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Guidelines o small uminan p oduc ion sys ems unde clima e eme gency in
Eu ope
G. Pa doa, A. del P adoa
aBasque Cen e o Clima e Change (BC3), Edi icio Sede Nº 1, Plan a 1ª, Pa que
Cien í ico de UPV/EHU, Ba io Sa iena s/n, 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia)
Co esponding au ho : Agus in del P ado. Email: [email p o ec ed]
Sho i le: Small uminan s unde clima e change in Eu ope
Abs ac
P ojec ed clima e change will in ol e an addi ional h ea o he sus ainabili y o
small uminan p oduc ion sys ems in Eu ope. Aiming o unde s and i s implica ions,
we conduc ed a li e a u e e iew on clima e change in e ac ions wi h sheep and goa
sys ems. The e iew i s iden i ies he main po en ial impac s on p oduc i i y a he
animal le el (hea s ess e ec s) and a he o age le el (quan i y and quali y).
Resul s om analysed s udies sugges ha hea s ess h esholds o small
uminan s could be highe han p e iously indica ed, al hough hey s ill will be
a ec ed du ing p ojec ed hea wa es. A he o age le el, he po en ial posi i e e ec
o CO2 e iliza ion will p obably be coun e ac ed in mos o he cases due o ex eme
wea he e en s and o he limi a ions. Based on ha indings, he e iew analyses he
mos sui able adap a ion s a egies on animal hea s ess and pas u e p oduc ion.
Pa icula a en ion is paid o in eg a ed app oaches, p o iding co-bene i s a
This documen is he Accep ed Manusc ip e sion o a Published Wo k ha appea ed in inal o m in:
G.Pa do, A. del P ado 2020. Guidelines o small uminan p oduc ion sys ems unde clima e eme gency in. SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH.
193. DOI (10.1016/j.small um es.2020.106261).
© 2020 Else ie B.V.
This manusc ip e sion is made a ailable unde he CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0 license h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
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di e en le els. Finally, s uc u al and p ac ical challenges a ec ing small uminan s’
sus ainabili y in a clima e change con ex a e discussed, oge he wi h po en ial
syne gies and ade-o s among di e en policies and/o s a egies. Acco ding o he
in o ma ion e iewed, small uminan sys ems could be pa icula ly ulne able o
en i onmen al changes, as hey a e o en p oduced in ha sh a eas unde al eady
se e e ci cums ances. A he same ime, hey ha e pa icula ea u es ha could
in ol e ad an ages agains o he li es ock sys ems o cope wi h –and igh agains -
u u e clima ic condi ions. Consequen ly, hey should play a impo an ole o he
clima e change adap a ion and mi iga ion op ions wi hin he li es ock sec o .
Keywo ds: global wa ming; sheep; goa s; clima e change
In oduc ion
Fu u e clima e p ojec ions o Eu ope indica e a gene al wa ming end and mo e
a iable pa e ns o p ecipi a ion, wi h an inc ease in equency and leng h o d y
pe iods and d ough s (Jacob e al., 2014). Consequen ly, o he abio ic a iables will
also be in luenced, including inc eased likelihood and in ensi y o i es and loods
and al e a ion o nu ien cycles. Such changes will ine i ably a ec li es ock
p oduc ion, bo h he animals di ec ly and he p oduc ion sys em mo e widely.
In his con ex , small uminan sys ems a e subjec o speci ic challenges ega ding
hei u u e. On one hand, hey could be pa icula ly ulne able o en i onmen al
changes, as a la ge sha e o he p oduc ion is held in ma ginal lands and/o semi-
a id condi ions. Ye on he o he hand, small uminan s ha e ea u es (e.g. wea he
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esis ance, g azing/b owsing abili ies) ha can in ol e compe i i e ad an ages and
oppo uni ies agains o he li es ock species in he ace o a changing clima e.
Aiming o unde s and he po en ial in luence o clima e change (CC) in small
uminan a ming in Eu ope, we he e conduc an analysis o in o ma ion a ailable on
CC in e ac ions and wea he e ec s on sheep and goa sys ems, in ol ing di ec
impac s on animal p oduc i i y mainly, bu also indi ec ly, ia eed esou ces
a ailabili y and disease occu ence. O he impo an aspec s, e.g. wel a e, al hough
supe icially men ioned, a e beyond he scope o his s udy. The main objec i e o
his s udy is o es ima e he gene al expec ed impac s o CC in he sheep and goa
sys ems, bu also o p o ide guidelines abou how he sec o could adap o –o
exploi - hem. Acco dingly, a se o guidelines including main CC adap a ion
s a egies, bu also syne gies wi h CC mi iga ion, a e discussed, bo h a p ac ical and
s a egic le el (i.e. policy), so he u u e ole o Eu opean small uminan s in he
con ex o CC can be adequa ely conside ed.
Clima e change e ec s on small uminan sys ems: animal and odde le el
Animal le el
Hea s ess
In addi ion o wa ming ends, u u e clima e scena ios p edic an inc ease in he
equency and du a ion o hea wa es in Eu ope (Jacob e al., 2014), pa icula ly in
sou h-cen al egions. As a consequence, hea s ess (HS) will be one o he mos
impo an ac o s a ec ing sheep and goa p oduc ion.
The gene al esponses o HS in small uminan s include a numbe o me abolic,
physiological and beha iou al changes, such as aised espi a ion a e and ec al
empe a u e, swea ing, pan ing, inc ease d inking and educ ion o eed in ake (Ma ai
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e al., 2007). Ne e heless, sheep and goa s a e conside ed less suscep ible o HS
han o he domes ica ed species (Lu, 1989), which could p o ide hem a compe i i e
ad an age unde u u e CC scena ios.
The li e a u e desc ibes he moneu al zone (TNZ) o sheep be ween 12ºC and
25ºC. A highe HS h eshold (28-30ºC) can be expec ed o goa s, due o speci ic
adap a ion mechanisms (Lu, 1989; Al-Dawood, 2017). S ill, hese anges a e o en
exceeded du ing hea wa es in Eu ope, and ha si ua ion will become mo e equen
in he u u e.
The isk o HS is o en es ima ed by he empe a u e-humidi y index (THI), which
accoun s o he combined e ec s o ambien empe a u e and ela i e humidi y
(RH). Based on his index, he ollowing h esholds ha e been p oposed o small
uminan s (THI<22.2=absence o HS; 22.2 o <23.3 = mild HS; 23.3 o <25.6 =
mode a e HS; >25.6 se e e HS) (Ma ai e al., 2007).
In he p esen wo k, a e ision o li e a u e in ol ing small uminan s and HS has
been conduc ed. De ailed me hodology is desc ibed in he Supplemen a y Ma e ial
S1. Fi s , we selec ed s udies moni o ing ambien condi ions and animal-based
indica o s ela ed o signs o HS, namely espi a ion a e and ec al empe a u e.
THI was applied as an indica o o he deg ee o HS caused by wea he condi ions.
The o mula p oposed by Ma ai e al 2007 was used:
THI = db ◦C −{(0.31 − 0.31 RH)(db ◦C − 14.4)}
whe e db ◦C is he d y bulb empe a u e (◦C) and RH is he ela i e humidi y
(RH%)/100.
Rela ionship o bo h pa ame e s, espi a ion a e and ec al empe a u e, wi h THI
ollowed a quad a ic unc ion (Figu e 1 and 2), indica ing ha a high THI alues, an
inc eased esponse o he mechanisms o cope wi h HS is igge ed. Resul s ag ee
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gene ally wi h he anges epo ed by Ma ai e al. (2007), al hough hey show a
highe HS h eshold. Acco ding o Figu es 1 and 2, ea ly signs o HS would appea
a a THI ange among 23 o 25, which would sugges ha small uminan s would be
capable o cope wi h ho e condi ions han p e iously es ima ed.
Figu e 1 Rela ionships be ween espi a ion a e and THI om e iewed s udies on small uminan s
Ne e heless, ul ima ely he ulne abili y o sheep and goa s o HS will be
de e mined no only by ambien condi ions, bu also by o he ac o s like he animal’s
physiological s age (e.g. p egnancy, lac a ion) (Hamzaoui e al., 2013), o he
speci ic b eed (B own e al., 1988). Analysed da ase s indica e ha dai y animals
end o be mo e suscep ible o HS han hose om mea sys ems. While bo h g oups
would igge a simila le el o esponse (i.e. inc ease in espi a ion a e) o cope wi h
HS (Figu e S1), in he case o dai y animals a highe inc ease in ec al empe a u e
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is obse ed (Figu e S2). This would sugges ha cooling mechanisms ac i a ed a e
less capable o dissipa e he body hea p oduced by dai y animals, which would be
in acco dance wi h se e al au ho s poin ing ou milk p oduc ion as an impo an
me abolic hea s ain (Hamzaoui e al., 2013; Ca abaño e al., 2017).
Figu e 2 Rela ionships be ween ec al empe a u e and THI om e iewed s udies on small
uminan s
E ec s o hea s ess on p oduc ion
Dec eased p oduc i i y unde HS has adi ionally been a ibu ed o he eed in ake
(FI) educ ion obse ed in animals exposed o a high he mal load (Salama e al.,
2014). Howe e , ecen s udies ha e poin ed ou ha eed in ake and p oduc ion can
some imes ha e dissimila esponses o HS, indica ing ha di e en mechanisms
could be in ol ed in he p oduc i i y educ ion associa ed o HS (Mahjoubi e al.,
2014).
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While a numbe o s udies ha e analysed he FI dec ease in uminan s unde HS,
anges o sheep and goa s a e s ill unclea . A speci ic e iew o he li e a u e abou
his opic was conduc ed (Supplemen a y Table S2). As a esul , a ela ionship
be ween THI and FI was es ablished (Figu e 3), showing a g adual esponse which
leads o signi ican FI educ ions (10-25%) a se e e HS condi ions (THI>25.6),
con as ing wi h p e ious linea app oaches o his issue.
Figu e 3 Rela ionship be ween eed in ake decline (%) and THI om e iewed s udies on small
uminan s
S udies wi h lambs show ha HS impai s g ow h a e, educing daily gain (Da can
and Cankaya, 2008; Mahjoubi e al., 2014) bu also a ec s p egnancy s age,
dec easing he bi h weigh while inc easing he emb yo mo ali y a e (Romo-Ba on
e al., 2019), hus leading o a e iciency loss a a m le el.
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In dai y sheep and goa s, a numbe o s udies ha e epo ed dec eases on milk
p oduc ion associa ed o HS condi ions. Howe e , in o he cases, he e ec has
esul ed on a decline on milk quali y, like a o p o ein con en .
A e iew o he a ailable ials abou his opic was conduc ed (De ails desc ibed in
Supplemen a y Ma e ial S1 and Table S3). The collec ed da a we e no malized in o
a and p o ein co ec ed milk (FPCM) o cap u e oge he he e ec s on milk
p oduc ion and quali y (Figu e 4). Resul s indica e a g adual decline o he FPCM
p oduc i i y, in he ange o 2-5% a mild HS le els, up o 20% a se e e HS
condi ions.
Figu e 4 Rela ionship be ween a and p o ein co ec ed milk (FPCM) p oduc ion decline (%) and THI
om e iewed s udies on small uminan s
This in ol es a decline o abou 1.5% in milk yield o e e y inc ease in one poin o
THI, compa a i ely highe han p e ious es ima es (Salama e al., 2014).
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Fu he nega i e e ec s o HS on p oduc quali y has also been obse ed in sheep
and goa mea (De ine e al., 1993) and milk (Se i and Ca op ese, 2012), a ec ing,
o example, milk coagula ing p ope ies, and consequen ly, he cheese-making
p ocess and con ol ope a ions (Albenzio e al., 2004).
E ec s o hea s ess on e ili y and ep oduc ion
Hea s ess impac s nega i ely e ili y in small uminan s. Fo male animals, bo h he
quan i y and quali y o spe m is educed and he libido and e iliza ion capaci y a e
signi ican ly impai ed (Kuko ics, 2016). In emale, i a ec s he o a ian unc ion, by
educing he oes ous du a ion and delaying he oes ous cycle, hus a ec ing
concep ion p obabili y (Romo-Ba on e al., 2019).
Di e en ac o s will de e mine he speci ic esponse o HS a animal le el, such as
physiological s a us, b eed o HS exposu e ime. Nu i ion, o example, has been
iden i ied as one o he main ac o s a ec ing o ula ion a e and sexual ac i i y, and
modula ing ep oduc i e endoc ine unc ions (Fo cada and Abecia, 2006). Changes
in eed and o age (quan i y and quali y) due o CC may he e o e add hei own
impac s on small uminan s’ sys ems, playing an impo an ole no only on
p oduc i i y, bu also on ep oduc ion issues.
E ec s o hea s ess on disease occu ence
Ex eme e en s (e.g. hea wa es o looding) can se e ely weaken he animal
immuni y and udde heal h and speed up he de elopmen a es o pa hogens and
p e alence o in ec ious diseases (Esca cha e al., 2018). Mo eo e , clima e change,
indi ec ly, has been ound o also inc ease pe sis ence and abundance o disease
ec o s and pa asi es and hos esis ance o in ec ious agen s (Esca cha e al.,
2018).
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Use o speci ic supplemen s can also p o ide bene i s. Whole laxseed has been
shown o help immune unc ion and physiological esponses o sheep (Ca op ese e
al., 2012). Some nu aceu icals (e.g. mine al and an ioxidan supplemen a ion) may
also be bene icial agains he nega i e e ec s o HS in sheep (Chauhan e al., 2014)
and o imp o e p oduc i e and ep oduc i e unc ions (Si zia e al., 2015).
Gene ic selec ion and adop ion o hea esis an b eeds
Those b eeds ha o igina e in opical and a id a eas a e conside ed o cope be e
wi h HS, pa ly due o ana omical and mo phological ai s be e adap ed o ho
condi ions, such as long ea s, la ge body su ace, skin hickness, leng h o hai and
high swea ing capaci y o swea glands, among o he s. Mo eo e , hei low body
mass and low me abolic equi emen s allows hem o minimise hei wa e and
main enance equi emen s. Hai sheep and a - ailed sheep end o ole a e hea
be e han wooled and hin- ailed sheep, while goa s wi h loose skin o loppy ea s
end o be mos hea ole an . Animals wi h ligh colou ed hai /wool and pigmen ed
skin a e also be e adap ed o ho condi ions (Al-Dawood, 2017). In con as , he
sho e legs and bodies; sho , hick ea s, igh skin and dense leeces o mos
No he n Eu opean b eeds makes hem compa a i ely poo a esis ing HS.
Al hough swapping o mo e esis an b eeds is one op ion, his can ha e i s own
p oblems. B eeds na i e om ho and a id egions o en show low p oduc i i y. This
is due o adap a ion o ha sh en i onmen s, bu also o he lack o selec ion
p og ammes in hese egions. In many cases, he la ge p oduc i i y gap wi h
Eu opean popula ions may no jus i y he in oduc ion o b eeding s ock om ho
a eas in c ossb eeding p og ams, al hough his migh be an al e na i e o selec ion
unde mo e ex eme condi ions (Al-Dawood, 2017).
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Selec ion goals in Eu ope ha e mainly ocused on high p oduc i i y, which ha e
esul ed in animals inc easingly mo e suscep ible o HS. In ac , when analysing
his o ical milk eco ds, gene ic an agonism has been ound be ween p oduc i i y and
hea ole ance, e en o local b eeds o dai y sheep and goa s (Ca abaño e al.,
2017). Inclusion o hea ole ance ai s in he cu en selec ion p og ams o small
uminan s may p o ide a use ul ool o es ablish clima e-o ien ed a ming sys ems in
Eu ope. Howe e , di icul ies o de ining hea ole ance c i e ia and quan i ying
adequa e le els o he chosen ai s, may challenge he de elopmen o selec ion
p og ams. O e all, an equilib ium be ween p oduc i i y and adap a ion o high hea
loads in selec ion o c ossb eeding p og ams ha e o be alued o each sys em o
p oduc ion.
Adap a ion o inc eased disease occu ence
Wi h he inc easing p oblem o an helmin ic esis ance o d ugs in ecen decades
(Van Dijk e al., 2010), mo e emphasis is equi ed o limi he le el o pa asi ism
below accep able limi s while delaying he eme gence o d ug esis ance. This will
equi e an in eg a ed app oach which do no in end o lead o pa asi e- ee animals
bu a he , p e en clinical disease and p oduc ion losses. Measu es will be equi ed
a di e en le els o he a m managemen including o he al e na i es o comme cial
an helmin ic d ugs, such as accines (Mo and-Feh and Boyazoglu, 1999), hos
esis ance, and g azing managemen . Good pas u e managemen , in ac , is one o
he majo means o limi he in ake o in ec i e la ae by animals, o example, by he
use o pa asi e- ee ields, pas u e o a ions, and al e na ion o g azing animals
(Mo gan e al., 2018). Also, using al e na i e o ages wi h an helmin ic alue (e.g.
ich- annin o ages) appea o be a p omising op ion (Mo gan e al., 2018). O he
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measu es include using esis an b eeds, gene ic selec ion o esis ance and
esilience o pa asi e in ec ion (Joy e al., 2020) and ea ly o ou -o -season
lambing/kidding. The de elopmen o cheap and e icien me hods o animal
iden i ica ion, egis a ion and con ol o mo emen s which would allow imely
p e en i e measu es in daily ope a ions will also be help ul (Du mus e al., 2019).
Adap ing pas u es/ o ages o a changing clima e
Enhancing di e se pas u es
Biodi e si y ac s as a sa egua d o ecosys em unc ioning, hus p omo ing a mo e
s able and esilien ecosys em agains luc ua ions o clima ic condi ions.
Acco dingly, s udies indica e ha mul i-species mix u es con ibu e o he esis ance
o g assland yields o ex eme e en s (e.g. d ough s), which a e expec ed o become
mo e equen and se e e in mos Eu opean egions (Ho e e al., 2016).
Inc easing mixed legume-g ass pas u es is also a good measu e o adap o
po en ial sho ages o global p o ein sou ces in Eu ope, o o ace he expec ed
dec eased o p o ein con en in non-leguminous plan s unde CC condi ions (Della
e al., 2018). Consis en yield bene i s o mixed g ass-legume swa ds ha e been
epo ed ac oss a wide ange o clima ic condi ions and e iliza ion le els, gene ally
ou pe o ming monocul u es (Ki wan e al., 2007). Mo eo e , legumes, when hey
a e g own in pas u e-c op o a ions, can also educe weed popula ions and b eak he
li e cycles o pes s and diseases (Howieson e al., 2000).
Beyond he e ec s on g assland p oduc ion, o ages om mixed swa ds may also
lead o a posi i e esponse a he animal le el. Inc eased he bage olun a y in ake
has been obse ed in sheep when mo e di e se o age mix u es we e p o ided
(Nide ko n e al., 2015). The big challenge o legume-based g assland sys ems will
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be, howe e , pe sis ence o legumes. Thei ela i e abundance in mixed swa ds
ends o dec ease o e ime, especially unde high N e ilisa ion le els (Lüsche e
al., 2014), bu o he p ac ices, in pa icula sheep g azing, also appea o ha e a
de imen al e ec on he legume p opo ion o mixed g asslands (Dumon e al.,
2011). Di e en s a egies ha e been shown o p e en his decline, such as:
adjus ing e ilisa ion dosages, inc easing de olia ion/cu ing equency, o h ough an
adequa e p e-selec ion o species o enhancing mo e di e se mixed g ass-legume
swa ds, conside ing hei compe i i e abili ies ela i e o each o he (Lüsche e al.,
2014; B ophy e al., 2017).
Reducing illage
Implemen ing changes in illage p ac ices could be ano he adap a ion measu e
applicable ac oss di e en clima ic egions and sys ems. Reduced illage inc eases
esilience o CC h ough imp o ed soil e ili y and inc eased capaci y o wa e
e en ion in he soil, and should gene a e imp o emen in he long- e m p oduc i i y
po en ial. Reduced illage a pas u e eseeding has been obse ed o p e en he
de e io a ion o pas u e quali y and p omo e C seques a ion and p ese a ion in
pas u es, plus is conside ed o be mo e e ec i e unde condi ions o wa e de ici .
Plan b eeding
Longe e m adap a ions can also be de eloped h ough imp o ed plan b eeding.
New o age esou ces a e equi ed ha a e adap ed o highe empe a u es,
inc eased [CO2] and d ough pe iods (Hopkins and Del P ado, 2007). This migh be
achie ed h ough exploi a ion o ai s o dehyd a ion ole ance and summe
do mancy, ei he in no el species o o in oducing ai s in o exis ing widely used
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g asses and legumes (Volai e e al., 2014). Pa icula emphasis should be also on
a ge ing plan ai s ha can deal wi h mo e han one abio ic s esso (e.g. g asses
ha can bo h ole a e d ough and looding: (Loka e al., 2016)).
Dealing wi h sca ci y o eed esou ces
Sma g azing and o age managemen
Fo small uminan sys ems la gely elian on g azing, CC in Eu ope will equi e
li es ock manage s o deal wi h inc eased in e and in a-annual a iabili y in o age
a ailabili y dynamics. In ainy a eas, abili y o manipula e o age quan i y and quali y
h ough g azing managemen , e ilisa ion and use o seeded o ages will become
e y impo an . Sp ing plan g ow h, p o ided su icien wa e a ailabili y, and win e
p oduc ion is likely o bene i om mild clima e condi ions. Fo sou he n, d ie a eas,
adjus ing he ma ch-up be ween seasonal nu ien demand and supply h ough
manipula ion o an animal´s physiological s a e o h ough di e en mobili y pa e ns
will be mo e app op ia e (Ma in e al., 2014). In ac , o age esou ces usually s o ed
o o e -win e ing li es ock could be pa ially edis ibu ed in summe o deal wi h
inc eased isk o o age de ici .
The bene i s om managemen -in ensi e g azing s a egies, like o a ional and mul i-
paddock g azing, will become especially ele an in u u e scena ios. These
p ac ices no only lead o inc eased pas u e yield and u ilisa ion, bu hey also educe
li es ock selec i i y owa ds mo e pala able oods, hus enabling sus ainable swa d
di e si y in he long e m (i.e. legume pe sis ence) and p o iding ad an ages in
e ms o animal nu i ion (P o enza e al., 2003). Likewise, mixed g azing (i.e. mixing
sheep and/o goa s wi h ca le) has also been shown o p o ide speci ic ad an ages
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o small uminan sys ems in e ms o pas u e u ilisa ion, animal weigh gain and
con ol o pa asi e bu dens (D’Alexis e al., 2014).
Al e na i e eed esou ces
A numbe o by-p oduc s om ag icul u al, ood p ocessing, o es y and bioene gy
ac i i ies could be used o eeding small uminan s as an adap i e esponse o
o age supply seasonal cons ain s (Salami e al., 2019). La ge olumes o ag o-
indus ial by-p oduc s a e p oduced in Eu ope e e y yea which a e no always
adequa ely alo ised. Among hem, oli e cake, ci us pulp and oma o pomace ha e
been shown o be pa icula ly sui able o small uminan eeds (Table 1). O he ag i-
ood by-p oduc s ha e also been success ully es ed and i s po en ial use dese es
o be u he explo ed (Supplemen a y Table S4).
Table 1 Al e na i e eed sou ces sui able o small uminan s and es ima ed a ailabili y in Eu ope
Al e na i e eed
sou ces
A ailabili y
in Eu ope
(kTon/y )
Re e ences in small uminan s1
Oli e cake
8190
Abbeddou e al 2011, A co-Pé ez e al 2017, Cabbidu e al
2004, Chio alo e al 2004, Hadjipanayio ou e al 1999, Molina-
Alcaide e al 2010, Ben Salem and Znaidi 2008
Toma o by-
p oduc s
2601
Abbeddou e al 2011, A co-Pé ez e al 2017, Di F ancia e al
2004, Razzaghi e al 2015, Rome o-Huel a e al 2013;
Rome o-Huel a e al 2013b; Rome o-Huel a e al 2017, Ben
Salem and Znaidi 2008, Denek and Can 2006
Ci us pulp
1073
Fege os e al 1995, Rome o-Huel a e al 2013; Rome o-
Huel a e al 2017, Bueno e al 2002, Capa a e al 2005,
Lanza e al 2001, Sce a e al 2001
O he ui by-
p oduc s
1301
Razzaghi e al 2015, Sedighi-Vesagh e al 2014, Volanis e al
2004, Eliyahu e al 2015, Pi mohammadi e al 2006
O he ege able
by-p oduc s
3189
Nudda e al 2006, Rome o-Huel a e al 2013; Rome o-Huel a
e al 2013b
1The comple e e e ence lis is p o ided in he supplemen a y ma e ial (Table S4)
22
Despi e his, poo nu ien balance, seasonali y and di icul y o handling and long-
e m conse a ion as esh ma e ial a e c ucial issues ha cons ain hei wide use
as animal eed. P ese a ion h ough di e en echniques like pelle ing, ensiling o
manu ac u e o eed blocks can help o o e come hese di icul ies, expanding he
po en ial o including a b oade ange o ag o-indus ial by-p oduc s in small
uminan s die s (Ben Salem and Smi h, 2008).
T ee lea es and sh ubs u he o e an al e na i e o age supply, especially du ing
pe iods when g assland g ow h is limi ed o do man due o un a ou able wea he
condi ions (summe /au umn). Va ious ee species ha e been iden i ied o in e es
o small uminan s as a sou ce o p o eins and mac o- and mic onu ien s.
Acco ding o e iewed s udies, lea es om whi e mulbe y (Mo us alba), ash
(F axinus excelsio ), alde (Be ula alba), obinia (Robinia pseudoacacia) and lime
ees (Tilia pla yphyllos) a e especially sui able o be included in uminan s die
(Luske and Van Eeke en, 2015), al hough a numbe o odde sh ubs ha e also been
iden i ied o hei po en ial in Medi e anean sys ems (Eichho n e al., 2006).
In eg a ed app oaches
Ag o o es y sys ems
Besides se ing as an addi ional eed sou ce, plan ing o age ees in g azing a eas
(in oduc ion o sil o-pas o alism) can also p o ide shel e , as p e iously men ioned,
p e en ing HS and imp o ing animal wel a e. Mo eo e , ees could in ol e
impo an syne gies o pas u e p oduc ion, especially in ha sh en i onmen s, as hey
can ex end he seasonali y o he unde s o y p oduc ion by bu e ing he
mic oclima e unde he canopy and by enhancing an une en dis ibu ion o nu ien s.
23
Sou he n Eu ope al eady hos s se e al oak-based ag o o es y sys ems (e.g.
Dehesa-Mon ado in he Ibe ian Peninsula) ha ha e been shown o be good
examples o highly esilien , p oduc i e and biodi e se a med landscapes (Hopkins
and Del P ado, 2007). In pa s o empe a e Eu ope he e a e also wood pas u es
sys ems, ha p o ides shel e o sheep in bo h, win e and summe . Simila ly,
hedge ow sys ems ound in cen al Eu ope can be conside ed examples o he
in eg a ion o ees wi h pas u es o li es ock p oduc ion.
Fi e isk con ol
G azing wi h small uminan s has been p oposed as a aluable ool o he
p e en ion o i e isks in di e en landscapes and sys ems. They no only allow o
con ol he accumula ion o lammable ege a ion, bu hey can also be managed o
clea ing and main aining i eb eaks, especially in emo e a eas o wi h s eep slopes,
whe e hey can be an al e na i e o mechanical me hods. I adequa ely alued, his
ac i i y could in ol e an addi ional income o he a m while p o iding an al e na i e
sou ce o eed.
The ole o small uminan g azing o he p ese a ion o a numbe o landscapes in
Eu ope ha e been highligh ed in se e al cases, like A lan ic hea hlands (Jáu egui e
al., 2009) o Medi e anean sc ublands (Mancilla-Ley ón e al., 2013). In hese a eas,
a able a ming is un easible and his sys em o en ep esen s he only way o
p oduc i ely using he land.
In Sou he n Eu ope, whe e mo e se e e i e e en s a e expec ed wi h he p ospec
o wa me and d ie summe s, sil opas o al sys ems in ol ing goa s a e pa icula ly
indica ed, being a b owse species well adap ed o eed on sh ubby ege a ion and
a id clima ic condi ions. Besides a oiding ege a ion accumula ion, i can also help o
educe he sh ub enc oachmen ha will be enhanced unde CC condi ions. In
24
con as , in comme cial o es plan a ions o Cen al/No he n Eu ope, sheep seem
mo e sui able o con olling compe ing g ound ege a ion han o he li es ock
uminan s, like ca le o goa s, ha may cause mo e damages o ees, by ampling
o b owsing espec i ely (Sha ow e al., 1989).
Co e c ops
Co e c ops a e non-ma ke able plan s g own o p o ec he ba e soil, p o iding
se e al bene i s in e ms o soil heal h, weeds con ol and nu ien balance. In he
con ex o CC, hey can help o inc ease adap i e capaci y agains ex eme ain
e en s (i.e. soil e osion) and d ough s (Alonso-Ayuso e al., 2014) while mi iga ing
clima e wa ming h ough changes in biogeochemical p ocesses and albedo.
Howe e , hei use is o en limi ed as hey do no in ol e immedia e e enue o
a me s. Coupling co e c ops and small uminan sys ems can o e in e es ing
oppo uni ies o bo h sides, ei he as an addi ional sou ce o o age and as g azing
managemen ool o plan g ow h con ol.
S uc u al and p ac ical challenges a ec ing small uminan s’ sus ainabili y in
a clima e change con ex
The sec o has been expe iencing economic and s uc u al changes in ecen
decades, mainly due o a dec ease in li es ock numbe s (linked o changes in
consume ends and in ensi ica ion o p oduc ion), ou b eaks o con agious diseases
and policy changes. Clima ic haza ds a e expec ed o add ye u he challenges o
his ongoing si ua ion.
25
A he EU le el, se e al policy ins umen s a e al eady a ailable o helping he
sec o in i s capaci y o deli e a b oad ange o ecosys em se ices. Ne e heless,
due o he nume ous challenges ha he sec o is likely o unde go in he u u e i is
becoming clea ha he cu en le el o suppo (e.g. he Common Ag icul u al Policy
(CAP) pos -2020) is likely o be insu icien , especially o sys ems ha a e mo e
ex ensi e.
Clima e change in Eu ope, as p e iously men ioned, will equi e li es ock manage s
o be mo e lexible in o de o deal wi h inc eased a iabili y in o age quali y and
p oduc i i y. One s a egy may be o sa e o age in yea s ha a e mo e p oduc i e,
which would demand o addi ional in es men and cos s o p ese a ion
echnologies and s o age. Fo pas u e-based sys ems, he educed g azing o
animals in highe empe a u es will necessi a e p o ision o supplemen a y eed o
econcilia ion o he de ici wi h lowe p oduc ion le els. To gua an ee u u e
sus ainabili y o small uminan sys ems, a me s will he e o e need coo dina ed
suppo om di e en agen s (e.g. egional o na ional go e nmen s, p oduce s’
associa ions, esea ch ins i u ions) p o iding bo h he inancial ins umen s (e.g.
insu ance plans, c edi s o in es men s) and he echnical guidance (e.g. ag o-
clima ic o ecas s, hea - esis an b eeds) o adop he necessa y adap a ion
measu es.
Fo op imising he ole ha policy ins umen s ha e on he sus ainabili y o small
uminan sys ems, policies mus be aligned wi h he s a egies ela ing o a numbe
o c oss-cu ing issues, including CC, en i onmen , u al de elopmen , bio-economy,
ood secu i y, esea ch and public heal h. Co-bene i s in di e en issues should be
sough (e.g. emissions and heal h), while po en ial ade-o s o coun e -ac ing
objec i es mus be iden i ied and assessed oo.
32
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50
Supplemen a y Ma e ial 2:
Li e a u e sea ch me hodology:
A ailable li e a u e abou s udies in ol ing ials wi h small uminan s and ag i- ood
by-p oduc s u ilisa ion was sea ched. The da a o he selec ed s udies we e
ex ac ed and a e shown in Supplemen a y Table S4. Regional a ailabili y o o ganic
by-p oduc s om ag i- ood indus ies in Eu ope was ob ained ollowing he
me hodology desc ibed in Pa do e al., 2017 om FAOSTAT da a.
51
Table S4 – Selec ion o e iewed s udies in ol ing u ilisa ion o ag i- ood by-p oduc s in he die o sheep and goa s
Re e ence
Basal die
Al e na i e eed sou ces
Supplemen ype
Animal
B eed
Abbeddou e al 2011
Ba ley s aw/concen a e
Oli e cake and lea es,
oma o pomace
-
Dai y ewes
Awassi
A co-Pé ez e al 2017
Al al a hay/concen a e
Oli e cake, Toma o su plus
Silage
Dai y goa s
Mu ciano-g anadina
Ben Salem and Znaidi 2008
Whea s aw/concen a e
Toma o pulp, oli e cake
Feed blocks
Lambs
Ba ba ine
Bueno e al 2002
G ass hay/concen a e
Ci us pulp
-
Kids
Saanen
Cabbidu e al 2004
G ass hay/concen a e
Oli e cake
Silage
Dai y ewes
Sa da
Capa a e al 2005
Oa hay/concen a e
Ci us pulp
D ied
Lambs
Me ino
Chio alo e al 2004
Al al a hay/concen a e
Oli e cake
-
dai y ewe
Comisana
Denek and Can 2006
Whea s aw/whea g ain
Toma o pomace
Silage
Rams
Awassi
Di F ancia e al 2004
Oa hay/concen a e
Toma o pomace
Silage
dai y ewe
Comisana
Eliyahu e al 2015
Whea hay/concen a e
Pomeg ana e pulp, g ape
pulp, a ocado pulp
Silage
Lambs
Assa
Fege os e al 1995
Al al a hay/concen a e
Ci us pulp
D ied
Dai y ewe
Ka agouniko
Hadjipanayio ou e al 1999
Ba ley s aw/concen a e
Oli e cake
Silage
Dai y ewes & goa s
Chios, Damascus
Lanza e al 2001
Whea s aw/ba ley+maize
Ci us pulp
-
Lambs
Ba ba esca
Molina-Alcaide e al 2010
Al al a hay/concen a e
Oli e cake
Feed blocks
Dai y goa s
Mu ciano-g anadina
Nudda e al 2006
Al al a hay/concen a e
Linseed cake
Ex uded
Dai y goa s
AlpinexSa da
Pi mohammadi e al 2006
-
Apple pomace
Silage, d ied
Rams
Gezel
Razzaghi e al 2015
Al al a hay/concen a e
Pomeg ana e seed pulp,
oma o pomace
-
Dai y goa s
Saanen
Rome o-Huel a e al 2013
Al al a hay/concen a e
Toma o ui s, ci us pulp,
b ewe 's g ain and yeas
-
Dai y goa s
Mu ciano-g anadina
Rome o-Huel a e al 2013
Al al a hay/concen a e
Toma o and cucumbe ui
was es
Feed blocks
Dai y goa s
Mu ciano-g anadina
52
Rome o-Huel a e al 2017
Al al a hay/concen a e
Toma o ui s, ci us pulp,
b ewe 's g ain and yeas
-
Dai y goa s
Mu ciano-g anadina
Sce a e al 2001
Oa hay/concen a e
Ci us pulp
Silage
Lambs
Me inizza a
Sedighi-Vesagh e al 2014
Al al a hay/concen a e
Pis achio by-p oduc s
-
Dai y goa s
Saanen
Volanis e al 2004
Oa hay/concen a e
O ange ui was e
Silage
Dai y ewe
S akian
Volanis e al 2006
Oa hay/concen a e
Ci us pulp
Silage
Dai y ewe
S akian
53
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