Eu opean Public & Social Inno a ion Re iew (2021), 6, 1 www.sinne giak.o g/pub
ISSN 2529-9824
Resea ch A icle
Social pa icipa ion in he media: The dialogue o
digi al jou nalis s wi h audiences
La pa icipación social en los medios de comunicación: El diálogo
de los pe iodis as digi ales con las audiencias
Simón Peña-Fe nández1*, Jesús Ángel Pé ez-Dasil a1, Koldobika Meso-Aye di1 and Aina a
La ondo-U e a1
1Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, Facul y o Social and Communica ion Sciences, Ba io Sa iena,
48940, Leioa, Spain.
*Co espondence: [email protected]
Keywo ds: digi al jou nalism; pa icipa ion; in e ac ion; audiences; social media.
Palab as cla e: pe iodismo digi al; pa icipación; in e acción; audiencias; edes sociales.
1. In oduc ion
Th oughou mos o he 20 h cen u y, audiences wielded a ai ly limi ed in luence on
jou nalis ic wo k (Singe & Reese, 1996). The public played a subo dina e ole in news ooms'
daily ou ines (Loosen & Schmid , 2012), since jou nalis s ended o no conside hei opinion
Resumen: La apa ición de las edes sociales al e ó la elación en e el pe iodismo y el público en los medios
digi ales y le dio un papel más ac i o y colabo a i o. Po ello, el obje i o gene al de es a in es igación es
ca ac e iza el diálogo en e los pe iodis as digi ales y su público a a és de las edes sociales y desc ibi
cómo pe ciben las consecuencias de es a elación. Pa a ello, se ha ealizado una encues a a 73 pe iodis as
digi ales. Los esul ados mues an una ac i ud ambi alen e po pa e de los p o esionales espec o al uso
de las edes sociales como he amien a de diálogo con sus audiencias. Po un lado, conside an que su uso
es una necesidad p io i a ia pa a man ene una elación luida con los lec o es, aunque se inclinan
mayo i a iamen e po un uso unidi eccional y limi ado de las mismas y c een que los esponsables de los
medios han pe cibido p incipalmen e la pa icipación como un canal pa a ideliza y aumen a las
audiencias.
Abs ac : The eme gence o social media al e ed he ela ion be ween jou nalism and he public in digi al
media and bequea hed he ela ionship a mo e ac i e and collabo a i e ole. As such, he gene al objec i e
o his esea ch is o cha ac e ise he dialogue be ween digi al jou nalis s and hei audiences h ough social
media and o desc ibe how hey pe cei e he consequences o his ela ionship. To his end, a su ey was
conduc ed wi h 73 digi al jou nalis s. The esul s display an ambi alen a i ude on he pa o he
p o essionals ega ding he use o social media as a ool o dialogue wi h hei audiences. On one hand,
hey belie e ha using hem is a p io i y need o main ain a luid ela ionship wi h eade s, al hough hey
mainly lean owa d a majo i y one-way and limi ed use o hem and belie e ha media manage s ha e
mainly pe cei ed pa icipa ion as a channel o ga ne audience loyal y and inc ease audiences.
Eu opean Public & Social Inno a ion Re iew (2021), 6, 1 17
when deciding wha became news ou o ea ha his would a ec jou nalis ic quali y (Gans,
1979). Jou nalis s especially us ed in hei own c i e ia, hei boss' c i e ia, and hei p o essional
colleagues' c i e ia when selec ing he s o ies o ell (Reinemann, 2008; Deuze, 2008), and lis ened
o hei audiences' opinions o a much lesse ex en (Boczkowski, 2010).
The eme gence o he In e ne and social media al e ed he ela ion be ween jou nalism and
he public in digi al media and bequea hed he ela ionship a mo e ac i e and collabo a i e ole
(Tandoc, 2014). The classic dis inc ion be ween b oadcas e s and ecipien s ga e way o wha
Loosen and Schmid (2012) called "empowe ed ne wo ks," meaning audiences ha p oduce and
sha e in o ma ion in an ac i e and collabo a i e way wi h he aid o digi al media.
Indeed, echnology has acili a ed new ways o in e ac ing wi h con en and wi h he public,
and one o he mos -used ins umen s o his end a e social media (Mou ao & Chen, 2020;
Hedman, 2020). The uses o social media in jou nalism a e many. Jou nalis s use hem o conduc
ou ine asks such as collec in o ma ion, con ac sou ces, and ind ideas o new s o ies (B uno,
2011; Paulussen & Ha de , 2014; Wea e & Willna , 2016; Rauch leisch e al., 2017; Von-No dheim
e al., 2018), bu also o connec o audiences and hei p o essional colleagues (Powe s & Ve a-
Zamb ano, 2018) and quickly ob ain in o ma ion (Moon & Hadley, 2014). Social media a e also
use ul o show public opinion (McG ego , 2019; Dubois e al., 2020), especially a e media ic
e en s. Jou nalis use o social media is widesp ead, and hey alue hem because hey inc ease
hei p o essional esou ces (He nández-Fuen es & Monnie , 2020; Ja aba e al., 2020).
Amongs he di e en pla o ms in exis ence, Twi e has been he ocus o a la ge pa o
he esea ch, gi en i s close ela ionship o jou nalism (Laso sa e al., 2012; Vis, 2013; Pa melee,
2013; Swasy, 2016; Molyneux e al., 2018), al hough he jou nalis ic use o o he s has also been
s udied, such as Ins ag am (La sson, 2018; Vázquez-He e o e al., 2019; He mida & Mellado,
2020) and YouTube (Paulussen & Ha de , 2014; Al Nashmi e al., 2017; Dje -Pie e e al., 2019;
Lopezosa, O duña & Pé ez, 2020). The mos popula social media pla o m, Facebook, has also
d awn in e es in academic esea ch, bo h how jou nalis s use i as a p o essional medium
(Jo daan, 2013) and how i al e s he way ha use s consume news (Somaiya, 2014; B ake, 2017;
Ca lson, 2018).
Fo jou nalis s, he use o social media has been in eg a ed in o hei p o essional p ac ise
(Becke s & Ha de , 2016; Bossio, 2017), despi e he pe sis en conce n o e he impac ha he
has e and logic in eal ime o social media pla o ms migh ha e on he quali y o jou nalis ic
co e age (B uns & Nue nbe gk, 2019).
Social media a e an excellen oppo uni y o media p o essionals o sel -p omo e since i
makes i possible o hem o g ow hei popula i y and "pe sonal b and" independen ly om he
news o ganisa ion (Molyneux & Hol on, 2015; Robe s & Emmons, 2016; Jukes, 2019); in ac ,
many media p o essionals a e p esen on social media, and a e e en amous o using hem
(Ausse ho e & Mai ede , 2013).
Social media no only p o ide g ea oppo uni ies o jou nalism, ac ing as pla o ms o
ollowing, ob aining, and sha ing news, and e en o deba e cu en news con en s (Do al, 2014).
They also c ea e mul iple changes, since younge audiences now use mo e online and social
media as hei main sou ces o in o ma ion (Newman e al., 2017).
In his ega d, i would appea logical o hink ha jou nalis s go whe e hei po en ial
audiences a e, in an a emp o connec o hem (Nölleke e al., 2017) and o main ain di ec con ac
in sha ed spaces (Singe , 2013). Thus, digi al social media no only s eng hen pa icipa ion in he
news p ocess; hey also p o ide new ela ionships ha change au ho s uc u es. Fo example,
he ela ionship be ween he news p oduce and he consume changes, ques ioning he
jou nalis 's ins i u ional powe as a p o essional who decides wha is news-wo hy o c edible
(He mida, 2012). Social media sys ems like Twi e and Facebook ha e e en been desc ibed as
ambien jou nalism, whe e news becomes agmen ed and omnip esen , cons uc ed bo h by
jou nalis s and by audiences (Bu ns, 2010; He mida, 2010).
Eu opean Public & Social Inno a ion Re iew (2021), 6, 1 18
The audience has been in i ed o collabo a e wi h he media by p epa ing and con ibu ing
hei own con en (Gualla , 2007), al hough his new ela ionship be ween he media and
audiences is no always iewed in a good ligh by jou nalis s, e en hough i was d i en by
jou nalis ic companies (Domingo e al., 2008; Singe , 2010). Some p o essionals a e awa e o he
huge possibili ies o e ed by social media, al hough some a e also c i ical o any ini ia i e ha
modi ies hei ole as ga ekeepe and ha al e s p e-exis ing ou ines and alues (Wa dle &
Williams, 2010; Ne ze e al., 2014).
Social media ha e o en been iewed as a way o con es he hegemony o he media, inso a
as hey di e pa icipa ion om pla o ms con olled by he media o en i onmen s ou side hem
(Masip e al., 2015). Howe e , a he same ime, hey a ise as an in e es ing ool o he media,
gi en ha hey p o ide o sha ing con en and omen ing in e ac ion (Peña-Fe nández e al.,
2016).
In he pas wen y yea s, he media sys em has g own much mo e complex. This is mainly a
esul o echnological, o ganisa ional, p o essional, economic, social, and cul u al ac o s, which
has led o a e o mula ion o he ole o in o me s hemsel es (Chadwick, 2013). Th oughou his
econ igu a ion p ocess, many o he ac o s pushed a e ision o adi ional wo k models,
including a c isis in he business model and a c i ical economic si ua ion ha caused a g adual
dec ease in income and educed s a . Wi h smalle and smalle audiences, uni o mi y o con en
and c edibili y we e jeopa dised (Suau, 2015).
Wi hin his con ex , he ela ionship be ween jou nalism and i s audience unde wen a g ea
ans o ma ion, which is no i ial ma e inso a as he audience is manda o y o he exis ence
o jou nalism. Wi h he d ain o eade s and los income, he media ook di e en measu es, mos
o hem aimed a e aining audiences h ough en e ainmen , bu ew o hem we e designed o
d aw he audience by egaining hei us (Masip, 2016).
Some s udies conside he ela ionship be ween jou nalis s and he audience as posi i e and
desi able (Klinge & S ensson, 2015). In he same ashion, i has been unde s ood ha he public
wan s o pa icipa e, wan s o p oduce con en , and wan s o sha e i wi h jou nalis s (Jenkins &
Ca pen ie , 2013). Howe e , di e en pieces o esea ch ha e p o en ha g ea e oppo uni ies
o in e ac ion do no necessa ily ansla e o a g ea e commi men and iden i ica ion o he
audience wi h he media (Pe e s & Wi schge, 2015). In he same ashion, o he s udies ha e shown
ha audiences a e less ac i e han imagined (Gualla e al., 2016), especially when pa icipa ion
equi es a g ea e deg ee o commi men .
In his ci cums ance, i is ele an o know wha he audience expec s om i s in e ac ion
wi h jou nalis s, and ice- e sa. Social media a e becoming spaces whe e ci izens wi h di e en
wo ld iews can in e ac , and whe e in o ma ion lows wi hou he cons ain s o adi ional
media. In he new public digi al sphe e, pla o ms no only become a space o deba e, bu also
acili a e econ igu a ion o he media agenda (Goode, 2009). The audience akes on ull
p ominence in he news p ocess. No as p oduce , bu as ga ekeepe , inso a as he use s a e he
ones who de e mine in e es in a news piece and he sui abili y o aising i s isibili y wi h a wee
o a like (Masip, 2016).
We mus s ill elucida e whe he jou nalis s and use s will be able o build a communi y
(Picone e al., 2016), and i he o me will be able o become ca alys s o his public sphe e o
exchange and deba e. Addi ionally, i is in e es ing o go u he in dep h as o wha p o essionals
expec om hei in e ac ion wi h he audience h ough social media. Based on his knowledge,
i will be possible o es ablish a new ela ionship be ween he bo h o hem, a ela ionship close
o wha Lewis e al. (2013) call ecip ocal jou nalism, meaning how jou nalis s and audiences can
de elop ecip ocal ela ionships ha a e bene icial o all.
Wi hin his con ex , he gene al objec i e o his esea ch is o cha ac e ise he ela ion
be ween digi al jou nalis s and hei audiences h ough social media and o desc ibe how hey
pe cei e he consequences o his ela ionship. Based on his gene al objec i e, his esea ch se s
o h he ollowing esea ch ques ions:
Eu opean Public & Social Inno a ion Re iew (2021), 6, 1 19
• RQ1: Wha a e he ools ha digi al jou nalis s use o dialogue wi h hei audiences?
• RQ2: Wha a e he easons o digi al jou nalis s o conduc his dialogue?
• RQ3: Wha a e he bene i s and isks pe cei ed by p o essionals in es ablishing his
ela ionship?
2. Me hodology
This s udy includes he esul s om a su ey conduc ed wi h 73 digi al jou nalis s who wo k
in he Basque Coun y, bo h in digi al edi ions o con en ional media and in na i e digi al media
o managing social media. To his end, hey we e sen a closed ques ionnai e on wo k in he
digi al media ha conside ed he mos ecen s udies on he p o ession (Palacio-Llanos, 2018;
Wea e e al., 2019).
The ini ial sample was d awn up based on he Basque Go e nmen 's Open Communica ion
Guide (h ps://gida.i ekia.euskadi.eus). This guide includes a comple e lis ing o Basque news
media and hei manage s. The sample was comple ed wi h he collabo a ion o he Basque
Jou nalis s' Associa ion (Pé ez Dasil a e al., 2021), and sough balance be ween men and women.
The numbe o digi al jou nalis s, including digi al edi ion, na i e media, and social media
wo ke s, accoun ed o 14% o all jou nalis s in any ype o media.
Su eys we e conduc ed be ween 12 Ap il and 24 May 2020. I should be no ed ha
conduc ing hese su eys was condi ioned by he heal h c isis and con inemen o he popula ion
decla ed by he Basque Go e nmen on 14 Ma ch o igh he pandemic. This was he eason why
he me hodology inally used was an online su ey wi h elephone suppo .
3. Resul s
3.1. Tools o dialogue wi h audiences
I we analyse he ools mos used by digi al jou nalis s in hei daily wo k, he i s wo
( elephone and email) p obably do no di e much om hose mos used in many o he
p o essions (Figu e 1). On he o he hand, a pa icula ai ha does s and ou is he in ensi e
use o social media and messenge se ices (Twi e , Wha sApp, YouTube, and Facebook) wi h
almos iden ical in ensi y.
Figu e 1. Digi al wo k ools ( o al use/dialogue wi h audiences).
Sou ce: Compiled by au ho s.
16,1%
16,1%
17,9%
30,3%
73,2%
85,7%
46,4%
96,4%
96,4%
71,4%
87,7%
3,6%
10,8%
14,3%
21,4%
25,0%
33,9%
39,3%
50,0%
66,0%
71,4%
75,0%
Flick , e c.
Teleg am
LinkedIn, e c.
Blogs
You ube, Vimeo, e c.
Wha sApp
Ins ag am
Telé ono
Email
Facebook
Twi e
To al use Use o dialogue wi h audiences
Eu opean Public & Social Inno a ion Re iew (2021), 6, 1 20
These ou pla o ms and ools now de ini ely o m a pa o he essen ial epe oi e o
esou ces o p ac ise he jou nalis p o ession online. These da a a e co obo a ed by he e y
opinion o jou nalis s hemsel es, gi en ha 83.5% o he su eyed p o essionals (n=61) belie e
ha knowing how o wo k wi h social media is an essen ial skill o jou nalis s oday, and all o
hem s a ed ha hey had a leas one ac i e p o ile on social media. Rega ding hei use, 23.6%
(n=13) s a e ha hey use social media only o p o essional easons, as opposed o 72.7% (n=40)
who blend pe sonal wi h p o essional use.
I , on he o he hand, we obse e which o hose ools hey use o dialogue wi h audiences,
he wo main social media ne wo ks s and ou abo e he es , wi h Twi e in he lead (75%, n=42),
ollowed e y closely by Facebook (71.4%, n=40). The s ong ela ionship be ween he pe cen age
o gene al use and speci ic use o dialogue wi h audiences indica es ha i s hea y use amongs
digi al jou nalis s indeed bea s he pu pose o ge ing close o eade s, in addi ion o o he s.
I we del e a bi u he in o his aspec , he esponses o digi al jou nalis s ega ding easons
o use social media cas a bi mo e ligh (Figu e 2). Indeed, a bi mo e han wo ou o e e y h ee
p o essionals (n=58) s a e ha he ela ionship wi h audiences is one o he easons ha hey use
social media.
Figu e 2. Wha do you use social media o in you day- o-day wo k?
Sou ce: Compiled by au ho s.
Howe e , hei use as a b eaking news sou ce (83.9%, n=56) and o ollow news published
by o he media ou le s (66.1%, n=58) bea s equal o g ea e ele ance o p o essionals. As such,
social media a e ele an ools o ela ionships wi h audiences, bu hei main use is o ollowing
b eaking news.
A a hi d le el, and wi h sligh ly less ele ance, jou nalis s s a e ha hey use social media
as a sou ce o ideas and o disco e ends o c ea e hei news pieces. In his case, he
p o essionals' opinion is a bi ambi alen , gi en ha almos hal o hem (46.6%, n=34) belie e
ha his p ac ise jeopa dises he quali y o con en s published by he media.
3.2. Reasons o dialogue wi h audiences
I we lea e o he kinds o unc ions behind and speci ically ocus on using social media o
connec o audiences, he su eyed jou nalis s s a e ha he news media o which hey wo k
ac i ely encou age hei p o essionals o pa icipa e in his ac i i y. 58.9% (n=43) o hose
su eyed con i m ha hei company encou ages hem o ac i ely in e ac wi h hei audience,
and 43.8% con i m ha he media ou le hey wo k o has a p o ocol o speci ic guidelines (n=24)
o do so. As such, dialogue wi h audiences is inc easingly an ins i u ionalised ask, and no
me ely a pe sonal op ion o jou nalis s.
On he o he hand, p o essionals gene ally ha e a c i ical iew o his ask, gi en ha only a
bi mo e han one ou o e e y h ee jou nalis s (Figu e 3) belie e ha hei media ou le 's main
eason is o uly dialogue wi h audiences (36.2%, n=21). In ac , mos o hose su eyed s a e ha
7,1%
26,8%
32,1%
51,8%
51,8%
66,1%
66,1%
83,9%
O he
To in e iew sou ces
To e i y in o ma ion
To disco e ends
To ind new opics
To moni o he wo k o o he media ou le s
Connec ing o he audience
Disco e ing b eaking news
Eu opean Public & Social Inno a ion Re iew (2021), 6, 1 21
hese policies ac ually seek co po a e objec i es, such as gaining audience loyal y o c ea ing a
communi y a ound he media ou le , in addi ion o bols e ing i s image and inc easing he
numbe o isi o s. As such, he objec i es pe cei ed by he p o essionals ha e mo e o do wi h
co po a e s eng hening o he ou le han an ac ual desi e o dialogue.
Figu e 3. Wha do you hink you media ou le 's main eason is o in e ac ing wi h he
audience?
Sou ce: Compiled by au ho s.
In gene al, jou nalis s also display limi ed willingness o ac i ely pa icipa e wi h audiences
and p io i ise in e ac ion channels ha a e mo e one-way and no so much o dialogue. Thus, i
we analyse how hese social media a e egula ly used, p ac ically all o hem en ail spo adic, one-
o con ac wi h he audience.
Fi s ly, he mos cus oma y ac i i y on social media in hei ela ionship wi h eade s is o
awl o new opics o add ess, which is men ioned by wo ou o e e y h ee jou nalis s (Figu e
4). A e his, equencies a e signi ican ly educed, and all uses men ioned display limi ed wo-
way communica ion, such as co ec ing e o s o b oadening con en included in he news pieces.
To he con a y, he wo op ions wi h he g ea es amoun o dialogue, meaning answe ing eade
ques ions o asking o hei opinion, a e used by a bi ewe han one ou o e e y h ee digi al
jou nalis s (31.5%, n=23).
Figu e 4. In you di ec ela ionship wi h audiences, wha do you use social media o ?
Sou ce: Compiled by au ho s.
1,7%
36,2%
48,3%
50,0%
65,5%
70,7%
O he
To encou age dialogue wi h he audience
To inc ease he numbe o isi s
To bols e he media ou le 's image/ epu a ion
To c ea e communi y
To ga ne audience loyal y
21,9%
31,5%
31,5%
34,2%
42,5%
67,1%
O he
To collec opinions
To answe eade ques ions
To sha e addi ional esea ch
To co ec e o s
To ge ideas o new opics
Eu opean Public & Social Inno a ion Re iew (2021), 6, 1 22
3.3. Pe cei ed bene i s and isks
As a whole, wo ou o e e y h ee digi al jou nalis s pe cei e ha wo k wi h social media
has inc eased how as hey mus comple e hei wo k, which jeopa dises he p ecision o hei
ask (Figu e 5). One ou o e e y wo p o essionals also belie es ha social media pose a h ea
o he quali y o in o ma ion, and a bi mo e han one ou o e e y h ee e en belie e ha social
media place adi ional jou nalism alues in pe il.
Some o he newes and mos speci ic isks include 61.8% (n=34) belie ing ha social media
make hem mo e exposed, which can lead o si ua ions o eade s p essu ing o ha assing hem.
Rega ding how o manage he ela ionship wi h eade s, adi ional p o essional alues a e
once again dominan . In his ein, p ac ically all o he su eyed pa ies (91.8%, n=67) belie e ha
quali y con en helps o ga ne audience loyal y, as opposed o 35.6% (n=26) who belie e ha
eade s a e los because hey a e no add essing opics o hei in e es .
A la ge majo i y is also o he opinion ha ela ionships wi h audiences a e a need o media
and, in u n, one o he g ea es challenges hey ace oday.
Figu e 5. Wha a e he h ea s posed by social media o he jou nalis p o ession?
Sou ce: Compiled by au ho s.
Addi ionally, a signi ican numbe o p o essionals acknowledge ha hey lack he skills
necessa y o connec o eade s (45.2%, n=33), and only one ou o e e y ou s a es ha his ask
akes ime away om he wo k hey mus comple e.
Figu e 6. Ra e how much you ag ee wi h he ollowing s a emen s ega ding he ela ionship o
media ou le s wi h hei audiences.
Sou ce: Compiled by au ho s.
38,2%
52,8%
61,8%
65,4%
They jeopa dise adi ional jou nalis alues
They h ea en he quali y o jou nalism
They make p o essionals mo e exposed
They sac i ice p ecisions o he sake o speed
28,8%
35,6%
45,2%
57,5%
58,9%
75,3%
87,7%
91,8%
In e ac ing wi h he audience akes ime away…
Audiences a e los because o no co e ing…
Jou nalis s ha e he necessa y skills
P essu e o a ac audiences modi ies news…
Commen s a e used o imp o e con en
The ela ionship wi h hem is one o he…
The media mus egain hei us
Quali y con en help o ga ne hei loyal y
Eu opean Public & Social Inno a ion Re iew (2021), 6, 1 23
Las ly, only one ou o e e y h ee indi iduals su eyed (32.9%, n=24) belie es ha
audiences should mo e ac i ely pa icipa e in c ea ing news con en s.
4. Discussion and conclusion
The s udy o digi al jou nalis opinions on hei ela ionship wi h audiences h ough social
media p o ides an ambi alen iew. On one hand, online media p o essionals in he Basque
Coun y almos unanimously iden i y main aining a luid ela ionship wi h eade s and
egaining hei us as a p io i y need. In addi ion, social media pla o ms, pa icula ly Twi e
and Facebook, a e he main ools o holding his dialogue. Howe e , e en hough jou nalis s
acknowledge ha hei companies encou age hem o ac i ely in e ac wi h hei eade s, and
e en o e hem guidelines o do so, hey s a e ha he easons behind hese policies a e mainly
comme cial and co po a e.
In his ega d, he esponses ob ained highligh he idea ha media employees belie e ha
hei manage s iew pa icipa ion as a channel o gene a e websi e a ic, o make use s in es
mo e ime on he media, and o ob ain g ea e loyal y o he publica ion (Vujno ic, e al., 2010;
Singe , e al., 2011; Manose i ch & Tenenboim, 2017).
The doub s in he co po a e sphe e also sp ead o p o essional p ac ise. The s udy shows
ha digi al jou nalis s especially op o mainly one-way, limi ed uses o exis ing communica ion
channels. While p oblema ic managemen o audience-gene a ed con en led o limi a ion on he
spaces o pa icipa ion in news media ou le s, he o ce o social media na u ally mo ed deba e
ega ding media con en and dialogue wi h audiences o hese pla o ms (Masip e al., 2019).
Social media a e a sui able a enue o ecei e ideas and opinions and o ind opics, bu no o
es ablish dialogue wi h eade s (Suá ez-Villegas, 2017). Jou nalis s a e willing o co ec o mal
e o s o da a, bu do no wan in e e ence in hei edi o ial decisions (Pé ez-Díaz e al., 2020).
The e o e, audience pa icipa ion has no led o a change in jou nalis s' iew o hei
p o essional ole. As Deuze and Wi schge (2018) poin ou ha i ’s a challenge o conside
jou nalism as a ne wo ked p ac ice while ecognizing he pe manence o meaning-gi ing
s uc u es, such as he news oom. In his ega d, basque digi al jou nalis s conside ha he
essence o jou nalis ic wo k has no changed, and easse he p o ession's adi ional alues
(Ö neb ing, 2013; Ande sson & Wiik, 2013). Only a small po ion o he p o essionals su eyed
belie e ha audiences should ha e a mo e ac i e ole in news c ea ion, so we may conside ha
hey pe cei e pa icipa ion in he media as mainly complemen a y in na u e (Neube ge &
Nue nbe gk, 2010; Vos & Fe ucci, 2018).
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