DOI 10.26773/mjssm.210909 59
Recei ed: 8 Feb ua y 2021 | Accep ed a e e ision: 15 Ap il 2021 | Fi s published online: 1 Sep embe 2021
© 2021 by he au ho (s). License MSA, Podgo ica, Mon eneg o. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o
he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY).
Con lic o in e es : None decla ed.
In oduc ion
Baske ball is a eam-based and opposi ion spo in which
high-in ensi y ac ions, such as accele a ions, changes o di ec ion,
and jumps, a e combined wi h momen s o pause du ing games
(S ojano ic e al., 2018). I is impo an o quan i y he physical
demands expe ienced by playe s du ing di e en baske ball com-
pe i ions o imp o e he p ocess o playe s’ spo s g ow h om
lowe ca ego ies un il p o essionalism (Pe way e al., 2020).
Mos clubs ha e p og ammes o selec and de elop he al-
en o young baske ball playe s. Th ough aining, hei inal
pu pose is o p epa e po en ial playe s o he aining and
compe i ion demands o p o essional baske ball (So i iadou
& Shilbu y, 2013). Va ious s a egies ha e been p o en o be
success ul du ing he de elopmen o spo s alen , such as
he heo ies o 10 yea s and delibe a e p ac ice (E icsson e al.,
1993; Newell & Rosenbloom, 1981). Howe e , he e a e c i i-
cal momen s in he ma u a ion p ocess a which de elopmen
can be g ea ly s imula ed i he playe s engage wi h si ua ions
Physical Demands in Th ee Di e en Baske ball
Compe i ions Played By he Same Unde -18 Playe s
Hugo Salaza 1,2, F anc Ga cía1,3, Luka S ila 4, Julen Cas ellano1
A ilia ions:
1Uni e si y o Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU), Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain,
2
Saski Baskonia SAD, Physical Pe o mance
Depa men , Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain,
3
Fú bol Club Ba celona, Spo s Pe o mance A ea, Ba celona, Spain,
4
BC Unics, Physical Pe o mance Depa men ,
Kazan, Russia
Co espondence:
H. Salaza , Uni e si y o Basque Coun y, Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Ca e e a de Lasa e, 71, 01007, Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain,
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
The goal o his s udy was o compa e he physical demands o he same eam in h ee di e en baske ball com-
pe i ions (EBA league (EBA), U18 egional league (U18L), and a U18 in e na ional ou namen (U18T)) du ing he
same season. Da a om ele en U18 playe s (age: 16.92 ± 0.67 yea s) we e collec ed using ine ial mo emen uni s.
As ex e nal load a iables, Playe Load (PL), accele a ions (ACC), decele a ions (DEC), changes o di ec ion (COD),
and jumps (JUMP) we e exp essed in hei o al ( ) and high in ensi y (h) alues. The analysis o a iances (ANOVA)
and e ec size (ES, Cohen’s d) wi h hei espec i e 90% con idence in e als we e applied o iden i y di e ences
be ween he compe i ions. U18T showed he highes alues in PL, ACC, DEC, hDEC, COD, JUMP, and hJUMP
(small o mode a e ES). Howe e , he hACC and hCOD alues we e g ea e in EBA (small ES) han in U18L and U18T.
In conclusion, all h ee compe i ions p esen ed di e en ex e nal load demands o he same g oup o playe s. This
da a could help baske ball coaches o op imize he aining p ocess based on he compe i ion in which hei eam
plays. Fu he mo e, da a could also indica e he mos sui able compe i ion o playe s’ de elopmen .
Keywo ds: baske ball, ine ial mo emen analysis, eam spo , moni o ing, aining load
Ci e his a icle: Salaza , H., Ga cia, F., S ila , L., & Cas ellano, J. (2021). Physical Demands in Th ee Di e en
Baske ball Compe i ions Played By he Same Unde -18 Playe s. Mon eneg in Jou nal o Spo s Science and Medicine,
10(2), 59-64. doi: 10.26773/mjssm.210909
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER
@MJSSMon eneg o
PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF THREE DIFFERENT COMPETITIONS
h p://mjssm.me/?sekcija=a icle&a id=224
60 DOI 10.26773/mjssm.210909
PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF THREE DIFFERENT COMPETITIONS | H. SALAZAR ET AL.
ha equi e hem o pe o m a hei op imal le el (Be y e
al., 2008). These si ua ions can ange om applying he app o-
p ia e aining s imulus a a ce ain age o being able o ace
he bes possible i al o demanding he g ea es echnical, ac-
ical, and physical equi emen s.
A p esen , he compe i ion model ha exis s in Spain al-
lows playe s who a e s ill in aining age ca ego ies (Junio /
U18) o pa icipa e in p o essional o semi-p o essional com-
pe i ions a he na ional le el. This is a s uc u ed de elop-
men model o ming pa o a long- e m s a egic one (Calle-
ja-González e al., 2016). Howe e , he e a e challenges in he
physical demands ha playe s mus o e come o compe e a
he p o essional le el. As he league le el inc eases, playe s a e
equi ed o pe o m a g ea e numbe o high-in ensi y and
mode a e-in ensi y ac ions han in he mino leagues (Scanlan
e al., 2011), which sugges s planning long- e m aining. Fu -
he mo e, playe s need o be p epa ed o a g ea e demand o
high-in ensi y momen s and sho e b eaks be ween si ua ions
(Fe ioli e al., 2020). In addi ion o highe physical demands,
p o essional compe i ions also show inc eased echnical and
ac ical demands and a highe pe cen age o e ec i eness o
which junio playe s mus adap (Con e e al., 2017).
Di e ences be ween U18, p o essional, and senio playe s
ha e been desc ibed (T ape o e al., 2020). Howe e , all s udies
compa ed di e en samples (one o he senio playe s and he
o he o unde -18 playe s). The e o e, he e is a compa a i e
bias due o a mul i ude o ac o s, such as he game model, he
i al, he playe ’s physical cha ac e is ics, and he e e eeing o
he ma ch (Fox e al., 2019). To he au ho s’ knowledge, he e
is no s udy compa ing he same playe s compe ing a di e en
le els. This s udy would p o ide aluable in o ma ion o assess
he di e ences ha may exis in baske ball physical demands
mo e accu a ely.
This wo k aimed o desc ibe and compa e he physical de-
mands o he same eam o baske ball playe s du ing h ee di -
e en compe i ions comple ed in he same season. The esul s
could help o op imize he aining p ocess o playe s simul-
aneously pa icipa ing in di e en compe i ions. Mo eo e ,
his in es iga ion could also aid in unde s anding he op imal
compe i ion o he playe s o ecei e adequa e physical s im-
ula ion du ing aining.
Me hods
Design
Da a we e collec ed in h ee di e en compe i ions: EBA
League (EBA, 4 h senio ca ego y o Spanish baske ball); Re-
gional League o unde 18 playe s (U18L); in e na ional ou -
namen o he unde -18 ca ego y (U18T). Two leagues (EBA
and U18L) we e analysed om Sep embe o Ma ch, co e-
sponding o he i s pa o he compe i i e pe iod. The U18T
ook place be ween he 3 d and 6 h o Janua y; ou games we e
played in h ee days be ween junio in e na ional playe s. All
games o he h ee compe i ions we e moni o ed h ough in-
e ial mo emen uni s (IMU). In o al, 32 ma ches we e e-
co ded (15 om EBA, 13 om U18L, and ou om U18T).
Pa icipan s
Ele en playe s in he U18 age-le el (age: 16.92 ± 0.67 yea s)
pa icipa ed in he s udy. Be o e he s udy, he an h opome -
ic da a o each playe we e collec ed ollowing he s anda ds
o echnical measu emen ecommended by he In e na ional
Wo king G oup o Kinan h opome y, ISAK (Table 1).
Table 1. An h opome ic alues o he playe s pa icipa ing in he s udy. To al alues a e p esen ed as mean ± s anda d de ia ion (SD)
Pa icipan s Heigh (cm) Weigh (kg) BMI (kg/m-2) Sum 8 Skin olds (mm) Body a (%) Muscle mass (%)
Playe 1 195.5 98.4 25.7 66.5 8.1 50.6
Playe 2 185.0 76.1 22.2 57.6 6.6 49.5
Playe 3 186.6 69.1 19.8 45.6 7.5 49.1
Playe 4 209.0 97.6 22.3 103.1 13.3 41.6
Playe 5 200.1 84.0 21.0 52.0 5.8 48.7
Playe 6 203.0 75.1 18.2 36.0 3.2 51.0
Playe 7 200.1 74.7 18.6 46.5 4.9 48.4
Playe 8 202.5 91.7 22.4 65.0 7.8 49.0
Playe 9 201.7 84.6 20.9 71.0 9.3 46.0
Playe 10 211.6 100.7 22.5 65.0 6.1 49.2
Playe 11 202.0 76.2 18.6 46.2 4.7 42.6
Team a e age 200.9±7.2 84.4±11.1 21.1±2.2 58.5±18.1 6.9±2.6 48.3±2.4
The an h opome ic ma e ial used was p e iously app o ed
and calib a ed: wall heigh od (p ecision, 1 mm); Tani a scale
(p ecision, 100 g); Rossc a me ic me al ape, which was na -
ow and inex ensible (p ecision, 1 mm); Hol ain small bone
diame e pachyme e (p ecision, 1 mm); Cesco 2 callipe
(p ecision, 0.5 mm); complemen a y ma e ial (demog aphic
pencil o ma k he subjec ); and an h opome ic bench o 40 ×
50 × 30 cm. Ca e (1982) and Lee’s (Lee e al., 2000) o mulas
we e used o calcula e a and muscle pe cen ages. All playe s
belonged o he same eam o a Eu oleague (Eu opean i s di-
ision) and ACB (Spanish i s di ision) academy in Spain and
simul aneously pa icipa ed in he h ee compe i ions. Playe s
comple ed a o al o i e o six weekly baske ball aining ses-
sions, along wi h wo o h ee s eng h- aining sessions and
wo games each week. Each playe was in o med abou he
s udy equi emen s by he club, and each one ga e his w i en
and e bal consen . Mo eo e , all he e hical p ocedu es used
in his s udy we e in acco dance wi h he Decla a ion o Hel-
sinki, Fo aleza upda e (Ha is & A kinson, 2015) and we e
app o ed by he Basque Coun y Uni e si y E hics Commi ee.
Ex e nal load a iables
As in p e ious s udies in baske ball (S ila e al., 2018;
Salaza e al., 2020), a combina ion o a iables was used o
PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF THREE DIFFERENT COMPETITIONS | H. SALAZAR ET AL.
DOI 10.26773/mjssm.210909 61
es ima e he equency o o al and high-in ensi y ac ions.
This s a egy p o ided mo e de ailed in o ma ion on he
physical demands o he playe s (Fox e al., 2020). Ine ial
a iables included Playe LoadTM (PL); changes o di ec ion
((COD), di ec ions om -135º o -45 o he le , and om 45º
o 135 o he igh ); decele a ions ((DEC), di ec ion om -
135º o 135º); accele a ions ((ACC), di ec ions om -45º o
45º); and jumps (JUMP). The PL was eco ded by he accel-
e ome e o he ine ial de ices whose sampling equency is
100-Hz, and i is ep esen ed by he squa e oo o he chang-
es in accele a ion in he h ee spa ial axes (Nicolella e al.,
2018). The a iables COD, DEC, ACC, and JUMP a e shown
in hei o al ( ) and high in ensi y (h) alues. We es ablished
he h eshold a ± 3 m·s-2 o COD, DEC, and ACC, and a >
40 cm o JUMP. All da a we e ela i ized o he o al minu es
in he ield o each playe (min-1), excluding es imes and
ime-ou s. This allowed a compa ison ega dless o he di -
e ence in minu es played by each playe du ing he ma ches
analysed.
P ocedu es
All o icial ma ches we e based on FIBA baske ball ules,
wi h ou qua e s o 10 minu es o li e ime, wo minu es
o es be ween qua e s, and 15 be ween hal es. We used
ine ial de ices o moni o ex e nal load du ing ma ches
(Ca apul T6, Ca apul Inno a ions, Melbou ne, Aus a-
lia). This echnology had been p e iously alida ed in small
ield indoo spo s (Lu ebe ge e al., 2018). De ices we e
placed in he playe s’ scapula a ea h ough a cus om es
and we e u ned on 30 minu es be o e he ma ches s a ed.
Playe s we e amilia wi h he de ices as hey used hem in
hei day- o-day aining a he club. A e hei eco ding,
all da a was expo ed h ough speci ic so wa e (OpenField
e sion 2.3.1, Ca apul Inno a ions, Melbou ne, Aus alia).
A e wa ds, he da a was p ocessed in an Excel wo kbook
o Mac (Mic oso Excel e sion 16, Mic oso Co po a ion,
Redmond, WA, USA).
S a is ical analysis
All desc ip i e da a a e shown as mean ± s anda d de-
ia ion (SD). The no mali y o he da a dis ibu ion and he
sphe ici y was con i med using he Shapi o-Wilk es and
he es o Le ene o he equali y o a iances, espec i e-
ly. The di e ences be ween g oups we e examined using a
s a is ical analysis o a iances (ANOVA) and aking he
“compe i ion” dimension (EBA, U18L and U18T) as a ac-
o . S a is ical signi icance was es ablished a p < 0.05. Sub-
sequen ly, e ec sizes (ES) we e calcula ed using Cohen’s d
wi h hei espec i e con idence in e als o 90%. The ES
we e in e p e ed based on he ollowing h esholds: < 0.2,
i ial; 0.2-0.6, small; 0.6-1.2, mode a e; 1.2-2.0, long; and >
2.0, excep ionally long (Ba e ham and Hopkins, 2006). All
o he analyses we e pe o med by using he Mic oso Ex-
cel so wa e o Mac (Mic oso Excel e sion 16, Mic oso
Co po a ion, Redmond, WA, USA) and he ee s a is ical
package JASP e sion 0.9.2 (Uni e si y o Ams e dam, h ps:
// jasp-s a s.o g/).
Resul s
Table 2 shows he absolu e alues o all ex e nal load a i-
ables analysed o each compe i ion (EBA, U18L, and U18T).
The highes alues o PL, COD, ACC, DEC componen , and
JUMP a iables we e ound in U18T compe i ion. EBA com-
pe i ion showed he g ea es demands in hCOD and hACC.
Table 2. Mean ± s anda d de ia ion (SD) o each o he ex e nal load a iables in he h ee compe i ions
analysed: EBA League (EBA), U18 au onomic league (U18L) and in e na ional ou namen (U18T)
EBA U18L U18T p
PL (ua·min-1) 11.02±0.93 11.08±1.09 11.39±1.37 p = 0.17
COD (ua·min-1) 9.98±2.64 9.50±2.47 10.34±2.44 p = 0.11
hCOD (ua·min-1) 0.65±0.31 0.57±0.28 0.59±0.35 p =0.05
DEC (ua·min-1) 2.18±0.48 2.21±0.55 4.07±3.54 b, c p < 0.01
hDEC (ua·min-1) 0.18±0.08 0.18±0.09 0.28±0.24 b, c p < 0.01
ACC (ua·min-1) 2.25±0.61 2.11±0.62 2.26±0.71 p = 0.13
hACC (ua·min-1) 0.38±0.16 a0.32±0.16 0.33±0.20 p = 0.02
JUMP (ua·min-1) 1.55±0.42 1.56±0.42 1.67±0.52 p = 0.35
hJUMP (ua·min-1) 0.19±0.11 0.20±0.12 0.22±0.13 p = 0.30
No e. a, signi ican di e ences EBA s U18L; b, signi ican di e ences EBA s U18T; c, signi ican di e ences U18L s U18T. PL
is Playe Load pe playe ; CODmin is he o al numbe o mo emen s o he igh / le ; hCOD is he numbe o mo emen s o
he igh / le abo e he high-in ensi y h eshold (> 3 m x s-2); DEC is he o al numbe o decele a ions; hDEC is he numbe
o high-in ensi y decele a ions (< -3 m x s-2); ACC is he o al numbe o accele a ions; hACC is he numbe o high-in ensi y
accele a ions (> 3 m x s-2); JUMP is he o al numbe o jumps; and hJUMP is he numbe o jumps abo e 40 cm. Bold le e s
highligh he highe alue o he h ee compe i ion le els.
Figu e 1 p esen s ES o all a iables, compa ing all com-
pe i ions. Resul s o he EBA and U18L compa ison showed
small ES on hCOD (p > 0.05), ACC (p > 0.05), and hACC (p
= 0.02) (EBA > U18L).
The compa ison be ween U18T and EBA is displayed in
he medial pa o Figu e 1. In his case, small ES a e shown
in he PL (p > 0.05), hDEC (p > 0.05), and JUMP (p > 0.05)
a iables (U18T > EBA). DEC was he only a iable ha
showed a signi ican mode a e e ec in a ou o U18T (p <
0.01); in con as , a small non-signi ican di e ence was ound
in hACC be ween he compe i ion in a ou o EBA.
In he lowes pa o Figu e 1, esul s om a compa ison
be ween he wo U18 compe i ions a e shown. All a iables
exp essed highe demands in U18T wi h a signi ican mode -
a e ES in he DEC a iable. In addi ion, PL, COD, and hDEC
p esen ed small ES compa ed o U18L.
62 DOI 10.26773/mjssm.210909
PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF THREE DIFFERENT COMPETITIONS | H. SALAZAR ET AL.
Discussion
This s udy aimed o desc ibe and compa e he physical de-
mands o he same U18 playe s in h ee di e en baske ball
compe i ions du ing he same season. This is he i s in es-
iga ion ha examines he di e ences in he ex e nal load de-
mands o di e en compe i ions in he same baske ball playe s
using mic o- echnology o he au ho s’ knowledge. The main
conclusion o he s udy is ha compe i ion wi h eams o in e -
na ional le el (U18T) causes highe physical equi emen s, ex-
p essed in mos a iables (excep o hCOD and hACC), han
egional compe i ions (U18L and EBA senio le el).
The highe le el U18 playe s who belonged o academies
o p o essional eams showed highe an h opome ic alues
and a be e physical condi ion (Ve nillo e al., 2012). These
di e ences we e e ealed du ing ma ches wi h eams o in e -
na ional calib e, equi ing a highe physical le el. Addi ional-
ly, playe s wi h be e physical condi ion showed hei capaci-
ies du ing he ma ch, inc easing he dis ance a elled a high
speed (Abdelk im e al., 2010).
Di e ences be ween in e na ional playe s and na ion-
al playe s ha e been s udied. The o me exp essed a highe
pe cen age o maximum hea a e and a highe blood lac-
a e concen a ion du ing in e na ional compe i ions (Rod i-
guez-Alonso e al., 2003). Howe e , he playe s included in he
s udy co esponded o wo di e en g oups. Ne e heless, he
an h opome ic cha ac e is ics o pa icipan s in he p esen
s udy a e simila o U18 Eu opean playe s (Jelicic e al., 2002;
Vázquez-Gue e o e al., 2019). Consequen ly, i could be as-
sumed ha he compe i i e le el o he analysed eam co e-
sponds o he physical demands o he in e na ional ou na-
men (U18T), wi h he U18L le el being below i s po en ial
capaci ies.
The Spanish EBA league is he ou h senio age ca ego y
wi hin Spanish baske ball. Despi e his, many junio playe s
compe e in his league as a p elimina y s ep in hei spo s
de elopmen , seeking la e p o essionalism in baske ball.
Ne e heless, only he hCOD and hACC a iables p esen ed
highe alues in his ca ego y compa ed o U18L and U18T.
Bo h a iables we e exp essed in hei magni ude o high in-
ensi y. This esul can be explained by he ac ha playe s can
compe e in senio yea s in he EBA league, wi h s onge and
as e playe s playing baske ball o g ea e in ensi y han he
U18 ca ego ies.
In he U18L, a g ea e numbe o COD and ACC mo e-
men s we e ound. These esul s a e in line wi h a ecen s udy
showing ha U18 playe s exp ess a highe equency in he
o al numbe o ACC and DEC compa ed o eli e playe s (T a-
pe o e al., 2020). Howe e , i is impo an o highligh ha
he men ioned s udy used wo di e en g oups o playe s ha
compe ed a wo di e en le els, which can hampe possible
compa isons.
Rega ding high-in ensi y ac ions and hei in e mi ence,
he alues o high-in ensi y ac ions end o inc ease as he
le el o he league inc eases (Fe ioli e al., 2020; Scanlan e
al., 2011). One explana ion o his phenomenon is ha , a a
highe le el, playe s show a mo e e icien echnical- ac ical
beha iou compa ed o young o sub-eli e playe s. High-le el
playe s co e less dis ance a medium speeds and show a lowe
equency in he numbe o ac ions (Zhang e al., 2017; Pe way
e al., 2020). Fu he mo e, his echnical- ac ical e iciency
du ing baske ball ma ches is a quali a i e indica o o pe o -
mance (Sampaio e al., 2015). Howe e , he EBA league is a
non-p o essional league; he e o e, he an h opome ic p o ile
and he playe ’s le el o physical condi ion may no demand a
high ex e nal load in mos a iables compa ed o in e na ional
U18T.
Ano he poin o highligh is he di e en compe i i e o -
ma o he analysed compe i ions. While he EBA and U18L
ma ches we e played du ing he in-season pe iod (i.e., one
game pe week), he ou U18T games we e conges ed in a
Figu e 1. E ec size (Cohen’s d) wi h 90% con idence in e al on he di e ences be ween he h ee compe i ions (EBA, U18L
and U18T). PL is Playe Load pe playe ; CODmin is he o al numbe o mo emen s o he igh / le ; hCOD is he numbe o
mo emen s o he igh / le abo e he high-in ensi y h eshold (> 3 m x s-2); DEC is he o al numbe o decele a ions; hDEC is
he numbe o high-in ensi y decele a ions (< -3 m x s-2); ACC is he o al numbe o accele a ions; hACC is he numbe o high-
in ensi y accele a ions (> 3 m x s-2); JUMP is he o al numbe o jumps; hJUMP is he numbe o jumps abo e 40 cm.
PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF THREE DIFFERENT COMPETITIONS | H. SALAZAR ET AL.
DOI 10.26773/mjssm.210909 63
h ee-day pe iod. Ins ead, he highly compe i i e densi y, he
ex e nal load alues o mos a iables we e highe in U18T
han in EBA and U18L. These esul s show ha accumula ed
a igue in ou namen -based compe i ion could no be a majo
limi a ion o physical pe o mance du ing o icial baske ball
ou namen s (Mo ei a e al., 2012). Indeed, he con ex (oppo-
nen s, suppo e s, mo i a ion, e c.) migh a ou he le elling
o physical demands du ing compe i ion.
In he end, we mus acknowledge ce ain limi a ions o
his s udy. Fi s , he e a e no in e nal load a iables included.
Ne e heless, al hough we did no analyse how he ex e nal
load in luences he playe s’ in e nal esponses, he ex e -
nal load only showed small a ia ions in he h ee di e en
compe i ions. Second, his s udy shows only a e age alues
o he selec ed a iables, which may unde es ima e he mos
demanding scena ios du ing he compe i ion. Finally, u u e
esea ch should inco po a e he analysis o he emo ional and
psychological componen and how his in luences he physical
demands when acing ma ches in one compe i ion o ano he .
In conclusion, he p esen s udy desc ibes how di e en
compe i ion le els suppose di e en ex e nal load s imuli in
he same playe s wi h he same game model. The e o e, bas-
ke ball coaches and s eng h and condi ioning specialis s mus
conside he le el o compe i ion a which playe s a e inco po-
a ed. This mus be based on he physical cha ac e is ics and
he need o de elop hei pa h o p o essionalism. This in o -
ma ion mus be used o compe e a he op imal le el, whe e
playe s can exp ess he g ea es possible physical demands and
p omo e hei de elopmen .
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