VIEWPOINT
Mo e exposu e oppo uni ies o p omo ing eshwa e
conse a ion
Fengzhi He
1,2,3
| Sonja C. Jähnig
1,4
| Anne We zig
1
| Simone D. Langhans
1,5,6
1
Leibniz Ins i u e o F eshwa e Ecology and
Inland Fishe ies, Be lin, Ge many
2
Ins i u e o Biology, F eie Uni e si ä Be lin,
Be lin, Ge many
3
School o Geog aphy, Queen Ma y Uni e si y
o London, London, UK
4
Geog aphy Depa men , Humbold -
Uni e si ä zu Be lin, Be lin, Ge many
5
Depa men o Zoology, Uni e si y o O ago,
Dunedin, New Zealand
6
BC3 - Basque Cen e o Clima e Change,
Leioa, Spain
Co espondence
Fengzhi He, Leibniz Ins i u e o F eshwa e
Ecology and Inland Fishe ies, Müggelseedamm
310, 12587 Be lin, Ge many.
Email: engzhi.he@igb-be lin.de
Funding in o ma ion
Educa ion, Audio isual and Cul u e Execu i e
Agency o he Eu opean Union: E asmus
Mundus Join Doc o a e SMART; Leibniz
Associa ion: F eshwa e Mega auna Fu u es;
Spanish Go e nmen ’s Ma ía de Maez u
excellence acc edi a ion 2018-2022, G an /
Awa d Numbe : MDM-2017-0714; Ge man
Fede al Minis y o Educa ion and Resea ch
(BMBF), G an /Awa d Numbe : 033W034A
Abs ac
1. F eshwa e ecosys ems ha e a highe pe cen age o h ea ened and ex inc
species han e es ial o ma ine ealms, bu emain unde - ep esen ed in
conse a ion esea ch and ac ions a guably as a consequence o less popula i y
and p omo ion.
2. Co e images o conse a ion jou nals we e used as a p oxy o exposu e and
po en ial p omo ion oppo uni ies p o ided o di e en ecosys ems and species.
To examine whe he a icles ela ed o co e images ecei ed mo e a en ion,
ci a ions and Al me ic sco es o co e - ea u ed a icles we e compa ed wi h non-
ea u ed ones wi hin he same hos jou nal issue.
3. F eshwa e ecosys ems (10.4%) we e ea u ed less o en han ma ine (15.2%) o
e es ial (74.4%) ecosys ems on co e s o 18 conse a ion jou nals om 1997
o 2016. All 15 mos ea u ed species a e om e es ial o ma ine ecosys ems.
4. In addi ion, co e - ea u ed s udies showed highe ci a ions and Al me ic sco es
han non- ea u ed ones wi hin he same hos jou nal issue, indica ing ha co e -
ea u ed a icles ecei ed mo e a en ion. Fu he in es iga ions a e needed o
examine he ela ionship (i.e. whe he he e is a ue causali y) be ween being
ea u ed on he co e , and ci a ions and Al me ic sco es ecei ed by a icles, as
well as po en ially esul ing in g ea e conse a ion e o s. Ne e heless, we
belie e ha p o iding exposu e oppo uni ies is likely o be e in o m he public
abou he con inuing deg ada ion o eshwa e ecosys ems and i s impac s on
human well-being, including economic loss and dange o public heal h. Jou nal
edi o s can con ibu e by balancing hei selec ion o ea u ed ecosys ems and
species when oppo uni ies a ise.
5. Inc easing exposu e oppo uni ies o eshwa e ecosys ems h ough a ious
channels seems a p omising app oach o aise public awa eness and app ecia ion
o eshwa e biodi e si y. Scien is s can play an ac i e ole and o m an
alliance wi h jou nal edi o s, conse a ion o ganiza ions, and media, o inc ease
momen um in socie y o esh wa e s o be expe ienced as essen ial ecosys ems
and p e en u he deg ada ion o eshwa e habi a s and biodi e si y loss.
Recei ed: 23 July 2020 Re ised: 3 Augus 2021 Accep ed: 28 Augus 2021
DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3725
This is an open access a icle unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i s License, which pe mi s use and dis ibu ion in any
medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, he use is non-comme cial and no modi ica ions o adap a ions a e made.
© 2021 The Au ho s. Aqua ic Conse a ion: Ma ine and F eshwa e Ecosys ems published by John Wiley & Sons L d.
3626 Aqua ic Conse : Ma F eshw Ecosys . 2021;31:3626–3635.wileyonlinelib a y.com/jou nal/aqc
KEYWORDS
Al me ic sco es, biodi e si y, ci a ion, conse a ion e o , co e image, lagship species,
public awa eness, social media
1|INTRODUCTION
F eshwa e habi a s including i e s, lakes, and we lands co e less
han 3% o Ea h's su ace a ea bu suppo app oxima ely 9.5% o all
desc ibed animals and one- hi d o e eb a es (Balian e al., 2008).
Meanwhile, eshwa e ecosys ems a e subjec o se e e and
inc easing p essu es owing o a g owing demand o wa e , ene gy,
and ood, leading o o e exploi a ion o esh wa e and o ganisms
(Dudgeon e al., 2006; Vö ösma y e al., 2010; Reid e al., 2019) and
o he loss o impo an habi a s such as we lands and ee- lowing
i e s (Reis e al., 2017; G ill e al., 2019). Consequen ly, 27% o
all eshwa e species assessed a e conside ed as h ea ened
(i.e. e alua ed as C i ically Endange ed, Endange ed, o Vulne able) on
he In e na ional Union o Conse a ion o Na u e (IUCN) Red Lis o
Th ea ened Species (Tickne e al., 2020), while global popula ions
o eshwa e e eb a es declined by 84% om 1970 o 2016 (Wo ld
Wide Fund o Na u e, 2020).
Al hough he pe cen ages o h ea ened and ex inc species and
he a e o decline o e eb a e popula ions a e much highe in esh
wa e s han hose in e es ial o ma ine ecosys ems (Cos ello, 2015;
McRae, Deine & F eeman, 2017), eshwa e ecosys ems a e la gely
unde - ep esen ed in biodi e si y and conse a ion esea ch (Jucke
e al., 2018; Mazo e al., 2018; Tydecks e al., 2018). E en mo e
wo yingly, gaps in conse a ion ac ions could be wo se han hose in
esea ch (Cla k & May, 2002; Abell & Ha ison, 2020). Indeed,
eshwa e ecosys ems ha e ecei ed only abou 3% o he
en i onmen al unding om Eu opean ounda ions and app oxima ely
8% om No h Ame ican ounda ions (Synch onici y Ea h, 2018).
Globally, 89% o seasonal eshwa e we lands a e no co e ed by
p o ec ed a eas (Reis e al., 2017) and mos o he wo ld's la ges
i e s ha e less han 10% o hei basins a ge ed by in eg a ed
p o ec ion, which alls sho o he goal (i.e. 17%) o he Con en ion
on Biological Di e si y (Abell e al., 2017). E en wi hin p o ec ed
a eas, conse a ion ac ions o en ocus on e es ial ecosys ems and
s esso s o eshwa e biodi e si y pe sis (He moso e al., 2016;
Abell & Ha ison, 2020). Fo example, mo e han 1,200 la ge dams
and 500 p oposed hyd opowe dams (>1 MW) a e loca ed wi hin
p o ec ed a eas (Thieme e al., 2020). Dams can block mig a o y
pa hways o eshwa e species, al e na u al low egimes and
impede sedimen mo emen in i e s, which educes he
e ec i eness o he p o ec ion o eshwa e ecosys ems.
Resea ch and conse a ion ac ions o sa egua d eshwa e
biodi e si y su e om low popula i y among he gene al public
(Mon oe e al., 2009; Cooke e al., 2013). Unlike e es ial and ma ine
ecosys ems ep esen ed by popula mega auna such as he big ca s,
elephan s, hinos, pola bea s, and ce aceans, eshwa e li e emains
inconspicuous o he public eye and consequen ly ou o sigh and ou
o mind (Mon oe e al., 2009; Da wall e al., 2018; He &
Jähnig, 2019). Indeed, in o ma ion on biodi e si y and s udies
ocusing on biodi e si y a e cu en ly biased owa ds ce ain species
(e.g. la ge mammals and bi ds) and ecosys ems (e.g. he e es ial
ealm) (Cla k & May, 2002; Jucke e al., 2018; Mazo e al., 2018;
Tydecks e al., 2018). Consequen ly, he need o conse a ion
e o s o h ea ened species (e.g. in e eb a es) and ecosys ems
(e.g. esh wa e s) is la gely unde es ima ed as hey a e consis en ly
unde - ep esen ed in he in o ma ion p esen ed o he gene al
public and policy make s (Kalinka e al., 2017; Eisenhaue , Bonn &
Gue a, 2019). Hence, aising public awa eness o he di e si ua ion
o eshwa e ecosys ems, i s ad e se impac s on human well-being,
and p o iding ideas o solu ions could inc ease he willingness
o people o engage in p o ec ing eshwa e ecosys ems and
es ablishing mo e conse a ion ac ions (Kalinka e al., 2017;
Da wall e al., 2018).
One o he common p ac ices o inc ease public awa eness o
biodi e si y is p omo ing species o habi a s ha a e in need
o conse a ion (Clucas, McHugh & Ca o, 2008) – o example, by
using hei images o conse a ion campaigns (e.g. ea u ing hinos
and elephan s on billboa ds and popula magazines o aise awa eness
o illegal hun ing) o p omo ing hem on ele ision (e.g. in na u e
documen a ies). In addi ion, conse a ion o ganiza ions such as he
Wo ld Wide Fund o Na u e (WWF) and Fauna & Flo a In e na ional
(FFI), use h ea ened cha isma ic species such as he gian panda
(Ailu opoda melanoleuca) and he A abian o yx (O yx leuco yx) as hei
logos. These ac ions ha e p o ed success ul because images can
a ac people's a en ion, deli e messages, and p o oke emo ions
and hough s a a glance (Clucas, McHugh & Ca o, 2008). Simila ly,
conse a ion jou nals use species o habi a images as jou nal co e s
o p omo e con en , ela ing he co e image o one o he a icles
published in he same issue (e.g. Conse a ion Biology,Di e si y and
Dis ibu ions). This is an oppo uni y o jou nals o di ec he
a en ion o hei eade s no only o a s udy, which edi o s assess as
pa icula ly in e es ing o impo an , bu also o species o habi a s
and hei conse a ion.
This a icle discusses he unde s udied ela ionship be ween
exposu e oppo uni ies and p omo ion o eshwa e species and
habi a s using he example o co e images o conse a ion jou nals.
We use he co e s o conse a ion jou nals as an example o illus a e
he oppo uni ies o exposu e gi en o eshwa e ecosys ems and
compa e he ci a ion and Al me ic sco es ecei ed by co e - ea u ed
a icles and non- ea u ed ones wi hin he same hos jou nal issue. We
highligh he po en ial o an alliance o med by eshwa e scien is s,
scien i ic jou nals, conse a ion o ganiza ions, and he media o
inc ease exposu e oppo uni ies o eshwa e ecosys ems and aise
public awa eness o eshwa e biodi e si y.
HE ET AL.3627
2|FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS ARE
UNDER-REPRESENTED ON THE COVERS OF
CONSERVATION JOURNALS
In o ma ion on co e images o academic conse a ion jou nals was
collec ed o he pe iod o 1997 o 2016. The e we e 56 academic
jou nals lis ed unde he ca ego y o ‘biodi e si y conse a ion’in
Web o Science da abases (27 Oc obe 2017). Among hese jou nals,
18 we e selec ed as hey egula ly changed hei co e s be ween
1997 and 2016 (i.e. hese jou nals used di e en co e images o
each issue o changed hei co e images annually; Table 1), and
in o ma ion on hei co e s was a ailable online o in he p in ed
copies. Fo each co e image, in o ma ion on he species o habi a s
ea u ed was collec ed. In o al, 1,043 images wi h a clea ocus on
species o habi a s and associa ed ecosys ems we e included in he
analysis. Du ing he IUCN Red Lis assessmen s, species we e
assigned o one o he se en ca ego ies – eshwa e ; ma ine;
e es ial; eshwa e and ma ine; eshwa e and e es ial; ma ine
and e es ial; eshwa e , ma ine, and e es ial –based on hei li e
his o y and habi a equi emen s. When a co e - ea u ed species was
assessed by he IUCN Red Lis (IUCN, 2018), i s associa ed ecosys em
ca ego y was ob ained om he IUCN Red Lis da abase. Fo species
no e alua ed by he IUCN Red Lis , a single ecosys em (i.e.
eshwa e , ma ine, o e es ial) o a combina ion o ecosys ems
(e.g. ma ine and e es ial) was assigned, acco ding o hei li e
his o y and habi a equi emen s. Simila ly, co e s ha ea u ed
habi a s only (wi hou species) we e ei he assigned o a single
ecosys em o a combina ion o ecosys ems. In he case o mul iple
ecosys ems ea u ed on he same co e , he co e coun was spli
p opo iona ely (e.g. 0.5 poin o he e es ial and he eshwa e
ecosys em coun i bo h a e shown on he co e ).
In o al, 74.4% o all co e images we e ela ed o e es ial
ecosys ems, ou numbe ing he sum o co e images ea u ing ma ine
(15.2%) o eshwa e (10.4%) ecosys ems. F om 1997 o 2016,
e es ial ecosys ems cons an ly domina ed he co e s o
conse a ion jou nals (Figu e 1), con ibu ing a leas 70% o all co e
images in each yea excep o 2010 (64.2%). F eshwa e ecosys ems
ha e been po ayed on conse a ion jou nal co e s less o en han
ma ine and e es ial ecosys ems in e e y yea since 2007.
In e ms o indi idual species (Figu e 2), he A ican elephan
(Loxodon a a icana, 18 imes) was ea u ed mos o en on he co e s
o jou nals, ollowed by he ige (Pan he a ig is, eigh ), he black
hinoce os (Dice os bico nis, eigh ), he pola bea (U sus ma i imus,
se en), he puma (Puma concolo , se en), he g ey wol (Canis lupus,
six), and he Ame ican black bea (U sus ame icanus, six). All 15 mos
ea u ed species (i.e. ea u ed on jou nal co e s a leas ou imes)
we e om e es ial o ma ine ecosys ems. Fou een a e la ge
e eb a e species wi h he mona ch bu e ly (Danaus plexippus)as
he only in e eb a e species, which e lec s he unde - ep esen a ion
o in e eb a es in conse a ion e o s. Indeed, al hough
in e eb a es play key oles in a ious ecosys ems (Kelle , 1993;
Co ich, Palme & C owl, 1999) and declines in hei popula ions ha e
been widely epo ed (Wagne e al., 2021), hey emain unde -
ep esen ed in moni o ing and conse a ion ac ions (Eisenhaue , Bonn
& Gue a, 2019). This could lead o a quie ex inc ion o in e eb a es,
consequen ly causing he loss o ecosys em unc ions and e eb a e
species (Eisenhaue , Bonn & Gue a, 2019).
Among he 34 species ha we e ea u ed a leas h ee imes on
jou nal co e s, only h ee species we e associa ed wi h esh wa e s:
he Ame ican alliga o (Alliga o mississippiensis); spo ed salamande
(Ambys oma macula um); and sockeye salmon (Onco hynchus ne ka),
whe eas six species we e associa ed wi h ma ine and 32 species wi h
e es ial ecosys ems. None o he 95 species ea u ed mo e han
TABLE 1 Biodi e si y and conse a ion jou nals om which co e
images we e collec ed
Jou nal Pe iod o da a collec ion
Animal Conse a ion
a
2003–2016
b
Biodi e si y and Conse a ion 1997–2012
b
Conse a ion Biology
a
1997–2016
Conse a ion Le e s
a
2008–2016
b
Di e si y and Dis ibu ions
a
2016
b
Ecog aphy
a
2014–2016
b
Global Change Biology
a
1998–2016
Jou nal o Na u e Conse a ion 2002–2016
b
Jou nal o Applied Ecology
a
1997–2016
Jou nal o Fish and Wildli e Managemen 2011–2016
b
No heas e n Na u alis 1997–2016
O yx
a
1997–2016
Pachyde m 1997–2016
Sou heas e n Na u alis 2002–2016
b
Sys ema ics and Biodi e si y
a
2003–2016
b
The Sou hwes e n Na u alis 1997–2016
T opical Conse a ion Science 2008–2016
b
Wildli e Socie y Bulle in 1997–2006; 2011–2016
b
a
These jou nals show Al me ic sco es o each a icle on hei websi es.
b
These jou nals s a ed changing co e images egula ly a e 1997 o
s opped changing co e images egula ly be o e 2016. Wildli e Socie y
Bulle in was paused be ween 2007 and 2010.
FIGURE 1 Pe cen age o species and habi a s om each
ecosys em ype on he co e s o 18 conse a ion jou nals be ween
1997 and 2016
3628 HE ET AL.
once was solely associa ed wi h esh wa e s; all o hese species
spend pa o all o hei li e cycles in ma ine o e es ial ecosys ems.
Meanwhile, six o hem we e associa ed only wi h ma ine ecosys ems
and 62 species we e associa ed only wi h e es ial ecosys ems.
The obse ed pa e ns in species and ecosys ems ea u ed on he
co e s o conse a ion jou nals a e in line wi h Clucas, McHugh &
Ca o (2008), who ound ha big ca s, bea s, p ima es, and la ge bi ds
we e o en ea u ed on co e s o popula conse a ion and na u e
magazines in he USA, whe eas eshwa e species such as ish we e
a ely ea u ed. Hence, he co e s o conse a ion jou nals e lec he
cu en landscape o biodi e si y s udies and conse a ion e o s: so
a , mos esea ch and conse a ion e o s ha e ocused on
e es ial and ma ine ecosys ems, pa icula ly on bi ds and e es ial
and ma ine mega auna (Clucas, McHugh & Ca o, 2008; Mazo
e al., 2018; Tydecks e al., 2018), whe eas only 18% o all
biodi e si y s udies published om 1945 o 2014 a e associa ed wi h
eshwa e ecosys ems (Tydecks e al., 2018). Among aqua ic ealms,
eshwa e ecosys ems a e less ecognized and hei conse a ion is
less a ge ed in en i onmen al legisla ion o conse a ion ac ions han
ma ine ecosys ems (e.g. Ma ine P o ec ed A eas; Boon &
Bax e , 2016). This is despi e an u gen need o he conse a ion o
eshwa e ecosys ems ha was lagged almos 20 yea s ago
(Abell, 2002) and a la ge body o esea ch showing ha h ea s o
eshwa e habi a s and species a e in ense and inc easing o e he
las ew decades (Vö ösma y e al., 2010; He e al., 2018; G ill
e al., 2019; Reid e al., 2019; WWF, 2020). Te es ial and ma ine
mega auna species, which a e equen ly ea u ed on co e s o
conse a ion jou nals (Figu e 2) and on popula conse a ion and
na u e magazines (Clucas, McHugh & Ca o, 2008), a e he ones ha
ecei e mos esea ch a en ion and conse a ion e o s (Donaldson
e al., 2016; Fo d e al., 2017). These species a e also he ones
pe cei ed by he gene al public as he mos cha isma ic animals
(Albe , Luque & Cou champ, 2018; Cou champ e al., 2018), while
eshwa e mega auna a e o en o e looked (Cooke e al., 2013; He &
Jähnig, 2019; Mole
on e al., 2020).
Se e al ac o s may ha e con ibu ed o he unde - ep esen a ion
o eshwa e ecosys ems on jou nal co e s. Fi s , he e a e gene ally
ewe eshwa e s udies published in biodi e si y and conse a ion
jou nals han s udies ocusing on e es ial o ma ine ecosys ems
(Mazo e al., 2018; Tydecks e al., 2018). This limi s he oppo uni ies
o edi o s o showcase eshwa e species o habi a s on he co e o
he hos jou nal issue. Second, au ho s o hese published eshwa e
s udies migh no ha e sui able pho os o o e as co e images.
Tu bidi y o low makes i challenging o pho og aph eshwa e li e
and unde wa e habi a s compa ed wi h ma ine en i onmen s. Thi d,
compa ed wi h e es ial o ma ine species, pho og aphe s po ay
eshwa e species in hei na u al habi a s less o en, bu ins ead
display hem as ‘ ish ou o he wa e ’(i.e. ish species as ood o
ophies o angling compe i ions; Mon oe e al., 2009). Pho og aphs
ea u ing eshwa e o ganisms ou o he wa e a e likely o be less
appealing o eade s han hose ea u ing species occu ing in hei
na u al habi a s. Finally, i is likely ha edi o s some imes consciously
choose o ea u e non- eshwa e s udies, and he e o e species om
e es ial o ma ine ecosys ems on he co e , because hey conside
hem impo an and expec hem o gene a e mo e in e es .
3|COULD MORE EXPOSURE
OPPORTUNITIES LEAD TO MORE
ATTENTION?
Ci a ion was used as a p oxy o measu e a en ion ecei ed by
published a icles om academia. In addi ion, he Al me ic sco e was
chosen as an indica o o measu e a en ion bo h om scien is s and
FIGURE 2 The 15 mos ea u ed species and
hei IUCN Red Lis ca ego ies on co e s o
18 conse a ion jou nals be ween 1997 and 2016
(IUCN, 2018; b own-colou ed animals a e om
e es ial ecosys ems while blue-colou ed
animals a e associa ed wi h bo h ma ine and
e es ial ecosys ems)
HE ET AL.3629
he gene al public. The Al me ic sco e is a web-d i en me ic ha
cap u es co e age and men ions on web-based media, including
news, blogs, social media, and policy documen s (Cos as, Zahedi &
Wou e s, 2015). I is ega ded as a complemen a y me ic o ci a ions,
as i can cap u e a en ion om a mo e di e se eade ship
(Piwowa , 2013; Bo nmann, 2014). Fo nine jou nals –Animal
Conse a ion,Conse a ion Biology,Conse a ion Le e s,Di e si y and
Dis ibu ions,Ecog aphy,Global Change Biology,Jou nal o Applied
Ecology,O yx, and Sys ema ic and Biodi e si y –co e images a e
usually chosen o e lec he ecosys em o species om a selec ed
a icle (hence o h called a ‘co e - ea u ed a icle’) wi hin he same
issue. Ci a ions and Al me ic sco es we e colla ed o a icles
(excluding edi o ials and book e iews) published in hese nine
jou nals be ween 2014 and 2016. Ci a ions we e de i ed om he
Web o Science on 27 Oc obe 2017, while he Al me ic sco es we e
collec ed om jou nal websi es. As Al me ic sco es can change wi h
ime, he sco es o a icles published in he same issue we e collec ed
on he same day. The pe cen iles o co e - ea u ed a icles wi hin he
hos jou nal issue we e calcula ed, bo h o ci a ions and Al me ic
sco es, and he Wilcoxon signed- ank es was used o de e mine
whe he he pe cen iles o ci a ions and Al me ic sco es o co e -
ea u ed a icles we e highe han he median (i.e. Q
50
) o all a icles.
S udies ea u ed on he co e s o conse a ion jou nals
esona ed well wi h esea che s and he gene al public. Co e -
ea u ed s udies had signi ican ly highe ci a ions (P< 0.001, e ec
size =0.34) and Al me ic sco es (P< 0.001, e ec size =0.60) han
non- ea u ed ones wi hin he same hos jou nal issue, indica ing ha
a icles ea u ed on co e s ecei ed mo e a en ion om scien is s
and he gene al public (Figu e 3). This co ela ion does no necessa ily
imply causa ion, i.e. he high ci a ions and Al me ic sco es o co e -
ea u ed a icles may no solely be a esul o being p omo ed on
jou nal co e s. I is possible ha hese co e - ea u ed a icles would
ha e ecei ed he same a en ion wi hou being ea u ed. Fo
example, he equen ly ea u ed mega auna species ha e ecei ed
much esea ch a en ion om scien is s and a e also popula wi h he
gene al public (Fo d e al., 2017; Albe , Luque & Cou champ, 2018;
Cou champ e al., 2018). Hence, s udies ocusing on hese popula
species a e likely o ecei e mo e ci a ions as a esul o a ela i ely
highe numbe o ela ed esea ch p ojec s and pape s, and ecei e
mo e media a en ion on social media pla o ms owing o hei
popula i y among he gene al public. Fu he mo e, many eade s
nowadays gain access o esea ch a icles h ough online po als
a he han eading p in ed copies, so hey may no come ac oss he
jou nals' co e s.
Ne e heless, being ea u ed on jou nal co e s can o e mo e
oppo uni ies o exposu e o po en ial eade s. Fo example, co e
images a e o en displayed in p ominen posi ions on he websi es
o conse a ion jou nals (e.g. Di e si y and Dis ibu ions,Animal
Conse a ion, and Jou nal o Applied Ecology) and a e specially
men ioned by he jou nals' accoun s on social media pla o ms
oge he wi h he ea u ed s udies. Mo e and mo e conse a ion
jou nals (e.g. Conse a ion Biology,Conse a ion Le e s,Animal
Conse a ion, and Ecog aphy) and conse a ion o ganisa ions (IUCN,
WWF, Conse a ion In e na ional and The Na u e Conse ancy) a e
ac i e on social media pla o ms such as Twi e and Facebook,
p omo ing biodi e si y conse a ion and in e ac ing wi h he gene al
public h ough hese channels (Pa sons e al., 2014). In addi ion, he e
is a g ea e chance ha a p ess elease will be c ea ed by au ho s and
hei ins i u es o a co e s o y and sen o espec i e media ou le s.
Hence, s udies ha bene i om exposu e oppo uni ies on co e s a e
mo e likely o be no iced, sp ead h ough he in e ne and picked up
by he media, and in u n a e exposed o a mo e di e se, non-scien i ic
audience han non- ea u ed a icles (Lamb, Gilbe & Fo d, 2018). This
e ec has been ecognized by publishe s and co e exposu e is now
o e ed o au ho s o a ee by some jou nals. Fo example, Wiley
o e s his se ice, s a ing ha a icles ea u ed on hei jou nals'
co e s ecei ed 30% highe Al me ic sco es and 35% highe ull- ex
iews on i s websi e (i.e. Wiley Online Lib a y; Wiley, 2020).
4|FUTURE RESEARCH AVENUES TO
UNDERSTAND DRIVERS OF CONSERVATION
EFFORTS
Al hough hese esul s indica e a posi i e co ela ion be ween being
ea u ed on jou nal co e s and he a en ion ha a icles ecei e, i
does no mean ha being ea u ed on jou nal co e s will lead di ec ly
o g ea e conse a ion e o s on he species o ecosys ems ea u ed.
The impac o scien i ic publica ions on conse a ion p ac ice is o en
FIGURE 3 Pe cen iles o co e - ela ed a icles in e ms o
Al me ic sco es and ci a ions wi hin hos jou nal issues (N =168).
Red dashed line shows he median pe cen ile (i.e. Q
50
) o all a icles
wi hin he same hos jou nal issue. The whiske s abo e he boxes
ep esen a icles wi h pe cen iles highe han 75% o all co e -
ela ed a icles while he whiske s below he boxes indica e a icles
wi h lowes 25% pe cen iles among all co e - ela ed a icles. The
black lines wi hin he boxes ma k he medians o all co e - ela ed
a icles
3630 HE ET AL.
complica ed and a ies among egions and ecosys ems (Boon &
Bax e , 2020). I also depends on he e idence p esen ed in he
publica ions and e o s o scien is s o dissemina e hei indings o a
wide audience (Boon & Bax e , 2020). Fo example, a icles
con aining comp ehensi e and anspa en e idence and a clea
managemen di ec ion oge he wi h a policy b ie a e mo e likely o
be unde s ood and accep ed by decision make s (Cooke &
Suski, 2020). Scien i ic communica ions including popula e sions o
publica ions (e.g. ea u e a icles in magazines, g aphical illus a ions,
o ideo summa ies), ansla ions o main indings in o local languages
whe e esul s a e mean o be implemen ed, pa icipa o y wo kshops
wi h key ac o s and ou each ac i i ies in local communi ies
emphasizing he social and cul u al alues o eshwa e habi a s and
species, can all imp o e ecogni ion and accep ance o scien i ic
indings by s akeholde s and he gene al public (Cooke & Suski, 2020;
La ocque e al., 2020; Noble & Ful on, 2020). Mo eo e , ac i e
engagemen in ollow-up moni o ing and assessmen p og ammes
(e.g. LIFE p og ammes and Red Lis assessmen s) wi h ela ed
au ho i ies a e publica ion can also help o ensu e he
implemen a ion o ecommenda ions om scien i ic s udies (Abeli
e al., 2020; Bylak & Kukuła, 2020). Gi en he mul iple, po en ial
d i e s behind conse a ion e o s, u u e s udies need o disen angle
he e ec o di e en ac o s on a en ion ecei ed by publica ions
om socie y, as well as he in luence o scien i ic publica ions on
conse a ion p ac ice (Table 2). We belie e ha p o iding mo e
exposu e and p omo ion oppo uni ies is a p omising i s s ep o
TABLE 2 Resea ch ques ions ha help o iden i y he unde lying d i e s o conse a ion e o s ecei ed o di e en species o habi a s
Theme Ques ion Aim o he ques ion
Funding alloca ion How much unding om na ional esea ch
unding agencies and majo NGOs goes
o esea ch and conse a ion p ojec s
ha a ge e es ial, ma ine, o
eshwa e ecosys ems?
Iden i ying gaps in unding o suppo
pe sis ence o eshwa e biodi e si y.
Wha is he pa o eshwa e - ela ed
unding spen on ac ions a ge ing he
mos h ea ened species o egions?
Op imizing he alloca ion o limi ed
a ailable unding.
Biodi e si y knowledge Is he e a bias in cu en ly a ailable
in o ma ion (e.g. on dis ibu ion,
popula ion, and h ea s) o e es ial,
ma ine, and eshwa e species in
commonly used online da abases o
websi es (e.g. IUCN Red Lis , Global
Biodi e si y In o ma ion Facili y,
Wikipedia)?
Iden i ying knowledge gaps in di e en
ecosys ems.
How does he a ailabili y o biodi e si y
knowledge ma ch he le el o o e all
biodi e si y and h ea ened species in
esh wa e s spa ially?
Iden i ying gaps in cu en moni o ing and
assessmen o eshwa e biodi e si y.
In luence o scien i ic jou nals How many scien is s e sus non-scien is s
ollow conse a ion jou nals on social
media (e.g. Twi e )?
Examining he deg ee o di ec in luence o
scien i ic jou nals on public pe cep ion.
Wha makes a pos o scien i ic jou nals o
be e wee ed, liked and commen ed on
by hese ollowe s?
Tes ing whe he ea u ed species o
habi a s selec ed by jou nals ecei e
a en ion o hei audience.
Do a icles ea u ed on jou nal co e s ha e
highe ci a ions and Al me ic sco es han
non- ea u ed ones ocusing on he same
species o habi a s and published in he
same jou nal?
Tes ing whe he he p omo ion h ough
scien i ic jou nals di ec ly con ibu es o
he a en ion ecei ed by a icles.
Media co e age Is he e mo e media co e age on e es ial
o ma ine ecosys ems han on esh
wa e s ega ding conse a ion?
Iden i ying po en ial biases in he cu en
media co e age o di e en ecosys ems.
A e equen ly ea u ed species by media
ecognized mo e by he gene al public
han hose ha a e a simila isk o
ex inc ion bu ea u ed less o en?
Examining whe he exposu e and
p omo ion oppo uni ies inc ease public
awa eness.
Public in e es Wha cha ac e is ics make species mo e
appealing o people?
Iden i ying po en ial lagship species.
HE ET AL.3631
inc ease public awa eness o he di e si ua ion o eshwa e
ecosys ems and biodi e si y as well as o po en ial consequences o
human well-being. Such e o s a e likely o boos ela ed science
communica ion, posi i ely in luence conse a ion p ac ice and bene i
he u u e de elopmen o eshwa e conse a ion.
5|BUILDING AN ALLIANCE TO PROMOTE
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
F esh wa e s a e o en ega ded as a esou ce. I is no well
ecognized ha eshwa e ecosys ems suppo high le els o
biodi e si y (e.g. app oxima ely one hi d o all desc ibed e eb a e
species and hal o all desc ibed ish species; Balian e al., 2008;
F icke, Eschmeye & an de Laan, 2020) and p o ide impo an
ecosys em se ices o socie y (Pos el & Ca pen e , 1997). Such a
biased pe cep ion p obably leads o he unde es ima ion o he
impo ance o eshwa e biodi e si y and ecosys ems. This may
hinde young esea che s o pu sue a ca ee in eshwa e esea ch
and conse a ion and, in u n, in luence he amoun o esea ch on
eshwa e biodi e si y and ecosys ems. To inc ease app ecia ion and
awa eness o eshwa e li e and o acili a e he de elopmen o
eshwa e esea ch and conse a ion ac ions in he u u e, mo e
exposu e oppo uni ies on a ious pla o ms a e needed o esh
wa e s.
F eshwa e scien is s can play an ac i e ole in achie ing his
goal. Fo example, by submi ing appealing images (e.g. Figu e 4) o
eshwa e species and habi a s o jou nals oge he wi h hei
a icles, hey can suppo edi o s in p omo ing eshwa e
conse a ion. Conside ing he challenges o aking pho og aphs unde
wa e , collabo a ions wi h p o essional pho og aphe s can be a
p omising a enue o showcase eshwa e li e and inc ease public
app ecia ion o eshwa e ecosys ems. These images can also be
used by jou nals o p omo e a icles on social media pla o ms.
Jou nals hemsel es could seize oppo uni ies o exposu e and
p omo ion o esh wa e s o coun e balance popula species ha
ha e al eady ecei ed much a en ion and conse a ion e o s.
Speci ically, jou nals could in i e eshwa e scien is s as edi o s and
p o ide mo e p omo ion o eshwa e - ela ed s udies when such
oppo uni ies a ise.
Scien is s can also help p omo e esh wa e s by es ablishing
collabo a ions wi h media (e.g. newspape s, magazines, and online
blogs) o dissemina e in o ma ion abou eshwa e biodi e si y. Fo
example, eshwa e scien is s can con ac jou nalis s and w i e s
p oac i ely o p o ide s o ies abou hei s udies when ocusing on
species wi h unique biological ai s and li e-his o ies, o high
economic o cul u al alues (see he species iden i ied in Noble
e al., 2016; Ca izo e al., 2017; Kalinka e al., 2017). These
s udies a e likely o be appealing o media and esona e well wi h
he gene al public. F eshwa e scien is s can also wo k oge he
wi h in e na ional and local conse a ion o ganiza ions, he eby
enhancing hei communica ions wi h decision make s and local
communi ies. Such di ec in e ac ion has been sugges ed o boos
conse a ion ac ions (Pa sons e al., 2014; Papwo h e al., 2015)
and o lead o be e up ake o science in policy (King, Schnee &
Whi e, 2017). Mo e and mo e eshwa e scien is s ha e pa icipa ed
in hese ac i i ies; o example, by p omo ing eshwa e
conse a ion on a ious channels o by engaging wi h policies ha
aim a ‘bending he cu e’o global eshwa e biodi e si y loss
(Tickne e al., 2020).
Visual media a e also a p omising ool o aise public awa eness
o eshwa e biodi e si y, since hey each a di e se audience and
s imula e public discussion (Silk e al., 2018). So a eshwa e
ecosys ems ha e a ely been ea u ed in popula ilms o ele ision
p og ammes, bu e es ial and ma ine- hemed examples such as
‘Blue Plane ’,‘Finding Nemo’,‘Happy Fee ’,‘Madagasca ’and ‘Rio’
exempli y he huge po en ial o such media especially, bu no
exclusi ely, o each and in o m younge gene a ions.
Public pe cep ion and knowledge on biodi e si y, including i s
s a us and impo ance, a e in luenced by a ailable in o ma ion
FIGURE 4 Examples o pho og aphs
ea u ing eshwa e species and habi a s ha
could inc ease public app ecia ion o eshwa e
ecosys ems: Suwannee coo e (Pseudemys
concinna suwanniensis, op le , cou esy o
Cheyenne Alde son); A apaima (A apaima gigas,
op igh , cou esy o Da id Ausse ho e );
hippopo amus (Hippopo amus amphibius, bo om
le by B ian Snelson; CC-BY 2.0); and Yang ze
inless po poises (Neophocaena asiaeo ien alis ssp.
asiaeo ien alis) and bi ds in he Poyang Lake,
China (bo om igh , cou esy o Huigong Yu)
3632 HE ET AL.
(Papwo h e al., 2015; Kochalski e al., 2019). Inc easing public
awa eness o eshwa e ecosys ems and imp o ing he p o ec ion o
eshwa e li e is likely o be a long- e m p ocess (Tickne e al., 2020).
As a i s s ep, scien is s can wo k oge he wi h scien i ic jou nals,
media, and conse a ion o ganiza ions o o m an alliance o p o ide
mo e exposu e oppo uni ies and c ea e momen um in socie y o
esh wa e s o be expe ienced as essen ial ecosys ems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This wo k has been ca ied ou wi hin he SMART Join Doc o a e
(Science o he MAnagemen o Ri e s and hei Tidal sys ems),
unded wi h he suppo o he E asmus Mundus p og amme o
Educa ion, Audio isual and Cul u e Execu i e Agency o he Eu opean
Union and is a con ibu ion o he Leibniz Compe i ion p ojec
‘F eshwa e Mega auna Fu u es’ unded by he Leibniz Associa ion.
S.C.J. and F.H. acknowledge he suppo o Ge man Fede al Minis y
o Educa ion and Resea ch (BMBF; 033W034A). S.D.L. was suppo ed
h ough he Spanish Go e nmen 's Ma ía de Maez u excellence
acc edi a ion 2018-2022 (Re . MDM-2017-0714). G ego Kalinka ,
Ma k W. Schwa z, Philip J. Boon, S e e J. O me od and wo
anonymous e iewe s p o ided cons uc i e commen s on ea lie
e sions o his a icle. We also hank Jing Du and Ka an Kakouei o
hei assis ance wi h da a collec ion. This manusc ip con ibu es o
he Alliance o F eshwa e Li e’s ision o unde s and, alue, and
sa egua d eshwa e biodi e si y.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no con lic o in e es .
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
No new da a we e gene a ed by he s udy. In o ma ion on co e
images o conse a ion jou nals is a ailable om he jou nals lis ed in
he manusc ip .
ORCID
Fengzhi He h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-7594-8205
Sonja C. Jähnig h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6349-9561
Simone D. Langhans h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-9581-3183
REFERENCES
Abeli, T., Caldei a, C.F., Ba ni, E., Siniscalco, C., Pa co, V. & Rossi, G.
(2020). The ecology o he endemic quillwo Isoë es malin e niana:
F om basic esea ch o legal and in si u conse a ion. Aqua ic
Conse a ion: Ma ine and F eshwa e Ecosys ems, 30(9), 1719–1722.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/aqc.3351
Abell, R. (2002). Conse a ion biology o he biodi e si y c isis: A
eshwa e ollow-up. Conse a ion Biology, 16(5), 1435–1437. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01532.x
Abell, R. & Ha ison, I.J. (2020). A boos o eshwa e conse a ion.
Science, 370(6512), 38–39. h ps://doi.o g/10.1126/science.abe3887
Abell, R., Lehne , B., Thieme, M. & Linke, S. (2017). Looking beyond he
enceline: Assessing p o ec ion gaps o he wo ld's i e s. Conse a ion
Le e s, 10(4), 384–394. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/conl.12312
Albe , C., Luque, G.M. & Cou champ, F. (2018). The wen y mos
cha isma ic species. PLoS ONE, 13(7), e0199149. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1371/jou nal.pone.0199149
Balian, E.V., Lé èque, C., Sege s, H. & Ma ens, K. (2008). The
eshwa e animal di e si y assessmen : An o e iew o he esul s.
Hyd obiologia, 595(1), 627–637. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10750-
007-9246-3
Boon, P.J. & Bax e , J.M. (2016). Aqua ic conse a ion: Re lec ions on he
i s 25 yea s. Aqua ic Conse a ion: Ma ine and F eshwa e Ecosys ems,
26(5), 809–816. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/aqc.2713
Boon, P.J. & Bax e , J.M. (2020). Pu ing publica ion in o p ac ice: A
summa y o he impac o selec ed a icles published in Aqua ic
Conse a ion: Ma ine and F eshwa e Ecosys ems.Aqua ic Conse a ion:
Ma ine and F eshwa e Ecosys ems, 30(9), 1711–1718. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1002/aqc.3467
Bo nmann, L. (2014). Do al me ics poin o he b oade impac o
esea ch? An o e iew o bene i s and disad an ages o al me ics.
Jou nal o In o me ics, 8(4), 895–903. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.joi.
2014.09.005
Bylak, A. & Kukuła, K. (2020). Conse a ion o ish communi ies:
Ex ending he ‘ esea ch li e cycle’by achie ing p ac ical e ec s.
Aqua ic Conse a ion: Ma ine and F eshwa e Ecosys ems, 30(9),
1741–1746. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/aqc.3396
Ca izo, S.F., Jähnig, S.C., B eme ich, V., F eyho , J., Ha ison, I., He, F.
e al. (2017). F eshwa e mega auna: Flagships o eshwa e
biodi e si y unde h ea . Bioscience, 67(10), 919–927. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1093/biosci/bix099
Cla k, J.A. & May, R.M. (2002). Taxonomic bias in conse a ion esea ch.
Science, 297(5579), 191–192. h ps://doi.o g/10.1126/science.297.
5579.191b
Clucas, B., McHugh, K. & Ca o, T. (2008). Flagship species on co e s o US
conse a ion and na u e magazines. Biodi e si y and Conse a ion,
17(6), 1517–1528. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10531-008-9361-0
Cooke, S.J., Lapoin e, N.W.R., Ma ins, E.G., Thiem, J.D., Raby, G.D.,
Taylo , M.K. e al. (2013). Failu e o engage he public in issues ela ed
o inland ishes and ishe ies: S a egies o building public and
poli ical will o p omo e meaning ul conse a ion. Jou nal o Fish
Biology, 83(4), 997–1018. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j b.12222
Cooke, S.J. & Suski, C.D. (2020). Re lec ions on he in luence o a
syn hesis o ci cle-hook e idence on he angling communi y and
conse a ion policy and p ac ice. Aqua ic Conse a ion: Ma ine and
F eshwa e Ecosys ems, 30(9), 1747–1752. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/
aqc.3318
Cos as, R., Zahedi, Z. & Wou e s, P. (2015). Do ‘al me ics’co ela e wi h
ci a ions? Ex ensi e compa ison o al me ic indica o s wi h ci a ions
om a mul idisciplina y pe spec i e. Jou nal o he Associa ion o
In o ma ion Science and Technology, 66(10), 2003–2019. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1002/asi.23309
Cos ello, M.J. (2015). Biodi e si y: The known, unknown, and a es o
ex inc ion. Cu en Biology, 25(9), R368–R371. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1016/j.cub.2015.03.051
Cou champ, F., Ja ic, I., Albe , C., Meina d, Y., Ripple, W.J. & Chap on, G.
(2018). The pa adoxical ex inc ion o he mos cha isma ic animals.
PLoS Biology, 16(4), e2003997. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pbio.
2003997
Co ich, A.P., Palme , M.A. & C owl, T.A. (1999). The ole o ben hic
in e eb a e species in eshwa e ecosys ems: Zooben hic species
in luence ene gy lows and nu ien cycling. Bioscience, 49(2),
119–127. h ps://doi.o g/10.2307/1313537
Da wall, W., B eme ich, V., De We e , A., Dell, A.I., F eyho , J.,
Gessne , M.O. e al. (2018). The Alliance o F eshwa e Li e: A global
call o uni e e o s o eshwa e biodi e si y science and
conse a ion. Aqua ic Conse a ion: Ma ine and F eshwa e Ecosys ems,
28(4), 1015–1022. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/aqc.2958
Donaldson, M.R., Bu ne , N.J., B aun, D.C., Suski, C.D., Hinch, S.G.,
Cooke, S.J. e al. (2016). Taxonomic bias and in e na ional biodi e si y
conse a ion esea ch. Face s, 1(1), 105–113. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1139/ ace s-2016-0011
HE ET AL.3633
Dudgeon, D., A hing on, A.H., Gessne , M.O., Kawaba a, Z.I.,
Knowle , D.J., Lé êque, C. e al. (2006). F eshwa e biodi e si y:
Impo ance, h ea s, s a us and conse a ion challenges. Biological
Re iews, 81(2), 163–182. h ps://doi.o g/10.1017/S146479310500
6950
Eisenhaue , N., Bonn, A. & Gue a, C.A. (2019). Recognizing he quie
ex inc ion o in e eb a es. Na u e Communica ions, 10(1), 50. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1038/s41467-018-07916-1
Fo d, A.T., Cooke, S.J., Goheen, J.R. & Young, T.P. (2017). Conse ing
mega auna o sac i icing biodi e si y? Bioscience, 67(3), 193–196.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/biosci/biw163
F icke, R., Eschmeye , W.N. & an de Laan, R. (2020). Ca alog o ishes:
gene a, species, e e ences. Cali o nia Academy o Sciences. A ailable
a : h p:// esea cha chi e.calacademy.o g/ esea ch/ich hyology/
ca alog/SpeciesByFamily.asp [Accessed 6 Janua y 2021]
G ill, G., Lehne , B., Thieme, M., Geenen, B., Tickne , D., An onelli, F. e al.
(2019). Mapping he wo ld's ee- lowing i e s. Na u e, 569(7755),
215–221. h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41586-019-1111-9
He, F., B eme ich, V., Za l, C., Geldmann, J., Langhans, S.D., Da id, J.N.W.
e al. (2018). F eshwa e mega auna di e si y: Pa e ns, s a us and
h ea s. Di e si y and Dis ibu ions, 24(10), 1395–1404. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1111/ddi.12780
He, F. & Jähnig, S.C. (2019). Pu eshwa e mega auna on he able be o e
hey a e ea en o ex inc ion. Conse a ion Le e s, 12(5), e12662.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/conl.12662
He moso, V., Abell, R., Linke, S. & Boon, P. (2016). The ole o p o ec ed
a eas o eshwa e biodi e si y conse a ion: Challenges and
oppo uni ies in a apidly changing wo ld. Aqua ic Conse a ion: Ma ine
and F eshwa e Ecosys ems, 26(S1), 3–11. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/
aqc.2681
IUCN. (2018). The IUCN Red Lis o Th ea ened Species. Ve sion 2018-1.
A ailable a : h ps://www.iucn edlis .o g/ [Accessed July 2018]
Jucke , T., Win le, B., Shackel o d, G., Bocquillon, P., Ge e , J.L.,
Kasoa , T. e al. (2018). Ten-yea assessmen o he 100 p io i y
ques ions o global biodi e si y conse a ion. Conse a ion Biology,
32(6), 1457–1463. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/cobi.13159
Kalinka , G., Cab al, J.S., Da wall, W., Fice ola, G.F., Fishe , J.L., Giling, D.P.
e al. (2017). Flagship umb ella species needed o he conse a ion o
o e looked aqua ic biodi e si y. Conse a ion Biology, 31(2), 481–485.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/cobi.12813
Kelle , S.R. (1993). Values and pe cep ions o in e eb a es. Conse a ion
Biology, 7(4), 845–855. h ps://doi.o g/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.
740845.x
King, G., Schnee , B. & Whi e, A. (2017). How he news media ac i a e
public exp ession and in luence na ional agendas. Science, 358(6364),
776–780. h ps://doi.o g/10.1126/science.aao1100
Kochalski, S., Riepe, C., Fuji ani, M., Aas, O. & A linghaus, R. (2019). Public
pe cep ion o i e ish biodi e si y in ou Eu opean coun ies.
Conse a ion Biology, 33(1), 164–175. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/cobi.
13180
Lamb, C.T., Gilbe , S.L. & Fo d, A.T. (2018). Twee success?
Scien i ic communica ion co ela es wi h inc eased ci a ions in
ecology and conse a ion. Pee J, 6, e4564. h ps://doi.o g/10.7717/
pee j.4564
La ocque, S.M., Lake, C., Midwood, J.D., Nguyen, V.M., Blouin-Deme s, G.
& Cooke, S.J. (2020). F eshwa e u le byca ch esea ch suppo s
science-based ishe ies managemen . Aqua ic Conse a ion: Ma ine and
F eshwa e Ecosys ems, 30(9), 1783–1790. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/
aqc.3404
Mazo , T., Do opoulos, C., Schwa zmuelle , F., Gladish, D.W., Kuma an, N.,
Me kel, K. e al. (2018). Global misma ch o policy and esea ch
on d i e s o biodi e si y loss. Na u e Ecology & E olu ion, 2(7),
1071–1074. h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41559-018-0563-x
McRae, L., Deine , S. & F eeman, R. (2017). The di e si y-weigh ed li ing
plane index: Con olling o axonomic bias in a global biodi e si y
indica o . PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0169156. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/
jou nal.pone.0169156
Mole
on, M., Sánchez-Zapa a, J.A., Donáza , J.A., Re illa, E.,
Ma ín-L
opez, B., Gu ié ez-Cáno as, C. e al. (2020). Re hinking
mega auna. P oceedings o he Royal Socie y B, 287(1922), 20192643.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1098/ spb.2019.2643
Mon oe, J.B., Bax e , C.V., Olden, J.D. & Ange meie , P.L. (2009).
F eshwa e s in he public eye: Unde s anding he ole o images and
media in aqua ic conse a ion. Fishe ies, 34(12), 581–585. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1577/1548-8446-34.12.581
Noble, M., Duncan, P., Pe y, D., P ospe , K., Rose, D., Schnie e , S. e al.
(2016). Cul u ally signi ican ishe ies: Keys ones o managemen o
eshwa e social-ecological sys ems. Ecology and Socie y, 21(2), 22.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5751/ES-08353-210222
Noble, M.M. & Ful on, C.J. (2020). Pa hways o impac o aqua ic
conse a ion science ia mul i-modal communica ion and s akeholde
engagemen . Aqua ic Conse a ion: Ma ine and F eshwa e Ecosys ems,
30(9), 1791–1797. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/aqc.3380
Papwo h, S.K., Nghiem, T.P.L., Chimalakonda, D., Posa, M.R.C.,
Wijedasa, L.S., Bick o d, D. e al. (2015). Quan i ying he ole o online
news in linking conse a ion esea ch o Facebook and Twi e .
Conse a ion Biology, 29(3), 825–833. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/cobi.
12455
Pa sons, E.C.M., Shi man, D.S., Da ling, E.S., Spillman, N. & W igh , A.J.
(2014). How wi e li e acy can bene i conse a ion scien is s.
Conse a ion Biology, 28(2), 299–301. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/cobi.
12226
Piwowa , H. (2013). Al me ics: Value all esea ch p oduc s. Na u e,
493(7431), 159. h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/493159a
Pos el, S. & Ca pen e , S. (1997). F eshwa e ecosys em se ices. In:
Na u e's se ices: Socie al dependence on na u al ecosys ems.
Washing on, DC: Island P ess, pp. 195–214.
Reid, A.J., Ca lson, A.K., C eed, I.F., Eliason, E.J., Gell, P.A., Johnson, P.T.
e al. (2019). Eme ging h ea s and pe sis en conse a ion challenges
o eshwa e biodi e si y. Biological Re iews, 94(3), 849–873.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/b .12480
Reis, V., He moso, V., Hamil on, S.K., Wa d, D., Flue -Chouina d, E.,
Lehne , B. e al. (2017). A global assessmen o inland we land
conse a ion s a us. Bioscience, 67(6), 523–533. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1093/biosci/bix045
Silk, M.J., C owley, S.L., Woodhead, A.J. & Nuno, A. (2018). Conside ing
connec ions be ween Hollywood and biodi e si y conse a ion.
Conse a ion Biology, 32(3), 597–606. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/cobi.
13030
Synch onici y Ea h (2018). Synch onici y Ea h Insigh s: F eshwa e .
A ailable a : h p://www.synch onici yea h.o g/wp-con en /uploads/
2018/02/Synch onici y-Ea h-F eshwa e -Insigh .pd [Accessed 22
Decembe 2020]
Thieme, M.L., Kh ys enko, D., Qin, S., Golden K one , R.E., Lehne , B.,
Pack, S. e al. (2020). Dams and p o ec ed a eas: Quan i ying he
spa ial and empo al ex en o global dam cons uc ion wi hin
p o ec ed a eas. Conse a ion Le e s, 13(4), e12719. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1111/conl.12719
Tickne , D., Oppe man, J.J., Abell, R., Ac eman, M., A hing on, A.H.,
Bunn, S.E. e al. (2020). Bending he cu e o global eshwa e
biodi e si y loss: An eme gency eco e y plan. Bioscience, 70(4),
330–342. h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/biosci/biaa002
Tydecks, L., Jeschke, J.M., Wol , M., Singe , G. & Tockne , K.
(2018). Spa ial and opical imbalances in biodi e si y esea ch.
PLoS ONE, 13(7), e0199327. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.
0199327
Vö ösma y, C.J., McIn y e, P.B., Gessne , M.O., Dudgeon, D.,
P use ich, A., G een, P. e al. (2010). Global h ea s o human wa e
secu i y and i e biodi e si y. Na u e, 467(7315), 555–561. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1038/na u e09440
3634 HE ET AL.
