Ci a ion: Beni o-Ayúca , J.;
González-Se na, P.; Luengas-Ca eño,
D.; U ibe-Rus, E. Repai o Beam End
Join s Using S eel Rods and Wood
P os hesis in He i age Buildings:
Implan a ion in he S uc u e o he
Zabala Palace in O dizia (Basque
Coun y, Spain). Buildings 2024,14,
3363. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
buildings14113363
Academic Edi o : Sa hees Na a
Recei ed: 30 Sep embe 2024
Re ised: 18 Oc obe 2024
Accep ed: 21 Oc obe 2024
Published: 24 Oc obe 2024
Copy igh : © 2024 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
buildings
A icle
Repai o Beam End Join s Using S eel Rods and Wood
P os hesis in He i age Buildings: Implan a ion in he S uc u e
o he Zabala Palace in O dizia (Basque Coun y, Spain)
Josu Beni o-Ayúca 1, Pablo González-Se na 1, Daniel Luengas-Ca eño 2,* and Ekai z U ibe-Rus 3
1Cons uc ion Ma e ials—Lab Se ices, TECNALIA, Basque Resea ch and Technology Alliance (BRTA),
Polígono Lasao—Á ea Ana di, 5, 20730 Azpei ia, Spain; [email p o ec ed] (J.B.-A.);
[email p o ec ed] (P.G.-S.)
2Depa men o A chi ec u e, Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y UPV/EHU, Plaza Oña i 2,
20018 Donos ia-San Sebas ian, Spain
3O eka A ki ek u a, Mundai z Kalea 8, 20012 Donos ia, Spain; ekai z@o eka.com.es
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
This pape p esen s he me hodology de eloped in he epai o h ee oak beam ends in a
p o ec ed he i age building: he Zabala Palace in O dizia (Basque Coun y, Spain). I desc ibes he
s uc u al assessmen , design, calcula ion and execu ion p ocess, as well as he expe imen al es s
ca ied ou in he labo a o y o e i y and alida e he s uc u al capaci y o he epai me hod. The
in e en ion consis ed o cu ing and emo ing he beam ends deg aded by ungi and eplacing hem
wi h wooden p os heses. These elemen s we e connec ed o he beams by means o h eaded s eel
ods and epoxy esin. Calcula ions based on s anda ds and he li e a u e we e e i ied by labo a o y
es s whe e aspec s such as he luidi y, illing and pull-ou esis ance o ou comme cial epoxy esins
we e es ed. Once he epoxy esin was selec ed, h ee samples o he ein o cemen design we e also
lexu e es ed. The esul s o he di e en es s show capaci ies much highe han hose esul ing
om he applica ion o he calcula ion p ocedu es in he cu en bibliog aphy and s anda ds. The
implemen ed solu ion allowed he conse a ion o mos o he o iginal pa imonial imbe , ollowing
he c i e ia o minimum in e en ion.
Keywo ds:
imbe s uc u es; epai ; wood p os hesis; epoxy esin; s eel ods; a chi ec u al he i age
1. In oduc ion
A signi ican numbe o exis ing and his o ic buildings ha e wooden s uc u es.
Th oughou he wo ld, he e a e nume ous examples o adi ional wooden building ypolo-
gies ( a mhouses, illa houses, palaces, e c.), wi h di e en ypes o s uc u al sys ems and
elemen s [
1
–
7
]. Due o hei cul u al, es he ic, his o ical, echnological and/o social alues,
some o hese buildings a e conside ed he i age, cons uc ions ha we mus main ain and
conse e as a socie y. Acco ding o in e na ional o ganiza ions such as ICOMOS [
8
], a
imbe he i age s uc u e is conside ed o be any ype o cons uc ion buil “wholly o
pa ially in imbe ha ha e cul u al signi icance”. In e en ion on a he i age s uc u e
mus be ca ied ou in a espec ul manne , keeping he in e en ion o he minimum
necessa y (ensu ing sa e y and du abili y) and wi h he leas damage o he in eg i y and
au hen ici y o i s cha ac e -de ining elemen s [9,10].
Al hough wooden cons uc ions his o ically ha e a high na u al du abili y, biological
de e io a ion can educe hei load-bea ing capaci y o e en cause he pa ial o o al
collapse o he building. In solid wood, some o he mos common damages a e caused
by woodwo ms, e mi es and ungi [
11
–
15
], which may appea when a ce ain mois u e
con en is exceeded (depending on he species o ee and insec / ungi). This de e io a ion
o en a ec s s uc u al elemen s embedded in walls o in con ac wi h s one suppo s, such
Buildings 2024,14, 3363. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/buildings14113363 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/buildings
Buildings 2024,14, 3363 2 o 14
as wooden beam end join s [
16
,
17
]. These hidden elemen s a e usually places wi h poo
en ila ion and whe e mois u e can accumula e, due o ex e nal wa e il a ion, in e nal
apo condensa ion o capilla y ac ion. The e o e, as hey a e usually loca ed in hidden
pa s o he building, his ype o biological de e io a ion in beam ends is gene ally di icul
o de ec unless a comp ehensi e inspec ion o he s uc u e is ca ied ou .
Rega ding in e en ion in his ype o pa hology, nowadays he e a e mo e and mo e
echniques and ma e ials o epai imbe s uc u es [
16
–
18
], al hough no all he sys ems
a e su icien ly es ed no ha e hey been ully e i ied in eal in e en ions. Fo biologically
de e io a ed beam ends, one o he mos common echniques is o eplace he damaged
pa wi h wooden p os hesis connec ed by means o s eel o ibe - ein o ced polyme (FRP)
ods o pla es [
19
–
27
]. This a icle deals wi h he applica ion o his echnique in a complex
s uc u al join o a highly p o ec ed he i age building in use and p oposes a me hodology
o ac ion ha includes di e en phases: p elimina y s udy, design o he in e en ion,
s uc u al calcula ion, expe imen al e i ica ion and cons uc i e execu ion.
The building objec o he in e en ion is he Zabala Palace, which is in he municipali y
o O dizia, in he Basque Coun y (Spain). O dizia is a se lemen o g ea his o ical (i was
ounded in 1256 by King Al onso X) and he i age alue ( he medie al illage is decla ed a
He i age Si e). The Zabala Palace is loca ed ou side i s his o ic cen e , in one o he a abales
o i s expansions o he medie al nucleus and nea one o i s ga es. I was buil a he
end o he 16 h cen u y by Domingo de Zabala, an a is oc a o g ea his o ical ele ance
who held he posi ion o accoun an and ad iso o Kings Felipe II and Felipe III. I s main
sec ion, loca ed in he sou heas a ea o he complex (Figu e 1, le ), has a ec angula
plan and consis s o a g ound loo , wo esiden ial uppe loo s and an a ic. I s acade
is a anged along se e al symme ical axes, whe e i s main deco a i e de ail s ands ou :
wo gemina ed segmen al a ches wi hou mullion and wi h a la ge ba oque coa o a ms.
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 o 14
woodwo ms, e mi es and ungi [11–15], which may appea when a ce ain mois u e con-
en is exceeded (depending on he species o ee and insec / ungi). This de e io a ion
o en affec s s uc u al elemen s embedded in walls o in con ac wi h s one suppo s, such
as wooden beam end join s [16,17]. These hidden elemen s a e usually places wi h poo
en ila ion and whe e mois u e can accumula e, due o ex e nal wa e il a ion, in e nal
apo condensa ion o capilla y ac ion. The e o e, as hey a e usually loca ed in hidden
pa s o he building, his ype o biological de e io a ion in beam ends is gene ally diffi-
cul o de ec unless a comp ehensi e inspec ion o he s uc u e is ca ied ou .
Rega ding in e en ion in his ype o pa hology, nowadays he e a e mo e and mo e
echniques and ma e ials o epai imbe s uc u es [16–18], al hough no all he sys ems
a e sufficien ly es ed no ha e hey been ully e i ied in eal in e en ions. Fo biologi-
cally de e io a ed beam ends, one o he mos common echniques is o eplace he dam-
aged pa wi h wooden p os hesis connec ed by means o s eel o ibe - ein o ced poly-
me (FRP) ods o pla es [19–27]. This a icle deals wi h he applica ion o his echnique
in a complex s uc u al join o a highly p o ec ed he i age building in use and p oposes
a me hodology o ac ion ha includes diffe en phases: p elimina y s udy, design o he
in e en ion, s uc u al calcula ion, expe imen al e i ica ion and cons uc i e execu ion.
The building objec o he in e en ion is he Zabala Palace, which is in he munici-
pali y o O dizia, in he Basque Coun y (Spain). O dizia is a se lemen o g ea his o ical
(i was ounded in 1256 by King Al onso X) and he i age alue ( he medie al illage is
decla ed a He i age Si e). The Zabala Palace is loca ed ou side i s his o ic cen e , in one o
he a abales o i s expansions o he medie al nucleus and nea one o i s ga es. I was
buil a he end o he 16 h cen u y by Domingo de Zabala, an a is oc a o g ea his o ical
ele ance who held he posi ion o accoun an and ad iso o Kings Felipe II and Felipe
III. I s main sec ion, loca ed in he sou heas a ea o he complex (Figu e 1, le ), has a
ec angula plan and consis s o a g ound loo , wo esiden ial uppe loo s and an a ic.
I s acade is a anged along se e al symme ical axes, whe e i s main deco a i e de ail
s ands ou : wo gemina ed segmen al a ches wi hou mullion and wi h a la ge ba oque
coa o a ms.
As well as o he his o ical he i age buildings in he Basque Coun y [28–30], he Za-
bala Palace has a s uc u e composed o mason y pe ime e load-bea ing walls and an
in e io s uc u e o wooden pos s, beams and jois s. In he cen al pa , he palace has a
Renaissance cou ya d, whe e a ow o sands one Do ic columns suppo he wooden
beams and he loads o he uppe loo s. Be o e he in e en ion, pa hologies o biological
o igin we e isible h oughou he cou ya d. The mos se ious damage was in he suppo
o he no hwes co ne o he cou ya d (Figu e 1, igh ), in which h ee beam ends we e
badly decayed.
Figu e 1. Image o he main acade. Ae ial pho o o he building, showing he co ne o he cou ya d
wi h damage.
Figu e 1.
Image o he main acade. Ae ial pho o o he building, showing he co ne o he cou ya d
wi h damage.
As well as o he his o ical he i age buildings in he Basque Coun y [
28
–
30
], he
Zabala Palace has a s uc u e composed o mason y pe ime e load-bea ing walls and an
in e io s uc u e o wooden pos s, beams and jois s. In he cen al pa , he palace has
a Renaissance cou ya d, whe e a ow o sands one Do ic columns suppo he wooden
beams and he loads o he uppe loo s. Be o e he in e en ion, pa hologies o biological
o igin we e isible h oughou he cou ya d. The mos se ious damage was in he suppo
o he no hwes co ne o he cou ya d (Figu e 1, igh ), in which h ee beam ends we e
badly decayed.
This a icle deals wi h he in e en ion ca ied ou in hese h ee wooden beams
loca ed in an ou doo en i onmen . The s uc u al join o his co ne is complex, since
h ee beams con e ge a he same poin wi h li le suppo su ace. In addi ion, his poin is
exposed o ex e nal humidi y and ain, and a downspou uns h ough i as well. Two o he
membe s a e acade beams (Figu e 2, B1 and B2) and he hi d beam (Figu e 2, B3) allows
Buildings 2024,14, 3363 3 o 14
he suppo o he jois s in con inui y wi h one o he acade beams (Figu e 2, B1). These
beams suppo he weigh o he wo uppe loo s, which we e o be kep in use du ing
he in e en ion. Due o he g ea decay o he beam ends, he elemen s we e secu ed wi h
p ops by he p ope y be o e he p elimina y inspec ion.
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 14
This a icle deals wi h he in e en ion ca ied ou in hese h ee wooden beams lo-
ca ed in an ou doo en i onmen . The s uc u al join o his co ne is complex, since h ee
beams con e ge a he same poin wi h li le suppo su ace. In addi ion, his poin is
exposed o ex e nal humidi y and ain, and a downspou uns h ough i as well. Two o
he membe s a e acade beams (Figu e 2, B1 and B2) and he hi d beam (Figu e 2, B3)
allows he suppo o he jois s in con inui y wi h one o he acade beams (Figu e 2, B1).
These beams suppo he weigh o he wo uppe loo s, which we e o be kep in use
du ing he in e en ion. Due o he g ea decay o he beam ends, he elemen s we e se-
cu ed wi h p ops by he p ope y be o e he p elimina y inspec ion.
Figu e 2. Gene al iew o he co ne . De ail o he suppo o he h ee beams on he s one column.
As pa o he comp ehensi e in e en ion p ojec commissioned by he OREKA A -
ki ek u a s udio, he aim o his wo k was o ca y ou a s uc u al diagnosis o he beams
o his suppo , assessing he damage in de ail, and o design and calcula e a s uc u al
in e en ion espec ul o and in acco dance wi h he he i age alue o he building. Fo
his pu pose, a me hodology was ollowed ha included heo e ical calcula ions and la-
bo a o y es s in he p ocess o de eloping he design o he solu ion.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
The wo k ca ied ou is di ided in o se e al asks: ield wo k and inspec ion o he
exis ing s uc u e, design o he in e en ion p oposal, s uc u al calcula ion, expe i-
men al e i ica ion and elabo a ion o he execu ion planning o he epai wo k.
Fo he assessmen o his he i age s uc u e, he speci ica ions o he Annex I o ISO
13822:2010 [10] we e ollowed, as well as he ecommenda ions o he In e na ional Scien-
i ic Commi ee o he Analysis and Res o a ion o A chi ec u al He i age S uc u es o
ICOMOS [8,9]. In he i s phase, in o ma ion on he o iginal cons uc ion was sea ched in
he his o ical a chi es, as well as o he documen s ela ed o la e ans o ma ions ( e u -
bishmen s, p e ious epai s, e c.) o his o ical e en s ha caused s uc u al damage.
Du ing he ield wo k, a isual and ins umen al diagnosis was ca ied ou o de e -
mine he scope and ex en o he damage and o limi he in e en ion o he s ic ly nec-
essa y. Gi en ha he p elimina y inspec ion de ec ed ha much o he damage was on
he hidden ace o he beams (on which he acade walls a e buil ), IML Resi-300 mic o-
d iling ins umen (IML Ins umen a Mechanik Labo , Wiesloch, Ge many) was used o
Figu e 2. Gene al iew o he co ne . De ail o he suppo o he h ee beams on he s one column.
As pa o he comp ehensi e in e en ion p ojec commissioned by he OREKA
A ki ek u a s udio, he aim o his wo k was o ca y ou a s uc u al diagnosis o he beams
o his suppo , assessing he damage in de ail, and o design and calcula e a s uc u al
in e en ion espec ul o and in acco dance wi h he he i age alue o he building. Fo his
pu pose, a me hodology was ollowed ha included heo e ical calcula ions and labo a o y
es s in he p ocess o de eloping he design o he solu ion.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
The wo k ca ied ou is di ided in o se e al asks: ield wo k and inspec ion o he
exis ing s uc u e, design o he in e en ion p oposal, s uc u al calcula ion, expe imen al
e i ica ion and elabo a ion o he execu ion planning o he epai wo k.
Fo he assessmen o his he i age s uc u e, he speci ica ions o he Annex I o
ISO 13822:2010 [
10
] we e ollowed, as well as he ecommenda ions o he In e na ional
Scien i ic Commi ee o he Analysis and Res o a ion o A chi ec u al He i age S uc u es
o ICOMOS [
8
,
9
]. In he i s phase, in o ma ion on he o iginal cons uc ion was sea ched
in he his o ical a chi es, as well as o he documen s ela ed o la e ans o ma ions
( e u bishmen s, p e ious epai s, e c.) o his o ical e en s ha caused s uc u al damage.
Du ing he ield wo k, a isual and ins umen al diagnosis was ca ied ou o de-
e mine he scope and ex en o he damage and o limi he in e en ion o he s ic ly
necessa y. Gi en ha he p elimina y inspec ion de ec ed ha much o he damage was
on he hidden ace o he beams (on which he acade walls a e buil ), IML Resi-300
mic o-d iling ins umen (IML Ins umen a Mechanik Labo , Wiesloch, Ge many) was
used o de e mine he sp ead o he hidden decay. Du ing he on-si e inspec ion, he wood
elemen s we e also analyzed o de e mine he species, and he mois u e con en was mea-
su ed a di e en poin s o he h ee beams using an Exo ek MC-380XCA mic op ocesso -
con olled mois u e me e (Exo ek Ins umen s, Fich enbe g, Ge many).
A e conduc ing he on-si e inspec ion and analyzing he a ailable documen a ion,
he s uc u al in e en ion design was de eloped. This p ocess in ol ed discussions and
collabo a ion wi h bo h he a chi ec u al s udio and he p ope y owne s. As a esul , he
Buildings 2024,14, 3363 4 o 14
key objec i es and guidelines ha he in e en ion should aim o ollow and achie e, o he
g ea es ex en possible, we e es ablished:
•
The building is a p o ec ed he i age building, so he in e en ion mus ha e he
s ic ly necessa y scope (minimum in e en ion c i e ia), and i mus p o ec i s
cha ac e -de ining
elemen s. Fu he mo e, he in e en ion mus ollow he c i e ia
o he He i age Se ice o he P o incial Council o Gipuzkoa, as well as he consid-
e a ions o in e na ional cha e s and documen s [
8
–
10
]: inc emen al o s ep-by-s ep
app oach, use o compa ible and su icien ly es ed ma e ials, whe e possible use o
e e sible measu es, e c.
•
The uppe loo s in he in e en ion a ea should no be e acua ed. I possible, he
building will be kep in use du ing he execu ion.
•
The execu ion ime (including he sho ing sys em) should be educed o he
minimum necessa y.
•
Ful illing all he abo e, he in e en ion should be as economically educed as possible.
Acco ding o he expe ience ob ained in p e ious wo ks and ollowing he echnical
speci ica ions p o ided by he He i age Se ice o he P o incial Council o Gipuzkoa, i
was decided o use wooden p os heses connec ed by means o h eaded s eel ods and
epoxy esin. The gene al calcula ion o loads and s esses in he elemen s was ca ied
ou using he egula ions based on he Spanish Technical Building Code [
31
–
33
] and
Eu ocode 5 [
34
]. The calcula ion o h eaded s eel ods wi h epoxy esin was based on
ecognized li e a u e [
35
–
37
] and scien i ic publica ions [
38
,
39
], as well as on documen a ion
ecei ed om di e en cou ses and cong esses. Fo his ask, a sp eadshee speci ically
c ea ed o sizing his ype o ein o cemen was used.
To e i y he calcula ion model o he embedded ods and he easibili y o he solu ion,
an expe imen al campaign in h ee phases was conduc ed. The i s phase in ol ed as-
sessing he sui abili y o di e en esins o injec ion, luidi y and illing. Fou comme cial
esins om h ee di e en supplie s we e es ed. The aim was o de e mine whe he he
esins could be injec ed using only a single en y hole and a single exi hole. Secondly, a se-
ies o pull-ou es s we e conduc ed o de e mine he wi hd awal s eng h o he h eaded
ods bonded wi h epoxy esin in oak imbe blocks. Th ee specimens we e p epa ed o
each esin, wi h 12 mm diame e ods bonded in o 14 mm diame e holes wi h a dep h o
120 mm. In he hi d phase o he expe imen al e i ica ion, h ee samples wi h dimensions
simila o hose o he design we e es ed in lexu e, o ob ain he lexu al capaci y p o ided
by each s eel od ein o cemen o he elemen . In his case, 16 mm diame e ods, 20 mm
squa e-shaped g oo es and 40 mm dep h oak co e s we e used.
Finally, he design o he in e en ion was se led and, once all possible op ions had
been discussed wi h he ca pen e , he cons uc ion plan was ag eed upon and execu ed.
3. Resul s
3.1. Field Wo k and Inspec ion o he S uc u e
Rega ding he s udy o he his o ical documen a ion on he building, no in o ma ion
was ound on ele an ans o ma ions o p e ious epai wo ks in he in e ened a ea.
The only impo an p e ious wo k, which is no documen ed, is he ins alla ion o he
downspou . Du ing he isual inspec ion, i was obse ed ha he co ne was al eady
sho ed up by he p ope y and ha he h ee beam ends showed se e e deg ada ion caused
by wood decay ungi (Figu e 3). I was de e mined ha he cause o his damage was
leaks om he downspou and he wa e ap o med a he join o he beams es ing on
he s one column. The on-si e inspec ion also se ed o e i y ha he species o he h ee
beams was oak wood.
In he ins umen al diagnosis (Figu e 4), he mois u e me e and mic o-d illing we e
used o de e mine he a ea and ex en o deg ada ion hidden by ungi in he h ee beams.
To be able o measu e wi h he necessa y accu acy, some o he damaged inishes had o
be emo ed a some poin s by manual means, a oiding ib a ions o le e s and causing
he leas possible damage o he heal hy pa s. In he h ee membe s, a g adual imp o e-
Buildings 2024,14, 3363 5 o 14
men in he condi ion o he wood was obse ed as he beams ex ended away om he
co ne . The mic o-d ill es s de e mined ha he non- eco e able ex en o deg ada ion in
beams 2 and 3 was sligh ly less han 500 mm in leng h om he beam end. Beam 1 showed
a g ea e deg ada ion, which was a ound 700–750 mm in leng h om he beam end. Thus,
his s udy se ed o de e mine he leng h o he beam o be sec ioned, emo ed and eplaced
by a wooden p os hesis o he same species.
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 14
caused by wood decay ungi (Figu e 3). I was de e mined ha he cause o his damage
was leaks om he downspou and he wa e ap o med a he join o he beams es ing
on he s one column. The on-si e inspec ion also se ed o e i y ha he species o he
h ee beams was oak wood.
Figu e 3. Beam ends damaged by ungi and he downspou .
In he ins umen al diagnosis (Figu e 4), he mois u e me e and mic o-d illing we e
used o de e mine he a ea and ex en o deg ada ion hidden by ungi in he h ee beams.
To be able o measu e wi h he necessa y accu acy, some o he damaged inishes had o
be emo ed a some poin s by manual means, a oiding ib a ions o le e s and causing
he leas possible damage o he heal hy pa s. In he h ee membe s, a g adual imp o e-
men in he condi ion o he wood was obse ed as he beams ex ended away om he
co ne . The mic o-d ill es s de e mined ha he non- eco e able ex en o deg ada ion in
beams 2 and 3 was sligh ly less han 500 mm in leng h om he beam end. Beam 1 showed
a g ea e deg ada ion, which was a ound 700–750 mm in leng h om he beam end. Thus,
his s udy se ed o de e mine he leng h o he beam o be sec ioned, emo ed and e-
placed by a wooden p os hesis o he same species.
Figu e 4. On-si e inspec ion, ma king o es s on he beams and se e al g aphs ob ained using he
mic o-d illing echnique, in which he a eas damaged by ungi appea wi h lowe alues.
3.2. S uc u al In e en ion P oposal
In ecen decades, he mos used solu ions o epai deg aded wooden beam ends
ha e been hei comple e eplacemen wi h new wooden elemen s o hei ein o cemen
wi h UPN s eel p o iles ixed o he sides and bol ed wi h sc ews o h eaded ods. In his
case, nei he op ion was conside ed sui able. Rega ding he i s op ion, special sho ing
was equi ed o suppo he slabs and cou ya d acades, and i was difficul o eplace he
en i e beams wi hou damaging he acades. The ein o cemen wi h UPN p o iles was
Figu e 3. Beam ends damaged by ungi and he downspou .
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 14
caused by wood decay ungi (Figu e 3). I was de e mined ha he cause o his damage
was leaks om he downspou and he wa e ap o med a he join o he beams es ing
on he s one column. The on-si e inspec ion also se ed o e i y ha he species o he
h ee beams was oak wood.
Figu e 3. Beam ends damaged by ungi and he downspou .
In he ins umen al diagnosis (Figu e 4), he mois u e me e and mic o-d illing we e
used o de e mine he a ea and ex en o deg ada ion hidden by ungi in he h ee beams.
To be able o measu e wi h he necessa y accu acy, some o he damaged inishes had o
be emo ed a some poin s by manual means, a oiding ib a ions o le e s and causing
he leas possible damage o he heal hy pa s. In he h ee membe s, a g adual imp o e-
men in he condi ion o he wood was obse ed as he beams ex ended away om he
co ne . The mic o-d ill es s de e mined ha he non- eco e able ex en o deg ada ion in
beams 2 and 3 was sligh ly less han 500 mm in leng h om he beam end. Beam 1 showed
a g ea e deg ada ion, which was a ound 700–750 mm in leng h om he beam end. Thus,
his s udy se ed o de e mine he leng h o he beam o be sec ioned, emo ed and e-
placed by a wooden p os hesis o he same species.
Figu e 4. On-si e inspec ion, ma king o es s on he beams and se e al g aphs ob ained using he
mic o-d illing echnique, in which he a eas damaged by ungi appea wi h lowe alues.
3.2. S uc u al In e en ion P oposal
In ecen decades, he mos used solu ions o epai deg aded wooden beam ends
ha e been hei comple e eplacemen wi h new wooden elemen s o hei ein o cemen
wi h UPN s eel p o iles ixed o he sides and bol ed wi h sc ews o h eaded ods. In his
case, nei he op ion was conside ed sui able. Rega ding he i s op ion, special sho ing
was equi ed o suppo he slabs and cou ya d acades, and i was difficul o eplace he
en i e beams wi hou damaging he acades. The ein o cemen wi h UPN p o iles was
Figu e 4.
On-si e inspec ion, ma king o es s on he beams and se e al g aphs ob ained using he
mic o-d illing echnique, in which he a eas damaged by ungi appea wi h lowe alues.
3.2. S uc u al In e en ion P oposal
In ecen decades, he mos used solu ions o epai deg aded wooden beam ends
ha e been hei comple e eplacemen wi h new wooden elemen s o hei ein o cemen
wi h UPN s eel p o iles ixed o he sides and bol ed wi h sc ews o h eaded ods. In his
case, nei he op ion was conside ed sui able. Rega ding he i s op ion, special sho ing
was equi ed o suppo he slabs and cou ya d acades, and i was di icul o eplace
he en i e beams wi hou damaging he acades. The ein o cemen wi h UPN p o iles
was also conside ed inapp op ia e om a he i age poin o iew, as i al e ed he way he
his o ic elemen was pe cei ed, especially conside ing ha his join is pe ec ly isible
om he la ge window o he g ound loo es au an . Mo eo e , being an ou doo join ,
his solu ion could c ea e new wa e aps a he junc ion be ween elemen s.
A his s age, he op imal app oach o es o ing he o iginal appea ance and s uc u al
capaci y o he deg aded elemen s wi h minimal in e en ion was o manu ac u e and
ins all wood p os heses. The echnique aimed o educe bo h he o e all in e en ion and
he impac on he o iginal wooden elemen s. A e consul ing wi h he con ac o and he
ca pen e ega ding hei echnical and ope a ional capabili ies, ully e ical cu (ins ead
o an angle cu ) imbe p os heses we e designed. This solu ion minimized he loss o
ma e ial in he o iginal elemen and acili a ed he execu ion p ocess o he builde .
Buildings 2024,14, 3363 6 o 14
The connec ion was designed o ensu e he s uc u al con inui y o he p os heses
and he o iginal beams consis ed o s eel h eaded ods bonded wi h epoxy esin o
he
bo om-edge
ensile s ess, and ully h eaded sc ews inse ed a 45-deg ee angle o
ansmission o he shea s ess. The ela i e posi ion o he ein o cemen and numbe o
ods we e adjus ed on e e y beam acco ding o i s deg ada ion leng h, load and geome y
(Figu e 5). The ods we e concealed wi hin g oo es, which we e subsequen ly co e ed wi h
oak wood co e s o main ain he es he ic in eg i y o he s uc u e wi h a ully compa ible
ma e ial and o p o ec he s eel elemen s om i e.
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 14
also conside ed inapp op ia e om a he i age poin o iew, as i al e ed he way he his-
o ic elemen was pe cei ed, especially conside ing ha his join is pe ec ly isible om
he la ge window o he g ound loo es au an . Mo eo e , being an ou doo join , his
solu ion could c ea e new wa e aps a he junc ion be ween elemen s.
A his s age, he op imal app oach o es o ing he o iginal appea ance and s uc-
u al capaci y o he deg aded elemen s wi h minimal in e en ion was o manu ac u e
and ins all wood p os heses. The echnique aimed o educe bo h he o e all in e en ion
and he impac on he o iginal wooden elemen s. A e consul ing wi h he con ac o and
he ca pen e ega ding hei echnical and ope a ional capabili ies, ully e ical cu (in-
s ead o an angle cu ) imbe p os heses we e designed. This solu ion minimized he loss
o ma e ial in he o iginal elemen and acili a ed he execu ion p ocess o he builde .
The connec ion was designed o ensu e he s uc u al con inui y o he p os heses
and he o iginal beams consis ed o s eel h eaded ods bonded wi h epoxy esin o he
bo om-edge ensile s ess, and ully h eaded sc ews inse ed a 45-deg ee angle o ans-
mission o he shea s ess. The ela i e posi ion o he ein o cemen and numbe o ods
we e adjus ed on e e y beam acco ding o i s deg ada ion leng h, load and geome y (Fig-
u e 5). The ods we e concealed wi hin g oo es, which we e subsequen ly co e ed wi h
oak wood co e s o main ain he es he ic in eg i y o he s uc u e wi h a ully compa ible
ma e ial and o p o ec he s eel elemen s om i e.
Figu e 5. Design o he p os heses o beams B1, B2 and B3. De ail o beam B1.
3.3. S uc u al Analysis and Calcula ion
Fo he gene al calcula ion o he in e en ion, he o mula ions and egula ions o
he Spanish Technical Building Code [31–33] and Eu ocode 5 [34] we e ollowed. Based
on he in o ma ion p o ided by he a chi ec u al eam, he loads conside ed in he calcu-
la ion we e a loo sel -weigh o 2.67 kN/m2, a acade sel -weigh o 4 kN/m2, a pa i ion
sel -weigh o 1 kN/m2 and a li e load ( esiden ial use) o 2 kN/m2. The s esses in he
sec ions we e de e mined by means o classical o mulas o mechanics o ma e ials, mo e
speci ically using he homogenized sec ion me hod. The pull-ou esis ance o he s eel
ods glued wi h epoxy esin was de e mined using he me hods epo ed in he echnical
bibliog aphy [35–39]. Following hese o mula ions, momen and shea o ces we e calcu-
la ed o each beam a he posi ion o he cu . Using he c oss-sec ional pa ame e s o he
beam and a p ede e mined numbe o ods o speci ic diame e , he ensional s ess o he
ods was assessed o each load scena io, as well as hei equi ed embedmen leng h
wi hin he wood. The ollowing sp eadshee s (Figu es 6 and 7), c ea ed by he au ho s
speci ically o his p ojec , illus a e he design and e i ica ion pe o med o he design
solu ion.
Figu e 5. Design o he p os heses o beams B1, B2 and B3. De ail o beam B1.
3.3. S uc u al Analysis and Calcula ion
Fo he gene al calcula ion o he in e en ion, he o mula ions and egula ions o
he Spanish Technical Building Code [
31
–
33
] and Eu ocode 5 [
34
] we e ollowed. Based
on he in o ma ion p o ided by he a chi ec u al eam, he loads conside ed in he calcula-
ion we e a loo sel -weigh o 2.67 kN/m
2
, a acade sel -weigh o 4 kN/m
2
, a pa i ion
sel -weigh o 1 kN/m
2
and a li e load ( esiden ial use) o 2 kN/m
2
. The s esses in he
sec ions we e de e mined by means o classical o mulas o mechanics o ma e ials, mo e
speci ically using he homogenized sec ion me hod. The pull-ou esis ance o he s eel
ods glued wi h epoxy esin was de e mined using he me hods epo ed in he echnical
bibliog aphy [
35
–
39
]. Following hese o mula ions, momen and shea o ces we e cal-
cula ed o each beam a he posi ion o he cu . Using he c oss-sec ional pa ame e s o
he beam and a p ede e mined numbe o ods o speci ic diame e , he ensional s ess
o he ods was assessed o each load scena io, as well as hei equi ed embedmen
leng h wi hin he wood. The ollowing sp eadshee s (Figu es 6and 7), c ea ed by he
au ho s speci ically o his p ojec , illus a e he design and e i ica ion pe o med o he
design solu ion.
Table 1p o ides a summa y o he key pa ame e s and calcula ion esul s o he
design e i ica ion o he ein o cemen o he h ee beams. I includes geome ical pa-
ame e s (h,band L), cha ac e is ic pe manen and li e linea loads (Q
p
and Q
l
), he
posi ion o he cu x, he design momen M
d
, and he inse ed ods. In addi ion, he able
p esen s he es ima ed axial o ce on each od F
ax, od
, he esul ing s ess on he
imbe – esin
bonding a ea F
ax, od
/A
ne
and he e i ica ion design a io n
d
, calcula ed ollowing he
echnical e e ences [
35
–
39
]. Wi h his pa icula design, and acco ding o he calcula-
ion models, he go e ning ailu e mode in he ein o cemen o he h ee beams was he
imbe – esin bond.
Buildings 2024,14, 3363 7 o 14
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 14
Figu e 6. Sp eadshee . Inpu o basic da a and esul an o ces.
Figu e 7. Sp eadshee . Calcula ion o ods and ancho age leng h.
Table 1 p o ides a summa y o he key pa ame e s and calcula ion esul s o he
design e i ica ion o he ein o cemen o he h ee beams. I includes geome ical pa am-
e e s (h, b and L), cha ac e is ic pe manen and li e linea loads (Qp and Ql), he posi ion
o he cu x, he design momen Md, and he inse ed ods. In addi ion, he able p esen s
he es ima ed axial o ce on each od Fax, od, he esul ing s ess on he imbe – esin bond-
ing a ea Fax, od/Ane and he e i ica ion design a io nd, calcula ed ollowing he echnical
e e ences [35–39]. Wi h his pa icula design, and acco ding o he calcula ion models,
he go e ning ailu e mode in he ein o cemen o he h ee beams was he imbe – esin
bond.
Table 1. Main pa ame e s and esul s o he design e i ica ions o he in e en ion on he beams.
Elemen h
[mm]
b
[mm]
L
[m]
x
[mm]
Qp
[kN/m]
Ql
[kN/m]
Md
[kNm]
od
[mm]
Fax, od,d
[N]
Fax, od,d /Ane
[N/mm2]
nd
[-]
Beam 1 290 320 3.53 750 21.73 4.2 37.17 4 × Ø16 45,733 2.91 0.88
Beam 2 240 270 2.83 500 18.67 2.5 16.87 3 × Ø16 35,220 2.24 0.68
Beam 3 240 240 3.5 500 7.36 4.0 6.57 2 × Ø16 20,221 1.29 0.39
3.4. Expe imen al Ve i ica ion
As men ioned abo e, he i s phase o he expe imen al e i ica ion s udied he sui -
abili y o ou diffe en esins o injec ion, luidi y and illing. The es specimen manu-
ac u ed o his pu pose consis ed o a imbe block wi h ou g oo es in o which he ods
we e inse ed. These ods we e sepa a ed om he wood su ace by wi e space s and
sealed wi h a wooden s ip glued wi h epoxy esin (Figu e 8).
Figu e 6. Sp eadshee . Inpu o basic da a and esul an o ces.
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 14
Figu e 6. Sp eadshee . Inpu o basic da a and esul an o ces.
Figu e 7. Sp eadshee . Calcula ion o ods and ancho age leng h.
Table 1 p o ides a summa y o he key pa ame e s and calcula ion esul s o he
design e i ica ion o he ein o cemen o he h ee beams. I includes geome ical pa am-
e e s (h, b and L), cha ac e is ic pe manen and li e linea loads (Qp and Ql), he posi ion
o he cu x, he design momen Md, and he inse ed ods. In addi ion, he able p esen s
he es ima ed axial o ce on each od Fax, od, he esul ing s ess on he imbe – esin bond-
ing a ea Fax, od/Ane and he e i ica ion design a io nd, calcula ed ollowing he echnical
e e ences [35–39]. Wi h his pa icula design, and acco ding o he calcula ion models,
he go e ning ailu e mode in he ein o cemen o he h ee beams was he imbe – esin
bond.
Table 1. Main pa ame e s and esul s o he design e i ica ions o he in e en ion on he beams.
Elemen h
[mm]
b
[mm]
L
[m]
x
[mm]
Qp
[kN/m]
Ql
[kN/m]
Md
[kNm]
od
[mm]
Fax, od,d
[N]
Fax, od,d /Ane
[N/mm2]
nd
[-]
Beam 1 290 320 3.53 750 21.73 4.2 37.17 4 × Ø16 45,733 2.91 0.88
Beam 2 240 270 2.83 500 18.67 2.5 16.87 3 × Ø16 35,220 2.24 0.68
Beam 3 240 240 3.5 500 7.36 4.0 6.57 2 × Ø16 20,221 1.29 0.39
3.4. Expe imen al Ve i ica ion
As men ioned abo e, he i s phase o he expe imen al e i ica ion s udied he sui -
abili y o ou diffe en esins o injec ion, luidi y and illing. The es specimen manu-
ac u ed o his pu pose consis ed o a imbe block wi h ou g oo es in o which he ods
we e inse ed. These ods we e sepa a ed om he wood su ace by wi e space s and
sealed wi h a wooden s ip glued wi h epoxy esin (Figu e 8).
Figu e 7. Sp eadshee . Calcula ion o ods and ancho age leng h.
Table 1. Main pa ame e s and esul s o he design e i ica ions o he in e en ion on he beams.
Elemen h
[mm]
b
[mm]
L
[m]
x
[mm]
Qp
[kN/m]
Ql
[kN/m]
Md
[kNm]
od
[mm]
Fax, od,d
[N]
Fax, od,d/Ane
[N/mm2]
nd
[-]
Beam 1 290 320 3.53 750 21.73 4.2 37.17 4 ×Ø16 45,733 2.91 0.88
Beam 2 240 270 2.83 500 18.67 2.5 16.87 3 ×Ø16 35,220 2.24 0.68
Beam 3 240 240 3.5 500 7.36 4.0 6.57 2 ×Ø16 20,221 1.29 0.39
3.4. Expe imen al Ve i ica ion
As men ioned abo e, he i s phase o he expe imen al e i ica ion s udied he
sui abili y o ou di e en esins o injec ion, luidi y and illing. The es specimen
manu ac u ed o his pu pose consis ed o a imbe block wi h ou g oo es in o which
he ods we e inse ed. These ods we e sepa a ed om he wood su ace by wi e space s
and sealed wi h a wooden s ip glued wi h epoxy esin (Figu e 8).
To assess he luidi y o he esin, holes we e d illed along he wooden caps a dis ances
o 50 cm, 75 cm and 100 cm om he injec ion poin (Figu e 9, le ). As he esin o e lowed
each o he holes, hey we e sealed wi h a wooden dowel (Figu e 9, cen e ) and he injec ion
con inued. The esul s indica ed ha all ou esins we e sui able o injec ion h ough
holes sepa a ed 100 cm apa , which was a dis ance signi ican ly longe han equi ed
o he in e en ion. I is no ewo hy o men ion ha one o he esins was ound o be
excessi ely luid and was subsequen ly disca ded, as i would pa ially un ou h ough
he holes i injec ed om below. A e he luidi y es s we e comple ed, he es sample
was sec ioned in o ou pa s o e i y ha he space be ween he od and he wood su ace
was adequa ely illed (Figu e 9, igh ).
Buildings 2024,14, 3363 8 o 14
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 14
Figu e 8. Sample p epa a ion o es ing. Fluidi y and illing es o esins.
To assess he luidi y o he esin, holes we e d illed along he wooden caps a dis-
ances o 50 cm, 75 cm and 100 cm om he injec ion poin (Figu e 9, le ). As he esin
o e lowed each o he holes, hey we e sealed wi h a wooden dowel (Figu e 9, cen e )
and he injec ion con inued. The esul s indica ed ha all ou esins we e sui able o
injec ion h ough holes sepa a ed 100 cm apa , which was a dis ance signi ican ly longe
han equi ed o he in e en ion. I is no ewo hy o men ion ha one o he esins was
ound o be excessi ely luid and was subsequen ly disca ded, as i would pa ially un
ou h ough he holes i injec ed om below. A e he luidi y es s we e comple ed, he
es sample was sec ioned in o ou pa s o e i y ha he space be ween he od and he
wood su ace was adequa ely illed (Figu e 9, igh ).
Figu e 9. Fluidi y and illing es o esins.
In he second phase, he pull-ou es s e ealed subs an ial diffe ences be ween he
ou esins (Table 2), e en be ween he wo om he same supplie . Epoxy esin 1 showed
a ai ly cons an pull-ou esis ance wi h alues be ween 68 and 71 kN. Epoxy esin 3 also
showed high pull-ou esis ance, al hough wi h sligh ly mo e dispe sed alues (66–76
kN). Epoxy esins 2 and 4 showed a lowe pull-ou esis ance, also wi h a conside able
a iance be ween 34 kN and 46 kN and 52 kN and 64 kN, espec i ely (Figu e 10). All
samples showed a p edominan imbe ailu e a ound he bonding line.
Table 2. Resul s o he pull-ou es s.
Resin Sample d
[mm]
dh
[mm]
la
[mm]
Ane
[mm2]
Fmax
[N]
Fmax/Ane
[N/mm2]
Mean Value
[N/mm2] (COV %)
1
1-1
12 14 120 5278
70,759.53 13.41
13.13 (1.91) 1-2 68
,
161.19 12.91
1-3 69,047.45 13.08
Figu e 8. Sample p epa a ion o es ing. Fluidi y and illing es o esins.
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 14
Figu e 8. Sample p epa a ion o es ing. Fluidi y and illing es o esins.
To assess he luidi y o he esin, holes we e d illed along he wooden caps a dis-
ances o 50 cm, 75 cm and 100 cm om he injec ion poin (Figu e 9, le ). As he esin
o e lowed each o he holes, hey we e sealed wi h a wooden dowel (Figu e 9, cen e )
and he injec ion con inued. The esul s indica ed ha all ou esins we e sui able o
injec ion h ough holes sepa a ed 100 cm apa , which was a dis ance signi ican ly longe
han equi ed o he in e en ion. I is no ewo hy o men ion ha one o he esins was
ound o be excessi ely luid and was subsequen ly disca ded, as i would pa ially un
ou h ough he holes i injec ed om below. A e he luidi y es s we e comple ed, he
es sample was sec ioned in o ou pa s o e i y ha he space be ween he od and he
wood su ace was adequa ely illed (Figu e 9, igh ).
Figu e 9. Fluidi y and illing es o esins.
In he second phase, he pull-ou es s e ealed subs an ial diffe ences be ween he
ou esins (Table 2), e en be ween he wo om he same supplie . Epoxy esin 1 showed
a ai ly cons an pull-ou esis ance wi h alues be ween 68 and 71 kN. Epoxy esin 3 also
showed high pull-ou esis ance, al hough wi h sligh ly mo e dispe sed alues (66–76
kN). Epoxy esins 2 and 4 showed a lowe pull-ou esis ance, also wi h a conside able
a iance be ween 34 kN and 46 kN and 52 kN and 64 kN, espec i ely (Figu e 10). All
samples showed a p edominan imbe ailu e a ound he bonding line.
Table 2. Resul s o he pull-ou es s.
Resin Sample d
[mm]
dh
[mm]
la
[mm]
Ane
[mm2]
Fmax
[N]
Fmax/Ane
[N/mm2]
Mean Value
[N/mm2] (COV %)
1
1-1
12 14 120 5278
70,759.53 13.41
13.13 (1.91) 1-2 68
,
161.19 12.91
1-3 69,047.45 13.08
Figu e 9. Fluidi y and illing es o esins.
In he second phase, he pull-ou es s e ealed subs an ial di e ences be ween he
ou esins (Table 2), e en be ween he wo om he same supplie . Epoxy esin 1 showed
a ai ly cons an pull-ou esis ance wi h alues be ween 68 and 71 kN. Epoxy esin 3 also
showed high pull-ou esis ance, al hough wi h sligh ly mo e dispe sed alues (66–76 kN).
Epoxy esins 2 and 4 showed a lowe pull-ou esis ance, also wi h a conside able a iance
be ween 34 kN and 46 kN and 52 kN and 64 kN, espec i ely (Figu e 10). All samples
showed a p edominan imbe ailu e a ound he bonding line.
Table 2. Resul s o he pull-ou es s.
Resin Sample d
[mm]
dh
[mm]
la
[mm]
Ane
[mm2]
Fmax
[N]
Fmax/Ane
[N/mm2]
Mean Value
[N/mm2] (COV %)
1
1-1
12 14 120 5278
70,759.53 13.41
13.13 (1.91)
1-2 68,161.19 12.91
1-3 69,047.45 13.08
2
2-1
12 14 120 5278
43,225.12 8.19
7.80 (14.93)
2-2 46,045.04 8.72
2-3 34,271.91 6.49
3
3-1
12 14 120 5278
66,328.25 12.57
13.12 (7.99)
3-2 65,804.55 12.47
3-3 75,644.02 14.33
4
4-1
12 14 120 5278
52,369.69 9.92
10.99 (9.92)
4-2 57,798.02 10.95
4-3 63,870.91 12.10
Buildings 2024,14, 3363 9 o 14
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 14
2
2-1
12 14 120 5278
43
,
225.12 8.19
7.80 (14.93)
2-2 46,045.04 8.72
2-3 34,271.91 6.49
3
3-1
12 14 120 5278
66,328.25 12.57
13.12 (7.99)
3-2 65,804.55 12.47
3-3 75,644.02 14.33
4
4-1
12 14 120 5278
52,369.69 9.92
10.99 (9.92)
4-2 57,798.02 10.95
4-3 63,870.91 12.10
Figu e 10. Samples, es and esul s o ex ac ion o ods glued wi h 4 ypes o esins (1–4).
A e he wo ini ial phases o es s, i was decided o use epoxy esin numbe 3, be-
cause i showed a high pull-ou esis ance and one o he bes luidi y and illing capabil-
i ies. A e he choice o he esin, he hi d phase o he expe imen al e i ica ion was
ca ied ou on imbe elemen s wi h beam-size dimensions. Th ee samples we e manu ac-
u ed and lexu al es ed (Figu e 11). These es beams had he heigh and o he cha ac-
e is ics o he o iginal ones, bu only one single od in he cen al axis could be inse ed
since i was no possible o ob ain his o ical oak elemen s wi h he same wid h as he
beams in he p ojec . Likewise, a es con igu a ion wi h a span sho e han he o iginal
beams was designed o ep oduce, in a con olled manne , he same s ess ha he ods
would ha e in he eal si ua ion. Thus, he bending capaci y p o ided by each od o he
p os hesis was ob ained (Figu e 12).
Figu e 11. Samples and lexu al es .
Figu e 10. Samples, es and esul s o ex ac ion o ods glued wi h 4 ypes o esins (1–4).
A e he wo ini ial phases o es s, i was decided o use epoxy esin numbe 3, be-
cause i showed a high pull-ou esis ance and one o he bes luidi y and illing capabili ies.
A e he choice o he esin, he hi d phase o he expe imen al e i ica ion was ca ied
ou on imbe elemen s wi h beam-size dimensions. Th ee samples we e manu ac u ed
and lexu al es ed (Figu e 11). These es beams had he heigh and o he cha ac e is ics
o he o iginal ones, bu only one single od in he cen al axis could be inse ed since i
was no possible o ob ain his o ical oak elemen s wi h he same wid h as he beams in
he p ojec . Likewise, a es con igu a ion wi h a span sho e han he o iginal beams was
designed o ep oduce, in a con olled manne , he same s ess ha he ods would ha e in
he eal si ua ion. Thus, he bending capaci y p o ided by each od o he p os hesis was
ob ained (Figu e 12).
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 14
2
2-1
12 14 120 5278
43
,
225.12 8.19
7.80 (14.93)
2-2 46,045.04 8.72
2-3 34,271.91 6.49
3
3-1
12 14 120 5278
66,328.25 12.57
13.12 (7.99)
3-2 65,804.55 12.47
3-3 75,644.02 14.33
4
4-1
12 14 120 5278
52,369.69 9.92
10.99 (9.92)
4-2 57,798.02 10.95
4-3 63,870.91 12.10
Figu e 10. Samples, es and esul s o ex ac ion o ods glued wi h 4 ypes o esins (1–4).
A e he wo ini ial phases o es s, i was decided o use epoxy esin numbe 3, be-
cause i showed a high pull-ou esis ance and one o he bes luidi y and illing capabil-
i ies. A e he choice o he esin, he hi d phase o he expe imen al e i ica ion was
ca ied ou on imbe elemen s wi h beam-size dimensions. Th ee samples we e manu ac-
u ed and lexu al es ed (Figu e 11). These es beams had he heigh and o he cha ac-
e is ics o he o iginal ones, bu only one single od in he cen al axis could be inse ed
since i was no possible o ob ain his o ical oak elemen s wi h he same wid h as he
beams in he p ojec . Likewise, a es con igu a ion wi h a span sho e han he o iginal
beams was designed o ep oduce, in a con olled manne , he same s ess ha he ods
would ha e in he eal si ua ion. Thus, he bending capaci y p o ided by each od o he
p os hesis was ob ained (Figu e 12).
Figu e 11. Samples and lexu al es .
Figu e 11. Samples and lexu al es .
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 o 14
Figu e 12. Load–displacemen cu es o he lexu al es s.
The h ee es ed samples exhibi ed p edominan imbe ailu e a ound he bonding
line, consis en wi h he ailu e mode obse ed in he pull-ou es s and p edic ed by he
heo e ical models. The esul s (Table 3) we e sa is ac o y, and he solu ion was alida ed,
as he bending capaci y achie ed in he es s exceeded he design equi emen by mo e
han 200%, e en be o e accoun ing o sa e y ac o s ela ed o load inc ease and long-
e m s eng h educ ion.
Table 3. Resul s o he lexu al es s.
Sample d
[mm]
dh
[mm]
la
[mm]
Ane
[mm2]
Fmax
[kN]
Mmax
[kNm]
Fax, od
[N]
Fax, od/Ane
[N/mm2]
Mean Value
[N/mm2] (COV %)
V1 16 20 250 15,708 104.31 30.25 148,293 9.44
9.96 (5.92)
V2 16 20 250 15,708 108.70 31.52 154,509 9.84
V3 16 20 250 15
,
708 117.15 33.97 166
,
524 10.60
3.5. In e en ion and Execu ion o Rein o cemen s
Once he expe imen al es s we e comple ed, he designed solu ion was execu ed us-
ing he selec ed esin. The s uc u al ein o cemen was ca ied ou wi hou any inciden s
o un o eseen issues. The i s s ep was o adequa ely sho e up he s uc u e. In his case,
ou high-s eng h p ops we e used: wo o he on beam and one o each o he e-
maining beams. A e sho ing he beams, hei ends we e cu acco ding o he ecommen-
da ions de i ed om he mic o-d illing analysis (Figu e 13). Two o he h ee beams s ill
showed shallow deg ada ion on he uppe side o he cu ing plane, which was consis en
wi h he esul s o he mic o-d illing s udy and was conside ed accep able.
Figu e 13. Sho ing and cu ing o beam ends.
Figu e 12. Load–displacemen cu es o he lexu al es s.
The h ee es ed samples exhibi ed p edominan imbe ailu e a ound he bonding
line, consis en wi h he ailu e mode obse ed in he pull-ou es s and p edic ed by he
