Ci a ion: Ascondo, J.; Ma ín-López,
A.; I u icas illo, A.; G anados, C.;
Ga a e, I.; Roma a ezabala, E.;
Ma ínez-Aldama, I.; Rome o, S.;
Yanci, J. Analysis o he Ba ie s and
Mo i es o P ac icing Physical
Ac i i y and Spo o People wi h a
Disabili y: Di e ences Acco ding o
Gende and Type o Disabili y. In . J.
En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20,
1320. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
ije ph20021320
Academic Edi o : Paul B. Tchounwou
Recei ed: 17 No embe 2022
Re ised: 28 Decembe 2022
Accep ed: 5 Janua y 2023
Published: 11 Janua y 2023
Copy igh : © 2023 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
In e na ional Jou nal o
En i onmen al Resea ch
and Public Heal h
A icle
Analysis o he Ba ie s and Mo i es o P ac icing Physical
Ac i i y and Spo o People wi h a Disabili y: Di e ences
Acco ding o Gende and Type o Disabili y
Josu Ascondo 1, And ea Ma ín-López 2, Ai o I u icas illo 3, C is ina G anados 3, Ike Ga a e 1,
Es ibaliz Roma a ezabala 3, Inmaculada Ma ínez-Aldama 1, Sheila Rome o 4and Ja ie Yanci 3,*
1
Physical Educa ion and Spo Depa men , Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y,
UPV/EHU, 01007 Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain
2Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, UPV/EHU, 01007 Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain
3
Socie y, Spo s and Physical Exe cise Resea ch G oup (GIKAFIT), Physical Educa ion and Spo Depa men ,
Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, UPV/EHU, 01007 Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain
4Disabili y Resea ch Depa men , Fundación Gai uzSpo Fundazioa, 48003 Bilbao, Spain
*Co espondence: ja ie [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
The aim o he s udy was o analyse he pe cep ion o he ba ie s and mo i es o he
p ac ice o physical ac i i y (PA) in people wi h a disabili y, acco ding o gende and ype o disabili y.
The pa icipan s in his in es iga ion we e 103 people wi h a disabili y (33.25
±
11.86 yea s) who
we e habi ual use s o PA o spo s p og ammes. They comple ed he ques ionnai e Mo i es and
Ba ie s o Physical Ac i i y and Spo (MBAFD). The esul s showed ha pe sonal ba ie s we e
mo e impo an han en i onmen al ones and ha he mos ou s anding mo i es we e hose ela ed o
leisu e, enjoymen o social aspec s. Rega ding gende , women pe cei ed mo e ba ie s han men. Fo
he people wi h physical (PD) and in ellec ual (ID) disabili ies, he mos common ba ie s we e o an
in insic na u e, and o hose wi h a isual disabili y (VD), ba ie s o an en i onmen al na u e. Wi h
espec o he mo i es, people wi h PD ga e highe sco es o he i ems ela ed o aspec s o physical
imp o emen and ehabili a ion. In con as , people wi h ID and VD placed mo e impo ance on
easons o leisu e, enjoymen and social ela ions. Knowledge o hese indings can be a ool o help
inc ease he p o ision o PA o people wi h a disabili y.
Keywo ds: mo o p ac ice; mo i a ion; habi s; impedimen s; disabili y
1. In oduc ion
Wo ldwide he e a e abou 650 million people wi h a disabili y, which co esponds
o abou 10% o he wo ld popula ion [
1
]. Speci ically in Spain, i is es ima ed ha abou
4.38 million people ha e some ype o disabili y, o whom 58.7% a e women and 41.3% a e
men [
2
]. Despi e he ac ha people wi h a disabili y ha e he igh o pa icipa e in socie y
unde equal condi ions as he es o us [
3
], i has been epo ed ha his popula ion has
g ea e di icul ies o pa icipa ing in socie y, due o he ac ha hey su e a high le el
o social exclusion which a ec s ields including educa ion o pa icipa ion in di e en
social ac i i ies [
4
]. This si ua ion means ha people wi h a disabili y a e subjec o he
s e eo ypes, s igmas and p ejudices es ablished by socie y. I has also been epo ed ha his
g oup mo e o en aces di e en ba ie s ega ding social and/o poli ical communica ion
and accessibili y, among o he s, which a ec hei gene al wellbeing and p e en hem
om ha ing equal oppo uni ies [5].
One o he s a egies o imp o ing gene al wellbeing and encou aging equal oppo u-
ni ies in people wi h a disabili y is he p ac ice o physical ac i i y (PA) [
6
,
7
]. I has been
s a ed ha he p ac ice o PA can help hem gain g ea e inclusion in socie y [
8
,
9
]. Some
p e ious in es iga ions ha e obse ed ha he p ac ice o PA b ings hem psychologi-
cal bene i s, imp o ing sel -es eem, au onomy, goal achie emen , pe sonal de elopmen ,
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20, 1320. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph20021320 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ije ph
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20, 1320 2 o 13
sel -con ol and sel -con idence [
9
,
10
]. Fu he mo e, i has been shown ha he p ac ice
o PA has social bene i s as i a ou s inclusion and social ela ion [
9
,
10
]. As well as he
psychological and social bene i s, some esea che s [
11
,
12
] s a e ha he p ac ice o PA by
people wi h a disabili y also p o okes physical bene i s such as be e i ness, he abili y o
execu e mo emen s and unc ionali y pe mi ing g ea e au onomy and sel -su iciency.
Bea ing in mind ha i has been said ha he p ac ice o PA bene i s his popula ion bo h in
hei physical and men al heal h [
13
], i is necessa y o hem o ha e adequa e le els o PA
p ac ice. Howe e , he e a e many s udies ha show ha people wi h a disabili y ha e a
lowe le el o PA han people wi hou a disabili y [
14
–
17
] e ealing a high le el o seden-
a ism [
18
–
20
]. In his line o esea ch, i has been epo ed ha people who su e some
ypes o disabili y a e be ween 16 and 62% less likely o comply wi h he ecommended
le els o PA and p esen a g ea e isk o de eloping heal h complica ions as a esul o
physical inac i i y [
21
]. Simila ly, Ramí ez e al. [
22
] in a s udy o an adul popula ion
wi h disabili y obse ed ha only 29% o he pa icipan s ca ied ou mo e han he 60 min
daily ecommended by he Wo ld Heal h O ganisa ion [
23
] and ha 51% o he women and
40.7% o he men we e ca ego ised as seden a y.
In o de o a ou he p ac ice o PA in people wi h a disabili y, i has been s a ed ha
i is necessa y, on he one hand, o know he mo i es and, on he o he , he ba ie s ha a e
pe cei ed ega ding he p ac ice o PA [
7
,
24
]. In his way, ac ion can be aken o adjus he
p o ision o PA o hei mo i a ions and ake ac ion o minimise he ba ie s hey pe cei e.
Possibly, due o he impo ance o hese esul s, p e ious s udies ha e analysed he mo i es
o and ba ie s o he p ac ice o PA bo h in people wi h a disabili y who a e no habi ual
p ac i ione s o PA o spo [
25
–
27
] and in spo speople o habi ual p ac i ione s o PA
wi h a disabili y in di e en modali ies, a di e en compe i i e le els and wi h di e en
impai men s [
28
–
33
]. Mo eo e , i has been shown ha he e a e signi ican di e ences
in he pe cep ion o ba ie s be ween di e en disabili ies. On he one hand, Juanbel z
e al. [
32
] ound ha people wi h in ellec ual disabili y (ID) show a g ea e e usal o engage
in PA because hey do no like i compa ed o people wi h Down Synd ome. On he o he
hand, people wi h physical disabili ies (PD) gi e mo e weigh o no eeling able o make
ime o PA compa ed o people wi h ID. Howe e , mos s udies ha e been ca ied ou wi h
g oups wi h a speci ic disabili y, wi h limi ed samples o wi hou aking ypes o disabili y
o gende o he pa icipan s in o conside a ion. The majo i y o he s udies expound he
need o ca y ou an analysis o he mo i es and ba ie s in la ge samples and s udy he
di e ences acco ding o he ype o disabili y and gende .
The e o e, he objec i es o he p esen s udy we e, on he one hand, o disco e he
pe cep ion o he ba ie s o and mo i es o he p ac ice o PA and spo o people wi h a
disabili y and, on he o he , o analyse he di e ences which exis in he pe cep ion o he
mo i es and ba ie s acco ding o gende and he ype o disabili y. The hypo heses o his
s udy we e ha women pe cei e mo e ba ie s o p ac ice PA han men, people wi h ID
and/o PD pe cei e in insic ba ie s o a g ea e ex en han en i onmen al ba ie s and
people wi h VD pe cei e en i onmen al ba ie s o a g ea e ex en han in insic ba ie s
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Pa icipan s
The pa icipan s in his s udy we e 103 people wi h a disabili y be ween 15 and 57 yea s
o age (33.25
±
11.86 yea s), o whom 40 we e women (36.85
±
11.64 yea s) and 63 we e
men (30.96
±
11.51 yea s). All he pa icipan s we e habi ual use s o some ype o physical
exe cise o spo s p og amme ca ied ou in he Basque coun y (Spain), wi h a mean o
14.38
±
10.40 yea s’ expe ience in such ac i i ies. O he o al numbe o pa icipan s, 29.1% had
a physical disabili y (PD, n= 30, 35.46
±
11.19 yea s), 34.0% an in ellec ual disabili y (ID, n= 35,
29.85
±
12.64 yea s), 34.0% a isual disabili y (VD, n= 35, 33.91
±
11.41 yea s) and 2.9% did
no espond o he ques ion o wha ype o disabili y hey had (n= 3, 43.0
±
2.64 yea s). The
inclusion c i e ia we e ha he subjec s had been ca ying ou PA and spo a leas o he
p e ious wo yea s and ha hey had a disabili y ce i ica e. The p ojec was app o ed by he
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20, 1320 3 o 13
E hics Commi ee o Resea ch wi h Humans Beings (CEISH, code M10_2019_058) om he
Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU) and ollowed he equi emen s es ablished in
he Decla a ion o Helsinki (2013).
2.2. P ocedu es
The ques ionnai e Mo i es o and Ba ie s o he P ac ice o Physical Ac i i y and
Spo (MBAFD) was adminis e ed o all he pa icipan s in he s udy in o de o know hei
pe cep ion o he ba ie s and mo i es o p ac ising PA and spo . The ques ionnai e was
illed in by each pa icipan indi idually, on pape and in he p esence o he esea che .
In he case ha he pa icipan so eques ed, he esea che s o e ed cla i ica ions o each
o he ques ions aised in he ques ionnai e. Be o e comple ing he ques ionnai e, all he
pa icipan s ecei ed de ailed in o ma ion o he p ocedu e o i s adequa e comple ion.
2.3. Measu emen s
The ques ionnai e on Mo i es o and Ba ie s o he P ac ice o Physical Ac i i y and
Spo MBAFD was used o disco e he ba ie s and mo i es pe cei ed by he pa icipan s
when hey pe o med PA and spo . I was p e iously alida ed by Kos iuk [
34
] o he
adul popula ion and has been used by se e al esea che s in people wi h disabili ies
who p ac ice PA and spo [
29
,
32
,
33
]. Kos iuk [
34
], in a alida ion s udy, analysed a small
sample o people wi h a disabili y, ei e a ing he sui abili y o he ins umen o his
speci ic g oup. The ques ionnai e used consis s o 53 i ems o ques ions di ided in o wo
blocks: he i s block (27 i ems) e e s o he ba ie s o he p ac ise o PA and spo , and
he second block (26 i ems) deals wi h he mo i es o p ac ising PA and spo . All he
ques ions a e answe ed using a Like - ype scale (1–4) whe e 1 is no a all and 4 a lo ; i
includes, also, he op ion o don’ know/no opinion (DK/NO).
2.4. S a is ical Analsysis
The desc ip i e esul s a e p esen ed as equencies and pe cen ages o he eplies
gi en by he pa icipan s in each i em o ques ion. C onbach’s Alpha s a is ic was used o
desc ibe he in e nal consis ency o he ques ionnai e. The chi squa ed s a is ic (Chi
2
) was
used o analyse he di e ences acco ding o gende and ype o disabili y in he dis ibu ion
o he eplies. The analyses we e pe o med wi h he S a is ical Package o Social Sciences
(SPSS Inc, e sion 26.0, Chicago, IL, USA). S a is ical signi icance was es ablished a p< 0.05.
3. Resul s
The in e nal consis ency (C onbach’s Alpha) o he o al i ems (n= 53 i ems) was 0.84.
Rega ding be ween-i ems’ in e nal consis ency o he di e en blocks, C onbach’s alpha alues
we e as ollows: 0.86 o he i s block (ba ie s o he p ac ise o PA and spo , n= 27 i ems)
and 0.83 o he second block (mo i es o p ac ising PA and spo , n= 26 i ems).
Table 1p esen s he esul s o he ba ie s pe cei ed by all he pa icipan s o he
p ac ice o PA and spo . The esul s ob ained show ha he mos impo an i ems wi h
ega d o he ba ie s we e he ollowing: “I ha e a disabili y”, “I don’ eel happy wi h
my body”, “I don’ eel like i ”, “I am no able o make ime o mysel ”, “My heal h is no
good” and “The echnical s a a e no sui able”. In con as , he i ems “I don’ hink i is
necessa y o do exe cise”, “I don’ like i ”, “I am oo old”, “I am emba assed o be seen
doing i ” and “The e is no p o ision o he ac i i y I like” p esen ed he lowes alues.
Table 2shows he esul s o he mo i es o p ac ising PA and spo pe cei ed by he
o al sample o pa icipan s. The highes alues we e ob ained wi h he i ems “Because I
like doing his physical ac i i y”, “Because o he posi i e sensa ions ha doing physical
ac i i y gi es me”, “Because I eel good when I do physical ac i i y”, “Fo enjoymen ” and
“To make con ac wi h o he people“. In con as , he i ems “To sha e ac i i ies wi h my
child en”, “To spend mo e ime wi h my pa ne ”, “To eco e om an illness o inju y”
and “Because o my doc o ’s ad ice” showed he lowes alues.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20, 1320 4 o 13
Table 1.
Resul s (%) e e ing o he ba ie s o he p ac ice o physical ac i i y and spo pe cei ed
by all he pa icipan s in he s udy.
No a All Somewha Qui e a Lo A Lo
I don’ hink i is necessa y o do exe cise 89.2 4.9 4.9 1.0
I don’ like i 85.1 8.9 4.0 2.0
I am oo old 82.5 9.7 3.9 3.9
I don’ eel able 81.6 13.6 4.9 0.0
I ha e o look a e my child en 80.6 7.8 5.8 5.8
My cu en job p e en s me 78.2 16.8 3.0 2.0
I am emba assed o be seen doing i 77.7 15.5 2.9 3.9
I don’ know whe e o do exe cise 77.7 9.7 4.9 7.8
I ha e o look a e olde ela i es 74.8 12.6 7.8 4.9
The e is no p o ision o he ac i i y I like 72.8 14.6 6.8 5.8
I is oo expensi e 71.8 20.4 6.8 1.0
The spaces whe e I can
p ac ise a e no sui able 68.9 19.4 9.7 1.9
Di icul ies wi h anspo 67.0 20.4 7.8 4.9
I am i ed 66.0 19.4 10.7 3.9
I ha e no one o do exe cise wi h 65.7 20.6 7.8 5.9
I don’ eel happy wi h my body 63.0 21.0 13.0 3.0
Fea o hu ing mysel 61.2 26.2 7.8 4.9
The e a e no spaces nea by
whe e I can p ac ise 60.8 20.6 11.8 6.9
I am no i 59.8 24.5 11.8 3.9
I ha en’ go he habi 57.3 25.2 11.7 5.8
I don’ eel like i 56.3 20.4 14.6 8.7
I ha e o do he housewo k 52.9 23.5 18.6 4.9
The echnical s a a e no sui able 52.5 17.8 17.8 11.9
My heal h is no good 51.5 27.2 12.6 8.7
I can’ make ime o mysel 50.5 33.0 14.6 1.9
Incompa ible ime ables 47.6 37.9 9.7 4.9
I ha e a disabili y 44.1 16.7 17.6 21.6
Table 2.
Resul s (%) e e ing o he mo i es o p ac ising physical ac i i y and spo pe cei ed by
all he pa icipan s in he s udy.
No a All Somewha Qui e a Lo A Lo
To sha e ac i i ies wi h my child en 87.1 8.9 1.0 3.0
To spend mo e ime wi h my pa ne 79.2 8.9 6.9 5.0
To eco e om an illness o inju y 66.0 15.5 7.8 10.7
Ou o obliga ion 62.1 17.5 9.7 10.7
Because o my doc o ’s ad ice 46.6 18.4 25.2 9.7
Because i allows me o be in na u al
su oundings 33.0 23.3 19.4 24.3
To con ol my weigh 30.1 14.6 30.1 25.2
Because I eel bad i I don’ p ac ise 28.7 35.6 19.8 15.8
Because i ’s ime jus o me 20.6 15.7 27.5 36.3
To imp o e my appea ance 18.4 28.2 30.1 23.3
Because I like o o e come challenges 17.6 11.8 30.4 40.2
To elimina e s ess 14.7 35.3 21.6 28.4
Because I enjoy lea ning new hings 12.7 17.6 22.5 47.1
To mee my iends 7.8 23.3 22.3 46.6
To make con ac wi h o he people 6.8 14.6 28.2 50.5
Because I wan i o be pa o my li e s yle
5.9 7.8 42.2 44.1
To keep i 4.9 16.5 32.0 46.6
To imp o e my mood 4.9 23.5 39.2 32.4
To imp o e my men al wellbeing 3.9 23.3 33.0 39.8
To imp o e my physical capaci y 3.9 16.5 38.8 40.8
To disconnec o a while 2.9 19.4 36.9 40.8
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20, 1320 5 o 13
Table 2. Con .
No a All Somewha Qui e a Lo A Lo
Because I like doing his physical ac i i y 2.0 8.8 16.7 72.5
Because I eel good when
I do physical ac i i y 1.9 12.6 22.3 63.1
Fo enjoymen 1.9 11.7 26.2 60.2
To imp o e my physical heal h 1.9 18.4 35.0 44.7
Table 3shows he esul s e e ing o he ba ie s o he p ac ice o PA and spo
acco ding o gende . The g oup o women sco ed highe alues (p< 0.05) han he g oup o
men in he i ems “Fea o hu ing mysel ”, “My heal h is no good”, “The echnical s a a e
no sui able”, “I don’ eel like i ”, “I am no i ”, “I ha e no one o do exe cise wi h” and
“I don’ like i ”. Howe e , he men’s g oup only had highe sco es (p< 0.05) in one single
ba ie (“I am oo old”). I should be no ed ha gende di e ences would change when he
ype o disabili y is aken in o accoun .
Table 3.
Resul s (%) e e ing o he di e ences in he pe cei ed ba ie s o p ac ising physical ac i i y
and spo acco ding o gende .
WOMEN MEN Chi2
No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo
A
Lo
No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo
A
Lo p
Fea o hu ing mysel 55.0 25.0 17.5 2.5 65.1 27.0 1.6 6.3 0.027
I am emba assed o be seen doing i 75.0 15.0 5.0 5.0 79.4 15.9 1.6 3.2 NS
I don’ eel happy wi h my body 60.0 20.0 17.5 2.5 65.0 21.7 10.0 3.3 NS
My cu en job p e en s me 79.5 12.8 5.1 2.6 77.4 19.4 1.6 1.6 NS
I am oo old 67.5 15.0 7.5
10.0
92.1 6.3 1.6 0.0 0.007
I am i ed 60.0 20.0 15.0 5.0 69.8 19.0 7.9 3.2 NS
I is oo expensi e 67.5 27.5 5.0 0.0 74.6 15.9 7.9 1.6 NS
The echnical s a a e no sui able 33.3 30.8 20.5
15.4
64.5 9.7 16.1 9.7 0.010
The spaces whe e I can p ac ise a e no sui able 72.5 17.5 10.0 0.0 66.7 20.6 9.5 3.2 NS
The e a e no spaces nea by whe e I can p ac ise 64.1 17.9 10.3 7.7 58.7 22.2 12.7 6.3 NS
I don’ like i 79.5 10.3 10.3 0.0 88.7 8.1 3.2 0.0 0.046
I can’ make ime o mysel 45.0 35.0 20.0 0.0 54.0 31.7 11.1 3.2 NS
I don’ eel like i . 37.5 32.5 20.0
10.0
68.3 12.7 11.1 7.9 0.016
I don’ know whe e o do exe cise 80.0 10.0 2.5 7.5 76.2 9.5 6.3 7.9 NS
I ha e o look a e my child en 70.0 10.0 12.5 7.5 87.3 6.3 1.6 4.8 NS
I don’ eel able 72.5 17.5 10.0 0.0 87.3 11.1 1.6 0.0 NS
I am no i 42.5 32.5 20.0 5.0 71.0 19.4 6.5 3.2 0.029
Di icul ies wi h anspo 67.5 22.5 5.0 5.0 66.7 19.0 9.5 4.8 NS
I ha e no one o do exe cise wi h 55.0 20.0 17.5 7.5 72.6 21.0 1.6 4.8 0.026
I ha e o do he housewo k 40.0 30.0 20.0
10.0
61.3 19.4 17.7 1.6 NS
My heal h is no good 32.5 32.5 17.5
17.5
63.5 23.8 9.5 3.2 0.007
Incompa ible ime ables 35.0 52.5 7.5 5.0 55.6 28.6 11.1 4.8 NS
I ha en’ go he habi 47.5 27.5 17.5 7.5 63.5 23.8 7.9 4.8 NS
The e is no p o ision o he ac i i y I like 65.0 20.0 12.5 2.5 77.8 11.1 3.2 7.9 NS
I don’ hink i is necessa y o do exe cise 84.6 7.7 7.7 0.0 92.1 3.2 3.2 1.6 NS
I ha e o look a e olde ela i es 67.5 17.5 10.0 5.0 79.4 9.5 6.3 4.8 NS
I ha e a disabili y 32.5 17.5 27.5
22.5
51.6 16.1 11.3
21.0
NS
NS = non-signi ican di e ences.
Table 4p esen s he esul s on he mo i es o p ac ising physical ac i i y acco ding o
gende . The women’s g oup ob ained signi ican ly highe alues (p< 0.05) in he mo i es
“Fo he posi i e sensa ions ha doing physical ac i i y gi es me”, “Because I wan i o be
pa o my li e s yle”, “To eco e om an illness o inju y”, “Because o my doc o ’s ad ice”
and “To spend mo e ime wi h my pa ne ”. In con as , he men’s g oup eco ded highe
alues (p< 0.05) in he i ems “Fo enjoymen ”, “Because I like o o e come challenges”, “To
disconnec o a while” and “To elimina e s ess”.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20, 1320 6 o 13
Table 4.
Resul s (%) e e ing o he di e ences in he pe cei ed mo i es o p ac ising physical
ac i i y and spo acco ding o gende .
WOMEN MEN Chi2
No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo
A
Lo
No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo
A
Lo p
To eco e om an illness o inju y 50.0 20.0 15.0
15.0
76.2 12.7 3.2 7.9 0.030
To con ol my weigh 20.0 10.0 37.5
32.5
36.5 17.5 25.4
20.6
NS
To keep i 2.5 12.5 40.0
45.0
6.3 19.0 27.0
47.6
NS
Because I eel good when I do physical ac i i y 2.5 15.0 30.0
52.5
1.6 11.1 17.5
69.8
NS
Because i ’s ime jus o me 25.0 20.0 32.5
22.5
17.7 12.9 24.2
45.2
NS
To mee my iends 2.5 27.5 25.0
45.0
11.1 20.6 20.6
47.6
NS
Fo enjoymen 2.5 20.0 35.0
42.5
1.6 6.3 20.6
71.4
0.025
Because I enjoy lea ning new hings 15.4 25.6 20.5
38.5
11.1 12.7 23.8
52.4
NS
To imp o e my physical heal h 2.5 15.0 37.5
45.0
1.6 20.6 33.3
44.4
NS
To imp o e my men al wellbeing 5.0 25.0 42.5
27.5
3.2 22.2 27.0
47.6
NS
Because I like doing his physical ac i i y 2.5 7.5 22.5
67.5
1.6 9.7 12.9
75.8
NS
To elimina e s ess 12.5 45.0 30.0
12.5
16.1 29.0 16.1
38.7
0.018
To imp o e my mood 5.1 23.1 51.3
20.5
4.8 23.8 31.7
39.7
NS
To make con ac wi h o he people 5.0 12.5 37.5
45.0
7.9 15.9 22.2
54.0
NS
To spend mo e ime wi h my pa ne 66.7 20.5 7.7 5.1 87.1 1.6 6.5 4.8 0.012
Because I eel bad i I don’ p ac ise 23.1 38.5 25.6
12.8
32.3 33.9 16.1
17.7
NS
Because I like o o e come challenges 23.1 15.4 43.6
17.9
14.3 9.5 22.2
54.0
0.004
Because I wan i o be pa o my li e s yle 0.0 10.0 57.5
32.5
9.7 6.5 32.3
51.6
0.019
Fo he posi i e sensa ions ha doing physical
ac i i y gi es me 0.0 5.0 42.5
52.5
3.2 9.5 17.5
69.8
0.033
Because i allows me o be in na u al su oundings
45.0 27.5 15.0
12.5
25.4 20.6 22.2
31.7
NS
Ou o obliga ion 52.5 25.0 12.5
10.0
68.3 12.7 7.9
11.1
NS
Because o my doc o ’s ad ice 30.0 15.0 37.5
17.5
57.1 20.6 17.5 4.8 0.007
To imp o e my appea ance 12.5 20.0 45.0
22.5
22.2 33.3 20.6
23.8
NS
To imp o e my physical capaci y 5.0 15.0 50.0
30.0
3.2 17.5 31.7
47.6
NS
To disconnec o a while 5.0 27.5 45.0
22.5
1.6 14.3 31.7
52.4
0.021
To sha e ac i i ies wi h my child en 78.9 15.8 2.6 2.6 92.1 4.8 0.0 3.2 NS
NS = non-signi ican di e ences.
Table 5shows he esul s e e ing o he di e ences in he pe cei ed ba ie s o he p ac ice
o PA and spo acco ding o he ype o disabili y. People wi h PD eco ded highe alues
(p< 0.05) han people wi h VD and ID in he i ems “I can’ make ime o mysel “, “My heal h is
no good”, “I don’ eel happy wi h my body” and “I ha e o look a e my child en”. In con as ,
he i ems “I don’ eel like i ”, “I’m i ed” and “I ha e o look a e olde ela i es” ob ained
highe sco es (p< 0.05) in he g oup o people wi h ID. The g oup o pa icipan s wi h VD
eco ded highe sco es (p< 0.05) in he i em “The e a e no spaces nea by whe e I can p ac ise”.
Table 6p esen s he esul s e e ing o he di e ences in he pe cei ed mo i es o
p ac ising PA and spo acco ding o he ype o disabili y. The i ems “To con ol my
weigh ”, “To eco e om an illness o inju y”, “To imp o e my appea ance”, “Because o
my doc o ’s ad ice” and “To sha e ac i i ies wi h my child en” ob ained a highe sco e
(p< 0.05) in people wi h PD han hose wi h ID o VD. Howe e , he i ems “To make con ac
wi h o he people” and “Because i allows me o be in na u al su oundings” had highe
sco es (p< 0.05) in people wi h ID. Fo hei pa , he people wi h VD eco ded highe
sco es (p< 0.05) in he i ems “Because I like doing his physical ac i i y”, “Fo enjoymen ”,
“Because I like o o e come challenges”, “Because I wan i o be pa o my li e s yle”, “To
imp o e my men al wellbeing” and “Because I eel bad i I don’ p ac ise”.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20, 1320 7 o 13
Table 5. Resul s (%) e e ing o he di e ences in he pe cei ed ba ie s o p ac ising PA and spo acco ding o he ype o disabili y.
PD ID VD Chi2
No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo
A
Lo
No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo
A
Lo
No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo A Lo p
Fea o hu ing mysel 70.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 48.6 34.3 8.6 8.6 62.9 25.7 5.7 5.7 NS
I am emba assed o be seen doing i 60.0 26.7 3.3 10.0 82.9 14.3 2.9 0.0 85.7 8.6 2.9 2.9 NS
I don’ eel happy wi h my body 50.0 26.7 23.3 0.0 65.6 9.4 15.6 9.4 74.3 22.9 2.9 0.0 0.020
My cu en job p e en s me 83.3 10.0 3.3 3.3 87.9 12.1 0.0 0.0 65.7 25.7 5.7 2.9 NS
I am oo old 73.3 13.3 6.7 6.7 82.9 8.6 5.7 2.9 91.4 8.6 0.0 0.0 NS
I am i ed 66.7 26.7 3.3 3.3 60.0 14.3 20.0 5.7 77.1 20.0 2.9 0.0 0.001
I is oo expensi e 60.0 26.7 10.0 3.3 71.4 25.7 2.9 0.0 85.7 5.7 8.6 0.0 NS
The echnical s a a e no sui able 31.0 27.6 27.6 13.8 68.6 14.3 5.7 11.4 55.9 11.8 20.6 11.8 NS
The spaces whe e I can p ac ise a e no sui able
76.7 20.0 3.3 0.0 74.3 20.0 5.7 0.0 57.1 20.0 17.1 5.7 NS
The e a e no spaces nea by whe e I can p ac ise
66.7 23.3 3.3 6.7 77.1 11.4 11.4 0.0 41.2 29.4 14.7 14.7 0.006
I don’ like i 86.2 10.3 3.4 0.0 70.6 14.7 8.8 5.9 97.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 NS
I can’ make ime o mysel 30.0 30.0 40.0 0.0 71.4 20.0 2.9 5.7 48.6 45.7 5.7 0.0 0.000
I don’ eel like i 50.0 26.7 16.7 6.7 45.7 17.1 17.1 20.0 77.1 14.3 8.6 0.0 0.017
I don’ know whe e o do exe cise 76.7 16.7 3.3 3.3 77.1 5.7 5.7 11.4 77.1 8.6 5.7 8.6 NS
I ha e o look a e my child en 66.7 13.3 10 10.0 94.3 5.7 0.0 0.0 82.9 2.9 8.6 5.7 0.038
I don’ eel able 80.0 13.3 6.7 0.0 77.1 17.1 5.7 0.0 88.6 8.6 2.9 0.0 NS
I am no i 60.0 23.3 6.7 10.0 61.8 14.7 20.6 2.9 60.0 31.4 8.6 0.0 NS
Di icul ies wi h anspo 66.7 26.7 6.7 0.0 65.7 25.7 5.7 2.9 65.7 11.4 11.4 11.4 NS
I ha e no one o do exe cise wi h 56.7 20.0 13.3 10.0 61.8 23.5 5.9 8.8 74.3 20.0 5.7 0.0 NS
I ha e o do he housewo k 43.3 26.7 23.3 6.7 61.8 17.6 14.7 5.9 57.1 25.7 14.3 2.9 NS
My heal h is no good 33.3 30.0 20.0 16.7 51.4 40.0 5.7 2.9 68.6 14.3 11.4 5.7 0.026
Incompa ible ime ables 33.3 50.0 10.0 6.7 62.9 31.4 2.9 2.9 45.7 37.1 14.3 2.9 NS
I ha en’ go he habi 36.7 30.0 23.3 10.0 62.9 20.0 8.6 8.6 71.4 22.9 5.7 0.0 NS
The e is no p o ision o he ac i i y I like 66.7 16.7 6.7 10.0 77.1 8.6 5.7 8.6 77.1 17.1 5.7 0.0 NS
I don’ hink i is necessa y o do exe cise 83.3 13.3 3.3 0.0 82.9 2.9 11.4 2.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NS
I ha e o look a e olde ela i es 76.7 16.7 6.7 0.0 71.4 11.4 8.6 8.6 82.9 5.7 8.6 2.9 0.022
I ha e a disabili y 27.6 20.7 20.7 31.0 48.6 14.3 22.9 14.3 54.3 17.1 8.6 20.0 NS
PD = physical disabili y, ID = in ellec ual disabili y, VD = isual disabili y, NS = non-signi ican di e ences.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20, 1320 8 o 13
Table 6. Resul s (%) e e ing o he di e ences in he pe cei ed mo i es o p ac ising PA and spo acco ding o ype o disabili y.
PD ID VD Chi2
No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo A lo No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo
A
Lo
No a
All Somewha Qui e a
Lo A Lo p
To eco e om an illness o inju y 36.7 20.0 13.3 0.0 71.4 17.1 5.7 5.7 88.6 5.7 5.7 0.0 0.000
To con ol my weigh 16.7 13.3 36.7 33.3 17.1 20.0 28.6 34.3 57.1 11.4 22.9 8.6 0.007
To keep i 3.3 10.0 26.7 60.0 5.7 14.3 31.4 48.6 5.7 25.7 31.4 37.1 NS
Because I eel good when I do physical ac i i y 0.0 10.0 36.7 53.3 5.7 20.0 11.4 62.9 0.0 5.7 20.0 74.3 NS
Because i ’s ime jus o me 20.7 17.2 37.9 24.1 20.0 8.6 20.0 51.4 20.0 22.9 25.7 31.4 NS
To mee my iends 13.3 30.0 26.7 30.0 8.6 11.4 14.3 65.7 2.9 25.7 28.6 42.9 NS
Fo enjoymen 0.0 20.0 33.3 46.7 5.7 14.3 22.9 57.1 0.0 0.0 20.0 80.0 0.022
Because I enjoy lea ning new hings 20.0 20.0 26.7 33.3 14.3 25.7 14.3 45.7 2.9 8.6 25.7 62.9 NS
To imp o e my physical heal h 3.3 13.3 40.0 43.3 2.9 25.7 20.0 51.4 0.0 17.1 42.9 40.0 NS
To imp o e my men al wellbeing 3.3 43.3 26.7 26.7 8.6 20.0 25.7 45.7 0.0 8.6 42.9 48.6 0.028
Because I like doing his physical ac i i y 0.0 6.7 23.3 70.0 5.9 11.8 17.6 64.7 0.0 2.9 11.4 85.7 0.013
To elimina e s ess 10 56.7 16.7 16.7 26.5 23.5 23.5 26.5 5.7 31.4 20.0 42.9 0.013
To imp o e my mood 10.3 27.6 41.4 20.7 5.7 20.0 31.4 42.9 0.0 20.0 45.7 34.3 NS
To make con ac wi h o he people 13.3 20.0 40.0 26.7 8.6 2.9 20.0 68.6 0.0 17.1 28.6 54.3 0.005
To spend mo e ime wi h my pa ne 86.7 6.7 3.3 3.3 70.6 11.8 8.8 8.8 80.0 8.6 8.6 2.9 NS
Because I eel bad i I don’ p ac ise 30.0 40.0 26.7 3.3 42.9 34.3 11.4 11.4 11.8 32.4 23.5 32.4 0.028
Because I like o o e come challenges 23.3 16.7 36.7 23.3 28.6 11.4 14.3 45.7 0.0 8.6 40.0 51.4 0.016
Because I wan i o be pa o my li e s yle 3.3 3.3 56.7 36.7 14.3 8.6 31.4 45.7 0.0 5.9 44.1 50.0 0.003
Fo he posi i e sensa ions ha doing physical
ac i i y gi es me 0.0 6.7 40.0 53.3 5.7 17.1 22.9 54.3 0.0 0.0 20.0 80.0 NS
Because i allows me o be in na u al
su oundings 30.0 30.0 26.7 13.3 40.0 5.7 17.1 37.1 25.7 37.1 14.3 22.9 0.044
Ou o obliga ion 70.0 23.3 6.7 0.0 60.0 17.1 11.4 11.4 57.1 11.4 11.4 20.0 NS
Because o my doc o ’s ad ice 23.3 26.7 33.3 16.7 42.9 17.1 31.4 8.6 74.3 14.3 8.6 2.9 0.003
To imp o e my appea ance 13.3 26.7 43.3 16.7 11.4 25.7 25.7 37.1 31.4 34.3 22.9 11.4 0.047
To imp o e my physical capaci y 3.3 13.3 53.3 30.0 8.6 11.4 28.6 51.4 0.0 22.9 40.0 37.1 NS
To disconnec o a while 6.7 33.3 36.7 23.3 2.9 17.1 37.1 42.9 0.0 8.6 34.3 57.1 NS
To sha e ac i i ies wi h my child en 79.3 13.8 0.0 6.9 97.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 88.2 8.8 0.0 2.9 0.000
PD = physical disabili y, ID = in ellec ual disabili y, VD = isual disabili y, NS = non-signi ican di e ences.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2023,20, 1320 9 o 13
4. Discussion
The main objec i e o his s udy was o disco e he pe cep ion o ba ie s o and
mo i es o he p ac ice o PA and spo in people wi h a disabili y, also analysing he
exis ing di e ences depending on gende and ype o disabili y. Mos s udies on his opic
ha e no aken in o accoun he gende and ype o disabili y o he pa icipan s [
28
,
29
,
31
,
33
].
This is why he con ibu ion o his pape is he analysis o he a o emen ioned mo i es
and ba ie s in a wide sample han ha habi ually used and he dis inguishing among
he ype o disabili y and he gende o he pa icipan s. The esul s ob ained in his s udy
show ha pe sonal ba ie s a e mo e impo an han en i onmen al ba ie s and ha he
mo i es ha ecei ed he highes sco es we e hose ela ed o leisu e, enjoymen and social
aspec s. Rega ding he gende o he pa icipan s, he women pe cei ed mo e ba ie s han
he men o he p ac ice o PA and spo . Wi h espec o he ype o disabili y, we ound
di e ences bo h in he ba ie s and in he mo i es o p ac ising PA and spo . In insic
ba ie s p edomina e in people wi h PD and ID, and en i onmen al ba ie s p edomina e
in people wi h VD. Among he mo i es o p ac ising PA and spo , he people wi h ID
and VD ga e highe sco es o mo i es o leisu e, enjoymen and social ela ions, while he
people wi h PD ocussed mo e on physical imp o emen and ehabili a ion. These indings
can be o g ea use in knowing which a e he exis ing mo i es and ba ie s ega ding he
p ac ice o PA and spo in people wi h a disabili y and, hus, o be able o o e di e en
physical-spo ing ac i i ies ha a e a ac i e o people wi h a disabili y and be able o
inc ease he le els o p ac ice.
Knowing he mo i es o and ba ie s o he p ac ice o PA and spo pe cei ed by
people wi h a disabili y can p o ide in o ma ion o ac ing acco ding o hei needs and o
being able o inc ease he le els o PA and spo p ac ice [
30
]. The indings o he p esen
s udy show ha he mos impo an pe cei ed ba ie s we e hose o an in insic/pe sonal
na u e—including, o example, “I ha e a disabili y”, “I don’ eel happy wi h my body”,
“I don’ eel like i ”, among o he s—while he e is only one en i onmen al ba ie wi h
a high sco e: “The echnical s a a e no sui able”. These esul s coincide wi h p e ious
s udies whe e i was obse ed ha he mos impo an ba ie s we e o an in insic na u e.
Fo example, Juanbel z e al. [
32
], in a s udy ca ied ou wi h ac i e people wi h PD, also
obse ed ha he mos impo an ba ie s we e pe sonal (“I ha e a disabili y”, “My heal h
is no good”, “I don’ eel like i ”, e c.). Simila ly, Mendia e al. [
33
], in a s udy ca ied
ou wi h a hle es wi h ID and ce eb al palsy (CP) ha compe ed in he Spanish socce
Liga Genuine, epo ed ha he ba ie s ha ob ained he highes sco es we e hose o a
pe sonal cha ac e , such as “I don’ eel happy wi h my body“ and “I don’ eel like i ”. In
con as o he indings o his s udy, Abellán and Januá io [
28
] in a hle es wi h ID; A alos
e al. [
29
] in a hle es wi h VD p ac ising goalball; and Jaa sma, Ge zen, e al. [
30
] in Du ch
Pa alympic a hle es wi h PD, bo h ambulan and using wheelchai s, epo ed ha he majo
ba ie s we e o an en i onmen al na u e. Possibly hese di e ences in he pe cep ion o he
pe sonal o en i onmen al ba ie s can be due o how he disabili y a ec s he indi iduals.
People wi h a disabili y ha ha e a mo e limi ed access o he p ac ice o PA and spo
may pe cei e g ea e en i onmen al ba ie s, bu people wi h less limi ed accessibili y may
pe cei e pe sonal ba ie s o a g ea e ex en .
Wi h espec o he mo i es o p ac ising PA and spo , he esul s ob ained in he
p esen s udy indica e ha he main mo i es o p ac icing PA and spo show a s ong play-,
ec ea ion- and social-o ien ed na u e: “Because I like doing his physical ac i i y”, “Fo he
posi i e sensa ions ha doing physical ac i i y gi es me”, “Because I eel good when I do
physical ac i i y“, “Fo enjoymen ”, “To make con ac wi h o he people”. In con as , he
less impo an mo i es o p ac ising we e “To sha e ac i i ies wi h my child en”, “To spend
mo e ime wi h my pa ne ” and “Because o my doc o ’s ad ice o o ehabili a ion”.
The esul s ob ained e e ing o he mo i es in ou s udy coincide wi h he s udies by
A alos e al. [
29
] ca ied ou wi h goalball playe s wi h VD, by Jaa sma, Gee zen e al. [
30
]
wi h Du ch Pa alympic a hle es, by Juanbel z e al. [
32
] wi h physically ac i e a hle es wi h
a disabili y and by Mendia e al. [
33
] wi h oo ball playe s om he Liga Genuine wi h
