Sensitivity of modern lighting technologies at varying flicker severity levels

Sensi i i y o mode n ligh ing echnologies a a ying licke
se e i y le els.
J.J. Gu ie eza, P. Saiza, I. Azca a e∗,a, L.A. Le u iondoa, K. Redondoa, S. Ruiz de
Gaunaa, Digna M. Gonzalez-O e oa
A ilia ions and add esses:
aCommunica ions Enginee ing Depa men .
Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y UPV/EHU.
Alameda U quijo S/N
48013 Bilbao, Spain
Co esponding au ho :
∗
Izaskun Azca a e
email: izaskun.azka a [email protected]
Tel. : +34946018209
Fax. : +34946014259
Abs ac 1
E icien ligh ing echnologies a e no necessa ily less sensi i e o ol age luc ua ions2
han he incandescen lamp, and he e o e a p ocedu e o con olling he immuni y o lamps3
o ol age luc ua ions was de ined in he IEC 61547 s anda d. This p ocedu e checks ha a4
lamp is no mo e sensi i e han he incandescen lamp o ol age luc ua ions co esponding5
o he Ps = 1 cu e. Fo a lamp ha beha es linea ly, hese es s a e su icien o gua an ee6
1
This is he accep ed manusc ip o he a icle ha appea ed in inal o m in In e na ional Jou nal o Elec ical Powe & Ene gy
Sys ems 92 : 34-41 (2017), which has been published in inal o m a h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.04.010. © 2017 Else ie
unde CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
ha a lamp is less sensi i e han he incandescen lamp a any ol age luc ua ion le el. This7
pape analyzes he linea i y in he esponse o a se o lamps wi h bo h simula ed and eal8
ol age signals. Fo a gi en inpu ol age signal con aining luc ua ions, a new signal was9
gene a ed wi h a ol age luc ua ion whose ampli ude was p opo ional o he o iginal one.10
Bo h signals we e passed h ough an illuminance licke me e and he ob ained licke se e i y11
alues we e compa ed. The esul s showed ha no all he lamps beha ed linea ly. Some12
lamps we e less sensi i e han he incandescen lamp a he e e ence le el, and wi h o he 13
ol age luc ua ion ampli udes p oduced licke se e i y alues highe han he incandescen 14
lamp. Mo eo e , he nonlinea i y shown wi h eal ol age signals was no e lec ed wi h he15
same nonlinea beha io wi h simula ed luc ua ions in all cases. These esul s lead o he16
conclusion ha he cu en immuni y p o ocol is insu icien o gua an eeing ha a lamp is17
less sensi i e o ol age luc ua ions han he incandescen lamp a e e y ol age luc ua ion18
le el.19
Keywo ds20
Ene gy-e icien ligh ing, Powe quali y, Flicke , Vol age luc ua ions, Linea i y.21
2
1. In oduc ion22
Ene gy e iciency and sus ainabili y ha e become p io i ies in a wo ld mo ing owa d23
educing ca bon dioxide emissions and ene gy cos s. To his end, he ligh ing indus y has24
add essed impo an changes wi h he eplacemen o incandescen lamps by o he e icien 25
ligh ing echnologies [1–3]. Howe e , his change poses di e en challenges in e ms o powe 26
quali y and mo e speci ically in e ms o licke . The s anda dized licke measu emen p o-27
cedu e [4] and hence he compa ibili y le els o ol age luc ua ions a e based on he esponse28
o he incandescen lamp. The p og essi e banning o ine icien lamps could comp omise29
he u ili y o he exis ing licke measu emen s [5].30
Se e al s udies ha e ocused on he sensi i i y o new ligh ing echnologies o ol age31
luc ua ions [6–11]. The wo mos ep esen a i e mode n ligh ing echnologies, compac 32
luo escen (CFL) and ligh emi ing diode (LED) lamps, usually p esen low sensi i i y33
o ol age luc ua ions [7]. Howe e , depending on di e en ac o s such as he b and and34
model o he lamp o he complexi y o he ol age luc ua ions, hese echnologies p esen 35
e en mo e sensi i e beha io s han he incandescen lamp [8–11]. The di e si y o sensi i i y36
be ween he di e en echnologies a ailable on he ma ke means ha he inc ease in ligh ing37
e iciency does no imply an enhancemen in he immuni y o ol age luc ua ions [12].38
In iew o hese esul s, i has become necessa y o keep he exis ing compa ibili y le els39
o ol age luc ua ions as he e e ence o he licke measu emen [13]. Consequen ly, i is40
essen ial o gua an ee ha he new ligh ing p oduc s a e less sensi i e o ol age luc ua ions41
han he incandescen lamp. In his scena io, a p ocedu e o es ing he immuni y o new42
ligh ing equipmen o ol age luc ua ions has been de eloped wi hin he wo king g oup43
IEC TC34. This p ocedu e has been published as a echnical epo [14] associa ed wi h44
he immuni y s anda d o ligh ing equipmen IEC 61547 [15]. The p ocedu e o es ing45
he immuni y o a lamp consis s o he compa ison o he licke p oduced by he lamp46
unde es and he incandescen lamp, when bo h lamps a e a ec ed by he same ol age47
luc ua ions co esponding o he compa ibili y h eshold, i.e., he Ps = 1 cu e [16]. The48
lamp unde es ha p oduces licke se e i y alues below 1 is conside ed immune o ol age49
3
luc ua ions.50
Ne e heless, being less sensi i e han he incandescen lamp o ol age luc ua ions51
a he le el o Ps = 1 does no di ec ly imply he same beha io a highe licke le els.52
Fo ligh ing echnologies ha a e less sensi i e han he incandescen lamp a he le el o 53
Ps = 1, he main enance o his beha io ega dless o he ol age luc ua ion ampli ude54
will depend on he linea i y in he esponse o he lamp. The incandescen lamp p o ides55
a linea ela ionship be ween he ampli ude o he ol age luc ua ion and he co espond-56
ing illuminance luc ua ion [17], which is also linea ly ela ed o he licke pe cep ion by57
he human isual sys em. As a consequence, an inc ease in he ampli ude o he ol age58
luc ua ion will p oduce a p opo ional inc ease in he licke se e i y alue p oduced by an59
incandescen lamp. P elimina y expe imen s using sinusoidal ol age luc ua ions poin ed60
o a nonlinea beha io o some lamps [10]. The cu en wo k goes u he by analyzing61
he linea i y when he lamps a e supplied by mo e complex ol age signals, i.e., simula ed62
ec angula ol age luc ua ions and eal ol age signals.63
In Sec ion II, he linea ela ionship be ween he ela i e ampli ude o he ol age luc-64
ua ion, ∆V
V, and he licke se e i y alue is demons a ed h ough a nume ical example65
ollowing he block diag am o he IEC 61000-4-15 s anda d [4]. Sec ion III p esen s he66
se o lamps, es se up, and me hodology used o pe o m he linea i y s udy. The esul s67
a e p esen ed in Sec ion IV and hese a e discussed in Sec ion V. Concluding ema ks a e68
p o ided in Sec ion VI.69
2. Linea i y o he exis ing licke measu emen 70
The IEC 61000-4-15 s anda d de ines he unc ional and design speci ica ions o a lick-71
e me e ha p o ides an objec i e measu emen o he le el o annoyance p oduced by72
he licke ing o he illuminance o a lamp [4]. This measu emen p ocedu e is based on73
a simpli ied physiological model o he beha io o he lamp–eye–b ain sys em, aking he74
incandescen lamp as he e e ence. Fig. 1 depic s he scheme o he IEC licke me e whe e75
he inpu signal is he supply ol age, u( ), and he ou pu pa ame e s a e he sho and76
long e m licke se e i y alues, Ps and Pl espec i ely.77
4
u( )
uk( )
B1
VOLTAGE
ADAPTOR
B2
SQUARING
MULTIPLIER
B3
0.05 35 8.8
u2( )
u2k( )
DEMODUL. AND WEIGHTING FILTERS
u3( )
u3k( )
B4
SQUARING
MULTIPLIER
+
SLIDING
MEAN FILTER
u4( )
u4k( )
B5
STATISTICAL
EVALUATION
Ps ,Pl
Ps k,Pl k
Figu e 1: Scheme o he IEC licke me e acco ding o he IEC 61000-4-15 s anda d [4].
The cha ac e is ics o he incandescen lamp and he eye–b ain sys em p o ide a linea 78
ela ionship be ween he ampli ude o he ol age luc ua ion and he licke se e i y alue.79
Fo he incandescen lamp, he e is an empi ical ela ionship be ween he luminous in-80
ensi y and he supply ol age:81
L
Ln
=V
Vnγ
3.4 < γ < 3.8 ,(1)
whe e Vn ep esen s he a ed ms alue o he ol age and Lnis he co esponding luminous82
in ensi y [17]. Fo small ol age changes, he ela i e esponse o he lamp can be exp essed83
as ollows:84
∆L
Ln
=γ·∆V
Vn
.(2)
A linea inc ease in he ela i e ampli ude o he ol age luc ua ion means a p opo ional85
inc ease o he ela i e ampli ude o he illuminance luc ua ion. This beha io is modeled86
join ly by blocks 2 and 3 o he IEC licke me e (Fig. 1). Fo a sinusoidal ol age luc ua ion,87
u( ) has he o m:88
u( ) = A√21 + 1
2·∆V
Vsin(wm )sin(w0 ),(3)
whe e A= 230 V, w0= 2π·50 ad/s, and wm= 2π· m ad/s, wi h mbeing he equency89
o he ol age luc ua ion. The luc ua ion a he ou pu o he demodula ion il e s o block90
3 is cha ac e ized as ollows:91
u2( )≃C2·1
2·∆V
V·sin(wm +φ2),(4)
whe e C2and φ2a e he magni ude and phase o he equency esponse o he demodula ion92
il e s a m. This signal is hen weigh ed by he band-pass il e o block 3, ob aining he93
5

illuminance luc ua ion, u3( ), ha p esen s a undamen al componen linea ly ela ed o94
he ol age luc ua ion as ollows:95
u3( )≃C3·C2·1
2·∆V
V·sin(wm +φ2+φ3),(5)
whe e C3and φ3a e he magni ude and phase o he equency esponse o he weigh ing96
il e a m. The e m C3·C2·1
2·∆V
V ep esen s he ela i e ampli ude o he illuminance97
luc ua ion linea ly weigh ed by he eye esponse.98
The emainde o he chain models he b ain esponse o illuminance luc ua ions and also99
p esen s a linea beha io . The squa e o he ou pu signal o block 3 is linea ly p ocessed by100
he sliding mean il e o block 4, ob aining he ins an aneous licke pe cep ion as a linea 101
combina ion o wo main equencies, he di ec cu en componen (DC) and 2 m:102
u4( )≃C2
3·C2
2
2·1
2·∆V
V2·C4−C5·cos(2wm + 2φ2+ 2φ3+φ5),(6)
whe e C4and C5a e he magni udes o he equency esponse o he il e a DC and 2 m
103
and φ5is he phase a 2 m. Finally, block 5 implemen s he s a is ical e alua ion o u4( )104
p o iding he Ps alue.105
To demons a e he linea beha io o he b ain sys em, he inpu ol age luc ua ion106
was changed so ha i s ela i e ampli ude was k imes highe han he p e ious alue:107
∆V
V0
=k·∆V
V.(7)
Consequen ly, he new ou pu signal o block 3, u3k( ), also p esen s a single componen 108
a mwi h an ampli ude k imes highe han u3( ):109
u3k( )≃k·C2·C3·1
2·∆V
V·sin(wm +φ2+φ3) = k·u3( ).(8)
6
In he same way, he ou pu signal o block 4 can be exp essed as:110
u4k( ) = u3k( )2=k2·u2
3( ) = k2·u4( ),(9)
p esen ing an ampli ude k2 imes highe han u4( ). As he Ps alue is ob ained as he111
squa e oo o he s a is ical da a o u4( ), he co esponding Ps is linea ly ela ed o he112
p e ious alue as ollows:113
Ps k=k·Ps .(10)
Since he Pl alue is ob ained by he cubic a e age o he Ps alues ob ained du ing 2 hou s,114
he Pl alue is also linea ly ela ed o he p e ious alue as ollows:115
Pl k=k·Pl ,(11)
showing ha he ela i e ampli ude o he ol age luc ua ion and he licke se e i y alues116
a e linea ly ela ed.117
This beha io , which has been demons a ed o he incandescen lamp model included118
in he IEC licke me e , can only be assumed o lamp–eye–b ain sys ems in ol ing lamps119
ha p esen linea esponses. As he eye–b ain sys em esponds linea ly o illuminance120
luc ua ions, i has o be p o ed whe he he mode n ligh ing echnologies p esen a linea 121
beha io , as he incandescen lamp model does.122
3. Expe imen al se up123
This sec ion desc ibes he se o lamps used o he expe imen s, he sys em implemen ed124
o gene a e he supply ol age and o eco d he illuminance, as well as he p ocedu e o 125
sensi i i y analysis.126
3.1. Se o lamps unde es 127
Table 1 shows he main cha ac e is ics o he se o comme cial lamps used in his128
wo k. The lamps a e om di e en manu ac u e s and ligh ing echnologies, including linea 129
7
Table 1: Se o lamps unde es .
ID. Lamp Powe aLumen E iciency B and
Technology (W) Classb
F1cLFL 18 1050 B Syl ania
C1dCFL 11 570 A Philips
C2dCFL 23 1380 A Lexman
C3cCFL 18 1050 B Gene al Elec ic
C4d,e CFL 12 600 A Philips
C5d,e CFL 11 570 A Megaman
L1 LED 12 650 A Os am
L2 LED 8 470 A Philips
a230 V / 50 Hz
bMos e icien (A); Leas e icien (G)
cElec omagne ic ballas
dElec onic ballas
eDimmable lamp
luo escen lamps (LFL), CFL using elec omagne ic o elec onic ballas , and LED lamps.130
These lamps p esen di e en alues o powe , lumen, and ene gy e iciency a ings. Two o 131
he lamps included in he s udy we e dimmable.132
3.2. Tes se up and equipmen 133
Fig. 2 shows he sys em implemen ed o gene a e he supply ol age and o eco d134
he illuminance o he lamps. The sys em can gene a e simula ed ol age luc ua ions,135
cha ac e ized by he ela i e ampli ude ∆V
V, and he equency m, o eal ol age signals,136
p e iously eco ded on he LV ne wo k. Once he simula ed ol age luc ua ion is con igu ed137
o he eal ol age signal is selec ed, he NI USB-6211 ca d is used o con e he digi ized138
signal in o an analog signal, a a a e o 6400 Hz. The analog signal is hen ampli ied by139
a 7500 K ohn-Hi e ampli ie (75 W, om DC o 1 MHz) and a 120/230 V ans o me o140
achie e a le el o 230 V sui able o supplying he ligh sou ce. The lamp unde es and141
he ligh senso o he luxme e (E4-X Hagne Digi al Luxme e ) a e placed oge he wi hin142
a whi e box. The ou pu o he luxme e p o ides he illuminance signal, l( ), which is hen143
digi ized by he NI USB-6211 ca d a a a e o 6400 Hz and 16-bi esolu ion. Finally, he144
illuminance signal is s o ed o la e analysis.145
3.3. Illuminance licke me e 146
The analysis o he esponse o he lamps was pe o med in e ms o he licke se e i y147
alues gene a ed by each lamp. To ha end, i is necessa y o use an ins umen based148
8
Vol age signal
con igu a ion
(simula ed o eal)
D/A
con e sion Ampli ica ion u( )
Vol age
gene a ion
Lamp
Ligh
senso
Luxme e
l( )
A/D
con e sion
Da a
s o age
Illuminance
acquisi ion
(a)
(b)
Figu e 2: Block diag am (a) and pho og aph (b) o he sys em implemen ed o gene a e he supply ol age
and acqui e he illuminance o a lamp.
9
C4 lamps, he nonlinea esponse was de ec able a some speci ic ime in e als, whe eas L2243
lamp p esen ed a ela i ely cons an nonlinea esponse du ing all he analyzed ime pe iod.244
I is also ema kable ha he C4 and L2 lamps p esen ed a highe nonlinea i y as he licke 245
se e i y le el inc eased. This beha io is also ep esen ed in Table 3 wi h he inc ease in he246
de ia ion alues o hese lamps o inc easing alues o k.247
I can be concluded ha he s udy o he linea i y using simula ed ol age signals is no 248
always ep esen a i e o he esponses o he lamps subjec ed o eal ol age signals. Taking249
he esponse o L2 lamp as an example, wi h simula ed ol age signals his lamp p esen ed a250
qui e linea esponse wi h low de ia ion alues, whe eas unde eal ol age signals he lamp251
showed a clea ly nonlinea esponse. These di e ences can be ela ed o he di e en spec al252
complexi y o simula ed and eal ol age signals. The e ec o he spec al complexi y o 253
he inpu ol age signal on he esponse o he lamps should be analyzed depending on he254
elec onic implemen a ions o he basic ope a ion p inciples o each lamp [21].255
5. Discussion256
The nonlinea esponse o lamps is e y ele an when i comes o analyzing he immuni y257
o he lamps o ol age luc ua ions. The p ocedu e o es ing he immuni y o a lamp was258
de ined aking he Ps = 1 cu e as he e e ence [14]. This h eshold was ob ained based259
on he esponse o he incandescen lamp. The si ua ion becomes c i ical when he lamp is260
iden i ied as immune bu , because o i s nonlinea esponse, a highe licke se e i y le els261
he sensi i i y o he lamp exceeds he sensi i i y o he incandescen lamp, p oducing a262
g ea e annoyance. Fig. 7 ep esen s he Pl k alues o L1, C4, C5, and C2 lamps no malized263
wi h espec o he alues ob ained o he incandescen lamp model:264
Pno m.
l k=Plamp
l k
PIEC
l k
.(17)
Tha is, i Pno m.
l k>1, he lamp being es ed p esen s a highe sensi i i y o ol age luc ua-265
ions han he incandescen lamp model.266
L1 lamp p esen ed a linea esponse unde eal ol age signals (Fig. 6g). Compa ison267
16

k=4k=3k=2k=1
Time (h)
Pno m.
l k
24
2220
1816
14
1210
86
42
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
(a) L1
k=4k=3k=2k=1
Time (h)
Pno m.
l k
24
2220
1816
14
1210
86
42
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
(b) C4
k=4k=3k=2k=1
Time (h)
Pno m.
l k
24
2220
1816
14
1210
86
42
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
(c) C5
k=4k=3k=2k=1
Time (h)
Pno m.
l k
24
2220
1816
14
1210
86
42
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
(d) C2
Figu e 7: Pl k alues o L1, C4, C5, and C2 lamps no malized wi h espec o he Pl k alues o he
incandescen lamp.
o his esponse wi h he incandescen lamp model shows ha his lamp p esen ed a lowe 268
sensi i i y han he incandescen lamp model o k= 1 (Fig. 7a). This beha io was269
main ained o all he k alues, because o he linea esponse o he lamp. C4 lamp p esen ed270
a nonlinea esponse unde eal ol age signals wi h a nega i e de ia ion om he expec ed271
alues (Fig. 6e). This lamp was mo e sensi i e han he incandescen lamp o k= 1 as can272
be seen in Fig. 7b. Fo inc easing alues o k, he a io be ween i s sensi i i y and ha o he273
incandescen lamp model dec eased bu i emained mo e sensi i e han he incandescen 274
lamp. C5 and C2 lamps p esen ed nonlinea esponses unde eal ol age signals and in bo h275
cases he measu ed licke se e i y alues exceeded hose expec ed (Fig. 6 and 6c). Howe e ,276
compa ison o hei esponses wi h he incandescen lamp model shows no iceable di e ences277
(Fig. 7c and 7d). Despi e he nonlinea esponse o C5, he a io be ween he sensi i i y o 278
C5 and ha o he incandescen lamp model emained below 1 a all licke se e i y le els.279
In con as , he a io be ween he sensi i i y o C2 and ha o he incandescen lamp model280
inc eased as he p opo ionali y ac o kinc eased, e en exceeding 1 a some ime in e als.281
17
The nonlinea esponse o C2 lamp comp omised i s immuni y o ol age luc ua ions a 282
licke se e i y le els highe han ha used as he e e ence Ps = 1 in he cu en immuni y283
es p ocedu e. C2 lamp would be classi ied as immune e en hough a high licke se e i y284
le els i s sensi i i y could exceed he sensi i i y o an incandescen lamp. To a oid his285
si ua ion, he immuni y es p ocedu e should include a es o analyze he sensi i i y o 286
he lamps a di e en licke se e i y le els. Howe e , his is no an easy ask, as simula ed287
ol age signals do no e lec he high spec al complexi y o he eal ol age signals o which288
he lamps a e exposed in eal scena ios.289
6. Conclusion290
This pape p esen ed an analysis o he linea i y in esponse, in e ms o licke , o a se 291
o lamps ep esen a i e o di e en ligh ing echnologies. The s udy was pe o med using292
bo h simula ed ol age and eal ol age signals. The esul s showed ha no all he lamps293
had a linea esponse o ol age luc ua ions; hence, hei sensi i i y wi h espec o he294
incandescen lamp depended on he licke le el. The e o e, i is possible ha a lamp less295
sensi i e han he incandescen lamp a he compa ibili y h eshold, i.e., Ps = 1 le el, would296
be mo e sensi i e a o he ol age luc ua ion le els.297
This beha io canno be de ec ed by he exis ing immuni y p o ocol as he es s a e298
pe o med o a single licke le el co esponding o he compa ibili y h eshold. The e o e,299
he immuni y es ing should be pe o med a di e en licke se e i y le els. Howe e , he300
de ini ion o an immuni y p o ocol ha conside s he possible lack o linea i y o he lamps301
unde es is no easy. The di icul y s ems om he ac ha some lamps ha p esen a302
nonlinea beha io wi h eal ol age signals do no ep oduce his beha io when subjec ed303
o simula ed ol age luc ua ions. As a u u e wo k, i would be con enien o explo e he304
o igin o hese di e ences in e ms o he di e en elec onic implemen a ions o he basic305
ope a ion p inciples o he lamps.306
18
Acknowledgmen 307
This wo k ecei ed inancial suppo om he Spanish MINECO h ough p ojec DPI2014-308
53317-R (co inanced wi h he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund); om he Go e nmen 309
o he Basque Coun y (BFI-2012-315 and IT1087-16) and om he Uni e si y o he Basque310
Coun y UPV/EHU (UFI11/16 and PIF2011/169).311
Re e ences312
[1] Eu opean Comission (EC), Communica ion om he Comission o he Eu opean Pa liamen , he Coun-313
cil, he Eu opean economic and social commi ee and he commi ee o he egions, Ene gy E iciency314
Plan, B ussels, COM(2011) 109 inal.315
[2] Eu opean Comission (EC), GREEN PAPER, Ligh ing he Fu u e: Accele a ing he deploymen o 316
inno a i e ligh ing echnologies, B ussels, COM(2011) 889 inal.317
[3] A. De Almeida, B. San os, B. Paolo, M. Quiche on, Solid s a e ligh ing e iew - Po en ial and challenges318
in Eu ope, Renewable Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 34 (2014) 30–48. doi:10.1016/j. se .2014.02.029.319
[4] IEC 61000-4-15ed2.0, Elec omagne ic Compa ibili y (EMC) Pa 4: Tes ing and measu emen ech-320
niques - Sec ion 15: Flicke me e unc ional and design speci ica ions (2010).321
[5] CIGRE WG C4.108, Re iew o licke objec i es o HV, MV and LV sys ems, Final WG epo , Tech.322
ep. (2009).323
[6] K. Taekhyun, M. Rylande , E. Powe s, W. G ady, A. A apos a his, LED lamp licke caused by in e ha -324
monics, in: P oceedings o IEEE Ins umen a ion and Measu emen Technology Con e ence (IMTC),325
2008, pp. 1920–1925.326
[7] R. Cai, J. F. Cobben, J. M. My zik, J. H. Blom, W. L. Kling, Flicke esponses o di e en lamp ypes,327
IET Gene a ion, T ansmission and Dis ibu ion 3 (9) (2009) 816–824. doi:10.1049/ie -g d.2008.0429.328
[8] K. Chmielowiec, Flicke e ec o di e en ypes o ligh sou ces, in: P oceedings o 11 h In e na ional329
Con e ence on Elec ical Powe Quali y and U ilisa ion (EPQU), 2011, pp. 1 –6.330
[9] H. Sha ma, F. Sha p, M. McG anaghan, Flicke / ol age luc ua ion esponse o mode n lamps including331
hose wi h dimmable capabili y and o he low ol age sensi i e equipmen , in: P oceedings o 22nd332
In e na ional Con e ence and Exhibi ion on Elec ici y Dis ibu ion (CIRED), 2013, pp. 1–4.333
[10] I. Azca a e, J. Gu ie ez, P. Saiz, A. Lazkano, L. Le u iondo, K. Redondo, Flicke cha ac e is ics o 334
e icien ligh ing assessed by he IEC licke me e , Elec ic Powe Sys ems Resea ch 107 (2014) 21–27.335
doi:10.1016/j.eps .2013.09.005.336
[11] I. Azca a e, J. Gu ie ez, A. Lazkano, P. Saiz, K. Redondo, L. Le u iondo, Expe imen al s udy o 337
19
he esponse o e icien ligh ing echnologies o complex ol age luc ua ions, In e na ional Jou nal o 338
Elec ical Powe & Ene gy Sys ems 63 (2014) 499–506. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.06.039.339
[12] I. Azca a e, J. Gu ie ez, A. Lazkano, P. Saiz, K. Redondo, L. Le u iondo, Towa ds limi ing he sen-340
si i i y o ene gy-e icien ligh ing o ol age luc ua ions, Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews341
59 (2016) 1384–1395. doi:10.1016/j. se .2016.01.022.342
[13] CIGRE WG C4.111, Re iew o LV and MV compa ibili y le els o ol age luc ua ion, Final WG343
epo , Tech. ep. (2016).344
[14] IEC TR-61547-1:2015, Equipmen o gene al ligh ing pu poses - EMC immuni y - Pa 1: An objec i e345
ol age luc ua ion immuni y es me hod (2015).346
[15] IEC 61547-ed2.0, Equipmen o gene al ligh ing pu poses - EMC immuni y (2009).347
[16] IEC 555-3, Dis u bances in supply sys ems caused by household appliances and simila elec ic equip-348
men - Pa 3: Vol age luc ua ions (1982).349
[17] UIE, Flicke measu emen and e alua ion, Tech. ep., In e na ional Union o Elec ohea , Dis u bances350
WG (1992).351
[18] D. Gallo, C. Landi, N. Pasquino, Design and calib a ion o an objec i e licke me e , IEEE T ansac ions352
on Ins umen a ion and Measu emen 55 (6) (2006) 2118 –2125. doi:10.1109/TIM.2006.887122.353
[19] I. Azca a e, J. Gu ie ez, A. Lazkano, L. Le u iondo, P. Saiz, K. Redondo, J. Ba os, Type es ing o 354
a highly accu a e illuminance licke me e , in: P oceedings o IEEE 15 h In e na ional Con e ence on355
Ha monics and Quali y o Powe (ICHQP), 2012, pp. 897 –903.356
[20] J. J. Gu ie ez, J. Ruiz, U. I us a, S. R. d. Gauna, A New Al e na i e o he Inpu -Vol age Adap o o 357
he IEC Flicke me e , IEEE T ansac ions on Ins umen a ion and Measu emen 57 (5) (2008) 923–930.358
doi:10.1109/TIM.2007.913820.359
[21] S. Uddin, H. Sha ee , A. Mohamed, Powe quali y pe o mance o ene gy-e icien low-wa age LED360
lamps, Measu emen 46 (10) (2013) 3783–3795. doi:10.1016/j.measu emen .2013.07.022.361
20