ho nachos (0830-I, 0830-III, and 0830-IV),
Usag e (0855-I, 0855-II, and 0855-IV) and Maguilla (0856-III) shee s o he Spanish Topog aphic Map (MTN).
Fo he pe og aphic cha ac e iza ion, ock hin sec ions (48mm×28mm in size, 30μm hick) we e p epa ed by
he Technical Se ice o he Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU). Va ious hin sec ions we e s ained
ollowing he me hod o Ma saglia and Tazaki(1992) and exposed o concen a ed hyd o luo ic acid be o e
imme sion in a supe sa u a ed solu ion o sodium cobal ini i e and, subsequen ly, in a supe sa u a ed solu ion o
ba ium chlo ide. Mic oscopic su eys we e pe o med using a Leica DM LP de ice i ed wi h a CCD came a o
mic opho og aphic image acquisi ion. Modal de e mina ions o ock- o ming cons i uen s we e ob ained by he
poin -coun me hod (1,500 poin s/sample; Tables S2 and S3 in Suppo ing In o ma ionS1).
Mine al elemen concen a ions we e de e mined by Elec on Mic op obe using a Cameca SX 100 ins umen
a he Uni e si y o O iedo. Ope a ing condi ions o he mic op obe we e as ollows: 10s coun ing ime (peak),
∼10nA beam cu en and 15kV accele a ing ol age. Calib a ion was done agains F ench Geological Su ey
(BRGM) s anda d mine als and ma ix co ec ion ac o s (PAP) we e used. Fe
3+/Fe
2+ was es ima ed by cha ge
balance c i e ia (D oop,1987) and mine al o mulae we e no malized o 6 O o py oxene, 23 O o amphibole, 8
O o plagioclase and alkali eldspa , and 4 O o i anomagne i e and ilmeni e (Sa ionandia e al.,2023).
Be o e he whole ock majo , ace and iso ope geochemical cha ac e iza ion a he Geoch onology and Iso ope
Geochemis y–SGIke Facili y o he Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU), ock samples we e c ushed
and 2–4cm in size pieces ee o exo ic componen s (e.g., hyd o he mal in ills, encla es, wea he ed edges, e c.)
we e picked. These we e educed o small agmen s (<0.8mm) wi h a ungs en jaw c ushe and qua e ed,
Figu e 3. Syn he ic s a ig aphic logs o he Wes and Eas a eas o he Ma achel Basin, ou s anding he main Tou naisian–Lowe Viséan olcanic e en s de ined by
Apala egui e al.(1983). Fo co ela ion pu poses i has been also included a syn he ic s a ig aphic log o a cen al sec o o his basin.
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hen milled in a ungs en ing mill o a homogenized powde . Majo , ace and a e ea h elemen concen a ions
we e ob ained by ICP–MS using he same mass spec ome e a e sample usion a ∼1100°C wi h LiBO2 and
dissolu ion in dilu ed HNO3:HF acid mix u e. P ecision o all analyses was in gene al <2% (always <4%; c .
Ga cía de Madinabei ia e al.,2008, o addi ional de ails).
Whole- ock S and Sm–Nd iso opic composi ion de e mina ions in ol ed pu i ica ion o S , Sm and Nd ollow-
ing he p ocedu es o Pin e al.(1994) and Pin and San os Zalduegui(1997). Analyses we e conduc ed on a
mul icollec o ICP-MS (Nep une, The mo Fishe Scien i ic). Mass ac iona ion was co ec ed ollowing Balcaen
e al.(2005) o S , Ho mann(1971) o Sm, and conside ing exponen ial laws o ins umen al ac iona ion and
speci ic algo i hms o Nd. Elemen al Sm and Nd concen a ions we e de e mined by iso ope dilu ion using a
mixed
149Sm/
150Nd ace .
5. Pe og aphy and Mine al Chemis y
The “basic olcanism” episode gene a ed ocks made o a iable amoun s o plagioclase, clinopy oxene and
accesso y magne i e and ilmeni e. Some o he associa ed in usi es include also amphibole and accesso y alkali
eldspa , apa i e and zi con (Tables S2 and S3 in Suppo ing In o ma ionS1). In gene al, hese ocks appea
a iably al e ed o a seconda y mine al assemblage including chlo i e, opaque mine als, i ani e, epido e, calci e,
qua z, bio i e, musco i e, ac inoli e- emoli e and alkali eldspa . This seconda y assemblage is p e alen in he
walls o in illings o ock mic o-c acks and esicles (amygdales). I s o igin migh be ela ed o a mild egional
me amo phic and/o o hyd o he mal o e p in .
Pe og aphy o he basic la a lows s udied e eals a b oad ex u al spec um, pa icula ly in he case o
pillow-la as. In hem, unde cooling ex u al e idence a e widesp ead. Al hough seconda y al e a ion pu s
limi s o a de ailed pe og aphic cha ac e iza ion o he p ima y mesos asis, he mic o ex u es obse ed can be
g ouped in o he ollowing ou holoc ys alline ex u al ypes: mic oli hic wi h a c yp oc ys alline g oundmass,
(mic o)-po phy i ic wi h an in e g anula g oundmass, in e g anula , and subophi ic. Tex u es o he associa ed
in usi e ocks a y om diabasic (in e s i ial) o subophi ic, wi h only he coa ses -g ained e ms showing panid-
iomo phic se ia ed mic o ex u es.
5.1. Plagioclase
In he basic la a lows, plagioclase gene ally appea s as euhed al mic oli hs. Plagioclase (mic o)-phenoc ys als
and mic oli hs exhibi unde cooling ex u es such as skele al, swallow ail, bel -buckle and bow- ie. Radia ing
mic oli hs o plagioclase a e also obse ed o ming a ioles in some ex u al a ie ies. In he in usi e basic
ocks, plagioclase appea s as euhed al c ys als up o 5mm long wi h negligible composi ional zoning be ween
co es and ims (An60-52; Sa ionandia e al.,2023). By con as , plagioclase in la a lows and in ce ain gabb os
depic s ex ensi e zoning (An58-01 and An66-01, espec i ely). Such s ong composi ional a ia ions migh be ela ed
o he seconda y p ocesses ha a ec ed hese ocks. Composi ional a ia ions a e ma kedly na owe in plagi-
oclases om dio i ic in usi es ( anging om An22-39 a co es o An20-35 a ims).
5.2. Clinopy oxene
Clinopy oxene c ys als exhibi a a ie y o unde cooling mo phologies (skele al, dend i ic, ib ous, adial) and,
occasionally, cons i u e glome o-po phy i ic o cumulophy ic agg ega es in he g oundmass o he basic olcanic
ocks. In subophi ic ex u al a ie ies, hey can o m oikoc ys als up o 8mm in size. In he dio i es, clinopy ox-
ene appea s ans o med o e opa gasi ic amphibole. Composi ional zoning has no been obse ed (Sa ionandia
e al.,2023). Clinopy oxene s uc u al o mulae co espond o he Ca–Mg–Fe ype o Mo imo o(1988), wi h
simila augi e composi ions in he gabb os (Wo37–41En36–46Fs8–15) and in he la a- lows (Wo31–39En32–49Fs7–22;
Figu e4a). The analyzed augi es possess ela i ely high Mg# alues (0.61–0.88 in la a- lows, 0.71–0.85 in
gabb os) and exhibi wide a ia ions in TiO2 (0.47–3.54 w .%) and C 2O3 (0–0.72 w .%) con en s (Sa ionandia
e al.,2023).
5.3. Amphibole
Amphibole a iably eplaces he clinopy oxene in he in usi es ( ully in he dio i es), whe e i o ms co oni ic
ex u es. I appea s as up o 0.02mm long, hypidiomo phic c ys als wi h sho p isma ic shapes. Occasionally, i
may also o m isola ed, up o 2mm long winned xenomo phic o hypidiomo phic c ys als wi h pa chy zoning.
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Figu e 4. (a) P ojec ion o analyzed py oxenes in he Ca–Mg–Fe clinopy oxenes classi ica ion diag am o Mo imo o(1988).
(b, c) P ojec ion o analyzed amphiboles in he classi ica ion diag am o calcic amphiboles o Leake e al.(1997).
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diag am (Figu e6). No malized pa e ns a e in gene al almos la -shaped
and less ac iona ed in he case o G oup #1 (LaN/LuN: 1.6–2.9) han in
G oups #3 (LaN/LuN: 2.0–5.6) and #2 (LaN/LuN: 2.5–5.9). F om his iew-
poin , ac iona ion in he G oup #1 is simila o LREE (LaN/SmN: 1.1–1.8)
and HREE (GdN/LuN: 1.0–1.5), whe eas in he G oups #2 and #3 he ac ion-
a ion o LREE is mo e p onounced, as e lec ed by hei sligh ly segmen ed
no maliza ion p o iles (LaN/SmN: 1.7–2.8; GdN/LuN: 1.0–1.6 and LaN/SmN:
1.4–2.5; GdN/LuN: 1.1–1.4, espec i ely; Figu e8).
N-MORB–no malized mul i-elemen diag ams (Sun & McDonough,1989)
show in gene al simila segmen ed pa e ns o he h ee geochemical
g oups, wi h ma ked en ichmen s in Th, pa icula ly in G oups #2 and #3
(Figu e8). These diag ams show an o e all sligh en ichmen in LREE o
he h ee g oups, clea ly less p onounced in G oup #1, wi h oughly simila
HREE con en s espec o N-MORB and a sligh deple ion in P ha is no
always obse able in G oups #2 and #3 (Figu e8). E-MORB–no malized
mul i-elemen diag ams show nea ho izon al p o iles wi h ma ked en ich-
men s in Th. In de ail, he G oup #1 p o iles i o e all o he E-MORB (albei
wi h ma ked deple ions in Nb and, o a lesse ex en , in P) whe eas G oup #2
and, pa icula ly, G oup #3 p o iles display mo e en iched pa e ns (Figu e8).
Mo eo e , deple ion in Nb and P espec o E-MORB a e no always p esen
in he G oup #2 and a e p ac ically absen in G oup #3 samples (Figu e8).
6.2. Iso ope Geochemis y
Hyd o he mal al e a ion and/o low-g ade me amo phism can a ec he
Rb and S elemen al con en s (Pin & Waldhaus o á,2007, and e e ences
he ein) and, he e o e, he Rb–S iso ope sys ema ics. In he ocks s udied, his is e lec ed by he wide anges
o
87Rb/
86S and 87S /86S iso opic a ios in each geochemical g oup (Table2). Those a ios appea unco ela ed
wi h SiO2 con en s and, hus, p e en he conside a ion o his iso opic sys em o u he pe ogene ic conside a-
ions. By con as , he linea co ela ion obse ed in he elemen al Sm–Nd diag am (Figu e9a) e lec s he s abil-
i y o Sm and Nd du ing seconda y al e a ion (DePaolo,1988). In Figu e9a a ough clus e ing o he samples
analyzed in o he h ee geochemical g oups al eady iden i ied is ou s anding. The G oup #3 ocks appea as he
mos en iched in Nd (24.5–38.4ppm) and Sm (6.35–9.04ppm), he less en iched being he G oup #1 basal s
(Nd: 10.1–18.8ppm; Sm: 2.92–5.18ppm). Basal s and basal ic andesi es o G oup #2 (Nd: 15.2–20.3ppm; Sm:
4.02–5.06ppm) o e lap he ield o he mos en iched samples o G oup #1 (Figu e9a; Table2).
Geochemical di e ences among he h ee composi ional g oups iden i ied a e also e lec ed in hei
147Sm/
144Nd
and
143Nd/
144Nd a ios (Figu e9b; Table2), ha also enable us o disce n a ough posi i e gene al end in
he
143Nd/
144Nd–
147Sm/
144Nd diag am (Figu e9b). In gene al, G oup #1 basal s a e he mos adiogenic and
exhibi he highes iso opic a ios, whe eas some G oup #2 ocks exhibi he leas adiogenic a ios. Sub-alkali
basal s and basal ic andesi es o he G oup #3 lie in be ween bo h g oups, hough pa ially o e lapping he
p ojec ion a ea o G oup #2 ocks (Figu e9b; Table2). I may be no ed in his diag am he nea ly e ical ends
de ined by he G oup #1 and, o a lesse ex en , he G oup #3 samples, while hose o G oup #2 show a ma ked
posi i e co ela ion (Figu e9b; Table2).
As ega ds he εNd335Ma alues (Table2), hese also suppo he geochemical g oup dis inc ion. The G oup #1
basal s include he mos adiogenic samples, which exhibi mode a ely posi i e εNd335Ma alues comp ised in a
ela i ely na ow ange (+4.0–+6.6). The G oup #2 ocks include he less adiogenic samples, wi h εNd335Ma
alues mainly posi i e bu encompassing a wide ange (−0.2–+3.5). Finally, he G oup #3 ocks (wi h he
excep ion o he pa icula ly un adiogenic sample MTC274B, wi h εNd335Ma=+0.9) p esen and he na owes
εNd335Ma ange (+2.8–+4.8) and posi i e alues comp ised be ween hose o he G oups #1 and #2.
The p ojec ion o he whole se o εNd335Ma alues e sus SiO2 and Th con en s shows wo gene al e olu iona y
ends (Figu es9c and9d). Samples o he G oups #1 and #2 can be in eg a ed in a single a ay showing a ough
nega i e co ela ion (Figu es9c and9d). Samples o he G oup #3 (excluding he de ia ing sample MTC274B)
Figu e 7. FeO
/MgO–SiO2 diag am o he disc imina ion o holeii ic and
calc-alkaline se ies e olu ion (adap ed om Miyashi o,1974).
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de ine a nea ly ho izon al a ay ha in e cep s he gene al end in eg a ed by G oups #1 and #2. In e es ingly,
he pa hs' in e sec ion coincides wi h he ansi ion om G oup #1 o G oup #2 samples (Figu es9c and9d).
Finally, i may be no ed ha Sm–Nd deple ed man le model ages (TDM; DePaolo,1988) a e simila o he
h ee geochemical g oups (Table2; Figu e9e). In de ail, howe e , he calcula ed TDM alues o G oup #1
basal s ( ollowing Liew & Ho mann,1988) a e sligh ly younge (0.77–1.22Ga) han hose o he G oup #2
(1.03–1.36Ga) and G oup #3 ocks (0.84–1.34Ga).
7. Discussion
In he ollowing sec ions, we discuss he geochemical na u e and linkage o he h ee magma ic associa ions
iden i ied in he Mississippian Ma achel mid “basic olcanism” (and cogene ic sub olcanic in usions) o i s
up o 1.000m hick olcanic basin in ill. We b ing o a ocus hei man le sou ces, di e en ia ion p ocesses and
pe o ec onic signi icance in he egional geologic con ex o SW Ibe ia.
7.1. Geochemical Na u e o he Magma ic Associa ions
Whole- ock geochemical cha ac e is ics o basal s and basal ic andesi es indica e ha he “basic olcanism”
o he Ma achel Basin was nu u ed by holeii ic (G oups #1 and #2) and seemingly calc-alkaline (G oup #3)
magmas. Occu ence in he sou he n Ibe ian Massi o a Mississippian MORB- ype holeii ic magma ism was
documen ed ei he in he dis al a eas o he Los Ped oches (No h Ma ine) basin (A mendá iz e al.,2008) o
in he Sou h-Po uguese (Sou h Ma ine) basin (Munhá,1983). In he la e domain Mi ja ila e al.(1997) also
Figu e 8. No malized mul i-elemen diag ams o he geochemical g oups iden i ied in he “basic olcanism” o he Ma achel Basin. No maliza ion alues co espond
o Chond i e (Sun & McDonough,1989), N–MORB (Sun & McDonough,1989), and E–MORB (Sun & McDonough,1989).
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Sample G oup
SiO2
(w .%)
Rb
(ppm)
S
(ppm)
87Rb/
86S
87S /
86S
2σ e o
(abs)
87S /
86S 335
Sm
(ppm)
Nd
(ppm)
147Sm/
144Nd
143Nd/
144Nd
2σ e o
(abs)
143Nd/
144Nd335 εNd335
TDM
(Ga)
TDM 2s g
(Ga)
MGA-1 #1 47.11 28.6 266 0.311 0.705792 0.000007 0.7043 12.2 3.72 0.1852 0.512949 0.000006 0.512543 6.6 0.91 0.53
MTC-84B #1 47.24 14.0 380 0.107 0.704568 0.000006 0.7041 12.7 3.33 0.1578 0.512844 0.000005 0.512498 5.7 0.77 0.60
MTC-83 #1 47.92 11.5 207 0.161 0.704455 0.000007 0.7037 18.8 5.18 0.1664 0.512841 0.000006 0.512476 5.3 0.90 0.64
MTC-42 #1 48.05 59.5 292 0.590 0.708690 0.000005 0.7059 10.1 2.92 0.1757 0.512853 0.000007 0.512468 5.1 1.05 0.65
HNC-3 #1 48.82 18.7 297 0.182 0.706050 0.000007 0.7052 12.6 3.63 0.1742 0.512793 0.000007 0.512411 4.0 1.22 0.74
VFB-12 #1 52.12 53.4 270 0.573 0.707910 0.000006 0.7052 14.9 4.24 0.1718 0.512847 0.000004 0.512470 5.1 0.98 0.64
MTC-48 #2 49.80 15.6 223 0.202 0.705146 0.000005 0.7042 18.4 4.82 0.1586 0.512725 0.000008 0.512377 3.3 1.08 0.79
MGA-20 #2 49.90 17.2 194 0.257 0.706400 0.000006 0.7052 15.2 4.02 0.1595 0.512620 0.000007 0.512270 1.2 1.36 0.95
MGA-22 #2 50.13 67.4 515 0.379 0.708335 0.000007 0.7065 18.7 4.26 0.1373 0.512600 0.000006 0.512299 1.8 1.03 0.91
MGA-12 #2 50.72 174 234 2.149 0.715514 0.000005 0.7053 19.1 5.06 0.1599 0.512737 0.000005 0.512386 3.5 1.07 0.77
USG-14 #2 54.51 51.9 387 0.388 0.706429 0.000007 0.7046 20.3 4.51 0.1345 0.512493 0.000005 0.512198 −0.2 1.19 1.06
MTC-275 #3 47.38 20.2 234 0.249 0.706489 0.000006 0.7053 31.3 8.49 0.1643 0.512728 0.000004 0.512368 3.1 1.18 0.80
MGA-2 #3 49.10 20.3 309 0.190 0.706278 0.000007 0.7054 38.4 9.04 0.1422 0.512661 0.000008 0.512349 2.8 0.97 0.83
MTC274B #3 50.25 25.9 270 0.278 0.706968 0.000008 0.7056 30.6 7.85 0.1552 0.512591 0.000006 0.512251 0.9 1.34 0.98
MTC-75 #3 50.45 15.7 237 0.192 0.704510 0.000007 0.7036 27.3 6.86 0.1519 0.512765 0.000007 0.512432 4.4 0.88 0.70
MTC-76 #3 51.36 15.1 226 0.193 0.704455 0.000006 0.7035 29.2 7.34 0.1520 0.512783 0.000007 0.512450 4.8 0.84 0.68
VFB-9 #3 54.04 318 226 4.072 0.724440 0.000005 0.7050 24.5 6.35 0.1567 0.512751 0.000004 0.512407 3.9 0.98 0.74
MGA-25 #3 54.75 18.5 218 0.245 0.705034 0.000007 0.7039 25.9 6.61 0.1546 0.512753 0.000007 0.512414 4.1 0.94 0.73
Table 2
Whole-Rock Iso ope Da a (Rb–S and Sm–Nd Sys ema ics) o he La a-Flows and In usi es In eg a ed in he “Basic Volcanism” o he Ma achel Basin (Measu ed and Age Co ec ed o 335Ma)
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Figu e 9. Iso opic and elemen al ela ions ela i e o he Sm–Nd sys ema ics (whole- ock) o he “basic olcanism” o he Ma achel Basin. (a) Nd e sus Sm elemen al
a ia ion diag am. (b)
147Sm/
144Nd e sus
143Nd/
144Nd iso opic a ios. (c) εNdi e sus silica con en s. (d) εNdi e sus ho ium con en s. (e) Model ages o he analyzed
samples de e mined om deple ed man le e olu ion ollowing Liew and Ho mann(1988). The e olu ion o he deple ed man le o Golds ein e al.(1984)has also been
p ojec ed.
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iden i ied con inen al holeii es associa ed wi h alkali basal s and calc-alkaline daci es and hyoli es, al hough
hei gene ic linkage emains loosely asc ibed in e ms o composi ional c i e ia.
The mode a e adiogenic cha ac e (εNdi=−0.2–+6.6) o he Ma achel G oups #1 and #2 holeii es and he
shapes o hei mul i-elemen no maliza ion pa e ns a e simila o hose o en iched-MORB ype basal s
(Figu e8). This poin s o a li hosphe ic con ibu ion o sou ce componen s ha would also be suppo ed by
he cha ac e is ics o ace elemen sys ema ics (Figu e8; Table1). This is he case in pa icula o immobile
incompa ible elemen s sensi i e o c us al con amina ion p ocesses (e.g., Th and LREE), gi en ha con inen al
c us , pa icula ly he uppe c us , is en iched in La and Th ela i e o he p imi i e man le (Puch el e al.,1997;
Rudnick & Foun ain,1995; Rudnick & Gao,2003; Taylo & McLennan,1985).
A c us al con ibu ion o he holeii ic magmas can be un a eled a e a ious lines o geochemical e idence.
Rela i e abundances in ThPM o he s udied holeii es (G oup #1: 17.6–38.8; G oup #2: 47.1–85.9) a e an o de o
magni ude highe han hose o he a e age N-MORB (Sun & McDonough,1989), whe eas LaPM alues (G oup #1:
5.81–15.1; G oup #2: 14.6–27.0) a e only sligh ly highe . Con e sely, Nb/ThPM alues (G oup #1: 0.195–0.556;
G oup #2: 0.132–0.247) a e ma kedly low ela i e o hose calcula ed o he a e age N-MORB, whe eas Nb/
LaPM alues (G oup #1: 0.628–1.03; G oup #2: 0.432–0.610) a e ai ly simila . The di e ences be ween La and
Th en ichmen s a e mo e p onounced in he G oup #2 holeii es, which would ini ially poin o a highe uppe
c us al con ibu ion in hem. The p ominen Nb nega i e anomaly in he p imi i e man le-no malized diag am
is also consis en wi h a gene alized c us al con ibu ion (Ba h e al.,2000; Puch el e al.,1997; Rudnick &
Gao,2003; Wea e ,1991). I s ex en is e lec ed by he Nb/Nb* a io, de ined as NbPM/(ThPM x LaPM)
1/2 (Puch el
e al.,1997; S epano a e al.,2014). Obse ed simila anges o his pa ame e in he G oups #1 (0.35–0.70) and
#2 (0.24–0.39) sugges signi ican albei a iable deg ees o c us al con amina ion wi hin each g oup, which is
also consis en wi h he obse ed a iabili y o Nb/ThPM and, o a lesse ex en , Nb/LaPM alues. The lowe Nb/
Nb* a io o G oup #2 e lec s again a highe c us al con ibu ion in hese holeii es han in hose o he G oup
#1. This e ec o a iable c us al con ibu ion is also e lec ed in se e al ec ono-magma ic diag ams. In he
Z /Y–Z diag am o Pea ce and No y(1979), s udied samples appea p ojec ed in he “wi hin-pla e basal s' ield
(Figu e10a). Ne e heless, mos o he G oup #1 samples p ojec clus e ed in he “MORB+wi hin-pla e basal s'
ield, sligh ly apa om he G oups #2 and #3 samples. Simila ly occu s in he La/10–Y/15–Nb/8 diag am o
Cabanis and Lecolle(1989; Figu e10b). Though mos samples appea p ojec ed in he “la e o pos -o ogenic
in a-con inen al” domain, he c us al inpu in G oups #2 and #3 ocks leads o hei displaced p ojec ion om he
G oup #1 samples. I can, hus, be concluded ha he “basic olcanism” o he Ma achel Basin ac ually includes
o dina y con inen al holeii es among i s di e en magma ic ock associa ions.
Figu e 10. P ojec ion o he geochemical g oups iden i ied in he “basic olcanism” o he Ma achel Basin in ec ono-magma ic disc imina ion diag ams: (a) Z /Y–Z
diag am (Pea ce & No y,1979), and (b) La/10–Y/15–Nb/8 diag am (Cabanis & Lecolle,1989). Employed symbols a e hose o Figu e5.
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The wide geochemical di e si y o con inen al holeii es wo ldwide led o a p elimina y subdi ision in o he Low–
Ti (<2 w .% TiO2) and High–Ti (>2 w .% TiO2) holeii e ypes (Bellieni e al.,1984; Man o ani e al.,1985).
Pea e e al.(1992) p oposed a mo e comp ehensi e classi ica ion scheme based on high- ield s eng h elemen
con en s such as Ti, Z , Y and compiled S -, Nd-, and Pb-iso ope da a o he Pa aná Gondwanan con inen al
holeii es. Acco ding o hese au ho s, High–Ti holeii es exhibi highe a ios in Ti/Y (>350), Z /Y (>4.0) and
S /Y (>4.5) han hose o Low–Ti holeii es (Ti/Y<330; Z /Y<7.0; S /Y<13). In he Ma achel holeii ic
basal s and basal ic andesi es, he obse ed TiO2 con en s (<1.94 w .% TiO2) and Ti/Y (238–338) and Z /Y
(3.96–6.87) a ios compa e o hose o Low–Ti con inen al holeii es. Only one sample (MTC-84B) depa s o
his asc ip ion, due o a ela i ely high Ti/Y a io (Ti/Y: 377).
Pea e and Hawkeswo h(1996) e isi ed he classi ica ion o Low–Ti holeii es, and conduc ed a mo e de ailed
geochemical and iso opic cha ac e iza ion. They p oposed dis inc ion be ween wo end-membe s wi h con as ing
Ti/Z a ios and Nd-, S -, and Pb-iso ope cha ac e is ics, e med “Esme alda- ype” and “G amado- ype.”
“Esme alda- ype” holeii es ha e lowe
87S /
86S i (0.7045–0.7080) and highe Ti/Z (>60) and εNdi (−4 o
+3) han “G amado- ype” ocks (
87S /
86S i: 0.7070–0.7150; Ti/Z <60; εNdi: −8 o −3). Rega dless o hei
highe adiogenic cha ac e , he composi ion o he Ma achel Low–Ti con inen al holeii es un a els he p es-
ence o bo h ypes. The composi ion o G oup #1 basal s (Ti/Z : 61–79; εNdi: +4.0 o +6.6) concu s wi h he
“Esme alda- ype”, whils G oup #2 basal s and basal ic andesi es (Ti/Z : 36–58; εNdi: −0.2 o +3.5) a e close
o he “G amado- ype” (Figu e S1 in Suppo ing In o ma ionS1). Ne e heless, conside ing ha emi ed la a
olumes in he Ma achel Basin a e ex emely a om hose o Pa aná con inen al lood basal s, he coined
“Esme alda” and “G amado” e ms o di e en ia e bo h Low-Ti sub- ypes ha e been loosely applica ed in he
s udied case.
Apa om he Low-Ti holeii es, a calc-alkaline associa ion has also been iden i ied in he Ma achel basic
olcanic ocks. The G oup #3 sub-alkali basal s and basal ic andesi es in eg a e i . No wi hs anding, basal s o his
associa ion display low CaO/Al2O3 a ios (0.4–0.6), compa able o hose exhibi ed by “high-Mg” calc-alkaline
se ies ocks such as bonini es (0.5–0.6; Pea ce & Reagan,2019, and e e ences he ein), adaki es (0.3–0.5; Ma in
e al.,2005) and sanuki oids (∼0.3; Ma in e al.,2009). Speci ically, hey a e sligh ly en iched in TiO2 (2.26–
3.19 w .%), Z (192–294ppm) and Y (46.3–58.7ppm) wi h espec o common alues in bonini es (TiO2<0.5
w .%; Z <58ppm; Y<19ppm; Pea ce & Reagan,2019, and e e ences he ein) and adaki es (TiO2<1.49 w .%;
Z <188ppm; Y<13ppm; Ma in e al.,2005). On hei pa , basal ic andesi es o his associa ion a e also
sligh ly en iched in TiO2 (1.08–2.37 w .%), Z (240–268ppm) and Y (34.4–49.4ppm) wi h espec o common
alues in sanuki oids (TiO2<1.21 w .%; Z <316ppm; Yb<35.0ppm). The ma kedly low MgO (2.8–5.1
w .%), Ni (<22ppm) and C (<100ppm) con en s o he G oup #3 ocks in compa ison wi h hose exhibi ed by
bonini es (MgO>8 w .%; Ni>59ppm; C >300ppm; Pea ce & Reagan,2019), adaki es (MgO∼5.0 w .%;
Ni: 103ppm; C : 157ppm; Ma in e al.,2005) and sanuki oids (MgO: ∼4.0 w .%; Ni>36ppm; C >58ppm;
Ma in e al.,2009) elsewhe e, and he nea la -shaped REE no maliza ion-pa e ns (La/YbPM=2.63–6.48),
al oge he lead us o disca d hei conside a ion as genuine “high-Mg” calc-alkaline se ies ocks. This conclusion
would be ein o ced by he exhibi ed ela i ely low K2O con en s o analyzed samples wi h espec o hei SiO2
con en s (Table1).
The Ma achel G oup #3 (“calc-alkaline”) associa ion could be conside ed en a i ely as made o basal s and basal-
ic andesi es as hose o “no mal” a c se ings. I he pla e con e gence se ing we e co ec , hei Nb (up o 16.2
w .%), P2O5 (0.23–0.59 w .%), La (up o 29.2 w .%), Nd (up o 39.8 w .%) and Th con en s (up o 12.5 w .%) would
be close o hose o calc-alkaline andesi es o ac i e con inen al ma gins han o hose o in a-oceanic and island
a cs (Kelemen e al.,2007). Ne e heless, hei ela i ely low Mg# alues (33–56; Table1) and 143Nd/
144Nd a ios
(0.512591–0.512783; Table2), and hei ma kedly high TiO2 (1.08–3.19 w .%; Table1) and Fe2O3 (7.43–13.34
w .%; Table1) a e a a iance wi h hose o a e age subduc ion- ela ed magma ic ock equi alen s (Kelemen
e al.,2007). I is ou s anding ha Al2O3 con en s o he G oup #3 basal s a e akin o hose o holeii ic basal s.
Addi ionally, he no ma i e mine alogy o he less al e ed basal s (LOI<2.5 w .%) co esponds o o e sa u a ed
holeii es (Yode & Tilley,1962) and he same can be concluded a e hei εNdi alues (+2.8–+4.8; excluding
sample MTC274B). All he abo e pe mi s us o conclude ha , despi e he G oup #3 ocks exhibi in appea ance a
calc-alkaline e olu iona y end, a conside able unce ain y emains ega ding he ac ual na u e o his geochem-
ical associa ion. Consequen ly, he in e ence o a pla e-con e gence ec onic se ing on geochemical g ounds can
be se iously challenged based upon he de ailed geochemical da a p esen ed he e.
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7.2. In e ences on he Magma Sou ces
On he basis o iso ope and elemen abundances/ a ios, wo dis inc Low-Ti con inen al holeii e ypes and a (no
necessa ily so) “Co dille an- ype” calc-alkaline associa ion may be dis inguished in he Ma achel Mississippian
olcanic sequences. A close empo al and spa ial occu ence o High- and Low-Ti holeii ic basal s, commonly
associa ed also wi h alkali basal s and/o pe aluminous hyoli es, is a well-documen ed phenomenon wo ld-
wide (Dessu eau e al.,2000; LaFléche e al.,1998; Ligh oo e al.,1993; Neal e al.,2002; Pea e e al.,1992;
Poucle e al.,2017; Shellnu & Jahn,2011). Ne e heless, as a as we know, ew examples ha e been epo ed
o ou pou ings o con inen al holeii es wi h associa ed calc-alkaline basal s and basal ic andesi es (Benek
e al.,1996; Mi ja ila e al.,1997; Poucle e al.,2017) un ela ed o pla e-con e gence geodynamic scena ios.
In a i s app oxima ion, he exis ence o holeii ic and “calc-alkaline” basal ic la a lows in he Ma achel basic
magma ic associa ion migh poin o a possible de i a ion om sepa a e man le sou ces. Indeed, composi ional
a ia ions in con inen al holeii es o o he igneous p o inces ha e some imes been ela ed o simul aneous, o
empo ally close, magma con ibu ions om dis inc man le sou ces (Ingle e al.,2004; Ligh oo e al.,1993;
Neal e al.,2002; Pea e,1997; Pea e e al.,1992; Poucle e al.,2017). The whole- ock geochemis y o he
h ee Ma achel geochemical g oups dis inguished pu s cons ain s o a s aigh o wa d in e p e a ion o p ima y
composi ional magmas and hei sou ce (e.g., MgO≥13 w .%; Ni=300–500ppm; e.g., G een e al.,2001;
Sa o,1977). Conse a i e incompa ible elemen al con en s and a ios o Nb/ThPM, Th/YbPM, and Nb/LaPM e eal
as well a a iable c us al con ibu ion. No wi hs anding, coupling Nd iso opic composi ions wi h indica o s o
c us al con amina ion (such as he εNdi–Th/Z PM and εNdi–La/NbPM g aphs) un a els a ough single nega i e
a ay ha in eg a es he holeii ic (G oups #1 and #2) and calc-alkaline (G oup #3) associa ions ha had been
o iginally clus e ed acco ding o hei whole- ock geochemis y (Figu es11a and11b). This ansi ion canno be
explained simply in e ms o an inc easing “en ou e” c us al con amina ion o man le-de i ed mel s. Ins ead, i
appea s ha hose associa ions al eady e ol ed be o e a e sing he c us .
P ima y magma sou ce iden i ica ion o he Ma achel magma ic ocks can be aced om he ela ions o he
usually conse a i e elemen s du ing c ys al ac iona ion (Nb/Yb, Th/Yb, La/Sc, Z /Y, Ti/Y, Ti/V, and La/Yb).
Thei a ia ions migh also e lec changes in he na u e o he sou ce, i s dep h and/o mel ing a es (Condie,2005;
Fi on e al.,1997; Pea ce,2008). P ojec ion in he Th/Nb–Nb/Yb diag am (Pea ce,2008) o he da a a ailable
shows a depa u e om he “MORB–OIB a ay” and un a els he in e ac ion o man le-de i ed magmas wi h
c us al componen s (Figu e11c). Some elemen al a ios (e.g., Th/Yb and La/Y) o he sou ce man le ma e ial
could ha e been hus modi ied by c us al assimila ion. Me abasic c us al ocks a e he bes candida es as sou ces
o c us al con amina ion, since a signi ican con ibu ion o sedimen s o ancien con inen al c us would no be
suppo ed by he εNdi alues de e mined he ein (DePaolo,1988).
Iden i ica ion o he samples wi h a smalle “c us al” inpu , and he e o e a p esumed s onge man le sou ce signa-
u e, migh be guided by conside a ion o only hose bea ing Nb/La a ios >0.85 imes he chond i ic alue (Lassi e
& DePaolo,1997). Su p isingly, among he Ma achel magma ic ocks, he less e ol ed holeii ic samples exhibi
Nb/La a ios highe han 0.85 (G oup #1: 0.92–1.07), being he samples o he associa ion wi h calc-alkaline signa-
u e hose displaying sub-chond i ic and ma kedly low Nb/La a ios (<0.56). The e o e, he less e ol ed Ma achel
holeii ic samples (conside ing al e na i e c i e ia) could be he geochemically close candida es o ack he “p im-
i i e” holeii ic magmas. Those speci ic samples plo clus e ed in he domain o en iched-MORB sou ces in he
Th/Nb–Nb/Yb diag am (Pea ce,2008; Figu e11c). This is in acco dance wi h he E-MORB cha ac e in e ed om
hei mul i-elemen no maliza ion-pa e ns (Figu e8) and wi h hei ace elemen sys ema ics depa u e om OIB
pa ame e s (Sun & McDonough,1989). All his pe mi s us o disca d a deep man le-sou ce o he holeii ic magmas.
In o de o cons ain u he he dep h o he man le sou ce o he s udied Low-Ti con inen al holeii es, a
discussion on he p esence o absence o s able ga ne in he magma sou ce man le ocks is equi ed (G een
& Ringwood,1970; Lassi e & DePaolo,1997). In his ega d, i can be highligh ed ha he La/YbPM, La/YPM,
Sm/YbPM, Nb/YPM, and Z /YPM a ios a e di ec ly ela ed o he deg ee and dep h o pa ial mel ing, since in he
p esence o s able ga ne , HREE a e p e e en ially e ained by his mine al o e he ligh and middle REE du ing
mel ing (Class e al.,1998; Lassi e & DePaolo,1997; Shaw e al.,2003). In he case s udied he e, no maliza-
ion wi h espec o p imi i e-man le composi ions (Taylo & McLennan,1985) esul s in ela i ely low Dy/
Yb(N) (1.15–1.28) and La/Yb(N) (1.53–2.87) alues in he p esumed “p imi i e” samples o G oup #1 ocks. This
( oge he wi h low alues o he Sm/YbPM o La/YbPM) migh ha e esul ed om pa ial mel ing o a ga ne - ee
man le sou ce (Shaw e al.,2003). Speci ically, he a o emen ioned low a ios, oge he wi h he ela i ely la
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HREE pa e ns and he mode a e Nd adiogenic cha ac e o he “p imi i e” samples (εNdi=+5.1–+6.6), likely
poin o a (ga ne - ee) lhe zoli ic man le. The ela i ely low Nb/Nb* alues o he mos “p imi i e” holeii ic
samples (G oup #1: 0.457–0.701) wi h espec o man le alues (<1ppm; Taylo & McLennan,1985) is also
cong uen wi h he p esence o Ti-bea ing phases bo h in he uppe man le (e.g., u ile, FeTiO3 ilmeni e, ga ne ,
py oxene, spinel and pos -spinel phases; Ma oso a e al.,2021) and unde nea h (Al, Ca, and Ti oxide and sili-
ca e e ac o y cons i uen s o pe o ski e; O'Neill & Palme,1998; Ma oso a e al.,2020), and/o amphibole in
he man le sou ce (Foley e al.,2000). Addi ionally, i amphibole was p esen in he sou ce ocks, he E-MORB
inge p in s ha exhibi he s udied holeii es (Figu e8) migh be explained, oo.
F om he pe spec i e o he wo end-membe Low–Ti holeii es ypes o Pea e and Hawkeswo h's(1996) clas-
si ica ion, he Ma achel G oup #1 basal s i he “Esme alda- ype”, whe eas basal s and basal ic andesi es o he
G oup #2 a e close o he “G amado- ype.” The ci ed au ho s sugges ed ha “G amado- ype” holeii es migh
esul om a p ime con ibu ion o he e ogeneous con inen al man le li hosphe e, whe eas “Esme alda- ype”
coun e pa s migh esul om he con amina ion o as henosphe e-de i ed mel s by subcon inen al li hosphe ic
man le/magmas. S epano a e al.(2014) ha e shown ha p ima y magmas o “Esme alda- ype” holeii es migh
esul om ela i ely high mel ing deg ees (c. 15%) o a deple ed man le (DM- ype) sou ce in he spinel pe ido -
i e s abili y ield. Howe e , he deba e pe sis s so a as o whe he Low-Ti con inen al holeii es esul om he
assimila ion o en iched li hosphe e by p opo ionally la ge as henosphe ic mel s o he mos signi ican mel
gene a ion occu ed wi hin he li hosphe ic man le (Dessu eau e al.,2000).
Figu e 11. εNdi a ia ion ends wi h espec o (a) Th/Z PM a io, and (b) La/NbPM a io o he iden i ied geochemical g oups in he “basic olcanism” o he Ma achel
Basin; no maliza ion alues wi h espec o he p imi i e man le (Sun & McDonough,1989). P ojec ion o he geochemical g oups iden i ied in he “basic olcanism”
o he Ma achel Basin in he (c) Th/Yb–Nb/Yb diag am o “MORB–OIB a ay” (Pea ce,2008), and (d) K2O–SiO2 diag am.
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The Va iscan o ogeny igge ed an ab up geochemical change in ma ic magma ism in mos o he cen al-Eu ope
e anes (Dos al e al.,2019). In he Ibe ian Massi mos o he Va iscan ma ic magma ism implied mel ing o
li hosphe ic man le sou ces, a iably en iched due o c us al ma e ial subduc ed du ing he La e Cadomian and
he Va iscan o ogenic cycles (Bea e al.,2021; O ejana e al.,2020; Villaseca e al.,2004). Ne e heless, he
mode a ely high ini ial εNd alues ( om +5.4 o +5.8) and younge model ages (TDM=735–620Ma) o he
holeii ic ocks o Cen al Ibe ian (López-Mo o e al.,2007), coupled wi h hei low Th/Yb and ela i ely high
Nb/U (mos ly om 20 o 47) alues, sugges s a sca ce con inen al c us al imp in , and he e o e, he lack o
sup a-subduc ion signa u es and he exis ence o an old (p e-Neop o e ozoic) he e ogeneous en iched subcon-
inen al man le benea h Cen al Ibe ia (Villaseca e al.,2022). In he egional se ing o Ma achel magma ic
p o ince, p o enance o he G oup #1 “p imi i e” samples om an en iched MORB- ype sou ce benea h he
Ossa-Mo ena Zone places addi ional cons ain s on magma sou ce iden i ica ion. The assumed sou ce a e he
abo e discussion poin s o a “me asoma ically” en iched li hosphe ic man le sou ce (e.g.,: Donnelly e al.,2004;
Wo kman e al.,2004). The en iched MORB signa u e, on i s pa , is usually ela ed o in a-oceanic subduc ion
en i onmen s (Schilling e al.,1983). Howe e , such a pla e-con e gence geodynamic se ing is a odds wi h
he in a-con inen al anscu en se ing cu en ly obse ed (and in e p e ed o ha e pe sis ed since he ea ly
Camb ian, well be o e he Mississippian). The man le sou ce en ichmen should, hus, be inhe i ed. Mo eo e ,
he exis ence in he Ibe ian Massi o sanuki es and, he e o e, he pa icipa ion o me asoma ized man le sou ces
by a subduc ing basal ic slab and sedimen s (e.g., Gómez-F u os & Cas o,2022; Gómez-F u os e al.,2023)
ein o ces he he e ogeneous cha ac e o he in e ed li hosphe ic man le, which led o he nea coe al gene a ion
o holeii ic and sanuki oid magmas du ing he Va iscan o ogeny.
Bea ing in mind he egional ec onic e olu ion o he egion, he Cadomian subduc ion se ing is he bes candi-
da e o explain he en iched man le sou ce (see Sa ionandia e al.,2020, and e e ences he ein, o u he
de ails). Al hough his would need o be con i med wi h mo e obus e idence, he p incipal man le sou ce egion
o he Ma achel Low-Ti con inen al holeii es would co espond o a ( u ile-) amphibole-bea ing, ga ne - ee
lhe zoli e o he subcon inen al man le li hosphe e con o med as a sup a-subduc ion man le wedge benea h he
no he n ma gin o Gondwana du ing he la e Neop o e ozoic-ea ly Camb ian.
The p esence o “Esme alda- ype” Low-Ti con inen al holeii es in he Ma achel basin likely discloses a limi ed
con ibu ion o as henosphe ic mel s (Pea e & Hawkeswo h,1996; S epano a e al.,2014) om neighbo man le
domains unde nea h, which is also possible in sup a-subduc ion inhe i ed se ings. Sligh a ia ions in he deg ee
o mel ing and he he e ogeneous cha ac e o he man le sou ces ozen a e Cadomian li hosphe ic s abiliza ion
would be consis en wi h he a ia ions o conse a i e elemen a ios asc ibed o he mos “p imi i e” holeii ic
ba ches (Condie,2005; Pea ce,2008; Pea ce & No y,1979). In e ac ion o hese man le-de i ed mel s wi h a
me abasic con inen al lowe and middle c us would explain he es o he geochemical cha ac e is ics o he
Ma achel con inen al holeii es.
The p e ious discussion depa s om he usually assumed ela ionship (di ec o indi ec ) be ween Low–Ti con i-
nen al holeii es and man le-plumes (S epano a e al.,2014, and e e ences he ein), in spi e o he ac ha
he dis inc i e geochemical signa u e o man le-plume sou ces is no e iden in some Low-Ti ocks (Pea e &
Hawkeswo h,1996). Indeed, MORB- ype holeii es (i.e., he “Esme alda- ype”) could indica e a ansi ion om
man le-plume mel ing o decomp ession-induced mel ing o ambien man le du ing con inen al b eakup and
ocean basin opening (S epano a e al.,2014). Decomp ession and mel ing o a ec onically complex en iched
li hosphe ic man le can be achie ed by al e na i e mechanisms, oo. As discussed below in u he de ail
(Sec ion7.5), gene a ion o he Low-Ti con inen al holeii es s udied migh ha e aken place in ela ion o w ench
shea zone ewo king ac oss he li hosphe e.
7.3. O igin o he Associa ion Wi h Calc-Alkaline Signa u e
The Ma achel “basic olcanism” associa ion wi h calc-alkaline signa u e (G oup #3 ocks) exhibi s no disce n-
ible ime and/o spa ial gaps wi h espec o he o Low-Ti con inen al holeii e ou pou ings (G oups #1 and
#2). The obse ed calc-alkaline basal Al2O3 con en s a e simila o o wi hin he ange o hose o holeii ic
basal s. The same s ands o Fe0.8 alues calcula ed a e Klein and Langmui (1,987; Fe0.8=5.7 in calc-alkaline
basal s, Fe0.8=3.8–8.7 in G oup #1, Fe0.8=5.4–7.3 in G oup #2 ocks) o CaO/Al2O3 a ios (CaO/Al2O3=0.6,
0.55–0.64, and 0.34–0.55, espec i ely), and o he Ti/Y a ios (326–268 in he calc-alkaline basal s). The main
di e ence obse ed ela es o he mo e en iched cha ac e o he LREE con en o G oup #3 ocks (Figu e8).
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Geochemical simila i ies a e also obse ed in he mode a e Nd adiogenic cha ac e o he samples wi h
calc-alkaline signa u e (εNdi=+2.8–+4.8; excluding sample MTC274B). The posi i e εNdi alues and he
obse ed ends in diag ams coupling εNdi alues wi h conse a i e elemen a ios (Th/Z PM, Nb/ThPM, La/
NbPM), alike he G oups #1 and #2 holeii es, poin o an addi ion o a me abasic c us al componen o he
man le sou ce p io o magma di e si ica ion (DePaolo,1988; Pea ce,2008). The highe ela i e abundances in
ThPM (34.1–102) and LaPM (27.0–42.4) o he calc-alkaline basal s u he suppo a c us al componen in hem
(Puch el e al.,1997; Rudnick & Foun ain,1995; Rudnick & Gao,2003; Taylo & McLennan,1985) highe
han in he holeii es. Also ema kable in his ega d a e he loose o absen oughs in P, Ti and Nb in he
E-MORB mul ielemen al no maliza ion-diag ams (Figu e 8) usually obse ed in calc-alkaline ocks (Foley
e al.,2000, and e e ences he ein). The Nb/NbPM* (0.32–0.41), Nb/ThPM (0.22–0.39) and Nb/LaPM (0.43–0.54)
a ios in he calc-alkaline basal s a e only sligh ly smalle han hose o he G oup #2 holeii es. Ac ually, he
G oup #3 samples s udied o e lap he “la e o pos -o ogenic in a-con inen al” domain o he La/10–Y/15–Nb/8
diag am o Cabanis and Lecolle(1989; Figu e10b). As was he case o he holeii es, a “wi hin-pla e” cha ac e
o he calc-alkaline ocks is ou s anding. This can be in e ed also om hei nea clus e ed p ojec ion in he
“wi hin-pla e basal s' ield o he Z /Y–Z diag am (Pea ce & No y,1979; Figu e10a). I is he e o e appa en
ha bo h he calc-alkaline and holeii ic associa ions migh ha e o med con empo aneously and ha he gene ic
ela ionships o hei pa en magmas a e plausible.
Explaining he di e ence be ween calc-alkaline and holeii ic magma ic se ies has been one o he cen al opics
o Igneous Pe ology, a gene al consensus a om being eached so a (Kelemen e al.,2007). Low-Ti holei-
i ic basal s wi h a c-like ace-elemen cha ac e is ics we e desc ibed in he Fe a la ge igneous p o ince (LIP;
e.g., He g & B auns,2001, and e e ences he ein). Acco ding o hese au ho s, a small p opo ion (∼3%) o
subduc ed e igenous sedimen s con amina ing a highly deple ed man le migh explain geochemical ea u es
as he deal wi h he e. The man le wedge (in ol ing he as henosphe e and subcon inen al li hosphe e abo e a
subduc ion channel) is he mos likely ec onic scena io o such a man le sou ce (Hacke e al.,2003). Ne e -
heless, such en ichmen would p omo e high Al2O3 and K2O con en s in p imi i e magmas, con a y o hose
obse ed in he less e ol ed samples om G oup #3 (Figu es6 and11d). An al e na i e hypo hesis would in ol e
con amina ion o MORB- ype magmas by an en iched-MORB sou ce, ollowed by he addi ion o calc-alkaline
ocks/magmas ex ac ed om a deple ed man le ese oi (Pe ei a e al.,2007, and e e ences he ein). Such
a complex model was in ended o explain speci ically he o igin o me abasi es wi h con e gen pla e ma gin
geochemical signa u es o med du ing he Cadomian o ogeny in he OMZ. Thus, unless i is ega ded as a possi-
ble inhe i ed scena io, he ime gap wi h Ca boni e ous Low-Ti con inen al holeii es makes i an insu icien
explana ion by i sel .
Despi e he low Mg# alues o he G oup #3 ocks wi h calc-alkaline signa u e (32.55–55.67; Table1), hei
de i a ion om pa ial mel ing o subduc ed basal wi hou majo -elemen equilib a ion wi h he o e lying
man le migh be disca ded, as his p ocess emains con o e sial (Kelemen e al.,2007, and e e ences he ein).
The ac ha he εNdi alues o G oup #3 ocks wi h calc-alkaline signa u e all wi hin he ange o hose o
G oups #1 and #2 holeii ic ocks could poin o a single p imi i e magma (e.g., Figu es9c and9d) ha la e
expe ienced wo dis inc e olu iona y pa hs (i.e., holeii ic and calc-alkaline). In his ega d, in e ac ions wi h
a he e ogeneous c us would be o p ime impo ance. The G oup #3 basal s wi h calc-alkaline signa u e bea
e y high TiO2 and Fe2O3 con en s compa ed wi h he holeii es (Figu e6; Table1) ha suppo magma c us al
con amina ion. Though o some ex en specula i e, u he con amina ion o a Low-Ti holeii ic p ima y magma
wi h H2O- ich (e.g., amphibole- ich) c us al me abasi es would led o an inc ease o he oxygen ugaci y leading
o a calc-alkaline e olu iona y end (Wa e s e al.,2020). Al e na i ely, in e ac ion wi h less e i e ous and
i ani e ous d y ocks (oli ine- and, no ably, py oxene- ich me abasi es) migh lead o gene a ion o he pa en al
magmas om which e ol ed he G oup #2 Low-Ti con inen al holeii es. Wha e e he case, and conside ing
also ha LOI alues o mos samples o he G oup #3 a e ma kedly low (see Table1), he ela i e abundance o
H2O in he calc-alkaline pa en al magma would be below ∼2 w .%, since geochemical modeling (see Sec ion7.4)
indica es ha plagioclase sa u a ion was eached (Kelemen e al.,1990; Mün ene e al.,2001). No e ha hese
hypo heses disca d he exis ence o p ima y Ca boni e ous (Va iscan) a c basal s.
The p esence o p e-Va iscan me aigneous ocks in he OMZ is well documen ed a e decades o geological
explo a ion (see Sec ion2.1 o u he de ails). Igneous ac i i y in he OMZ was widesp ead be ween ca. 645Ma
and ca. 534Ma in ela ion wi h an ac i e subduc ion se ing (Band és e al.,2002; López-Guija o e al.,2008;
Pin e al.,2002; Sánchez-Lo da e al.,2014; Sa ionandia e al.,2020, and e e ences he ein). Fu he magma ic
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Figu e 15. (a) Tec onic model o he SW Ibe ian li hosphe e and unde lying uppe man le showing i s en isaged complex (inhe i ed) s uc u al geology. See ex o
u he de ails. D awing o c us al ea u es, subcon inen al li hosphe ic man le e lec o s and ec onic p o ince a angemen s we e inspi ed in he IBERSEIS deep
seismic e lec ion p o ile (SSW c us al segmen ; Ca bonell e al.,2004), he ALCUDIA p o ile (NNE c us al segmen ; Ma ínez-Poya os e al.,2012) and Ábalos
and Díaz(1995). Uppe man le high/low seismic eloci y zone bounda ies (in cases he li hosphe e/as henosphe e bounda y) and Hales ansi ion a e Palome as
e al.(2011,2017), espec i ely. The “baby” man le plume and he sinking slabs a e specula i e in e p e a ions p oposed in his s udy. (b) Close iew o he ec angle
a ea in (a) wi h de ails o he magma sou ce inhe i ed ec onic ealms and hei ela ionship wi h he h ee ock g oups s udied.
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amphibole-bea ing, ga ne - ee lhe zoli e. This would ha e gi en ise o o ma ion o p imi i e G oup #1 Low-Ti
holeii ic magmas (possibly wi h a e y limi ed as henosphe e mel ing inpu ; Figu e15b). P og essi e in e ac ion
o hese magmas wi h c us al (likely Camb ian) alkali igneous ocks esul ed in o ma ion o he pe ological
e olu iona y ends obse ed, o a la ge ex en in he case o G oup #2 Low-Ti holeii es. Fu he assimila ion o
amphibole- ich calc-alkaline me aigneous ocks (likely Cadomian) and subsequen plagioclase, clinopy oxene,
and Ti-bea ing oxide ac iona ion can explain he na u e o pa en mel s o calc-alkaline basal ic ocks (seem-
ingly “Co dille an- ype” calc-alkaline, hough un ela ed o pla e con e gence) a e he Low-Ti holeii es. Endu -
ing mid-uppe c us al p ocesses (magma s o age in mid-c us al chambe s) likely shaped he la es pe ologic and
geochemical aspec s o he Ma achel Low-Ti holeii es and ela ed ocks wi h calc-alkaline signa u e.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen
Mine al chemical da a a e a ailable (Open Access) in Sa ionandia e al.(2023). S udied ock samples a e a ail-
able in he Facul y o Science and Technology o Campus de Lejona ( e nando.sa [email p o ec ed]). In o -
ma ion abou ield loca ion coo dina es o he s udied samples is in Suppo ing In o ma ionS1 o his a icle.
Rega ding he ep oducibili y o esul s, no speci ic ee-based so wa e is needed; as o whole- ock da a p ocess-
ing, he open-sou ce so wa e Geochemical Da a Toolki (GCDki ; Janoušek e al.,2016) was used.
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Acknowledgmen s
Financial suppo was p o ided by he
Spanish Minis y o Economy, Indus y
and Compe i i eness and he Eu opean
Regional De elopmen Fund (MINECO/
FEDER CGL2015-63530-P), and by
he UPV/EHU (GIU20/010). Technical
suppo p o ided by he Geoch onology
and Iso ope Geochemis y o he SGIke
acili y o he Uni e si y o he Basque
Coun y (UPV/EHU) is acknowledged.
We also g ea ly app ecia e he commen s
and sugges ions made by An onio Cas o
and an anonymous e iewe du ing he
e ision o a i s e sion o he manu-
sc ip ha g ea ly imp o ed he quali y o
his s udy.
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