Ci a ion: Ochoa-Láca , J.; Singh, M.;
Bi d, S.P.; Cha es , J.; Huyghe, T.;
Calleja-González, J. How Sleep
A ec s Reco e y and Pe o mance in
Baske ball: A Sys ema ic Re iew.
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/b ainsci12111570
Academic Edi o : Ma ia
Comas Sobe a s
Recei ed: 24 Oc obe 2022
Accep ed: 11 No embe 2022
Published: 18 No embe 2022
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A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
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b ain
sciences
Re iew
How Sleep A ec s Reco e y and Pe o mance in Baske ball: A
Sys ema ic Re iew
Ja ie Ochoa-Láca 1,*, Mee a Singh 2, S ephen P. Bi d 3, Jona han Cha es 4,5, Thomas Huyghe 6
and Julio Calleja-González 7
1Independen Resea che , 31011 Pamplona, Spain
2Hen y Fo d Sleep Diso de s Cen e , De oi , MI 48202, USA
3School o Heal h and Medical Sciences, Uni e si y o Sou he n Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4350, Aus alia
4Cen e o Sleep & Human Pe o mance, Calga y, AB T2X 3V4, Canada
5Depa men o Kinesiology, Uni e si y o Calga y, Calga y, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
6Depa men o Spo s Science, Uni e sidad Ca ólica de Mu cia, 30107 Mu cia, Spain
7Depa men o Physical Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, 48940 Vi o ia, Spain
*Co espondence: ja ie [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
Backg ound: Sleep is conside ed an essen ial componen ela ed o physiological and
psychological eco e y in a hle es and pa icula ly in baske ball, gi en he impac o condensed a el
and game schedules on playe heal h and pe o mance. Objec i e: The aim o his sys ema ic e iew
is o examine s udies published o da e on sleep and baske ball pe o mance. Me hodology: All
scien i ic a icles ha epo ed a ela ionship be ween sleep and i s possible impac on pe o mance
in baske ball a e included. The esea ch p ocesses ollowed he PRISMA c i e ia, and he ele an
a icles we e ex ac ed (PubMed, WOS, Scopus) as o Decembe 31, 2021. Resul s: Twen y-eigh
a icles we e selec ed o inclusion and da a ex ac ion, wi h 27 demons a ing ha sleep is a i al
componen in he eco e y o baske ball playe s and hei co esponding on-cou pe o mance. Th ee
cen al hemes ha we iden i ied: (1) he quali y and ex ension o sleep ( he be e quali y and mo e
ex ension o sleep, be e pe o mance and lowe p obabili y o inju y); (2) in luence o he playe s
ci cadian hy hm ( a el and game scheduling do no cu en ly acili a e o ake his in o accoun );
and (3) highe aining loads and/o inc eased s ess may jeopa dize a subsequen good nigh ’s
sleep, which should be aken in o accoun when scheduling p ac ices and wo kou s. Conclusion: The
cu en sys ema ic e iew ega ding sleep and baske ball pe o mance and highligh s ha he e is a
s ong ela ionship be ween bo h a iables. Collec i ely, he e idence suppo s he c i ical in luence
o sleep on playe eco e y and baske ball pe o mance and isk o inju y.
Keywo ds: spo s pe o mance; baske ball; sleep; eco e y; a el; ci cadian hy hms
1. In oduc ion
Baske ball is an in e mi en spo made up o high in ensi y epea ed accele a ions,
decele a ions, change o di ec ion and jump landings, which places a high demand on
playe s, bo h physically and cogni i ely [
1
]. In his eam spo , he main physical ac ions
ha de e mine pe o mance a e accele a ions and decele a ions, changes o di ec ion, and
e ical jumps [
2
]. In addi ion o he impo ance o de eloping explosi e powe [
3
–
5
],
ae obic capaci y plays a key ole, ac ing as a basis o he eco e y o he playe [
6
] and
op imal eco e y wi h me hods wi h scien i ic e idence ( oam oll, cold wa e Imme sion
and o he s) a e p ac ices and ma ches play a key ole on eam spo pe o mance [7].
The scien i ic li e a u e concludes ha spo s pe o mance is no limi ed o he aining
pe o med by he a hle e, bu o he ac o s as well, including bo h ex insic and in insic
a iables [
8
,
9
]. In his sense, indi idualized eco e y s a egies a e conside ed ins umen al
in achie ing and sus aining he highes possible le el o pe o mance [
10
,
11
], and speci i-
cally in eli e baske ball ecosys ems [
12
], whe e he playe s spend a much g ea e p opo ion
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/b ainsci12111570 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/b ainsci
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 2 o 20
o hei ime eco e ing han hey do in aining [
6
]. Fo ins ance, eco e y s a egies (Foam
oll, e go nu i ional aids, cold wa e Imme sion and o he s) help baske ball playe s de-
c ease hei eeling o a igue, an a ibu e ha is di ec ly ela ed o a hle ic pe o mance [
13
],
conside ing he balance be ween happiness s. Wellness, du ing he eco e y p ocess in high
pe o mance Spo [14].
One eco e y s a egy in pa icula , sleep, is commonly desc ibed as a de e mining
ac o in he eco e y o playe s a e a compe i ion o a e in ense aining session [
15
,
16
].
As such, i is heo ized ha a lack o sleep will os e nega i e consequences o pe o mance.
This appea s o be c i ical in spo s whe e mo o coo dina ion, decision-making and ae obic
capaci y a e all undamen ally impo an [16–20].
Indeed, baske ball is a p ime example o he abo emen ioned cha ac e is ics [
21
].
To da e, li e a u e examining sleep and eco e y on baske ball conside s sleep as one o
he main eco e y s a egies a ailable o playe s, alongside nu i ion and hyd a ion [
2
,
6
].
These ac o s a e also conside ed as he mos e icien eco e y p ac ices by he playe s
hemsel es [22].
Fu he mo e, lack o su icien egene a ion may lead o a loss o pe o mance due o
he accumula ion o holis ic s ess in he a hle e’s body [
23
]. The e a e also publica ions ha
ela e lack o sleep wi h nega i e e ec s on pe o mance, bo h physically and cogni i ely,
and inju y [
24
]. In gene al, science p esen s he pe e se e ec s on spo s pe o mance due
he lack o quali y sleep and, consequen ly, he e is a g owing in e es o imp o e he sleep
habi s o a hle es [15,25].
As such, i is essen ial o unde s and why baske ball ecosys ems, specially a he
highes le el, a e so dis up i e o sleep and he e o e, o eco e y. Due o di e se ac o s,
such as scheduling, a eling, la e p ac ices and games, and elec onic de ices use, he
p obabili ies o a solid and cons an sleep, nigh a e nigh , a e sca ce o eli e baske ball
playe s. Finally, no el scien i ic s udies examining he impac o ai a eling di ec ion,
ligh ime, ligh du a ion, a e age ligh al i ude, equency and magni ude o heigh
changes du ing ligh , ai cabin condi ions, oxygen sa u a ion le els, and a hle e ch ono ype
a e wa an ed o help pain a clea e pic u e on how di e en s esso s impac wellness
and pe o mance due o a eling [
26
]. These ac o s may ep esen signi ican p oblems in
e ms o a hle e heal h and pe o mance.
Conside ing he la ge body o knowledge on sleep and spo pe o mance, su p is-
ingly, o he bes o he au ho s’ knowledge, he e emains limi ed esea ch ha sys em-
a ically and c i ically examines he heal h and pe o mance e ec s o day ime sleepiness
in baske ball.
2. Objec i es
The main pu pose o his sys ema ic e iew was o explo e he unde lying physiologi-
cal and psychological e ec s o sleep on heal h and pe o mance in baske ball. Secondly, we
aim o ex end p e ious li e a u e by p o iding up o da e, bes -p ac ice ecommenda ions
o sleep du ing a compe i i e baske ball season.
3. Me hodology and P ocedu es
3.1. Sea ch S a egy
This sys ema ic e iew ocused on he ela ionship be ween sleep, heal h and baske -
ball playe pe o mance and ollowed he guidelines es ablished by P e e ed Repo ing
I ems o Sys ema ic Re iew and Me a-Analyses [
27
–
29
]. The main pa ame e used o he
inclusion-exclusion o a icles has been he PICOS Model [
30
], as well as he OLE scale [
31
].
We ha e used he ollowing inclusion c i e ia: P (Popula ion): p o essional and ama eu
baske ball playe s; I (In e en ion): e ec o sleep on pe o mance; C (Con ol): does no
apply; O (Ou come): consequence o sleep-in baske ball pe o mance; S (S udy Design):
all kinds.
The e o e, a s uc u ed compu e sea ch was unde aken in di e en specialized online
da abase media (PubMed, Web o Science [da abase ha includes o he da abases such as
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 3 o 20
BCI, BIOSIS, CCC, DIIDW, INSPEC, KJD, RSCI and SCIELO, all o high quali y], Scopus).
This sea ch ended on 31 Decembe 2021. The sea ch e ms included a mix o medical
subjec headings (MeSH) and ee- ex wo ds o key concep s ela ed o eco e y, young,
baske ball, and playe s. The ollowing sea ch equa ion was used o ind he ele an
a icles: ["sleep baske ball" (MeSH Te ms) OR"sleep" (all ields)] AND ["baske ball" (all
ields)]. We ha e also done i in Spanish, using he o mula ["sleep baske ball " (MeSH
TERMS) OR "sleep" (all he ields)] AND ["Baske ball (all ields)] OR ["sleep" (all ields)]
AND ["Baske ball" (all ields)]. The e we e no il e s applied o he a hle e’s physical i ness
le el, ace, o age o inc ease he powe o he analysis. The sea ch has been ca ied ou
independen ly by wo au ho s, JOL and J.C-G, disag eemen s we e discussed wi h he hi d
au ho (S.B)
The sea ch e ms selec ed we e limi ed o sleep and baske ball. No o he e ms we e
used addi ionally o inc ease he powe o analysis. Th ough his equa ion, all ele an
a icles om his gi en ield we e ob ained. The e e ence sec ions o all iden i ied a icles
we e also examined using he "Snowball Me hods" s a egy, based on he examina ion o
e e ence sec ions o he selec ed a icles [32].
This sea ch me hod allowed us o apply he PICOS Model [
33
] on all he esul s
ob ained, which was he main inclusion-exclusion c i e ion o he a icles o analysis.
These da abase e iews ha e been ca ied ou wi h he da a ob ained up o Decembe
2021. Rega ding he da a collec ion p ocess, he me hodology used was he eading o
each o he selec ed a icles by he au ho s o his e iew. A e ca e ully e iewing all
a icles, he au ho s inally excluded 3 mo e a icles (2 opinion a icles and one na a i e
e iew [
18
,
26
,
34
]). Hence, 25 a icles we e included in his s udy. The au ho s p esen ed
a summa y able wi h he mos ele an in o ma ion o each s udy, in an easy- o-diges
o ma , which in u n, helped he au ho s analyze, ca ego ize and classi y all he da a
necessa y o ca y ou his e iew (Table 3). Ti les and abs ac s we e selec ed o e iew he
ull ex . Two au ho s (J.O-L. and J.C-G.) sea ched o independen ly published s udies,
and disag eemen s on all ou comes we e esol ed by a hi d au ho (S.B)
3.2. Inclusion and Exclusion C i e ia
S udies included in his sys ema ic e iew had o mee he ollowing inclusion c i-
e ia: (I) he s udy popula ion comp ised baske ball playe s (College le el o abo e);
(II) sleep measu emen s we e eco ded; (III) he e ec s o sleep we e compa ed wi h one
o mo e indica o s o baske ball pe o mance; and (IV) s udy designs included all possi-
ble designs: quan i a i e, quali a i e, and/o mixed-me hod model wi h expe imen al,
quasi-expe imen al, and/o non-expe imen al esea ch design, u ilizing p ima y and/o
seconda y da a sou ces.
Again, in ou case, he PICOS model would be as ollows: P o essional, semi-p o essional,
college, ama eu and disabled baske ball playe s (P); E ec s o sleep on pe o mance (I);
No applicable (C); Rela ionship o sleep wi h speci ic pe o mance in baske ball (O); and
all, including quan i a i e, quali a i e, and/o mixed-me hod model wi expe imen al,
quasi-expe imen al, and/o non-expe imen al esea ch design, u ilizing p ima y and/o
seconda y da a sou ces (S).
All sea ch i les and abs ac s we e colla ed o iden i y duplica es and possible missing
s udies. Ti les and abs ac s we e sc eened o u he ull- ex e iew. The sea ch o
published s udies was conduc ed independen ly by wo au ho s (JOL and h JC-G) and
disag eemen s we e esol ed h ough discussions wi h ano he au ho (M.S).
We ha e also applied he OLE scale [30], as ollows (Table 1):
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 4 o 20
Table 1. OLE Scale.
Le el E idence
Le el 1
Me a-analysis o high-quali y andomized con olled ials (RCTs) o RCTs
Le el 2 Lowe quali y RCTs o p ospec i e compa a i e s udies
Le el 3 Case s udies o e ospec i e s udies
Le el 4 Cases wi hou compa ison o con ol g oups
Le el 5 Case epo s o expe opinions
We ha e applied he OLE scale o he 25 s udies analyzed, being such ha (Table 2):
Table 2. Applied OLE Scale.
OLE Nº S udies
L1 3
L2 0
L3 4
L4 14
L5 4
3.3. Selec ion o S udies
Once he inclusion and exclusion c i e ion has been applied, he in o ma ion ob ained
was e alua ed by he wo au ho s (JOL and JC-G) o de ine hei selec ion. The yea o
publica ion, he au ho s, he sample size, he ype o s udy and he cha ac e is ics o each
o hem we e aken in o accoun . A e wa ds, all he ele an in o ma ion was pu in o an
Excel shee (Mic oso Inc, Sea le, WA, USA) independen ly by wo au ho s (JOL and JC-G)
and he disag eemen s we e esol ed h ough discussions wi h he hi d au ho (J.CH).
3.4. Ex ac ion o In o ma ion
Once he wo ks o be analyzed we e selec ed, he ollowing in o ma ion was desig-
na ed om each o hem: yea , au ho and publica ion; sample size; applied me hodology;
a iables analyzed; esul s.
In e e ence o he me hodology applied o each o he s udies analyzed, 1 o hese
25 a icles we e a sys ema ic e iew o he li e a u e [
35
], and he e we e also 2 a icles using
ques ionnai es o he pa icipan s [
22
,
36
]. Apa om hese, he es o he a icles s udied
we e based on mixed linea models o s a is ical analysis, whe e we highligh he use o Bon-
e oni (2 a icles: [
37
,
38
]), MANOVA (4 a icles: [
39
–
42
]), S uden ’s T (4 a icles:
[38,43–45]
),
eg ession analysis (7 a icles: [46–52] and he use o Spea man co ela ion [45].
3.5. Assessmen o he Quali y o he S udies
Conside ing he po en ial limi a ions o he s udies included in his sys ema ic e iew,
and in o de o d aw eliable conclusions, he Coch ane Collabo a ion Guidelines we e
ollowed [
27
]. Thus, he wo au ho s independen ly assessed me hodological quali y and
isk o bias (JOL and JC-G), while disag eemen s we e esol ed by a hi d-pa y assessmen
(T.H).
In he Coch ane Risk o Bias ool [
28
], he ollowing elemen s we e included and
di ided in o di e en domains: (1) selec ion bias (elemen s, andom sequencing, alloca ion
and concealmen ), (2) pe o mance bias (blinding o pa icipan s and s a ), (3) de ec ion
bias (blinding o ou come assessmen ), (4) asse ion bias (incomple e ou come da a), (5) e-
po ing bias (selec i e epo ing) and (6) o he bias (o he sou ces o bias). The assessmen
o isk o bias was cha ac e ized as (a) low- isk (plausible bias ha is no likely o se iously
al e he esul s), (b) unclea isk (plausible bias ha aises some doub abou he esul s),
o (c) high isk (plausible bias ha se iously weakens con idence in he esul s).
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 5 o 20
Finally, obse a ional s udies such as hose e iewed in his pape may su e om
his possibili y; In addi ion, he e is he possible limi a ion o he exis ence o di e en ways
o eac ing o sleep in each indi idual (since i is impossible o know whe he he a hle es
wi h he bes sleep ou comes a e pe o ming be e on he cou o hey jus happen o be
he bes playe s.) Howe e , he esul s appea obus in e ms o hei conclusions.
We a ach a summa y able wi h all he ele an in o ma ion o he selec ed a icles
(Table 3):
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 6 o 20
Table 3. Summa y able o he 25 s udies included in he sys ema ic e iew.
Yea Au ho Ti le Main Topic N Le el Me hodological
App oach Measu ed Va iable Ou come
1997 S eenland K,
Deddens JA [53]
E ec o a el and es on
pe o mance o
p o essional baske ball
playe s
Sleep and
commu ing
8495 NBA season
games (1987–1995) P o essional
Each game, one
obse a ion (da a
om he
NBA)— eg ession
analysis
Objec i e:
pe o mance
s a is ics
Mo e ime be ween
games imp o es
pe o mance.
Ci cadian hy hms
posi i ely a ec om
wes o eas
2011 Mah e al. [54]
The E ec s o Sleep
Ex ension on he A hle ic
Pe o mance o Collegia e
Baske ball Playe s
Sleep and
pe o mance 11 male Collegia e Fixed-e ec s linea
eg ession models
Objec i e:
pe o mance on
sp in s, ee h ows,
3-poin e s, eac ion
ime
Subjec i e: le els o
sleepiness and mood
Op imal sleep helps
eaching peak
pe o mance
2012 Zhao e al.
[41]
Red Ligh and he Sleep
Quali y and Endu ance
Pe o mance o Chinese
Female Baske ball Playe s
Sleep and
pe o mance 20 emale P o essional Coho s udy, mixed
ANOVA
Subjec i e:
Pi sbu gh Sleep
Quali y Index,
Objec i e: ae obic
es
Red ligh imp o ed
quali y o sleep
2017 S aun on e al. [55]
Sleep pa e ns and ma ch
pe o mance in eli e
Aus alian baske ball
a hle es.
Sleep and
pe o mance 17 emale Eli e
P ospec i e coho
s udy compa ing
o al and quali y o
sleep s.
pe o mance (bball
e iciency s a is ic)
Objec i e: iaxial
accele ome e s and
EFF (baske ball
e iciency)
Game schedule can
a ec sleep pa e ns
2017 Tsunoda e al. [44]
Co ela ion be ween sleep
and psychological mood
s a es in emale wheelchai
baske ball playe s on a
Japanese na ional eam
Sleep and
pe o mance 17 emale Eli e
Spea man’s
co ela ion +
S uden ’s
Subjec i e:
Pi sbu gh Sleep
Quali y Index (PSQI),
P o ile o Mood
S a es (POMS-SF)
Vigo is ela ed o
sleep and
pe o mance
2017 Heishman e al. [42]
Compa ing pe o mance
du ing mo ning s.
A e noon aining sessions
in in e collegia e baske ball
playe s
Sleep and wo kloads
10 male Collegia e Re ospec i e s udy
- es
Objec i e: CMJ and
playe eadiness
(Omegawa e),
Subjec i e:
sel - epo ed sleep
quan i y
Less sleep, poo e
pe o mance
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 7 o 20
Table 3. Con .
Yea Au ho Ti le Main Topic N Le el Me hodological
App oach Measu ed Va iable Ou come
2018 Bonna e al. [34]
Sleep in e en ions
designed o imp o e
a hle ic pe o mance and
eco e y: a sys ema ic
e iew o cu e
app oaches
Sleep and
pe o mance
218 a hle es, 18–24
y s, a ious spo s
om 10 s udies
Collegia e
Sys ema ic e iew
(PRISMA 2016) o
PubMed, PsycIn o,
and Webo Science
Subjec i e: sleep
in e en ions su ey
Sleep is key o
eco e y and
pe o mance
2018 Tho n on e al. [50]
Impac o sho - compa ed
o long-haul in e na ional
a el on he sleep and
wellbeing o na ional
wheelchai baske ball
a hle es
Sleep and
commu ing 11 male Eli e
Linea mixed models
de e mined e ec s o
a el leng h on
sleep and je lag,
a igue and igo
eelings
Subjec i e: pe sonal
a ings on sleep, je
lag, a igue and igo
du ing a el phases,
compe i ion phases,
and base phases
Long a el is mo e
a igue-inducing
han sho a el,
a ec s igo
2018 Mu ay e al. [21]
Reco e y p ac ices in
Di ision 1 collegia e
a hle es in No h Ame ica
Sleep and
pe o mance
152 di ision 1
a hle es (bball,
oo ball, socce )
Collegia e 16-i em
ques ionnai e
Subjec i e: a i ude
owa ds eco e y:
sleep, nu i ion, cold
wa e imme sion,
comp ession
ga men s
Only a ew playe s
use sleep as eco e y
2018 Mu suzaki e al. [37]
Compa ison o sleep s a us
among h ee Japanese
na ional wheelchai
baske ball eams
Sleep and
pe o mance
44 Japanese na ional
eam wheelchai
playe s: 14 op male,
18 op emale and
12U-23 male
Eli e Bon e oni es +
S uden ’s
Subjec i e:
Pi sbu gh Sleep
Quali y Index (PSQI)
Olde playe s sleep
wo se han young
ones. Women ha e
mo e insomnia han
men
2018
Jona han Roy and
Gene ie e Fo es
[44]
G ea e ci cadian
disad an age du ing
e ening games o he
Na ional Baske ball
Associa ion (NBA),
Na ional Hockey League
(NHL) and Na ional
Foo ball League (NFL)
eam a elling wes wa d
Sleep and ci cadian
hy hms
5 yea s o egula
season games (5909
NBA games, 5640
NHL, and 1280 NFL
games)
P o essional
T- es s and analysis
o a iance and
single linea
eg ession models
Objec i e: eams’
winning pe cen ages
Ci cadian hy hms
a ec pe o mance.
Disad an ages o
eams a eling
wes wa d
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 8 o 20
Table 3. Con .
Yea Au ho Ti le Main Topic N Le el Me hodological
App oach Measu ed Va iable Ou come
2019 Jones e al. [56]
Associa ion be ween
la e-nigh wee ing and
nex -day game
pe o mance among
p o essional baske ball
playe s
Sleep and
pe o mance 112 NBA playe s P o essional
Me ge o 2 public
da abases o social
media and
pe o mance
Objec i e: la e nigh
social media ac i i y
s. nex day game
pe o mance
(indi idual NBA
s a is ics)
La e nigh social
media ac i i y
nega i ely a ec s
pe o mance
2019 Daniel e al. [57]
E ec o he in ake o high
o low glycemic index high
ca bohyd a emeals on
a hle es’ sleep quali y in
p e-game nigh s
Sleep and
pe o mance 9 male Eli e
C oss-sec ional s udy
wi h a c osso e
design (3-day
championship)
Subjec i e: sleep
la ency (LAT), sleep
e iciency (EFIC),
wake a e sleep
onse (WASO), sleep
ime h ough
ac ig aphy and sleep
dia y, sa ie y,
sleepiness
Objec i e: die a y
in ake, glycemic
esponse, sali a y
co isol and
mela onin
Food in ake du ing
he day a ec s nigh
sleep mo e an he
glycemic index
2019 Clemen e e al. [38]
Pe cei ed T aining Load,
Muscle So eness, S ess,
Fa igue, and Sleep Quali y
in P o essional Baske ball:
A Full Season S udy
Sleep and wo kloads
15 male P o essional
Desc ip i e
longi udinal s udy,
mixed ANOVA
Subjec i e: in e nal
load (RPE) and
wellness (muscle
so eness, s ess,
a igue, and sleep
quali y)
Lowe sleep quali y
and highe a igue
when playing 2
games in a week
2020 Fox e al. [36]
Losing Sleep O e I : Sleep
in Baske ball Playe s
A ec ed by Game Bu No
T aining Wo kloads
Sleep and
pe o mance, sleep
and wo kloads
7 male Semi-p o
Obse a ional
s udy—linea mixed
model + Bon e oni
es s
Objec i e: playe
loads and hea a e
Subjec i e: RPE sleep
du a ion and quali y
Highe loads mean
sho e sleep
du a ion and lowe
quali y
2020 Fox e al. [48]
The E ec o Game-Rela ed
Con ex ual Fac o s on
Sleep in Baske ball Playe s
Sleep and
pe o mance 9 male Semi-p o
Linea mixed models
and e ec sizes o
compa e du a ion
and quali y o sleep
wi h game ou comes
Objec i e: game
ou come and sco e
ma gin s.
subsequen nigh
sleep du a ion
Subjec i e: sleep
quali y
Playe s should sleep
mo e hou s a e
games
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 9 o 20
Table 3. Con .
Yea Au ho Ti le Main Topic N Le el Me hodological
App oach Measu ed Va iable Ou come
2020 Las ella e al. [49]
The Impac o T aining
Load on Sleep Du ing a
14-Day T aining Camp in
Eli e, Adolescen , Female
Baske ball Playe s
Sleep and wo kloads
11 emale Eli e
Sepa a e linea
mixed models and
e ec size analysis
assessed di e ences
in sleep beha io s
depending on he
aining load
Objec i e: w is
ac i i y moni o s
Subjec i e: RPE
No e ec s
2020 Doe en e al. [58]
Managing Load o
Op imize Well-Being and
Reco e y Du ing
Sho -Te m Ma ch
Conges ion in Eli e
Baske ball.
Sleep and wo kloads
16 male Eli e
Moni o loads and
eco e y du ing a
ull season
Subjec i e: RPE and
wellbeing (sleep,
a igue, s ess,
so eness, and mood)
du ing a ull season
Wo kloads
nega i ely a ec
sleep and wellbeing
2020 Wa son e al. [51]
Dec eased Sleep Is an
Independen P edic o o
In-Season Inju y in Male
Collegia e Baske ball
Playe s
Sleep and
pe o mance 19 male Collegia e
Sepa a ed
mixed-e ec logis ic
eg ession model
Subjec i e: mood,
a igue, s ess,
so eness,
Objec i e: sleep
du a ion (hou s),
and p e ious day’s
aining load and
inju ies
Mo e sleep, less isk
o inju y
2020 Camma ano e al.
[45]
Sleep and pe cei ed e o
du ing a collegia e
women’s baske ball season
Sleep and wo kloads
14 emale Collegia e Mul iple eg ession
analysis
Objec i e: sleep
quan i y
Subjec i e: sleep
quali y (sel - epo ed
measu es) and RPEs
(p e- and in-season)
No e ec s
2021 Fox e al. [47]
The Associa ion Be ween
Sleep and In-Game
Pe o mance in Baske ball
Playe s
Sleep and
pe o mance 8 male Semi-p o
Linea eg ession
wi h clus e - obus
s anda d e o o
quan i y
pe o mance–sleep
associa ion
Objec i e:
pe o mance (playe
s a is ics and
composi e
pe o mance
s a is ics, such as
o ensi e and
de ensi e a ing and
playe e iciency)
Good quali y o
sleep be o e a game,
be e pe o mance
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 16 o 20
5.2. Sleep and Wo kloads
The esul s o he s udies analyzed show ha he loads o he wo kou s a ec sleep
in he ollowing way: highe loads p e en a hle es om ha ing quali y sleep ha same
nigh [
36
]. This a ec s pe o mance he nex day [
39
,
47
,
57
], so coaches should ake his in o
accoun when planning and deciding hei wo kou in ensi y and schedules.
5.3. Sleep and Ci cadian Rhy hm
Ci cadian hy hms a ec all playe s and coaches and hey de e mine he bes and
wo s imes o he day o ain and compe e [
43
]. This is no being aken in o accoun
when scheduling aining o compe i ions [
62
]. I his a iable we e aken in o accoun
consis en ly, he pe o mance o playe s could be inc eased in a simila way. Fu u e lines o
esea ch should ocus on his o u he de elop his idea.
5.4. Sleep and T a eling
In p o essional compe i ions, i is inc easingly common o a el hund eds o hou-
sands o kilome e s pe week in o de o mee he assigned ma ches [
26
,
61
]. This has a
signi ican oll playe s heal h and pe o mance: long jou neys nega i ely a ec eco e y o
a hle es, h ough ac o s such as he physical oil o a el and dis up ions o he ci cadian
hy hm [
18
,
51
,
60
]. The e o e, he pe o mance o he playe s ends o be wo se and he
p obabili y o inju ies, highe . Again, his is no being aken in o accoun when choosing
compe i ion calenda s. The espec i e o ganiza ions should ake his in o accoun o im-
p o e compe i ions and be e p o ec playe s, who a e he mos impo an asse s ha clubs
ha e [18].
6. Conclusions
This wo k o e iew o he mos cu en scien i ic li e a u e shows ha sleep and
ci cadian hy hms a e e y ashionable opics ha a e acqui ing a lo o impo ance in he
compe i i e en i onmen o baske ball in ecen seasons. The e a e inally solid scien i ic
conclusions ha c own sleep as a basic p ac ice o eco e y o he a hle e and i is clea
ha i a ec s hei pe o mance and heal h. Dismissing he use o good sleep p ac ices and
no ha ing in o accoun he di e se ci cadian hy hms o ou a hle es can ha e dele e ious
consequences on baske ball pe o mance.
7. P ac ical Applica ions
Educa ion in sleep hygiene and i s impo an consequences should come om he
hand o he s a o each eam, o enhance he only na u al (and ee) ool ha exis s o
eco e he body om he s ess o which we subjec i in each aining and game [
67
,
68
].
Playe s mus unde s and how o c ea e a posi i e p e-sleep en i onmen (a oiding he use
o s imulan s, social media and b igh ligh be o e going o bed, especially blue ligh , using
ambe in ed glasses and nigh -shi -mode o he elec ic de ices as a coun e measu e,
se ing a coole and quie en i onmen wi hou dis ac ions) and how his can a ec hei
pe o mance, bo h in numbe s and s a is ics and in inju ies.
On he o he hand, coaches should ake mo e in o accoun na u al ci cadian hy hms
when scheduling loads o bo h mo ning and e ening wo kou s, allowing mo e hou s o
sleep o hei playe s a e a pa icula ly ha d aining day o ma ch. The same applies
a e a long and hea y ip, when acing he nex aining. Sleep should be conside ed
as one mo e eco e y p ac ice and he e o e should ha e he same impo ance as he
usual p ac ices in hese cases (cold imme sion, e gogenic aids, massages, comp ession
ga men s . . . ).
As o p o essional baske ball clubs and leagues, i seems necessa y ha mo e a en ion
be paid o he nega i e impac o a el on he pe o mance and heal h o playe s. Now ha
i is clea e how hey su e in hei pe o mance and how he chances o inju y inc ease,
bo h ac o s ha condi ion he spec acle o his spo and hus, a e key when i comes o
a ac ing ans (and he e o e, he money necessa y o keep e e y hing mo ing), sleep
B ain Sci. 2022,12, 1570 17 o 20
canno be conside ed i ial. Mo eo e , in he main p o essional leagues o he wo ld (NBA,
Eu o league), whe e long ips o di e en ime zones a e common, emphasis should be
placed on p o iding enough hou s o es be ween ips, on a oiding he classic schedule
o wo consecu i e games (back- o-back games) and e en he ime o he game i sel . We
mus emembe ha in he NBA i has been shown [
44
] how when a eam om he Wes
a els o he Eas he ime o he game bene i s him by coinciding wi h i s peak o he
ci cadian hy hm. We belie e ha all hese ecommenda ions can inc ease he alue o
he p o essional spo o baske ball a se e al le els, om he pu ely spo s’ side o he
o ganiza ional and e en h oughou he economic pa . By imp o ing bo h he show and
he o ganiza ion o i , i mus necessa ily esul in a g ea e a ac ion on he pa o he
spec a o and a mo e e icien use o budge s by he clubs.
All he in o ma ion collec ed in his wo k should be aken in o accoun by bo h he
playe s and he coaches o he eams (s a membe s a e also a ec ed by hese condi ions,
as Calleja-González e al poin ed ou in 2021 [
66
]), he manage s o he clubs and by he
o ganiza ions o he p o essional leagues hemsel es, in o de o acili a e a sa e and mo e
cohe en en i onmen wi h he ci cadian hy hms and eco e y imes o he human being.
8. Fu u e Lines o Resea ch
Baske ball is a spo ha equi es mo e accu a e u u e esea ch on sleep and wi h
a la ge popula ion and du a ion o e ime. We know ha a he eli e o he spo , he
NBA [
26
], a en ion is beginning o be d awn o such an impo an issue [
18
] and we belie e
ha p og ess has o be made in ha di ec ion. The app oach o sleep, he e o e, should be
pe sonalized, always aking in o accoun he indi iduali y o each playe and being able o
p o ide a ailo -made solu ion.
9. Limi a ions
The numbe o a icles ela ed o his opic ha ha e been based on p o essional
playe s is e y small, due o he di icul y o examining his ype o p o ile. Tha is why
in his e iew i has been decided o also include he in o ma ion p o ided by he s udies
wi h semi-p o essional and ama eu playe s.
Rega ding he isk o bias and he quali y o he me hodology used, disag eemen s
ha e been discussed be ween he wo au ho s, JOL and JC-G, un il eaching an ag eemen
on he subjec .
Au ho Con ibu ions:
J.O.-L. and J.C.-G.: concei ed and designed he esea ch, analyzed and
in e p e ed he da a, d a ed he a icle and app o ed he inal e sion submi ed o publica ion. J.O.-
L., T.H., M.S., J.C. and J.C.-G.: analyzed and in e p e ed he da a, c i ically e iewed he a icle, and
app o ed he inal e sion submi ed o publica ion. J.O.-L., S.P.B. and J.C.-G.: c i ically e iewed
he a icle and ap-p o ed he inal e sion submi ed o publica ion. All au ho s ha e ead and
ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da a p esen ed in his s udy a e a ailable in he a icle.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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