RESEARCH ARTICLE
The in usi e na u e o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian in
he Ibe ian Peninsula
Joseba Rios-Ga aiza ID
1,2
*, Eneko I ia e
3
, Lee J. A nold
4
, Lau a Sa
´nchez-Rome o
5
, Ana
B. Ma ı
´n-A oyo
6,7
, Aixa San Eme e io
2
, Asie Go
´mez-Oli encia
8,9,10
, Ca los Pe
´ ez-
Ga ido
11
, Ma ina Demu oID
4
, Isido o Campaña
12
, Lau ence Bou guignon
13
,
Al onso Beni o-Cal o
2
, Ma ı
´a J. I ia e
14,15
, A an za A anbu u
8
, Amaia A anz-O aegi
16,17
,
Diego Ga a e
18
, Ma ı
´a Sil a-GagoID
2
, Ch is elle Lahaye
19
, Illuminada O ega
20†
1A keologi Museoa, Bilbao, Spain, 2Cen o Nacional de In es igacio
´n sob e la E olucio
´n Humana
(CENIEH), Bu gos, Spain, 3Labo a o io de E olucio
´n Humana, Dp o. His o ia, Geog a ı
´a y Comunicacio
´n,
Uni e sidad de Bu gos, Bu gos, Spain, 4School o Physical Sciences, En i onmen Ins i u e, and Ins i u e o
Pho onics and Ad anced Sensing (IPAS), Uni e si y o Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Aus alia, 5Human E olu ion
Resea ch Cen e , Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Be keley, CA, Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, 6G upo de I+D+i
EVOADAPTA (E olucio
´n Humana y Adap aciones Econo
´micas y Ecolo
´gicas du an e la P ehis o ia), Dp o.
Ciencias His o
´ icas, Uni e sidad de Can ab ia, San ande , Spain, 7Depa men o A chaeology, Uni e si y o
Camb idge, Camb idge, Uni ed Kingdom, 8Dep . Geologı
´a, Facul ad de Ciencia y Tecnologı
´a, Uni e sidad
del Paı
´s Vasco-Euskal He iko Unibe si a ea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain, 9Cen o UCM-ISCIII de
In es igacio
´n Sob e E olucio
´n y Compo amien o Humanos, Mad id, Spain, 10 Sociedad de Ciencias
A anzadi, Donos ia-San Sebas ia
´n, Spain, 11 Depa amen o de Mine alogı
´a y Pe ologı
´a, Facul ad de
Ciencias Geolo
´gicas, Uni e sidad Complu ense de Mad id, Mad id, Spain, 12 Depa amen o de Ecologı
´a y
Geologı
´a, Facul ad de Ciencias, Uni e sidad de Ma
´laga, Ma
´laga, Spain, 13 In ap/AnTe A scan UMR7041,
Lo issemen Ac ipolis Impasse su ue Dionysos, Villeneu e-les-Be
´zie s F ance, 14 Geog aphy, P ehis o y
and A chaeology Depa men , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain, 15 Basque
Founda ion o Science (IKERBASQUE), Bilbao, Spain, 16 Mu
´seum Na ional d’His oi e Na u elle, UMR
7209, A che
´ozoologie, A che
´obo anique: Socie e
´s, P a iques e En i onmen s (AASPE), Pa is, F ance,
17 Dep . o C oss Cul u al and Regional S udies, Uni e si y o Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denma k,
18 Ins i u o In e nacional de In es igaciones P ehis o
´ icas de Can ab ia (IIIPC, Gobie no de Can ab ia,
Uni e sidad de Can ab ia, San ande ), San ande , Spain, 19 P o esseu e–Ge
´och onologie, Uni e si e
´
Bo deaux Mon aigne, IRAMAT-CRP2A UMR 5060, Pessac, F ance, 20 Ins i u Na ional de Reche ches
A cheologiques P e en i es (INRAP), Pa is, F ance
† Deceased.
*[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
Mul iple ac o s ha e been p oposed o explain he disappea ance o Neande als be ween
ca. 50 and 40 ky BP. Cen al o hese discussions has been he iden i ica ion o new
echno-cul u al complexes ha o e lap wi h he pe iod o Neande al demise in Eu ope. One
such complex is he Cha
ˆ elpe onian, which ex ends om he Pa is Basin o he No he n
Ibe ian Peninsula be ween 43,760–39,220 BP. In his s udy we p esen he i s open-ai
Cha
ˆ elpe onian si e in he No he n Ibe ian Peninsula, A anbal za II. The echnological ea-
u es o i s s one ool assemblage show no links wi h p e ious Middle Paleoli hic echnology
in he egion, and ch onological modeling e eals a gap be ween he la es Middle Paleo-
li hic and he Cha
ˆ elpe onian in his a ea. We in e p e his as e idence o local Neande al
ex inc ion and eplacemen by o he Neande al g oups coming om sou he n F ance, illus-
a ing how local ex inc ion episodes could ha e played a ole in he p ocess o disappea -
ance o Neande als.
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OPEN ACCESS
Ci a ion: Rios-Ga aiza J, I ia e E, A nold LJ,
Sa
´nchez-Rome o L, Ma ı
´n-A oyo AB, San
Eme e io A, e al. (2022) The in usi e na u e o he
Cha
ˆ elpe onian in he Ibe ian Peninsula. PLoS
ONE 17(3): e0265219. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/
jou nal.pone.0265219
Edi o : Michael D. Pe aglia, Max Planck Ins i u e
o he Science o Human His o y, GERMANY
Recei ed: Oc obe 5, 2021
Accep ed: Feb ua y 25, 2022
Published: Ma ch 30, 2022
Copy igh : ©2022 Rios-Ga aiza e al. This is an
open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o
he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and
ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal
au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : All ele an da a a e
wi hin he pape and i s Suppo ing In o ma ion
iles.
Funding: Resea ch a A anbal za si e has been
unded by Dipu acio
´n Fo al de Bizkaia (2013-2020),
Gobie no Vasco-Eusko Jau la i za (2014-2015),
Ha pea Kul u Elka ea (2013-2017), Edes iau e
A keologi Elka ea (2018). OSL da ing esea ch
conduc ed by M.D. and L.J.A. was pa ly suppo ed
by Aus alian Resea ch Council Fu u e Fellowship
g an FT200100816. AGO was suppo ed by
1. In oduc ion
The disappea ance o Neande al popula ions emains a complex, ongoing deba e, wi h mul i-
ple ac o s pu po ed o ha e a ec ed su i o ship be ween ca. 50 and 40 ky BP, including
endogenous causes, clima e change and he a i al o Homo sapiens in Eas e n Eu ope [1–5].
In he mids o his ex inc ion p ocess, se e al new echno-cul u al complexes appea ed in
Eu ope, some o hem in oduced by Homo sapiens, while o he s we e de eloped by Neande -
al popula ions. One o hese complexes is he Cha
ˆ elpe onian, which is ound om he Pa is
Basin o he No he n Ibe ian Peninsula. The o igins o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian emain widely
deba ed. Some a gue ha i o igina ed in Wes e n Eu ope as an e olu ion o Middle Paleoli hic
echnology [6,7], possibly unde he in luence o he g owing popula ion o Homo sapiens in
Eas e n and Cen al Eu ope [5,8,9], while o he s con inue o doub he links be ween he
Cha
ˆ elpe onian and Neande als, and hus p opose ha his echnocomplex could ha e been
made by Homo sapiens popula ions [10,11]. Howe e , ecen echnical de elopmen s ha e sig-
ni ican ly ad anced hese discussions by p esen ing paleop o eomic e idence o Neande al
au ho ship o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian a A cy-su -Cu e [12]. The ac ha he only human
emains di ec ly da ed wi hin he Cha
ˆ elpe onian age ange in Wes e n Eu ope ha e Nean-
de al a ini ies [13–15] u he s eng hens his link. In his s udy we p esen a new and signi -
ican Cha
ˆ elpe onian si e, A anbal za II, loca ed in he sou he nmos a ea o dis ibu ion o
his complex. A de ailed echnological analysis o he li hic assemblage shows ha he e is no
echnological link wi h p e ious Middle Paleoli hic echnology in he No he n Ibe ian Penin-
sula. This, coupled wi h e idence o a ch onological gap be ween he la es Middle Paleoli hic
(MP) and he Cha
ˆ elpe onian (CP) locally [16], sugges s ha Neande al g oups wi h MP
echnology had abandoned he egion be o e he Neande al g oups wi h CP echnology, likely
coming om Aqui aine, c ossed he Py enees and expanded h ough he Can ab ian Region.
This illus a es how episodes o local ex inc ion and popula ion eplacemen could ha e played
a ole in he p ocess o Neande al disappea ance.
2. Resul s
2.1 The si e o A anbal za II
The si e o A anbal za (No he n Ibe ian Peninsula) is loca ed in he Basque coas al egion, in
a sho alley close o he cu en coas line (800 m NW) (Figs 1and 2). Du ing Ma ine Iso ope
S age (MIS) 3, sea le el was 60–70 m lowe han oday, wi h he coas line ca. 4 km u he o -
sho e acco ding o ecen ly ob ained ba hyme ic su eys [17]. The si e is loca ed in an old
sand qua y complex (Ollago a-A anbal za) ha exploi ed Pleis ocene lu ial sand deposi s
o e laying Uppe C e aceous bed ock (ma ine ma ls and limes one al e na ing wi h in e ca-
la ed olcanic laye s) (Sec ion SI-3 in S1 File). I was disco e ed in 1957 by A. Agui e, and in
1959 J.M. Ba andia an opened se e al es pi s, inding a sandy le el (C) con aining Cha
ˆ elpe -
onian ma e ial [18] (Sec ion SI-1 in S1 File). In 2012 a la ge Cha
ˆ elpe onian collec ion om
he A anbal za II dis u bed sedimen s was s udied [19] (Sec ion SI-5 in S1 File). The la es
exca a ion p ojec , which s a ed in 2013, has since e ealed a complex o a chaeological si es
(A anbal za I, II and III) wi h occupa ions anging om Middle Paleoli hic o ecen p ehis-
o ic imes (Fig 2) [20]. Be ween 2013 and 2016, he A anbal za II si e was exca a ed in h ee
di e en a eas (ca. 18 m
2
) (A ea 1, 2 and 3) (Sec ion SI-2 in S1 File) (Fig 3). All necessa y pe -
mi s we e ob ained o he exca a ion and s udy o ma e ials. The a chaeological collec ion o
A anbal za II US4b is cu en ly held a he A chaeologi Museoa in Bilbao (Basque Coun y,
Spain).
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Ramo
´n y Cajal ellowship (RYC-2017-22558). The
unde s had no ole in s udy design, da a collec ion
and analysis, decision o publish, o p epa a ion o
he manusc ip .
Compe ing in e es s: The au ho s ha e decla ed
ha no compe ing in e es s exis .
2.2 S a ig aphy
The 2 m sedimen a y sequence exca a ed a A anbal za II con ains a succession o agg ada-
ional, e osi e and paleosoil o ma ion e en s. The Cha
ˆ elpe onian occupa ion is included in
a sedimen a y uni (US4) o med om h ee di e en sand accumula ion in e als (US4a, b
and c subuni s) ela ed o enhanced lood ac i i y in he nea by i e channel (Fig 4). The
sands om US4b ha e an in ense o ange hue and mine alized bio u ba ions ypical o Fe and
Al illu ia ion in podzols.
2.3 Ch onology
Single-g ain op ically s imula ed luminescence (OSL) da ing unde aken on Uni 4c indica es
ha a se ies o agg ada ion e en s and paleosol de elopmen phases ook place be ween la e
ma ine iso ope s age (MIS) 5 and ea ly MIS 3 (78.1 ±5.8 ka o 58.2 ±4.6 ka; Sec ion SI-9 in S1
File) p io o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian occupa ion o A anbal za II. Se e al OSL ages ob ained o
US4b and US4c p o ide b acke ing (indi ec ) age cons ain o he US4b laye , wi h sample
AAM13-10 p o iding he closes and mos secu e es ima e o he iming o he Cha
ˆ elpe o-
nian occupa ion 43.5 ±2.9 ka (1σ) (Sec ion SI-9 in S1 File).
2.4 Li hic assemblage
The a chaeological assemblage is composed exclusi ely o li hic a i ac s, which a e ound in a
minimally dis u bed accumula ion (Sec ion SI-4 in S1 File). We ha e analyzed a well-p ese ed
Fig 1. Dis ibu ion map o he so-called ansi ional echnocomplexes. CP: Cha
ˆ elpe onian; LRJ: Lincombian-
Ranisian-Je zmanowician; ULU: Uluzzian. Base ca og aphic da a ob ained om he Eu opean En i onmen Agency
( ee o use, downloadable a h ps://www.eea.eu opa.eu/ds_ esol euid/070F2DAD-1AED-4B9B-950F-
0047E5ADDF35. Ri e s and ba hime y ob ained om Na u al Ea h ( ee o use). DEM buil up wi h QGIS 2.18.
In og aphics made wi h Inkscape.
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assemblage o 5686 li hic emains, including all he li hic emains bigge han 1 mm (Fig 5),
p ima ily made om local lin (Flysch lin ), bu also small quan i ies made om non-local
lin , including he Salies-de-Be
´a n lin a ie y (SW F ance, >150 km away) (Sec ion SI-6 and
S25 Fig in S1 File). O he ma e ials appea in e y low p opo ions, including 30 small lumps
o och e (S34 Fig in S1 File). A la ge pa o he assemblage (60.4%) is composed o na u al
blocks, chunks, he mal lakes and chips unde 10 mm size, e lec ing in ensi e block es ing,
co e laking and ool p oduc ion. The co ical lakes and blades gene a ed in he ini ial s ages
o co e con igu a ion a e pa icula ly abundan (S5 Table in S1 File). Co es appea in ela i ely
Fig 2. A anbal za loca ion maps. A) Digi al Ele a ion Model showing he posi ion o A anbal za si e; B) Exca a ion
plan, wi h he a ea o he exca a ed Cha
ˆ elpe onian deposi s in ed. Base ca og aphic da a ob ained om Na ional
Geog aphic Ins i u e o Spain (IGN) unde he C ea i e Commons License CC-BY 4.0. DEM buil up wi h A cGis
10.3. In og aphics made wi h Inkscape.
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low numbe s, which is simila o o he open-ai Cha
ˆ elpe onian si es (G igole o e al., 2008).
Mos o he co es ha e been exploi ed o p oduce bladele s (n = 10) and blades (n = 7), bu
he e a e also some non-s anda dized “expedien ” lake co es (n = 4) and some co e ough-
ou s (n = 6), es ed blocks (n = 3) and exhaus ed co es (n = 1). Among he blade co es, 4 a e
ypical [21–24] bidi ec ional ones wi h wo, opposed laking su aces ha a e no s ic ly pa al-
lel (bipolai e de
´cale
´), which we e used o he p oduc ion o poin ed asymme ical blades (Fig
5: 29; S26 Fig in S1 File: 1). The unidi ec ional co es ha e ypical [25,26] quad angula c oss-
Fig 3. Exca a ion map and sec ions. A) De ailed map o he exca a ed Cha
ˆ elpe onian deposi s wi h he posi ion o
he sedimen ological co es and he coo dina ed a chaeological emains; B) No h and eas sec ion o A ea 3 exca a ion
wi h he p ojec ed posi ion o he a chaeological ma e ials and he posi ions o he pollen samples and he da ed OSL
samples.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.0265219.g003
Fig 4. S a ig aphic sec ion be ween A ea 1 and 3 (sec ion C) and syn he ic s a ig aphic sec ion wi h he posi ion
o he da ed OSL samples S a ig aphy. A de ail pho og aph o he sequence in co ne C/D is p esen ed in S6 Fig in
S1 File.
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sec ions o he p oduc ion o asymme ical blades (S26 Fig in S1 File: 2). All he bladele co es
a e unidi ec ional: i e o hem a e nuclei o m bu ins (Fig 5: 23; S28 Fig in S1 File: a; S29 Fig
in S1 File: 1–2), and he o he i e ha e been made on blocks (S28 Fig in S1 File: b, c; S29 Fig in
S1 File: 3, 4 and 6). These co es ha e p oduced na ow (ca. 4 mm) bladele s and a e simila o
he bladele p oduc ion desc ibed in Quinc¸ay (Fig 2: 24–28; S28 Fig in S1 File: 1–19) [26].
Blanks a e domina ed by na ow (6.4–13.5 mm wid h) and wide (>13.6 mm) blades and
Fig 5. Cha
ˆ elpe onian li hic assemblage. A anbal za II, US4b (Cha
ˆ elpe onian) a chaeological ma e ials. 1)
Comple e hin Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin ; 2–4) P oximal agmen s o hin Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s; 5) Thick
Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin , wi h he poin made in he p oximal pa ; 6) Dis al agmen o wide Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin ;
7–10) Dis al agmen s o Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s: #9 exhibi s axial diagnos ic impac ac u e; 11–13) p oximal
agmen s o backed blades, possible Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s; 14) Dis al agmen o backed blade; 15,16,20) F agmen s
o ma ginally backed blades; 17–19) Dis al agmen s o ma ginally backed poin s; 21–22) Ma ginally backed poin s;
23) Nuclei o m bu in; 24–28) Backed bladele s; 29) Bidi ec ional blade co e o he p oduc ion o poin ed blades; 30–
31) Unidi ec ional c es ed blades; 32) Endsc ape on na u al agmen ; 33) Endsc ape on blade; 34–35) Blades; 36)
O e sho blade d agging an opposed pla o m; 37) Pla o m eju ena ion lake. Figu e made by Aixa San Eme e io and
Joseba Rios-Ga aiza .
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bladele s (<6.4 mm wid h) (S30 Fig and S6 Table in S1 File). Bladele s show g ea mo phologi-
cal a iabili y, which is also e lec ed in he a iabili y in e ms o p oduc i i y and mo phol-
ogy o bladele co es. Flakes a e abundan : hey ha e been mos ly ob ained om unidi ec ional
elonga ed lake co es, om non-s anda dized “expedien ” lake co es, o as pa o blade co e
p epa a ion and main enance. Typical Le allois, Discoid o Quina lakes a e all absen om
he assemblage.
The e a e 117 e ouched ools, all bu one made on Flysch lin (S7 Table in S1 File).
Among hem, we ound ypical ma ginally backed blades (n = 26) [22,24,25,27] including
o al, pa ial, poin ed and in e sely e ouched blades (Fig 2: 15–20; Fig 6: 14–21); ypical Cha
ˆ-
elpe onian poin s (n = 10) (Fig 5: 1–10; Fig 6: 1–7, 10–12), some o hem b oken du ing he
ab ica ion p ocess [28]; blade agmen s wi h cu ed backs (n = 8) which a e e y likely p oxi-
mal agmen s o Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s (Fig 5: 11–13; Fig 6: 8–9); and ypical wide endsc a-
pe s (n = 2) (Fig 5: 32). Among he e ouched bladele s, as iden i ied a o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian
si es like Quinc¸ay [26], he e is a single ypical Du ou (Fig 6: 24), i e backed, i e ma ginally
backed, wo pa ially e ouched and one unca ed bladele (Fig 5: 24–28; Fig 6: 22–27). O he
ools such as e ouched blades, bu ins, bo e s, unca ions, no ches, den icula es, sidesc ape s,
splin e ed pieces, ma ginally backed lakes and e ouched lakes ep esen almos hal o he
e ouched oolki a he si e (Fig 5: 33; S32 Fig in S1 File), bu hese a e no e y s anda dized
and p obably ep esen oppo unis ic and non-speci ic ool making and use a he si e.
3. Discussion
The echnological and ypological ea u es o he A anbal za II US4b a chaeological assem-
blage show di ec pa allels o o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian open-ai [22–24,29] and ca e/ ock-shel-
e si es [23,25,30,31]. Al hough knapping was he main ac i i y a he si e, o he asks we e
p obably also pe o med alongside his, as happens a o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian open-ai si es
[24,29,32]. The uni s below US4b a e a chaeologically s e ile, p ecluding any possible admix-
u e o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian assemblage wi h Middle Paleoli hic ma e ials, which a e o he wise
e y abundan a A anbal za I and III [20,33]. Mo eo e , he li hic assemblage om A a-
nbal za II US4b does no p ese e any echnological ai s ha would link i wi h he local o
egional Middle Paleoli hic. In pa icula , ypical Middle Paleoli hic ools (den icula es o side-
sc ape s on lakes) a e a e, and he lakes a A anbal za II we e ob ained as a by-p oduc o
blade co e con igu a ion and main enance, o as he esul o non-sys ema ic and a he
oppo unis ic lake p oduc ion. No ypical Middle Paleoli hic Le allois, Discoid o Quina
p oduc s ha e been iden i ied a A anbal za II US4b. Fu he mo e, blank p oduc ion a A a-
nbal za II is basically o ien ed owa ds he p oduc ion o blades and bladele s, ollowing he
same p oduc ion schemas seen a classic si es such as Roc de Combe, La Co
ˆ e and Quinc¸ay
[21,26], Mo in le el 10 [34], and also e idenced in assemblages such as Labeko Koba [27],
Ekain [35], and Co a Fo adada [36]. Blade and bladele p oduc ion in he egional Middle
Paleoli hic a e e y a e, and ne e o med pa o he s uc u al p oduc ions o he Mous e-
ian Neande als [37–40]. Addi ionally, he e a e no MTA-B assemblages in he Can ab ian
Region [41], while and backed ools associa ed wi h Mous e ian assemblages, like he Ab i
Audi kni es, a e e y a e in he No he n Ibe ian Peninsula [33,42,43].
Elsewhe e in he No he n Ibe ian Peninsula he e a e se e al Cha
ˆ elpe onian ca e si es
wi h small li hic assemblages [35] ha ha e no echnological links wi h he p e ious La e Mid-
dle Paleoli hic [41,44], sugges ing ha he Cha
ˆ elpe onian was no de i ed om p e ious Ibe-
ian Peninsula Middle Paleoli hic adi ion as has been sugges ed o SW F ance [6]. The e is,
howe e , one excep ion o his end, namely le el 10 o Cue a Mo ı
´n, which is cha ac e ized
by he use o di e en aw ma e ials, including lin and coa se-g ained qua zi e, ophi e and
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sands one, and by he combina ion o ypical Middle Paleoli hic (Discoid) and Cha
ˆ elpe o-
nian p oduc ion schemas [34,45]. Cue a Mo ı
´n le el 10 is si ua ed di ec ly be ween he La e
Middle Paleoli hic (le el 11) and P o oau ignacian (le el 9). This assemblage has been in e -
p e ed as an admix u e o Middle Paleoli hic, Cha
ˆ elpe onian and P o oau ignacian ma e ials
[46,47], hough o he explana ions ha e also been in oked, including he adap a ion o aw
ma e ial a ailabili y and echno- unc ional demands [45]. Wha e e be he case, a pa o his
Fig 6. Cha
ˆ elpe onian e ouched ools. Selec ed e ouched ools om US4b. 1) Comple e hin Cha
ˆ elpe onian
poin ; 2) Thick Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin , wi h he poin made in he p oximal pa ; 3) Dis al agmen o wide
Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin ; 4–7) Dis al agmen s o Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s: #5 exhibi s axial diagnos ic impac ac u e;
8–12) P oximal agmen s o backed blades, possible Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s; 10–12) P oximal agmen s o
Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s; 13) Dis al agmen o backed blade; 14–15) Ma ginally backed poin s; 16–18) F agmen s o
ma ginally backed blades; 19–21) Dis al agmen s o ma ginally backed poin s; 22–26) Backed bladele s: #24 p esen s
ypical Du ou en al semi-ab up e ouch. D awings made by Joseba Rios-Ga aiza .
h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.0265219.g006
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collec ion, which is made basically o lin , ep esen s a clea Cha
ˆ elpe onian assemblage wi h
some ea u es ha a e e y simila o he ones obse ed a A anbal za II [34]. Addi ionally, a
ew si es ha e p o ided Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s in Middle Paleoli hic con ex s, such as E mi-
ons, Reclau Vi e o L’A b eda [48], o in dis u bed o unclea con ex s, such as A Valiña, La
Gu¨elga, El Pendo, Cue a Oscu a, San imamiñe, Muga duia and Abaun z [49–55]. Howe e , in
e ms o Cha
ˆ elpe onian occupa ion dynamics, hese si es mus be conside ed wi h cau ion.
The se lemen sys em du ing he Cha
ˆ elpe onian a ound he Bay o Biscay is cha ac e ized
by (i) a combina ion o di e en si e ypes, including open-ai encampmen s si ua ed nea
lin ou c ops, which a e basically o ien ed o he p oduc ion o Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s (like
A anbal za II, Le Bas e
´and Bida ); (ii) hun ing camps wi h small assemblages and ela i ely
abundan Cha
ˆ elpe onian poin s (like Labeko Koba, Ekain o B assempouy); and (iii) less
abundan , encampmen s in ca es like Cue a Mo ı
´n. The iden i ica ion o a Cha
ˆ elpe onian
occupa ion a A anbal za II ha basically unc ioned as a lin wo kshop changes he pe cep-
ion ha he Cha
ˆ elpe onian p esence in he No he n Ibe ian Peninsula was ma ginal [35].
The poo de elopmen o open-ai Paleoli hic a chaeology in he Can ab ian Region, he geo-
mo phological limi a ions o he p ese a ion o such si es [56] and he ac ha he Cha
ˆ el-
pe onian p obably las ed only a ew hund eds o yea s he e, could explain he limi ed eco d
and hence he low isibili y o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian in his egion. This se lemen pa e n has
no been iden i ied in he egional La e Middle Paleoli hic: none o he La e Middle Paleoli hic
si es in he No he n Ibe ian Peninsula has been in e p e ed as hun ing camps, and much o
he open-ai occupa ions nea lin ou c ops seem less ocused on he p oduc ion o speci ic
li hic ools in compa ison o A anbal za II, Le Bas e
´o Bida (see Le P isse o A anbal za I
and III as examples) [33,57].
The ch onology o Cha
ˆ elpe onian occupa ions in he No he n Ibe ian Peninsula and he
Wes e n Py enees is p ima ily based on
14
C ages om Labeko Koba IXin (S12 Table in S1
File), which place his occupa ion a ound 43,850–40,950 cal BP [58]. Un o una ely, all e o s
o da e Cue a Mo ı
´n le el 10 ha e been ui less, and he age ob ained om Ekain le el Xa,
34,350±550 BP (OxA-34930, 40,700–37,700 cal BP), is ela i ely young compa ed wi h Labeko
Koba and he ea lies Au ignacian o he egion [16,58,59]. Th ee 14C ages ob ained om
cha coal samples om Co a Fo adada le el IV a e s a is ically indis inguishable om each
o he and indica e a simila ly young age ange o 41,450–36,900 cal BP (S12 Table in S1 File)
[36]. A signi ican ly younge ou h age o 31,900±200 BP (36,750–35,750 cal BP) has also been
ob ained o Co a Fo adada (Medi e anean ma gin o he Ibe ian Peninsula) le el IV, hough
his is p obably an a i ac o he cha coal p e- ea men p ocedu e [36]. The OSL age o A a-
nbal za II US4b (~43.5 ±2.9 ka; 1σ), which is p obably sligh ly olde han he occupa ion i sel ,
is sys ema ically younge han he la es Middle Paleoli hic in he egion, da ed o 48–45 ky
cal BP [16]. Compa ison o he A anbal za II US4b OSL age wi h all eliable and s a ig aphi-
cally well-cons ained Cha
ˆ elpe onian AMS 14C, TL and OSL ages om F ance and Ibe ia
shows a pe ec i wi h he ime ange o he Cha elpe onian cul u e o sou hwes Eu ope,
which ou Bayesian model e eals as occu ing be ween ca. 43,760–39,220 ky (Fig 7; S14
Table in S1 File; Sec ion SI-9 in S1 File).
The o iginal na u e o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian assemblages om A anbal za II and Labeko
Koba, oge he wi h he ch onological gap be ween he la es Middle Paleoli hic and he Cha
ˆ-
elpe onian in he egion, and he absence o any link in li hic managemen and se lemen
s a egies be ween he Cha
ˆ elpe onian and he egional La e Middle Paleoli hic e eal ha
he e is a discon inui y be ween he Middle Paleoli hic and he Cha
ˆ elpe onian, and ha he
la e is in usi e in he No he n Ibe ian Peninsula (i.e., i o igina ed elsewhe e and was hen
in oduced o he egion).
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PLOS ONE
The in usi e na u e o he Cha
ˆ elpe onian in he Ibe ian Peninsula
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