The In angible Dimension in He i age Conse a ion
A Case S udy o he Mang Thi c a illage.
By
Vu Thanh T ang T uong
Pa h 1
A disse a ion submi ed in pa ial ul illmen o he equi emen s
o he deg ee o Mas e 's P og amme ARURCOHE 2023–2025
Supe iso
D . Vaidas Pe ulis
D . Da id O dóñez Cas añón
Ma ch 2025
E asmus Mundus Join Mas e | ARURCOHE
A chi ec u al and U ban Con empo a y He i age
2
Summa y
The esea ch examines he conse a ion o in angible dimensions appea ing in
a chi ec u al he i age, using he Mang Thi po e y illage in Vinh Long, Vie nam, as a
case s udy. By acing he his o ical e olu ion and explo ing he concep o he i age, i
demons a es he shi om a ma e ial- ocused pe spec i e o a b oade ecogni ion
ha has placed g ea e emphasis on in angible he i age alongside angible he i age in
in e na ional he i age policies, including hose by UNESCO and ICOMOS. While
globaliza ion and mode niza ion ha e led o he decline o Mang Thi ’s adi ional
indus ies like b ick making, hei in angible cul u al signi icance beyond hei physical
s uc u es is conside ed an emo ional connec ion shaping and sus aining he spi i o
local he i age.
The esea ch adop s a mul idisciplina y me hodology, combining da a collec ion
om a ious sou ces, such as a chi al documen s, ield su eys, and communi y
in e iews, wi h hema ic analysis. The cen al ocus o he s udy is o iden i y and
analyze he in angible mani es a ions p esen in he a chi ec u e o Mang Thi ’s c a
illage- including kiln cons uc ion echniques, po e y-making p ocesses, eligious
belie s, communi y ela ionships, and ecological sys ems- o in eg a e bo h aspec s in
de eloping sus ainable conse a ion s a egies. These s a egies aim o balance
he i age p ese a ion wi h local economic and ou ism de elopmen , aligning wi h
Vie nam’s exis ing legal amewo ks. The ul ima e goal is o p o ide conse a ion
ecommenda ions o he "Mang Thi Con empo a y He i age" p ojec ha ensu es he
p o ec ion o local cul u al iden i y in he ace o u baniza ion and clima e change.
3
Table o con en
Summa y
2
Table o con en
3
Lis o Tables and Figu es
5
In oduc ion 7
1. Resea ch Con ex 7
2. Resea ch Objec i e and Ques ions 8
3. Signi icance o he S udy 9
4. Resea ch Me hodology 9
4.1. Da a Collec ion P ocedu es 10
4.2. Da a Analysis Me hods 10
Concep ual F amewo k 12
1. The expanding o he i age’s de ini ion 12
2. De ini ion o In angible e m 14
3. The key ole o in angible ac o s in p ese ing he iden i y o places 16
4. The exis ing legal amewo k apply o he case s udy in Vie nam 18
Case s udy o Mang Thi illage 20
1. In oducing he case s udy 20
2. His o y, socio-cul u al and economic con ex 21
2.1. Na u al and social condi ion o Vinh Long P o ince 21
2.2. The o ma ion and de elopmen o he Mang Thi ce amic illage 24
3. The ela ionship be ween angible and in angible aspec s 28
3.1. A chi ec u al le el 28
3.1.1. Tangible mani es a ions 28
3.1.2. In angible quali ies 31
3.2. U ban le el and spi i o he place 37
3.2.1. The Mekong i e : a cul u al ou e 38
3.2.2. The g eene y: en i onmen al managemen o ecological sus ainabili y
42
Discussion on he i age alues and conse a ion app oaches 46
1. In angible alues o he Mang Thi c a illage 46
1.1. Imma e ial mani es a ions p esen in he case s udy 46
4
1.2. The isks o losing o damaging one o he exis ing in angible aspec 50
2. Conse a ion guidelines o he new mas e plan p oposal 52
2.1. The need o building he i age’s guidelines 52
2.1.1. F amewo ks in He i age Conse a ion 52
2.1.2. Legal and policy challenges in Mang Thi ’s conse a ion app oach 53
2.2. P oposed s uc u e o he sus ainable de elopmen o Mang Thi A ea’s
guidance 54
2.2.1. Success ul in e na ional case s udy 54
2.2.2. P oposed s uc u e o he sus ainable de elopmen o Mang Thi
A ea’s guidance 59
2.2.3. Towa ds a eplicable model 64
Conclusion
67
Re e ences 69
5
Lis o Tables and Figu es
Table 1. Physical ea u es o he kilns.
29
Table 2. In angible ea u es o he kilns.
34
Table 3. P ocess o b ick making.
34
Table 4. In angible alue’s de ini ion men ioned in documen s.
46
Table 5. Iden i ied imma e ial mani es a ions p esen in he case s udy aligning wi h
documen s.
48
Table 6. Risks and consequences o losing in angible aspec s in he conse a ion p ocess
h ea ening he long- e m sus ainabili y o he case s udy.
51
Figu e 1. The imeline o he de elopmen p ocess in o icial he i age’s de ini ion.
14
Figu e 2. De ini ion o in angible aspec s de ined by men ioned documen s.
16
Figu e 3. Ae ial pho og aph o b ick kilns in Mang Thi adi ional illage.
20
Figu e 4. Map o Vie nam showing he Mekong del a and s udy a ea in Vinh Long p o ince.
22
Figu e 5. Map o economic scale s uc u e in 2009. Sou ce: De-So Asia
23
Figu e 6. Map o Mang Thi be o e and a e 1955 when he Thay Cai canal was dug.
24
Figu e 7. Ae ial pho og aph o Mang Thi c a illage in which many o he kilns we e
abandoned and co e ed wi h moss as long o go en uins.
25
Figu e 8. Timeline demons a es Mang Thi illage’s o ma ion and de elopmen .
27
Figu e 9. De ail o he kiln’s in e io ma e ial.
28
Figu e 10. The in e io appea ance o a b ick kiln.
30
Figu e 11. (Le ) Sec ion o a ypical kiln. (Righ ) Pho o o he ex e io appea ance o a b ick
kiln.
30
Figu e 12. Wo ke s engaged in he cons uc ion o kilns.
32
Figu e 13. P asa Sikko aphum, a Khme emple in no heas Thailand wi h dis inc i e de ails
o Khme a chi ec u e.
33
Figu e 14. The al a o “god o he kiln”, posi ioned in on o each kiln.
33
Figu e 15 Pho os demons a e phases in clay making: Molding- sun d y- loading- empe ing.
35
6
Figu e 16. Pho os o b ick kilns illage in he ela ionship wi h he su ounding en i onmen .
37
Figu e 17. Map o he a ea highligh ing he i e and i s b anches ( op) and esiden ial land
use (bo om).
39
Figu e 18. Pho o illus a es he ib an and dynamic li es yle associa ed wi h he " ên bến
dưới huyền" (on he sho e, unde he boa ) cul u e in sou he n Vie nam in 20 h cen u y.
41
Figu e 19. G eene y accoun s o mo e han 50% o he land use in he a ea and is an
insepa able pa o local daily li e.
42
Figu e 20. Al i ude map o he a ea highligh ing low-lying egions a isk o looding (le );
Land Use Map o Ag icul u al A eas Dis ibu ion ( igh ).
43
Figu e 21. Typical sec ion o Mang Thi illage.
44
Figu e 22. Illus a ion o he sus ainable and na u al ecosys em in he a ea.
45
Figu e 23. Illus a ion o 12 s eps in de eloping a he i age policy and p og am acco ding o
Le ellie ’s guiding p inciples.
53
Figu e 24. Le : Wedgwood Po e y Fac o y, 1961. Righ : Ins alla ion ‘Blood Swep Lands and
Seas o Red’ in Middlepo Po e y, 2014.
55
Figu e 25. The po celain cul u e is p ese ed and p ac iced by elde ly a isans a he ancien
kiln si es in Jingdezhen.
57
Figu e 26. An ancien me hod o making po celain is in oduced in he Ancien Kiln and Folk
Cus oms Museum, Jingdezhen.
58
Figu e 27. Illus a ion o a p oposed pilo p ojec , se ing as a p o o ype example o
epu posing in alignmen wi h he gene al guidelines.
64
Figu e 28. Illus a ion o a p oposed space u ilizing exis ing signi icance o os e engaging
ac i i ies.
66
7
Chap e 1
In oduc ion
1. Resea ch Con ex
As he concep ion o he i age has changed in ecen decades, i has s imula ed
a ocus on in angible he i age. The emphasis on his aspec in new he i age s udies
ep esen s he u ning poin o how socie y deals wi h cul u al asse s.1 Fo malized
concep ions o he in angible he i age ha e been s imula ed by he UNESCO 2003
‘Con en ion o he Sa egua ding o he In angible Cul u al He i age’. This con en ion
es ablished a b oade unde s anding o he i age which now su passes me ely
monumen s and collec ions o objec s bu also he li ing exp essions and adi ions
passed down h ough gene a ions. Acco ding o UNESCO In angible Cul u al He i age,
his includes o al adi ions, pe o ming a s, social p ac ices, i uals, es i e e en s,
knowledge and p ac ices conce ning na u e and he uni e se o he knowledge and
skills o p oduce adi ional c a s.2 While he impo ance o in angible cul u al he i age
is widely acknowledged as means o main aining cul u al di e si y in he ace o
g owing globaliza ion, in he a chi ec u e ield he e emains a no able gap in
ecogniza ion conce ning he in angible dimensions in he p ocess o buil he i age’s
p ese a ion.
The s ong connec ion be ween buil he i age and i s in angible aspec s a e
insepa able: “The e is no build he i age wi hou an “in angible dimension””3.
Fu he mo e, “by gi ing g ea e ecogni ion and p o ec ion [...] o he in angible
cul u al he i age associa ed wi h i ”, buil he i age was explo ed o be mo e secu ed
and en iched.4 Despi e hei signi icance, he legisla ion ha suppo s he adi ional
iewpoin in buil he i ages has a his o ical endency o de ine he i age in limi ed
ca ego ies ha ocus p ima ily on ma e ial si es.5 As a esul , in angible he i age ends
o be la gely o e looked in buil he i age p ac ices and limi ed in ecogni ion. This
s udy aims o i s iden i y he in angible concep ion o he i age wi hin he buil
he i age sec o , and hen highligh how imma e ial mani es a ions o cul u e shape and
5 Cai lin DeSil ey, “Obse ed Decay: Telling S o ies Wi h Mu able Things,” Jou nal o Ma e ial
Cul u e 11, no. 3 (Oc obe 24, 2006): 318–38, h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/1359183506068808.
4 Riin Ala alu and Anneli Randla, Sense o Place: The In e sec ion Be ween Buil He i age and
In angible Cul u al He i age in Singapo e - ICOMOS Open A chi e: EP in s on Cul u al He i age, His o ical
Pe spec i e o He i age Legisla ion. Balance be ween Laws and Values, 2017, 43,
h ps://opena chi e.icomos.o g/id/ep in /2074/.
3 João Campos, “The Cul u al Consis ence o Buil He i age Cons i u es I s In angible
Dimension,” Place - Memo y - Meaning: P ese ing In angible Values in Monumen s and Si es, 2003, 1,
h ps://opena chi e.icomos.o g/474/.
2 “UNESCO - Wha Is In angible Cul u al He i age?,” n.d.,
h ps://ich.unesco.o g/en/wha -is-in angible-he i age-00003.
1 Sal ado Munoz-Vinas, Con empo a y Theo y o Conse a ion, Rou ledge eBooks, 2012,
h ps://doi.o g/10.4324/9780080476834.
8
sus ain he spi i o local a chi ec u al he i age, wi h an case s udy o Mang Thi
adi ional c a illage in Vinh Long, a sou he n p o ince o Vie Nam.
Mang Thi c a illage’s a chi ec u e ep esen s an unde alued inhe i ance o
c a smanship and in o mal cons uc ion p ac ices o he 20 h cen u y, emaining he
es amen o he his o ical and cul u al usion o his a ea. This case s udy ocuses on
examines he kiln illages along he Thay Cai canal, which we e iden i ied as key si es in
he Mang Thi Con empo a y He i age U ban De elopmen p ojec 6 ini ia ed by he
Vinh Long People’s Commi ee. To add ess he ques ion o wha o p ese e, i is
c ucial o iden i y he po en ial o he a ea by in eg a ing i s aluable cul u al
connec ions and in angible aspec s, which a e inc easingly a isk o being los amids
he challenges o he mode n e a. Unde s anding his dimension is essen ial o
sa egua ding he essence o he a ea’s iden i y, pa icula ly in he ace o apid u ban
ans o ma ion.
2. Resea ch Objec i e and Ques ions
The s udy aims o explo e he in angible dimension in he buil he i age sec o ,
wi h a pa icula ocus on Mang Thi c a illage. I will examine he socio-cul u al and
economic con ex o he p o ince, he b ick p oduc ion p ocesses wi hin he
a chi ec u al elemen s, pa icula ly he kilns and he landscape shaped by his c a . By
highligh ing he in angible cul u al signi icance embedded in adi ional p ac ices and
he cu en isks a ec ing his a ea, i unde sco es he need o in eg a e hese alues
in o p ese a ion s a egies o ensu e hei con inui y, au hen ici y and ele ance. The
esul o his esea ch is o de elop p oposals and guidance o p ese ing and
dissemina ing his he i age in Mang Thi a ea, emphasizing in angible a ibu es ha
a e missing in he exis ing egional legal amewo k.
The esea ch will iden i y imma e ial mani es a ions p esen in he case s udy
by concen a ing on speci ic bounda ies:
● The In angible Dimension in a chi ec u e will be sys ema ized wi h he concep s
o in angibili y in he i age ecognized by o icial documen s om ICOMOS and
UNESCO se ed as a basis o he heo e ical amewo k.
● The spa ial scope will be ocused on adi ional neighbo hoods o Mang Thi
along he Thay Cai canal wi h i s communi y-d i en in o mal cons uc ion
p ac ices and hei ela ionship wi h he su ounding landscape .
● The empo al scope is om he 20 h cen u y, a pe iod ma ked he o ma ion o
he illage along wi h many his o ical and socio-poli ical changes ha h ea en
he p ese a ion o his he i age.
6 Decision No 3502/QD-UBND app o ing “ Mang Thi Con empo a y He i age” p og am.
9
To add ess he ques ion o wha o p ese e, he s udy discusses hese hemes
as ollows: In e ms o heo y, wha a e he de ini ions and signi icance o in angible
dimensions wi hin he p ocess o alue conside a ions o buil he i age, and how a e
hese elemen s con ex ualized in exis ing li e a u e? In speci ic case s udy o Mang
Thi , Wha in angible quali ies a e p esen in communi y-based a chi ec u al p ac ices?
On a bigge scale, how has he u ban landscape in luenced he in angible cul u al
connec ions and how migh hese be ecognized in he linkage be ween angible and
in angible aspec s o mo e ully e lec communi y iden i y?
3. Signi icance o he S udy
As documen a ion o in angible a iables associa ed wi h buil he i age, his
esea ch con ibu es o bo h heo e ical ounda ion and p ac ical unde s anding o he
subjec . Theo e ically, i o e s a amewo k o iden i ying and analyzing aspec s ha
a e undamen al o enhance he i age unde s anding as a whole, deepens insigh s in o
he signi icance o a chi ec u al he i age. By acknowledging hem, he documen a ion
o case s udies in he Mang Thi illage assesses he alue o i s in angible dimension in
alignmen wi h UNESCO’s ecommenda ions7 which suppo he p ese a ion o
adi ional echniques, ma e ials and skills linked o buil he i age. B oadening he
scope o subjec s, acknowledgemen o hese alues a e undamen al o sus aining he
cul u al and his o ical iden i y o he egion o Vinh Long, hence p o ec ing local
cul u al di e si y, as well as p o iding solu ions o con empo a y challenges, including
clima e change and economic de elopmen . Building on his ounda ion, a guideline o
he mas e plan is p oposed o e ec i e conse a ion p ac ices o ensu e he
sa egua ding and long- e m p ese a ion o his he i age. This is pa icula ly essen ial
in cu en si ua ion when he Mang Thi Con empo a y he i age p ojec 8 is in i s ea ly
s ages o esea ch, wi h ongoing con o e sies ega ding he di ec ion o i s
conse a ion app oach.
4. Resea ch Me hodology
The me hodology used in his esea ch is an in eg a ed app oach o
comp ehensi ely assess he in angible dimensions o buil he i age wi hin he case
s udy o Mang Thi illage. C i e ia o case selec ion will include he p esence o ich
in angible aspec s ela ed o he buil he i age, limi ed a ailabili y o documen ed
e idence o conse a ion analysis, he dynamic, li ing quali ies o he a ea a e s ill
being main ained by he locals and being ulne able by he social isk h ea ening he
p ese a ion p ocess. The esea ch will ocus on indi iduals in ol ed in he in o mal
8 Decision No 3502/QD-UBND app o ing “ Mang Thi Con empo a y He i age” p og am.
7 UNESCO, Con en ion o he Sa egua ding o he In angible Cul u al He i age, 2003,
h ps://ich.unesco.o g/doc/s c/01852-EN.pd .
16
possess a ema kable capaci y o igge emo ions and ecall memo ies.30 Familia
scen , sounds, o he eel o old su aces can b ing back memo ies o pas
en i onmen s, showing how a chi ec u e is a essel o emo ions. Aligning on his,
Ba ba a E wine31, h ough esea ch in a chi ec u e, enginee ing, phenomenology, and
pe cep ual psychology, de ines in angible elemen s as ligh , colo , empe a u e, smell,
sound, and ouch ha when inco po a ed in space can e oke senso y expe iences,
e-engage human senses and c ea e memo able spa ial expe iences.
Figu e 2. De ini ion o in angible aspec s de ined by men ioned documen s. By au ho .
3. The key ole o in angible ac o s in p ese ing he iden i y o places
“The e is no build he i age wi hou an “in angible dimension””32 : a chi ec u al
he i age embodies no only physical s uc u es bu also in angible ideas, alues, skills,
32 Campos, “The Cul u al Consis ence o Buil He i age Cons i u es I s In angible Dimension,” 1.
31 Ba ba a E wine, C ea ing Senso y Spaces: The A chi ec u e o he In isible (New Yo k:
Rou ledge, Taylo & F ancis G oup, 2016).
30 Pallasmaa, The Eyes o he Skin, 67.
17
and knowledge essen ial o shaping, unde s anding, and p ese ing he i age.33 The
ela ionship be ween angible and in angible aspec s in he i age is bo h in ica e and
undamen al o unde s anding he ull alue o he i age si es. As he ma e ial
a ibu es o he i age exis in cons an dialogue and in e ac ion wi h in angible aspec s,
i is a key o how we uly connec wi h he buil en i onmen . Recognizing hei
ela ionship is c ucial o p ese ing he i age as hey a e o en wha gi e places hei
meaning, iden i y and sus ain i o e ime. By e lec ing he socio-cul u al p ac ices
ha de ine communi ies, in angible aspec s ensu e he con inui y o hei adi ional
ways o li e. This in e dependence has led o a shi in con empo a y conse a ion
heo y, mo ing beyond classical p inciples ha ocus solely on ma e ial p ese a ion.
Classical conse a ion app oaches a e conside ed no longe aligned wi h he
complexi ies o mode n conse a ion needs.34 In esponse, Munoz sugges ed a new
conse a ion heo y ha emphasizes he ole o in e ac ions be ween indi iduals and
communi ies and he cul u al alues embedded in he he i age p ocess. This inclusi e
amewo k p io i izing collabo a ion among s akeholde s ensu es ha cul u al alues
a e p ese ed in ways ha a e ele an o u u e gene a ions, os e ing a deepe
connec ion be ween communi ies and hei he i age.
Cen al o his e ol ing heo y is he ecogni ion o in angible alues in
conse a ion decision-making. Aligning wi h he b oade shi in conse a ion heo y,
Roeme Van Too n’s book also demons a es how he unseen cul u al and emo ional
laye s o he i age con ibu e o he dep h and signi icance o a place and deepen
people’s engagemen wi h he i age. Placing hese alues a he hea o conse a ion
e o s is essen ial o maximizing hese oppo uni ies and main aining meaning o
he i age.35 Acco ding o UNESCO, he signi icance o in angible cul u al he i age lies no
in he cul u al mani es a ions hemsel es, bu in he ansmission o knowledge, skills,
and adi ions ac oss gene a ions. By being ansmi ed om gene a ion o gene a ion,
he in angible cul u al he i age is con inuously ec ea ed by communi ies in esponse
o hei changing en i onmen s, his o ical expe iences, and in e ac ions wi h na u e.36
These p ac ices gi e people a sense o con inui y, linking he pas , p esen , and u u e.
They play a c i ical ole in os e ing social cohesion, allowing indi iduals o eel pa o
bo h hei communi ies and socie y a la ge.37 By os e ing he sense o iden i y and
esponsibili y, his dynamic p ocess ensu es ha cul u al he i age emains ali e,
adap ing o con empo a y needs while p ese ing he alues and p ac ices o he pas ,
u he p omo ing espec o cul u al di e si y and human c ea i i y.38
38 UNESCO, Con en ion o he Sa egua ding o he In angible Cul u al He i age.
37 “UNESCO - Wha Is In angible Cul u al He i age?”
36 UNESCO, Con en ion o he Sa egua ding o he In angible Cul u al He i age.
35 Susan Macdonald e al., Values in He i age Managemen : Eme ging App oaches and Resea ch
Di ec ions, Ge y Publica ions eBooks (Los Angeles, CA: The Ge y Conse a ion Ins i u e, 2019), 186,
h ps://di ec o y.doabooks.o g/handle/20.500.12854/61848.
34 Munoz-Vinas, Con empo a y Theo y o Conse a ion.
33 Da ide Mezzino, “Cul u al Buil He i age’s Tangible and In angible Dimensions and
Digi aliza ion Challenges” (2017), h ps://doi.o g/10.22215/e d/2017-12183.
18
4. The exis ing legal amewo k apply o he case s udy in Vie nam
Despi e in e na ional consensus on he scope o he i age, he e a e signi ican
gaps in s anda dizing he i age e minology ac oss coun ies,39 c ea ing challenges in
compa ison and in o ma ion exchange in he i age conse a ion. He i age in Vie nam is
ecognized and managed by he Depa men o Cul u al He i age unde he Cul u al
He i age Law No. 28/2001/QH10. Cu en ly, Vinh Long P o ince has only h ee
in angible cul u al he i age elemen s ecognized in he o icial lis o he Depa men o
Cul u al He i age40, including:
● Đờn ca Tài ử Nam Bộ (Sou he n Ama eu Music) – Decision No.
5079/QĐ-BVHTTDL, da ed Decembe 27, 2012 (Ca ego y: Folk Pe o ming
A s).
● Lễ hội Lăng Ông T à Ôn (Lăng Ông T à Ôn Fes i al) – Decision No.
261/QĐ-BVHTTDL, da ed Janua y 22, 2020 (Ca ego y: T adi ional Fes i al).
● Nghề làm Tàu hũ ky (Soybean Cu d Shee C a ) – Decision No.
1832/QĐ-BVHTTDL, da ed Augus 4, 2022 (Ca ego y: T adi ional
C a smanship).
As Mang Thi c a illage as well as i s adi ional c a smanship ha e no been
o icially ecognized as na ional he i age , i has esul ed in he absence o a clea legal
amewo k o i s managemen and p ese a ion. Fu he mo e, while acknowledging
bo h angible and in angible he i age, mos pas esea ch ela ing o buil he i age in
Vie nam ha e p ima ily ocused on he physical monumen s, wi h limi ed a en ion o
he su ounding en i onmen and he in angible knowledge.
E en hough no di ec ly ela ed o he ield o he i age conse a ion in
Vie nam, he e a e amewo ks and documen s applying o he case s udy ha se
s a egic di ec ions o sus ainable g ow h, clima e adap a ion, u ban planning,
economic de elopmen , and o he in angible aspec s. A he co e o hese policies is
he emphasis on p o ec ing and enhancing cul u al, social, and ecological ounda ions.
No ably, in “Resolu ion on sus ainable and clima e- esilien de elopmen o he
Mekong Del a”41, decision No. 120/NQ-CP da ed No embe 2017, he Go e nmen
unde sco es he impo ance o placing "people" a he cen e o de elopmen e o s
while ecognizing wa e esou ces as a undamen al elemen : “Bảo ồn những giá ị
ăn hóa uyền hống của đồng bằng sông Cửu Long; chú ọng bảo ệ đấ , nước à
41 Vie nam Go e nmen . Nghị Quyế Về Phá T iển Bền Vững Đồng Bằng Sông Cửu Long Thích
Ứng Với Biến Đổi Khí Hậu [Resolu ion on Sus ainable De elopmen o he Mekong Del a in Adap a ion o
Clima e Change] (Go e nmen E-po al, 2017),
h ps://da a iles.chinhphu. n/cpp/ iles/ bpq/2017/12/120.signed.pd .
40 The lis o o icial Na ional In angible cul u al he i age ecognized by Depa men o Cul u al
He i age can be ound in he e: h ps://ds h.go . n/danh-muc-di-san- an-hoa-phi- a - he-quoc-gia-1789
39 Yahaya Ahmad, “The Scope and De ini ions o He i age: F om Tangible o In angible,”
In e na ional Jou nal o He i age S udies 12, no. 3 (Ma ch 15, 2006): 299,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/13527250600604639.
19
đặc biệ là con người”42. By ad oca ing o in eg a ed wa e esou ce managemen , i
ensu es he sus ainabili y o bo h he en i onmen and local communi ies: “Đồng bằng
sông Cửu Long phá iển bền ững [...] ài nguyên hiên nhiên được sử dụng hợp lí,
[...] uyền hống ăn hóa lịch sử được duy ì,đời sống ậ chấ inh hần con người
nâng cao”43. Addi ionally, i p omo es he ans o ma ion o li elihood models in
esponse o clima e change, ein o cing a holis ic and adap i e app oach o egional
de elopmen . This esolu ion se es as he ounda ion o sus ainable de elopmen in
he Mekong Del a a ea e lec ed in subsequen p o incial policies.
The legal amewo k guiding he de elopmen o he Mekong Del a and Vinh
Long p o ince is es ablished h ough a se ies o key decisions. Building upon his
amewo k, Decision No. 378/QĐ-UBND da ed Feb ua y 2018 by he Vinh Long
P o incial People's Commi ee se s o h he p o ince’s cons uc ion plan un il 2030,
wi h a long- e m ision o 2050. Simila ly, Decision No. 1824/QĐ-TTg da ed Decembe
2018 by he P ime Minis e adjus s he o e all economic and social de elopmen plan
o Vinh Long un il 2020, ex ending i s ision o 2030. These planning policies p o ide a
s uc u ed app oach o egional de elopmen which led o he econside a ion and
edi ec ion in he u u e oadmap o adi ional b ick kilns in Mang Thi c a illage.
Mos ecen ly, ecognizing he impo ance o ou ism and cul u al asse s, Decision No.
2998/QĐ-UBND da ed No embe 2020 by he Vinh Long P o incial People's
Commi ee app o es a p ojec o de eloping specialized ou ism p oduc s in he
p o ince, including homes ay ou ism, ag icul u al ou ism, handic a illage ou ism,
and cul u al ou ism.44 This is u he ein o ced by Decision No. 3502/QĐ-UBND da ed
Decembe 2021, which o icially app o es he p ojec o he Mang Thí con empo a y
he i age si e.
44 “Vĩnh Long Tập T ung Xây Dựng Sản Phẩm Du Lịch Đặc Thù [Vinh Long P o ince Focus on
De eloping Dis inc i e Tou ism P oduc ],” Vinh Long P o ince Tou ism P omo ion and In o ma ion
Cen e , 2024, h ps:// ie nam ou ism.go . n/pos /57265.
43 Men ioned in Regional ision o 2100, Sec ion 1a. Vie nam Go e nmen , Nghị Quyế Về Phá
T iển Bền Vững Đồng Bằng Sông Cửu Long Thích Ứng Với Biến Đổi Khí Hậu [Resolu ion on Sus ainable
De elopmen o he Mekong Del a in Adap a ion o Clima e Change].
42 Men ioned in Guiding p inciples, Sec ion 2a. Vie nam Go e nmen , Nghị Quyế Về Phá T iển
Bền Vững Đồng Bằng Sông Cửu Long Thích Ứng Với Biến Đổi Khí Hậu [Resolu ion on Sus ainable
De elopmen o he Mekong Del a in Adap a ion o Clima e Change].
20
Chap e 4
Case s udy o Mang Thi illage
1. In oducing he case s udy
Mang Thi Dis ic in Vinh Long P o ince is one o he ew egions in Vie nam
ha has p ese ed a dis inc i e a chi ec u al complex and adi ional c a legacy
consis ing o housands o aul ed b ick kilns dis ibu ed along he main canals wi hin
Mang Thi Dis ic , s e ching o e an a ea o mo e han 3,000 hec a es. Du ing i s
peak, each amily in Mang Thí ope a ed 2–5 b ick kilns, p o iding s able employmen
and income o housands o local wo ke s. The ed ce amics om Mang Thi and Vinh
Long no only supplied he Mekong Del a and domes ic ma ke s bu we e also
expo ed wo ldwide.45 This a chi ec u e is an un- ecognized and unde - alued easu e
alued as a es imony o he local his o ic cul u al and a isan amalgama ion o he
Khme , Vie and Chinese communi ies in o e 100 yea s, all molding in o his
inhe i ance o adi ional a chi ec u e and c a smanship. Howe e , like elsewhe e, his
ime-hono ed handic a indus y is acing many challenges in mode n imes, pu ing
hem a isk o disappea ing.
Figu e 3. Ae ial pho og aph o b ick kilns in Mang Thi adi ional illage. Sou ce: Lò Gạch Tiến Minh -
Mang Thí Vĩnh Long [Tien Minh b ick kiln, Mang Thi Vinh Long]
In he con ex o apid socie al change and de elopmen , ad ancemen s
b ough by he digi al age ha e g adually eplaced adi ional p ac ices which was
45 “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm T ăm Năm [Re lec ions on he Cen u y-Old B ick and
Po e y C a Village],” T aVinh News, Janua y 7, 2025,
h ps://www.bao a inh. n/xa-hoi/ an-man- oi-lang-nghe-gach-gom- am-nam-42604.h ml. In e iew
wi h M . Tu Thach, egional en ep eneu .
21
conside ed incompa able o con empo a y inno a ion46. The ise o p oduc ion
echnology led o he loss o many unde alued cul u al asse s p oduced by adi ional
me hods o local c a smanship, including Mang Thi b ick kilns illage. By he ea ly
2000s, he b ick and ce amic indus y in Vinh Long began o decline due o a ious
ac o s: Ma ke demand dec eased, p oduc ion cos s ose, and inc easingly s ingen
en i onmen al egula ions posed challenges. As a esul , many amilies shi ed o o he
o ms o li elihood, leading o he g adual disappea ance o his adi ional c a .
P elimina y s udy indica es ha in he las decade, mo e han 1200 b ick kilns all o e
he p o ince ha e been disman led, lea ing app oxima ely 850 kilns s ill in ope a ion,
as epo ed by Chai man o he People’s Commi ee o Vinh Long P o ince47.
In he ecogni ion o i s his o ical and cul u al signi icance as well as add essing
he challenges acing he adi ional b ick and ce amic indus y in Vinh Long P o ince,
he Depa men o Cul u e, Spo s, and Tou ism has p oposed he "Con empo a y
He i age o Mang Thi " p ojec 48. This ini ia i e ocuses on conse ing he kiln sys em
along he Thay Cai Canal wi h pa ial unding o assis local esiden s in main aining
hese kilns and p ese ing he he i age si e o u u e gene a ions49. Howe e , one o
he key challenges lies in p ese ing no only he a chi ec u al mani es a ion bu also
he skills, know-how and ideas ela ed o i . Likewise, i is essen ial o conside he isk
o a 'scenog aphic he i age', educed o a me e ou is image o mee ing isi o s'
expec a ions bu s ipped o he o iginal con en s and meanings. The e o e, a c i ical
conside a ion o whe he he essence o he si e can be p ese ed by e aining only he
kilns and eplacing all o he elemen s should be aken in o accoun in he conse a ion
app oach.
2. His o y, socio-cul u al and economic con ex
2.1. Na u al and social condi ion o Vinh Long P o ince
Posi ioned in he lowe basin o he Mekong Ri e , Vinh Long p o ince is
si ua ed in he sou he n Vie nam’s Mekong Del a egion. I is bo de ed o he no h by
he Hau Giang Ri e , o he sou h by he Tien Ri e , and o he eas by he Nicolai
Canal. The clima e o his a ea is cha ac e ized by wa m empe a u es, mild wea he ,
and minimal wind, wi h in equen s o ms and ain.50 Du ing he mon hs o July,
50 Minh Huỳnh, Vĩnh-Long Xưa Và Nay [Vinh Long: Pas and P esen ] (Saigon: Canh Bang, 1967),
52.
49 “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm T ăm Năm [Re lec ions on he Cen u y-Old B ick and
Po e y C a Village].” Acco ding o Phan Van Giau, Di ec o o he Depa men o Cul u e, Spo s, and
Tou ism.
48 Decision No 3502/QD-UBND app o ing “ Mang Thi Con empo a y He i age” p og am.
47 “‘Vương Quốc’ Lò Gạch Thành Di Sản Đương Đại [ he Kingdom o B ick Kilns as a
Con empo a y He i age],” Vie namnews, Janua y 6, 2025,
h ps://www. ie nam. n/ uong-quoc-lo-gach- hanh-di-san-duong-dai-2/.
46 Ib ahim Adedeji Adeni an e al., “The Fu u e o P ojec Managemen in he Digi al Age:
T ends, Challenges, and Oppo uni ies,” Enginee ing Science & Technology Jou nal 5, no. 8 (Augus 31,
2024): 2633, h ps://doi.o g/10.51594/es j. 5i8.1516.
22
Augus , and Oc obe , signi ican idal su ges occu . The egion is in e sec ed by
nume ous i e s acili a ing anspo a ion whose wa e is mu ky due o high sedimen
con en .51 Geologically, Vinh Long, like many o he sou he n p o inces in he Mekong
Del a a ea, is composed p ima ily o allu ial soil, making i highly sui able o ice
cul i a ion, ui g owing and he p oduc ion o indus ial c ops such as co on and
ubbe . The land is p edominan ly e ile, ich in nu ien s pa icula ly in a eas wi h
clay- ich soil. These geological condi ions ha e led o a popula ion la gely engaged in
ag icul u al ac i i ies. In he 20 h cen u y, local go e nmen s a is ics indica ed ha
app oxima ely 90% o he popula ion in Vinh Long elied on a ming as hei p ima y
li elihood.52 Howe e , challenges such as looding and salini y in usion began o
eme ge as c i ical issues a ec ing ag icul u al ou pu .53
Figu e 4. Map o Vie nam showing he Mekong del a and s udy a ea in Vinh Long p o ince. Sou ce: Nguyen
54 Modi ied by au ho .
54 Van Thang Nguyen e al., “Na u al Radionuclides in Rice Soils in he Mekong Del a Region,
Vie nam: Heal h Risk, T ans e o Rice, and Long-Te m Accumula ion in Topsoil,” Wa e Ai & Soil
Pollu ion 232, no. 9 (Augus 24, 2021), h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11270-021-05275-0.
53 Le Ngoc Tuan and T an Thi Thuy, “Assessmen o Clima e Change Impac s on Ag icul u al
Sec o in Vinh Long P o ince,” Science and Technology De elopmen Jou nal - Na u al Sciences 2, no. 1
(Janua y 6, 2019): 102–11, h ps://doi.o g/10.32508/s djns. 2i1.682.
52 Huynh, Vĩnh-Long Xưa Và Nay [Vinh Long: Pas and P esen ], 58.
51 ibid
23
Vinh Long in gene al, and Mang Thi dis ic in pa icula , has a di e se
popula ion shaped by i s geog aphical ea u es and his o ical de elopmen . The
majo i y o he popula ion is Kinh (92%), ollowed by a smalle p opo ion o Khme
people (2.35%), along wi h Chinese and a ious o he e hnic mino i ies55. Du ing i s
peak pe iod, he b ick kiln indus y p o ided employmen o o e 16,000 wo ke s,
accoun ing o 37% o he o al p oduc ion alue wi hin he local c a indus y and
57% o he o al p oduc ion alue o he cons uc ion ma e ials sec o in he
p o ince.56 Recen ly, he egion has been acing a labo sho age, cha ac e ized by high
ou -mig a ion a es and low le els o immig a ion. This demog aphic shi is
accompanied by a g adual change in he local economy, wi h a no able ansi ion om
he cons uc ion indus y o he se ice sec o . Addi ionally, a signi ican po ion o he
economy is inc easingly ocused on ag icul u e, o es y, and ishe ies, as e lec ed in
he economic s uc u e analysis o 2009. These pa e ns unde sco e he con inuous
shi in he egion’s economic amewo k, d i en by changing labo dynamics and he
de elopmen o new indus ial sec o s.57
Figu e 5. Map o economic scale s uc u e in 2009. Sou ce: De-So Asia58
58 De-So Asia A chi ec u e, “P oposal o De elop a Gene al Planning o Mang Thi
Con empo a y He i age o 2045,”
57 De-So Asia A chi ec u e, “P oposal o De elop a Gene al Planning o Mang Thi
Con empo a y He i age o 2045,” 2024.
56 THVL Tổng Hợp [Vinh Long Tele ision], “Vương Quốc Gạch Gốm Mang Thí | Tập 1: Thời
Thịnh Vượng | Chuyện Kể Đấ Phương Nam [ he Kingdom o Mang Thí B ick and Po e y Episode 1:
The E a o P ospe i y, Tales F om he Sou he n Land],” Decembe 7, 2021,
h ps://www.you ube.com/wa ch? =Cp5BEdV uBQ.
55 Ho Chi Minh Ci y U ban planning ins i u e and HVV A chi ec & Pa ne s, “Gene al Plan o
De eloping Mang Thi Con empo a y He i age Vinh Long P o ince,” 2023, 53.
24
2.2. The o ma ion and de elopmen o he Mang Thi ce amic illage
In he pas , he popula ion along he Co Chien Ri e was spa se, wi h houses
p ima ily made o ha ch and wood, lacking he mode n s uc u es seen oday. Du ing
he ea ly 20 h cen u y, Vinh Long was pa o Cochinchina unde F ench colonial ule.
The F ench es ablished a ious in as uc u e p ojec s, including oads and i iga ion
sys ems, o enhance ag icul u al p oduc i i y.59 Du ing his pe iod, wi h inancial
suppo om he Uni ed S a es, houses began o be econs uc ed, pa icula ly hose
ollowing he Wes e n a chi ec u al s yle wi h b ick walls and me al shee oo s. As a
esul , he b ick-making indus y in Mang Thi de eloped alongside his end, hough
on a modes scale. In 1955, a canal named Thay Cai was dug om he Co Chien i e o
lead in o he esiden ial a ea, wi h b ick kilns appea ing along he canal, g adually
o ming a po e y illage.60
Figu e 6. Map o Mang Thi be o e and a e 1955 when he Thay Cai canal was dug. Sou ce: Gallica61
A e he euni ica ion o Vie nam, du ing he 1980s, he e was a su ge in he
mo emen o ebuild houses wi h mode n ma e ials such as b icks, s ones, cemen ,
s eel, local wood and eplace he oo s wi h new ed iles. This led o he apid g ow h
61 Ho Chi Minh Ci y U ban planning ins i u e and HVV A chi ec & Pa ne s, “Gene al Plan o
De eloping Mang Thi Con empo a y He i age Vinh Long P o ince.”
60 “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm T ăm Năm [Re lec ions on he Cen u y-Old B ick and
Po e y C a Village].” Acco ding o he Uni e si y o Social Sciences and Humani ies Ho Chi Minh Ci y’s
Cul u al Resea ch eam, discussing he his o y and de elopmen o he b ick and ce amic indus y in he
egion wi h Tu Thach, a b ick and ce amic en ep eneu in Mang Thi Dis ic .
59 Van Quye Luu, “Rach Ca Fo in he F ench Es ua ies and Coas al De ense Sys em in
Cochinchine in he Ea ly 20 h Cen u y: His o ical Value and Po en ial o Tou ism De elopmen ,” Science
& Technology De elopmen Jou nal - Social Sciences & Humani ies, Janua y 1, 2023,
h ps://doi.o g/10.32508/s djssh. 7i3.881.
25
o b ick kilns along he Thay Cai Canal in Mang Thi Dis ic . The 1980s ma ked he
golden e a o Vinh Long po e y, wi h a ound 1,000 p oduc ion acili ies and
app oxima ely 3,000 kilns in ope a ion. This pe iod saw a la ge-scale p oduc ion sys em
capable o mee ing bo h domes ic demand and expo equi emen s. P oduc ion cos s
we e ela i ely low a he ime due o he use o locally a ailable ma e ials such as coal
and ice husks, which helped educe he inancial bu den on manu ac u e s. No ably,
he ce amic p oduc s made om clay in his egion we e g an ed ce i ica ion by he
In ellec ual P ope y O ice (Minis y o Science and Technology) unde he adema k
"Vĩnh Long Red Ce amics". In he 1990s, Vĩnh Long's a is ic ce amics gained a s ong
oo hold in Eu opean ma ke s as hey we e p ized o hei eddish hue, inged wi h a
hin o whi e om alum wi hou he use o chemicals, which was highly alued by
Wes e n consume s.62
This pe iod ma ks he indus y a i s peak as ce amic kilns sp ang up apidly
along he banks o he Co Chien Ri e in Mang Thi Dis ic . On he i e , boa s ca ying
b icks, ce amics, and ice husks as uel cons an ly mo ed back and o h day and nigh .
Wo ke s om all o e he coun y locked o he a ea, and housands o people wo ked
in he b ick and ce amic kilns, wi h skilled wo ke s such as kiln ope a o s, mold make s,
and a is s being highly sough a e and o e ed gene ous wages. Du ing his ime,
se e al newspape s en husias ically e e ed o he egion as he "Ce amic Kingdom o
Vinh Long," p aising he unique and apid de elopmen o his c a indus y.
62 “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm T ăm Năm [Re lec ions on he Cen u y-Old B ick and
Po e y C a Village].” Explained by he Chai man o he Vĩnh Long Ce amic Associa ion a he ime.
32
Figu e 12. Wo ke s engaged in he cons uc ion o kilns. Sou ce: Vie namplus news 71
A e ai -d ying o 8 o 15 days, he b icks de elop a usse colo , indica ing
hey a e eady o empe ing in he kiln. The loading and unloading p ocess akes
app oxima ely i e days, du ing which skilled c a smen me iculously a ange he slabs
o ensu e e en hea dis ibu ion, esul ing in a consis en colo and ex u e.
T adi ionally, ice husks ha e been used as he p ima y uel sou ce o i ing he kilns.
The kiln i ekeepe is conside ed an eso e ic p o ession. The i ing p ocess spans se en
days, beginning wi h a g adual hea ing phase o e he i s ou days. Du ing his ime,
he kiln is ca e ully hea ed o expel mois u e e ained wi hin he p oduc s, d ying hem
and aising he empe a u e o be ween 100°C and 200°C. On he i h and six h days,
he p ocess accele a es o inc ease he hea , culmina ing on he se en h day when he
kiln eaches he op imal empe a u e o 900°C.72 Once he kiln empe a u e eaches
900°C, he i e is ex inguished, and he peephole is sealed wi h clay, allowing he b icks
o cool g adually un il he kiln is eopened.73
Due o hese igid schedules and many unce ain ies hey aced, he c a smen's
li es a e deeply in e wined wi h he hy hm o hei wo k, mi o ing he con inuous
cycle o opening and closing he kiln. They o ge a deep, almos spi i ual bond wi h
hei kilns as li ing en i ies wi h hei own ie y cycles o li e. Posi ioned in on o each
kiln is a small al a , desc ibed by b ick masons as a sh ine o he “god o he kiln.” By
73 Do, Những Mẻ Gạch Cuối Cùng Ở “ ương Quốc Lò Gạch” Mang Thí | Saigonee [ he Las
Ba ches o B icks in he ’kingdom o B ick Kilns’].
72 THVL Tổng Hợp [Vinh Long Tele ision], “Vương Quốc Gạch Gốm Mang Thí | Tập 2: Hướng
Đi Mới Cho Làng Nghề | Chuyện Kể Đấ Phương Nam [The Kingdom o Mang Thí B ick and Po e y |
Episode 2: New Di ec ions o he C a Village | Tales o he Sou he n Land].”
71 Vie nam+, Có Mộ “Vương Quốc” Gạch Mang Thí Ở Vĩnh Long [ a ‘kingdom’ o Mang Thi
B icks in Vinh Long], Feb ua y 17, 2013, Vie nam+ (Vie namPlus), Feb ua y 17, 2013,
h ps://www. ie namplus. n/co-mo - uong-quoc-gach-mang- hi -o- inh-long-pos 184823. np.
33
wo shiping his sac ed p esence, wo ke s ind com o and esilience du ing he
sleepless nigh s spen ending o he blazing kilns, placing hei us in his spi i ual
gua dian o p o ec hose who keep i s i e ali e.74
Figu e 13. P asa Sikko aphum, a Khme emple in no heas Thailand wi h dis inc i e de ails o
Khme a chi ec u e. Sou ce: Joachim Gabel75
75 Joachim Gabel, “A Khme Temple on Khon Island in Sou h Laos: E idence o a Los Quincunx a
he Mekong Ca a ac Wa e all? Some Conside a ions on he Pañcāya ana Complexes in Khme
A chi ec u e,” Jou nal o Global A chaeology 2023, in p ess, 94–121, h ps://doi.o g/10.34780/ dd4-9zw.
74 ibid
34
Figu e 14. The al a o “god o he kiln”, posi ioned in on o each kiln. Sou ce: Saigonee 76
Tangible
aspec
In angible
aspec
Meaning and alue associa e wi h he he kilns
Spa ial
cons uc ion
In angible
me hod
O al ansmission, knowledge and p ac ice h ough
hands-on, p ac ical expe ience
T adi ional
c a smanship
Knowledge sys ems skills and associa ed objec s
Shape,
geome y
In luences
Symbolism, memo y and ememb ance
Cul u e exp essions: Khme a chi ec u e, Chinese and
Mekong del a cul u al mix
Religious
aspec
Spi i ual p ac ice and Belie : sac ed bond be ween he
mason wi h hei kiln, us ing ha god o he kiln will
p o ec hose who keep i s i e bu ning.
Ma e ial
Knowledge &
skills
Specialis in kiln building, clay mixing and i ekeepe
In e ac ion wi h na u e and his o y
Table 2. In angible ea u es o he kilns. By au ho
Table 3. P ocess o b ick making. By au ho
76 Do, Những Mẻ Gạch Cuối Cùng Ở “ ương Quốc Lò Gạch” Mang Thí | Saigonee [ he Las
Ba ches o B icks in he ’kingdom o B ick Kilns’].
35
B ick Molding
Ai D ying
36
Kiln Loading
Tempe ing
Figu e 15 Pho os demons a e phases in clay making: Molding- sun d y- loading- empe ing.
Sou ce: VnExp ess77
77 VnExp ess, Làng Gạch, Gốm T ăm Năm Ở Vĩnh Long [ he Cen u y-Old B ick and Po e y
Village in Vinh Long].
37
3.2. U ban le el and spi i o he place
The necessi y o ecognizing in angible aspec s associa ed o a si es was
men ioned in Objec i e 2 o ICOMOS In e na ional Cha e and Guidance on Si es wi h
In angible Cul u al He i age78 “he i age p o essionals ha e a esponsibili y o ensu e
ha he alues and a ibu es o in angible cul u al he i age connec ed o a si e a e
iden i ied, acknowledged and sa egua ded.” A chi ec u e, by i s e y na u e, does no
exis in isola ion bu is always s ongly linked o he his o ical, social, and cul u al
con ex in which i is embedded. In con empo a y he i age p ac ice, he conse a ion
o he i age si es is conside ed essen ial o he main aining all po en ial aspec s o
he i age. In he p ojec o “Mang Thi Con empo a y He i age”, while conse a ion
e o s o he b ick kiln he i age ha e been ini ia ed, s udies add essing he
su ounding en i onmen emain insu icien . Wi hou guidelines, he egion’s
dis inc i e ye agile ecosys em is in a p eca ious posi ion, endange ing bo h i s
cul u al and na u al asse s. The isks o losing o damaging hem has “ he po en ial o
a ec he signi icance o a si e and/o he sa egua ding o in angible cul u al
he i age”79
79 ICOMOS, ICOMOS In e na ional Cha e and Guidance on Si es Wi h In angible Cul u al
He i age, objec i e 6.
78 ICOMOS, In e na ional Cha e and Guidance on Si es Wi h In angible Cul u al He i age, 2024,
h ps://opena chi e.icomos.o g/id/ep in /3367/1/ICICH%20Cha e %20EN-FR_ inal.pd .
38
Figu e 16. Pho os o b ick kilns illage in he ela ionship wi h he su ounding en i onmen . Sou ce:
VnExp ess80
The Cul u al He i age Coun s o Eu ope epo has de ined he i age alue as
" he alue o he i age e e s o wha gi en si es mean o people [...]”81. While buil
he i age is commonly pe cei ed h ough i s angible a ibu es, he su ounding
con ex can hold deepe symbolic meanings ha enhance he signi icance o a place.
The e o e, he i age s udies a e no limi ed o he a chi ec u al o m, geome y and
shape i sel bu ex end o he b oade e i o ial and en i onmen al con ex . P ima ily
because o i s di icul y in quan i ica ion and hei lack o immedia e economic alue, a
si e is o en o e looked in he i age ecogni ion o hei insepa able link wi h he
he i age. One o he UNESCO’s c i e ia o he i age selec ion men ioned his
ela ionship, s a ing ha a si e is conside ed a he i age when “( ) be an ou s anding
example o a adi ional human se lemen , land-use, o sea-use which is
ep esen a i e o a cul u e (o cul u es), o human in e ac ion wi h he en i onmen
especially when i has become ulne able unde he impac o i e e sible change;”82.
To ully g asp he ull unde s anding o a he i age and ensu e he sus ainabili y o
he i age conse a ion, i is essen ial o iden i y he ex e nal in luences ha ha e
shaped i s de elopmen o e ime. Sus ainable de elopmen is men ioned in a mee ing
ha “Cul u e b ing sus ainabili y o de elopmen by making i meaning ul o people, by
deepening owne ship and pa icipa ion[...]”83.
3.2.1. The Mekong i e : a cul u al ou e
The i s ex e nal in luence ha has g ea ly impac ed he a ea wo h
men ioning is he wa e ea u e. Posi ioning in he hea o he illage, Mang Thi ’s
a chi ec u al landscape is cha ac e ized by i s close ela ionship wi h he i e . The
illage and he Mekong Del a a ea in gene al is shaped by na u al clay esou ces and
su ounded by wa e ways, including he Mekong Ri e and i s many b anches. The
c a o b ick making in Mang Thi is a gi gi en upon his a ea by he Mekong Ri e .
Ca ying sil om dis an ups eam sou ces, he i e channels i h ough a ious
basins, e en ually deposi ing i a i s inal des ina ion, shaping he Mekong Del a in o
an expansi e la land. The i e 's nu ien - ich sedimen s has no only nou ished he
local ag icul u e bu has also con ibu ed o he o ma ion o aluable clay deposi s
83 Ms. I ina Boko a in he Fi s mee ing o he Council o Minis e s o Cul u e o Sou h-Eas
Eu ope “ Enhancing Cul u e o Sus ainable De elopmen ”, 2014.
82 UNESCO Wo ld He i age, “The C i e ia o Selec ion - UNESCO Wo ld He i age,” Feb ua y 29,
2024, h ps://unescowo ld.com/ he-c i e ia- o -selec ion.
81 Ka a zyna Jagodzińska e al., Cul u al He i age Coun s o Eu ope : Full Repo , 2015, 53,
h ps:// uj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/i em/21914.
80 VnExp ess, Làng Gạch, Gốm T ăm Năm Ở Vĩnh Long [ he Cen u y-Old B ick and Po e y
Village in Vinh Long].
39
ha ha e been expe ly used o ce amic and b ick p oduc ion.84 This dis inc i e clay,
coupled wi h specialized i ing echniques, has esul ed in he c ea ion o Vinh Long's
enowned ed b icks and ce amics, which a e unique o he egion and canno be
eplica ed in o he pa s o he Mekong Del a.
Figu e 17. Map o he a ea highligh ing he i e and i s b anches ( op) and esiden ial land use (bo om).
Sou ce: Ho Chi Minh Ci y U ban planning ins i u e and HVV A chi ec & Pa ne s 85
The i e has played he mos signi ican ole and became an insepa able pa o
people's daily li e e lec ing he adi ional way o li e ocused on ag icul u e and li e on
85 Ho Chi Minh Ci y U ban planning ins i u e and HVV A chi ec & Pa ne s, “Gene al Plan o
De eloping Mang Thi Con empo a y He i age Vinh Long P o ince,” 58.
84 Do, Những Mẻ Gạch Cuối Cùng Ở “ ương Quốc Lò Gạch” Mang Thí | Saigonee [ he Las
Ba ches o B icks in he ’kingdom o B ick Kilns’].
40
he wa e in his egion. As can be obse ed on he map o esiden ial land use,
esiden ial a eas a e p ima ily concen a ed along majo wa e ways wi h a se lemen
pa e n ollowing a linea de elopmen model. Housing is delibe a ely posi ioned along
i e s and canals o acili a e access by bo h wa e way and oad anspo a ion. F om a
cul u al pe spec i e, he Mekong Del a has long been a c oss oads o di e se cul u es,
shaped o e a cen u y o cul u al and indus ial exchanges be ween he Khme , Kinh,
and Chinese communi ies. The scene o daily li e on he i e banks and boa s in he
u al a eas o Vinh Long in he pas , along wi h he bus ling and li ely a mosphe e on
he i e , embodies he unique cul u al alues and se es as a sou ce o inspi a ion,
e lec ing he dis inc i e way o li e deeply oo ed in he Sou he n egion.
In he con e ence “Rou es as cul u al he i age”, he concep o cul u al ou e is
men ioned as a de ined and physically dis inc pa hway such as land, wa e , mixed, o
o he ypes ha is cha ac e ized by i s unique his o ical dynamics and unc ionali y.86
This ou e acili a es he mo emen o people and enables con inuous,
mul i-dimensional, and ecip ocal exchanges o goods, ideas, knowledge, and alues
bo h wi hin and be ween coun ies o egions o e ex ended pe iods. Th ough hese
in e ac ions, he ou e os e s a c oss- e iliza ion o cul u es, in luencing and blending
adi ions, p ac ices, and belie s ac oss ime and space. As a esul , his p ocess is
e lec ed in bo h he angible and in angible he i age o he egions and peoples
in ol ed, shaping hei sha ed his o ies and cul u al iden i ies.87 These exchanges ha e
undeniably con ibu ed o shaping he a chi ec u al, a is ic, and unc ional
exp essions ha cons i u e wha we now ecognize as ma e ial he i age. Th ough he
blending o di e en cul u al in luences, hese in e ac ions ha e no only led o he
c ea ion o angible a i ac s and s uc u es bu ha e also en iched he cul u al ab ic o
he na ions in ol ed. In doing so, hey ha e in luenced and added aluable laye s o
he iden i y o hese na ions, expanding hei in angible he i age.88
Wi h he cul u al ichness and di e si y inhe en in he ela ionships and
cul u al p ope ies p esen wi hin he ou e, he wa e ea u e in Mang Thi illage is
conside ed a cul u al ou e in ela ion o he he i age expansion. Wi h many
in e -p o incial and wa e ways connec ing locali ies bo h wi hin and ou side he
p o ince, he canal and i e ha e se ed as a c oss oads o di e se cul u es,
acili a ing he exchange o a is ic and cul u al knowledge. This di e si y is no only
e lec ed in language, cul u e bu also in a chi ec u e ha is shown in he in luence o
Khme a chi ec u al s yle in he kiln’s en ance. In addi ion, i plays a c ucial ole in he
a ea’s economic and social ac i i ies by se ing as a main anspo a ion ou e,
p omo ing ade by o e ing a pla o m o anspo ing goods and passenge s. Du ing
he b ick kilns peak pe iod, a ious ypes o boa s, e y e minals and ib an loa ing
88 Ma o ell Ca eno, Cul u al Rou es: Tangible and In angible Dimensions o Cul u al He i age.
87 UNESCO, “Rou es as a Pa o Ou Cul u al He i age.” In he con e ence, he ollowing
de ini ion was p oposed: A he i age ou e is composed o angible elemen s whose cul u al signi icance
comes om exchanges and a mul i-dimensional dialogue ac oss coun ies o egions, and ha illus a e
he in e ac ion o mo emen , along he ou e, in space and ime.
86 UNESCO, “Rou es as a Pa o Ou Cul u al He i age,” Con en ion Conce ning he P o ec ion o
he Wo ld Cul u al and Na u al He i age, No embe 1994,
h ps://whc.unesco.o g/a chi e/ ou es94.h m#annex3.
41
ma ke s a bus ling ade hubs ha e become emblema ic symbols o he egion's
cul u al and economic landscape.89
Figu e 18. Pho o illus a es he ib an and dynamic li es yle associa ed wi h he " ên bến dưới huyền"
(on he sho e, unde he boa ) cul u e in sou he n Vie nam in 20 h cen u y. Sou ce: Chuyen Xua90
90 Tuyển Chọn Hình Ảnh Và Những Sự Kiện Xảy Ra Ở Sài Gòn Năm 1955 [Selec ed Images and
E en s Tha Occu ed in 1955], July 12, 2023, Chuyện Xưa, July 12, 2023,
h ps://www.yeubinhduong.com/ uyen-chon-hinh-anh- a-nhung-su-kien-xay- a-o-sai-gon-nam-1955/.
89 Huỳnh, Vĩnh-Long Xưa Và Nay [Vinh Long: Pas and P esen ], 57.
48
ha a e now ecognized as in eg al o he i age. These landscapes a e no me ely
physical en i onmen s bu a e also social, cul u al en i onmen s and li ing eco ds o
human his o y, embodying he e olu ion o adi ional se lemen s and he social
s uc u es ha ha e sus ained hem o e ime.113 In his dynamic space o
human-en i onmen in e ac ion, he wa e ea u e, as pa o a b oade cul u al ou e
o he Mekong i e , se es as dynamic spaces acili a ing he mo emen o goods and
people ac oss egions, o ming a pla o m o ading and exchanging ideas as well as
cul u al alues. Connec ing wi h he buil en i onmen , he g een landscape ha has
shaped and been shaped by human expe iences, ein o ces he his o ical signi icance
and iden i y o he Mekong del a a ea o e ime h ough knowledge and s o ies,
unc ioning as “ he ne e cen e o pe sonal and collec i e memo ies”. Toge he , hey
con ibu e o a deepe engagemen wi h he i age by os e ing a sense o con inui y
and belonging. Fu he mo e, his landscape plays a c ucial ole in main aining
ecological balance, pa icula ly in p ese ing he in eg i y o egional wa e esou ces,
which aligns wi h he legal amewo ks applied o Vinh Long p o ince.
To align wi h he p o ince's legal amewo k, he imma e ial aspec s can be
in eg a ed in o managemen plans o u ban planning and economic de elopmen
s a egies. The ecogni ion o cul u al he i age as a d i e o ou ism de elopmen can
p omo e balanced g ow h, p ese ing cul u al iden i y while os e ing mode niza ion.
In esponse o clima e change, sus ainable p ac ices can be encou aged in o he
ans o ma ion o li elihood models. In e ms o wa e sys em sus ainabili y policies,
local communi ies can mi iga e he impac s o idal luc ua ions by balancing land-use,
ensu ing long- e m ecological balance. By p io i izing he s abiliza ion o wa e
esou ces in i e s and canals, en i onmen al deg ada ion is p e en ed, sa egua ding
bo h na u al and cul u al landscapes.
Elemen
Desc ip ion o in angible
alues
Rele an
Documen s/De ini
ions
Po en ial
Applica ion wi hin
he P o ince’s
Exis ing Legal
F amewo k
The
know-how
and ideas
associa ed
wi h B ick
kilns
Knowledge and p ac ices
ela ed o na u e and he
uni e se: O al knowledge, and
c a smanship o adi ional
handic a p oduc ion,
including kiln cons uc ion
echniques, i ing me hods,
and ma e ials used.
UNESCO
Con en ion o he
Sa egua ding o
In angible Cul u al
He i age;
ICOMOS Kimbe ly
Decla a ion;
ICOMOS Quebec
Economic
de elopmen :
Specialized
p oduc
de elopmen ;
Li elihood
ans o ma ion;
113 Macdonald e al., Values in He i age Managemen : Eme ging App oaches and Resea ch
Di ec ions, 117.
49
Decla a ion;
The kilns’
spa ial
Cha ac e is
ics
Connec ion o place, s o ies
and memo ies: Symbolism and
ememb ance; Cul u al
exp essions: Khme
a chi ec u al in luences,
Mekong and Chinese cul u al
usion; Spi i ual p ac ices and
belie s: The sac ed bond
be ween builde s and kilns,
belie ing ha he kiln god will
p o ec hose who keep he i e
ali e.
ICOMOS Quebec
Decla a ion;
S o ies o Feelings
and Things;
ICOMOS Kimbe ly
Decla a ion;
UNESCO
De ini ions;
C ea ing Senso y
Spaces: The
A chi ec u e o
he In isible; Place
- Memo y -
Meaning:
P ese ing
In angible Values
in Monumen s
and Si es.
U ban planning
and ou ism
de elopmen
p ojec s;
P ese a ion o
dis inc i e
monumen s.
Wa e
Resou ces
A cul u al ou e, an in eg al
pa o he cul u al landscape;
Se es as a dynamic space
acili a ing he mo emen o
goods and people; Regional
symbol wi h his o ical
dynamics and unc ional
signi icance.
Cul u al ou e
de ini ions;
UNESCO he i age
c i e ia.
Wa e esou ce
managemen and
en i onmen al
conse a ion
policies;
Fields and
Ga dens
A socio-cul u al en i onmen
and a li ing pa o human
his o y; Rep esen s he
con inuous in e ac ion
be ween na u al and human
ac i i ies; An insepa able
landscape o memo y,
e lec ing coope a ion be ween
na u e and people.
UNESCO cul u al
and na u al
he i age c i e ia;
Values in He i age
Managemen :
Eme ging
App oaches and
Resea ch
Di ec ions.
Sus ainable
ag icul u al
de elopmen
policies;
E ec i e land and
wa e esou ce
managemen ;
Ecological ou ism
de elopmen ;
The
In e conne
c edness
be ween
elemen s
The ansmission o knowledge,
skills, and adi ions ac oss
gene a ions, connec ing he
pas , p esen , and u u e;
Con inuously ec ea ed by
communi ies in esponse o
UNESCO
de ini ions o
in angible cul u al
he i age;
ICOMOS Quebec
Decla a ion.
Economic, social,
ou ism, cul u al,
and educa ional
de elopmen ;
Tou ism p oduc s;
Li elihood
50
en i onmen al changes; Fos e s
social cohesion, allowing
indi iduals o eel pa o a
communi y; Enhances he
meaning and signi icance o a
place.
ans o ma ion o
espond o clima e
change;
Sus ainable wa e
sys ems,In eg a e
d wa e esou ce
managemen .
Table 5. Iden i ied imma e ial mani es a ions p esen in he case s udy aligning wi h documen s.
By au ho .
1.2. The isks o losing o damaging one o he exis ing in angible aspec
The 21s cen u y has wi nessed apid globaliza ion, leading o a g owing e osion
o cul u al con ex s, along wi h he decline o adi ional knowledge and p ac ices.
Acco ding o ICOMOS, his end is u he in ensi ied “by he a endan p ocesses o
clima e change and he accompanying isks o ways o li e om e e -inc easing na u al
and human-made disas e s”114. These ac o s, among o he s, con ibu e o he
dis up ion o adi ional ways o li e, weakening he connec ion be ween people, hei
cul u al he i age, and he si es linked o hei adi ions. Ano he di icul y in managing
si es wi h in angible cul u al he i age in con empo a y p ac ice is he a ying
in e p e a ions o his he i age ac oss gene a ions.115 The ansmission o knowledge
and expe ience om olde gene a ions is i al o sus aining a communi y’s cul u al
he i age in which he p ese a ion o in angible cul u al he i age elies on he
con ibu ions o all gene a ions.
In he case s udy o Mang Thi , he h ee mos signi ican angible objec s ha
ha e symbolized he imma e ial aspec s wi hin hem a e de ined as he kilns sys em,
wa e ea u e and g eene y landscape adjacen . Wi hou hei p esence, no only
would a signi ican numbe o in angible alues associa ed wi h hem disappea , bu
also hei insepa able connec ions would also be dis up ed. Wi hou he knowledge
and skills o p oduce c a , he b ick kilns a e me e sculp u es ha a e de oid o alue
and disconnec ed om he li e o he communi y, ul ima ely awai ing disman lemen .
The o e ex ac ion o i e sedimen - he p ima y ma e ial o b ick-making- o he
deg ada ion o wa e sou ce h ea ens no only he con inui y o his adi ional c a
bu also he his o ical pla o m o exchanging goods, ideas, and cul u al alues.
Fu he mo e, he disappea ance o g een ields can u he exace ba e many issues.
The ecology, en i onmen and adi ional knowledge associa ed wi h hem, as
men ioned by ICOMOS, may o e inno a i e app oaches o add essing clima e change
115 ICOMOS, ICOMOS In e na ional Cha e and Guidance on Si es Wi h In angible Cul u al
He i age, 4.
114 ICOMOS, ICOMOS In e na ional Cha e and Guidance on Si es Wi h In angible Cul u al
He i age.
51
and na u al disas e s. Fu u e decisions d i en solely by economic bene i s may lead o
he eplacemen o he na u al landscape wi h mo e comme cially iable land uses,
dis up ing he egion’s delica e ecosys em. Fo ins ance, he absence o na u al wa e
s o age would lea e he a ea ulne able o looding, des abilizing i e and canal le els,
in ensi ying he impac s o idal luc ua ions. The dis up ion caused by he loss o hese
elemen s would lead o u u e challenges in hei p ese a ion and managemen ,
ul ima ely pu ing he he i age a isk o disappea ing.
Po en ial Risks A ec ing he A ea
Consequence o losing co e elemen s
Fu u e
challenges in
managemen
Rapid globaliza ion
E osion o cul u al con ex s and decline o
adi ional knowledge and p ac ices.
Clima e change and
na u al disas e s
Dis up ion o adi ional ways o li e and
weakened connec ion be ween people,
hei cul u al he i age, and associa ed si es.
Va ying in e p e a ions
ac oss gene a ions
Di icul y in managing si es wi h in angible
cul u al he i age ha ely on con ibu ions
om all gene a ions o p ese a ion.
P ese a ion
gaps
Loss o angible
objec s (kilns, wa e
ea u es, g eene y)
Disappea ance o associa ed in angible
alues and dis up ion o hei connec ions.
He i age a isk o disappea ing.
Loss o c a smanship
B ick kilns become me e sculp u es, de oid
o alue and disconnec ed om he
communi y
Dis up ion o
he
ecosys em
O e -ex ac ion o
esou ces ( i e
sedimen )
Th ea ens con inui y o adi ional c a and
his o ical pla o m o exchanging goods,
ideas, and cul u al alues.
Replacemen o
g eene y wi h
comme cially iable
land uses
Disappea ance o memo y and na a i e
a ached o na u al landscape.
De iciency in ma e ial esou ces o b ick’s
i ing.
Vulne abili y o looding, des abiliza ion o
i e and canal le els, and in ensi ica ion o
idal luc ua ions.
Table 6. Risks and consequences o losing in angible aspec s in he conse a ion p ocess
h ea ening he long- e m sus ainabili y o he case s udy. By au ho .
52
2. Conse a ion guidelines o he new mas e plan p oposal
2.1. The need o building he i age’s guidelines
2.1.1. F amewo ks in He i age Conse a ion
In he book Reco ding, Documen a ion, and In o ma ion Managemen o he
Conse a ion o He i age Places: Guiding p inciples by Robin Le ellie , he p ocess o
de eloping policy and p og am o he i age’s conse a ion is desc ibed o ha e 12
s eps. In i , s ep 8, de ined he i age guidelines a e conside ed necessa y componen s o
e ec i e eco ding p og ams. “Guidelines a e mean o p o ide b oad di ec ion o
hose who manage a p og am o p ojec . In addi ion o complying wi h wha policy
dic a es and wi h he ield’s accep ed p inciples, guidelines o eco ding should
encou age lexibili y and c ea i i y du ing he managemen p ocess.”116
Wi hou amewo ks, challenges may a ise a he na ional, egional, and local
le els, pa icula ly i conse a ion objec i es and ope a ional needs a e no in eg a ed
du ing he planning s age. The e o e, o e ec i ely p ese e cul u al he i age, i is
essen ial o ha ing clea guidelines o he i age in o ma ion wi hin hei na ional
conse a ion policies. A comp ehensi e guidance is necessa y o add ess common
issues encoun e ed ac oss a ious le els, including a lack o awa eness ega ding he
ole o in angible aspec s, insu icien unde s anding o in o ma ion managemen , poo
coo dina ion among conse a ion agencies, an absence o sha ed s anda ds, and
limi ed access o p ac ical guidelines. Add essing hese gaps equi es s uc u ed
guidance ha emphasizes he impo ance o holis ic p ese a ion as a undamen al
componen o si e managemen and de elopmen . This app oach ensu es ha he i age
documen a ion emains esponsi e o e ol ing managemen and p ese a ion
challenges, ul ima ely con ibu ing o he sus ainable p o ec ion o in angible
dimensions o he i age.
116 Robin Le ellie , Reco ding, Documen a ion and In o ma ion Managemen o he
Conse a ion o He i age Places, Rou ledge eBooks, 2015, 63, h ps://doi.o g/10.4324/9781315793917.
53
Figu e 23. Illus a ion o 12 s eps in de eloping a he i age policy and p og am acco ding o Le ellie ’s
guiding p inciples . Sou ce: Le ellie l117
2.1.2. Legal and policy challenges in Mang Thi ’s conse a ion app oach
The de iciencies in speci ic legal and egula o y p o isions migh challenge and
hinde p ese a ion e o s. He i age in Vie nam is ecognized and managed by he
Depa men o Cul u al He i age unde he Cul u al He i age Law No. 28/2001/QH10.
Un il his day, Mang Thi c a illage as well as i s adi ional c a smanship ha e no
been lis ed as na ional he i age in he o icial lis o he Depa men o Cul u al
He i age118, esul ing in he absence o a clea legal amewo k o i s managemen and
p ese a ion. E en hough he “Mang Thi con empo a y he i age” p ojec was
ini ia ed by he People's Commi ee o Vinh Long P o ince (Decision 3502/QĐ-UBND),
he complexi ies o egula ions ha e ye o e ec i ely be na iga ed. Because o ha ,
he decision in sa egua ding o adi ional p ac ices and he in eg a ion o ou ism
de elopmen emain con es ed among p o essionals om di e en disciplina y
118 The lis o o icial Na ional In angible cul u al he i age ecognized by Depa men o Cul u al
He i age can be ound in he e: h ps://ds h.go . n/danh-muc-di-san- an-hoa-phi- a - he-quoc-gia-1789
117 Le ellie , Reco ding, Documen a ion and In o ma ion Managemen o he Conse a ion o
He i age Places, 60.
54
pe spec i es. A he ea ly s age o his s udy, local go e nmen o icials, in hei
in e depa men al e o s owa d he econside a ion and edi ec ion in he u u e
oadmap o adi ional b ick kilns in Mang Thi c a illage, ha e no ye de e mined
which elemen s should be p io i ized o p ese a ion. While sa egua ding all o he
kilns wi hou a s a egic app oach would equi e subs an ial inancial esou ces and
lead o land ine iciency, conse ing only a ew ep esen a i e examples isks
unde mining he au hen ici y o he he i age, po en ially diminishing i s appeal o
isi o s- conce ned by Di ec o o he Depa men o Cul u e, Spo s, and Tou ism o
Vinh Long P o ince.119
Rega ding he absence o p ojec ’s guidance, he cu en app oach o he
“Mang Thi con empo a y he i age” p ojec is unde he exis ing legal amewo k
applying o he egion. In decision No. 120/NQ-CP (No embe 2017) Resolu ion on
sus ainable and clima e esilien de elopmen o he Mekong Del a, wa e esou ces
a e placed as a undamen al elemen in de elopmen e o s o ensu e he
sus ainabili y o bo h he en i onmen and local communi ies in he Mekong Del a
a ea. This decision is also conce ned abou he economic iabili y by p omo ing he
ans o ma ion o li elihood models. This has la e e lec ed in Decision No.
2998/QĐ-UBND da ed No embe 2020 by he Vinh Long P o incial People's
Commi ee ha emphasizes he impo ance o ou ism and cul u al asse s by planning
o de elop specialized ou ism p oduc s in he p o ince including homes ay ou ism,
ag icul u al ou ism, handic a illage ou ism, and cul u al ou ism.120 This is
conside ed o be a solu ion o he abandonmen o his adi ional b ick-making
me hod due o economic p essu es which has esul ed in a decline in skilled labo and
a educ ion in p oduc ion capaci y.
2.2. P oposed s uc u e o he sus ainable de elopmen o Mang Thi A ea’s
guidance
2.2.1. Success ul in e na ional case s udy
● S oke-on-T en , he p ese ed po e y c a in he Midlands o he Uni ed
Kingdom.
The po e y indus y in S oke-on-T en had beginnings in he mid-17 h cen u y
and apid g ow h, e en ually es ablishing i as he hea o he po e y indus y. In
1956, adi ional kilns we e eplaced wi h gas and elec ic al e na i es, igge ing a
sha p decline in po e y p oduc ion. Once home o o e 300 po e ies in he ea ly 20 h
cen u y, he ci y now e ains only a small po ion o i s o me indus y. To sa egua d
his cul u al he i age, he local go e nmen has in ensi ied public awa eness e o s
and in eg a ed po e y lessons in o school cu icula om an ea ly age. Today, he
120 “Vĩnh Long Tập T ung Xây Dựng Sản Phẩm Du Lịch Đặc Thù [Vinh Long P o ince Focus on
De eloping Dis inc i e Tou ism P oduc ].”
119 Acco ding o M Phan Van Giau in “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm T ăm Năm
[Re lec ions on he Cen u y-Old B ick and Po e y C a Village].”
55
people o S oke-on-T en a e o en said o ha e "clay in hei blood." "This is no a
li e al call bu abou li e, emo ions. People om S oke-on-T en in e ac wi h he
ma e ial ha has o med hei ci y. Local people come o S oke wi h p ide in hei ci y
and he i age."121
Figu e 24. Le : Wedgwood Po e y Fac o y, 1961. Sou ce: Daily He ald A chi e, © The Boa d o T us ees
o he Science Museum.122 Righ : Ins alla ion ‘Blood Swep Lands and Seas o Red’ in Middlepo Po e y,
2014. Sou ce: Ca ol Henshaw123
● Jingdezhen, China po celain capi al
123 Ca ol Henshaw, “Middlepo Po e y A chi es - on he Road Again,” On The Road Again,
Augus 21, 2018, h ps://ca olhenshaw.com/ ag/middlepo -po e y/.
122 Collec ion Selec ions: F aming S oke-on-T en - Na ional Science and Media Museum Blog,
Ma ch 14, 2014, Na ional Science and Media Museum Blog, Ma ch 14, 2014,
h ps://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.o g.uk/collec ion-selec ions- aming-s oke- en -po e ies-daily-h
e ald-a chi e/.
121 M . Ke in Mu ay, Vice Chai man o he Wo ld C a s Council, sha ed his expe ience. Báo
Nông Nghiệp [Vie nam Ag icul u e Newspape ], “Conse a ion o C a Villages F om an In e na ional
Pe spec i e,” Báo Nông Nghiệp Việ Nam [Vie nam Ag icul u e Newspape ], No embe 11, 2023,
h ps:// ie namag icul u e.nongnghiep. n/conse a ion-o -c a - illages- om-an-in e na ional-pe spec i
e-d368038.h ml.
56
Loca ed in Jingdezhen Ci y, Jiangxi P o ince, he po e y-making indus y in
Changjiang Dis ic ha is “ enowned o i s ancien po celain p oduc ion ha
s e ches back mo e han 1,700 yea s”124 has been ecognized by UNESCO In angible
Cul u al He i age as a adi ional c a smanship. The “Po celain Capi al” was men ioned
by UNESCO o play an “impo an ole in he domes ic and in e na ional ce amic
indus y”125. Since he 1980s, a new o m o labo in he c a indus y has eme ged
and expanded, d i en by he e i al o he ma ke economy and p i a iza ion.
P e iously, local wo kshops we e inco po a ed in o s a e owne ship and ope a ed
unde s a e- un ce amic ac o ies. Wi h his ansi ion, a new gene a ion o
independen c a wo ke s gained access o smalle , mo e e icien kilns, enabling hem
o expe imen wi h inno a i e ce amic p oduc ion.
Since 2007, he Le ian Po e y Wo kshop has hos ed he weekend “C ea i e
Ma ke ,” p o iding a pla o m o young a is s and c a wo ke s o showcase and sell
hei c ea ions. This ini ia i e has d awn nume ous a isans and ou is s o Jingdezhen.
A ac ed by he ci y’s ich ce amic adi ions and cul u e, housands o people isi
Jingdezhen each yea o p ac ice he a , bene i ing om he easy access o di e se aw
ma e ials and he a ailabili y o skilled labo . This en i onmen has cul i a ed a
dis inc i e li es yle o hose who eloca e o Jingdezhen o seek a empo a y escape
om he mono ony and p essu es o li e in cos ly u ban cen e s.126 By building an
en i onmen o echnique exchanging, Jingdezhen is he p o ound case s udy whe e
adi ional c a s ha e been p ese ed and kep ali e o younge gene a ions.
126 Ruoxi Liu, “D i ing in China’s Po celain Capi al: Sel - ealiza ion and Al e na i e-seeking o he
Sel -employed C a Wo ke s in Jingdezhen,” Asian An h opology 21, no. 4 (Sep embe 30, 2022):
263–82, h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/1683478x.2022.2116259.
125 ibid
124 “Jingdezhen: C ea i e Ci ies Ne wo k,” UNESCO, n.d.,
h ps://www.unesco.o g/en/c ea i e-ci ies/jingdezhen.
57
Figu e 25. The po celain cul u e is p ese ed and p ac iced by elde ly a isans a he ancien kiln si es in
Jingdezhen. Sou ce: Lishine 127
127 Lishine, “Lishine” Flick (blog), n.d., h ps://www. lick .com/pho os/peilx/.
64
2.2.3. Towa ds a eplicable model
Figu e 27. Illus a ion o a p oposed pilo p ojec , se ing as a p o o ype example o epu posing
in alignmen wi h he gene al guidelines. By au ho
65
As men ioned by Le ellie : “guidelines o eco ding should encou age lexibili y
and c ea i i y du ing he managemen p ocess”137, he gene al p oposed s uc u e o
Mang Thi ’s p ese a ion guidance p o ided a amewo k while allowing u he
de elopmen . In a speci ic case, implemen a ion o speci ic s a egies can se e as a
eplicable model o b oade applica ion ac oss he s udy a ea. I sugges s po en ial o
u he explo a ion in his di ec ion o u u e esea ch, encou aging he solu ions o
he i age conse a ion aligning wi h sus ainable de elopmen .
In he p ese a ion and e i aliza ion o Mang Thi ’s he i age, h ee
undamen al pilla s a e de e mined including Documen a ion, T ansmission, and
Sus ainable Adap i e Reuse. Aligning wi h he gene al guidance s uc u e, he ollowing
s a egies can se e as a p o o ype example o a pilo p ojec applying on selec ed
elemen s.
Documen a ion
Mul idimensional documen a ion es ablishes a dynamic digi al a chi e,
unc ioning as a li ing eposi o y a he han a s a ic collec ion: An a chi ec u al su ey
and analysis o a speci ic kiln can be conduc ed by esea che s o assess i s
conse a ion s a us, se ing as a ounda ion o he i age p ese a ion.138 Va ious ools,
including pho og aphs and digi al models, can be u ilized o c ea e a eco d o Mang
Thi ’s in ica e s uc u es while w i en accoun s, audio and ideo eco dings can be
employed o cap u e he cons uc ion, echniques, mo emen s, i ual o e ings, and
o he elemen s embedded in he communi y’s daily li e.139
T ansmission
Fo an a chi e o emain meaning ul, i equi es ac i e engagemen and
in e ac ion, highligh ing he c ucial ole o ansmission in he i age p ese a ion.
T adi ional p ac ices emain a li ing pa o daily li e a he han me e his o ical
a i ac s by being ac i ely ansmi ed o u u e gene a ions.
App en iceship p og ams enable young people o lea n om mas e
a isans, gaining bo h echnical skills and an unde s anding o he alues
embedded in he c a . In eg a ing he i age educa ion in o school cu icula
u he s eng hens his con inui y by eaching s uden s abou hei illage, he
science o b ick making, and he ecological signi icance o he Mekong Ri e .140
Wo kshops and communi y-based classes, open o bo h local esiden s
and isi o s, p o ide hands-on expe iences ha os e a deepe connec ion o
he he i age. This app oach aligns wi h sus ainable ou ism ini ia i es, allowing
140 In o de o p ese e Skills and Knowledge, align wi h Sec ion 2.
139 In o de o p ese e S o ies and Memo ies, align wi h Sec ion 2: In angible Elemen s o
P ese a ion.
138 Aligning wi h Sec ion 5 o he gene al p oposal guidance ou lines he Adap i e Reuse and
Conse a ion S a egy
137 Robin Le ellie , Reco ding, Documen a ion and In o ma ion Managemen o he
Conse a ion o He i age Places, Rou ledge eBooks, 2015, 63, h ps://doi.o g/10.4324/9781315793917.
66
isi o s o engage meaning ully wi h local adi ions while con ibu ing o hei
p ese a ion.141
Sus ainable Adap i e Reuse
The long- e m iabili y o he i age depends on inding ways o in eg a e
adi ional p ac ices in o con empo a y economic and social sys ems, b idging he
ela ionship be ween he i age and con empo a y li elihoods.
De eloping au hen ic ou ism expe iences ha showcase he kilns,
adi ional c a s, and illage li es yle as demons a ed in igu e 27. A model o
small-scale, communi y-based ou ism ensu es ha esiden s e ain con ol
o e how hei he i age is ep esen ed and sha ed.142
De eloping he i age-based p oduc s: P oduc de elopmen ini ia i es
such as p oducing high-quali y ce amics using adi ional echniques c ea e
niche ma ke s ha celeb a e and sus ain local c a smanship. S a egic
collabo a ions wi h designe s and a chi ec s o enhance hei appeal and
ele ance in con empo a y ma ke s, demons a ed in igu e 28. This app oach
p o ides young people wi h ca ee oppo uni ies oo ed in hei he i age and
encou ages hem o emain in hei communi ies.143
Figu e 28. Illus a ion o a p oposed space u ilizing exis ing signi icance o os e engaging ac i i ies. By
au ho .
143 Aligning wi h Communi y pa icipa ion, Sec ion 3.
142 Aligning wi h Tou ism and Cul u al He i age P o ec ion, Sec ion 3: P inciples o Managemen
o change, p o ec ion and sa egua ding o si es.
141 Aligning wi h Sec ion 5: Adap i e Reuse and Conse a ion S a egy.
67
Conclusion
He i age is a li ing, e ol ing en i y a he han a s a ic elic o he pas . I s
de ini ions ha e e ol ed o encompass li ing exp essions, adi ions, social p ac ices,
i uals, es i als, and knowledge sys ems ela ed o na u e, he uni e se, and
adi ional c a smanship. The Mang Thi b ick-making illage in Vinh Long se es as a
ep esen a i e case o his as he a chi ec u al he i age is deeply embedded wi h
in angible cul u al alues. This is e lec ed in cons uc ion echniques, adi ional
p oduc ion me hods, and hei ela ionship wi h he su ounding landscape. By
suppo ing and managing he h ee angible objec s ha ha e symbolized he
imma e ial aspec s, namely he kiln sys em, wa e ea u e, and g eene y, he in angible
alues associa ed wi h hem a e also p ese ed. Vice e sa, he loss o exis ing
adi ional and en i onmen al knowledge o he a ea h ea ens no only he egion’s
his o ical iden i y bu also i s social ab ic. In he ace o apid globaliza ion, leading o
a g owing e osion o cul u al con ex s, in angible dimensions in he i age can be he
solu ion o p omo e balanced g ow h, p ese ing adi ional knowledge and p ac ice,
iden i y while os e ing mode niza ion.
Ex ending beyond physical s uc u es, he i age conse a ion in mode n li e
should include he p o ec ion and con inua ion o in angible cul u al alues. These
alues a e no only undamen al o cul u al iden i y bu also se e as he ounda ion
o sus ainable de elopmen , ensu ing he long- e m sus ainabili y o he si e.
Rega ding he p ese a ion o he i age, pa icula ly in he con ex o he Mang Thi
case s udy, a comp ehensi e and in eg a ed app oach ha conside s bo h angible and
in angible elemen s, communi y in ol emen , and sus ainable de elopmen p ac ices
is c ucial o p ese ing he spi i o he place and sa egua ding cul u al he i age in he
mode n con ex . Gi en he absence o legal p o ec ion by he i age law o Mang Thi
c a illage, he e is an u gen need o es ablish a clea amewo k and s uc u ed
guidelines o p ese ing i s in angible aspec s. Wi h e ec i e conse a ion p ac ices,
si es like Mang Thi can be p ese ed no only as a chi ec u al emnan s bu also i s
cul u al landscape ha con inue o shape and inspi e u u e gene a ions.
The implemen a ion o he p oposed guidelines would con ibu e o he
p ese a ion o in angible alues by p omo ing long- e m e o s ha align wi h
communi y alues and con empo a y conse a ion needs. In he Mang Thi
Con empo a y He i age p ojec , by p oposing a s uc u ed guideline based on he
exis ing legal amewo k and he In e na ional Cha e and Guidance on Si es wi h
In angible Cul u al He i age, he inclusion o in angible cul u al he i age and i s
associa ed communi ies in he i age ini ia i es a e ensu ed. This in ol es sa egua ding
adi ional knowledge, skills, and p ac ices ela ed o kiln cons uc ion, clay
p epa a ion, and b ick i ing ha ha e been passed down h ough gene a ions. In a
b oade con ex , his amewo k would help manage and p o ec he i age as a whole,
suppo ing sus ainable de elopmen by p ese ing ag icul u al a eas, p omo ing g een
mobili y, and minimizing en i onmen al impac . By ensu ing and main aining i s
68
au hen ici y, ele ance and con inui y o adi ional ways o li e, he i age’s iden i y is
alued and sus ained. By being alued, i os e s social cohesion by allowing indi iduals
o eel pa o bo h hei communi ies and socie y a la ge. By being sus ained, he i age
is enabled o emain adap able by being con inuously ec ea ed by communi ies in
esponse o con empo a y challenges and changing en i onmen al condi ions. The
p oposed amewo k p esen s oppo uni ies o u he explo a ion h ough i s
applica ion o a speci ic case, which could se e as a eplicable model o b oade
implemen a ion ac oss he s udy a ea. This app oach p omo es he i age conse a ion
solu ions ha in eg a e in angible alues wi h sus ainable de elopmen , p o iding a
ounda ion o u u e esea ch, no only in Mang Thi bu also in o he he i age- ich
egions acing simila challenges.
69
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