Ci a ion: Eizagi e-Sagas ibel za, O.;
Fe nandez-Lasa, U.; Yanci, J.;
Roma a ezabala, E.; Caye o, R.;
I u ioz, I.; Usabiaga, O. Design and
Valida ion o a Ques ionnai e o
Assess he Leisu e Time Physical
Ac i i y o Adul Women in
Gipuzkoa. In . J. En i on. Res. Public
Heal h 2022,19, 5736. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph19095736
Academic Edi o : Paul B. Tchounwou
Recei ed: 28 Ma ch 2022
Accep ed: 6 May 2022
Published: 8 May 2022
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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
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In e na ional Jou nal o
En i onmen al Resea ch
and Public Heal h
A icle
Design and Valida ion o a Ques ionnai e o Assess he Leisu e
Time Physical Ac i i y o Adul Women in Gipuzkoa
Olaia Eizagi e-Sagas ibel za 1, Uxue Fe nandez-Lasa 2,* , Ja ie Yanci 2, Es ibaliz Roma a ezabala 2,
Ru h Caye o 3, Iñaki I u ioz 4and Oidui Usabiaga 2
1
Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain;
[email p o ec ed]
2Socie y, Spo and Physical Ac i i y (GIKAFIT) Resea ch G oup, Depa men o Physical Educa ion and Spo s,
Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU), Lasa eko Bidea 71,
01007 Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain; ja ie [email protected] (J.Y.); es ibaliz. oma a [email protected] (E.R.);
[email protected] (O.U.)
3Depa men o Physical Educa ion and Spo s, Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque
Coun y (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vi o ia-Gas eiz, Spain; u h.caye [email p o ec ed]
4Dipu ación Fo al de Gipuzkoa, Gipuzkoa P o incial Council, 20004 Donos ia-San Sebas ian, Spain;
[email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +34-945013530
Abs ac :
Inac i i y is highe among women han among men, and he e a e ew speci ic ques ion-
nai es used o assess physical ac i i y (PA) in women ha a e uly meaning ul o hem. This a icle
ackles he design and alida ion p ocess o an ad hoc mul idimensional ques ionnai e o assess
leisu e ime physical ac i i y (LTPA) among adul women o Gipuzkoa. The ques ionnai e was
comple ed by 3595 adul women (43.5
±
12.1 yea s), 32% o which we e inac i e and 68% o which
we e ac i e. Con en alida ion, ecological alida ion, and in e nal consis ency analysis esul s we e
sa is ac o y. The Gipuzkoa Women’s Physical Ac i i y Ques ionnai e (GWPAQ) consis s o ou
dimensions and 21 i ems. Ba ie s o PA we e ound ela ed o in ape sonal, en i onmen al, and
socio-cul u al aspec s. The impo ance o amily and spousal suppo in inc easing PA le els was
also obse ed. I is concluded ha he GWPAQ is alid o ob aining e idence ha can be used by
public ins i u ions o op imise women-speci ic PA p omo ion policies.
Keywo ds: women; LTPA; ques ionnai e; assessmen ; alida ion
1. In oduc ion
Physical inac i i y has been ound o be among he main ac o s ha inc ease disease
and mo ali y a es, causing 6–10% o majo non-communicable diseases wo ldwide [
1
,
2
].
In con as , physical ac i i y (PA) has been ound o p o ide many heal h bene i s [
3
]—bo h
physical [
4
–
6
] and psychological [
7
–
10
]—and con ibu e o he p e en ion and educ ion
o isks associa ed wi h se e al diseases [
11
–
14
]. Due o he impo ance o PA, he Wo ld
Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) has es ablished guidelines o PA p ac ice, wi h a ia ions
o di e en age and popula ion g oups [
15
]. Physical inac i i y is de ined as ailu e o
accumula e a leas 150 min o mode a e PA o 75 min o igo ous PA o he combina ion
o bo h in ensi ies pe week, whe eas being physically ac i e is ela ed o complying he
guidelines es ablished by he WHO [16].
Globally, i is es ima ed ha 3 ou o 10 people aged 15 o mo e do no mee he
ecommenda ion o a leas 150 min o mode a e PA pe week [
17
]. Mo eo e , ecen
esea ch con inues o ind ha women engage in less PA han men [
18
,
19
]. On he one hand,
s e eo ypes and gende oles a e among he main ac o s con ibu ing o his si ua ion
and ha PA emains pa icula ly male-o ien ed, which in u n may lead o g ea e d op
ou among women [
20
]. On he o he hand, women a e o en di ec ed owa ds aking
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph19095736 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ije ph
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736 2 o 18
esponsibili y o ca egi ing asks and pu ing he needs o o he s be o e hei own. This
o en esul s in li le oom o leisu e [
21
,
22
] o low-quali y leisu e [
23
], which may a ec
hei le el o PA. Addi ionally, inac i i y is heigh ened among wo king-age women due
o he di e si y o si ua ions ha occu a ha li e s age, such as en e ing he labou
ma ke , lea ing pa en s’ home, mo he hood, o ca egi ing [
24
–
27
]. Due o he plu ali y o
ac o s and he in e ac ion be ween hem, women should be conside ed a he e ogeneous
g oup wi h di e se eali ies [
28
]. Acco dingly, in addi ion o he eminis pe spec i e on
leisu e and ac i e li e, socio-ecological pe spec i es could be o g ea use o add ess and
unde s and his complexi y, as hey emphasise he ela ionships ha people ha e wi h hei
physical and socio-cul u al en i onmen [29,30].
Public ins i u ions gene ally aim o p omo e PA among he en i e popula ion [
31
,
32
].
Howe e , despi e many exis ing s udies ega ding he ac o s associa ed wi h inac i i y
and PA among di e en age g oups [
33
–
35
] and especially among adul women [
36
,
37
],
conduc ing a con ex ualised assessmen be o e designing, de eloping, and implemen ing
public policies o p omo e PA among women is s ill necessa y and bene icial [
38
]. While
conside able p og ess has been made in iden i ying women’s PA pa e ns, he e is s ill a
need o de elop ques ionnai es ha a e meaning ul o women, cul u ally ele an , sho ,
and easily unde s ood by people om di e se backg ounds [
39
]. In his ega d, an ad hoc
ques ionnai e may be an app op ia e ool o lea n abou women’s pe cep ions o PA. Thus,
public ins i u ions esponsible o p omo ing PA could ha e accu a e ini ial in o ma ion on
he needs pe cei ed by hose in ol ed and be able o acco dingly p opose e ec i e ac ions.
Howe e , in addi ion o being adap ed o he con ex o in e en ion, sel -adminis e ed
ques ionnai es ha assess PA in adul s should be easy o ill ou o he a ge popula ion
and yield e i ied alidi y and measu emen p ope ies [
40
]. The a o emen ioned au ho s
no e he exis ence o nume ous scales and ques ionnai es ha assess PA in adul s bu s ess
ha i is up o he esea che s hemsel es o de e mine which ques ionnai e bes sui s
hei pu poses. Consequen ly, a ailable measu emen ools may no always espond o he
complexi y o he s udy con ex , lack e idence o eliabili y o alidi y, o simply no be
use ul o he ins i u ion esponsible o de eloping and implemen ing PA policies [40].
Conside ing he abo e, ha ing ques ionnai es o de e mine bo h inac i i y and PA
le els ha a e alida ed and speci ic o dis inc popula ion g oups seems o be essen ial.
The e o e, he aims o he s udy we e: (a) o design an ad hoc mul idimensional ool o
assess leisu e ime physical ac i i y (LTPA) and leisu e ime seden a y beha iou s o adul
women (18–65 yea s) om Gipuzkoa (Spain); (b) o analyse he ques ionnai e’s con en
alidi y, ecological alidi y, and in e nal consis ency; and (c) o desc ibe LTPA and seden a y
beha iou s o adul women om Gipuzkoa.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Design
The p esen s udy was ca ied ou in wo phases. In he i s phase, ques ionnai e
design, con en alida ion, and ecological alida ion we e ca ied ou by an expe panel.
In he second phase, he ques ionnai e was adminis e ed o he a ge popula ion o analyse
i em in e nal consis ency and p o ide desc ip i e esul s. This wo k is pa o a la ge
s udy called he Gipuzkoa Equi ac i e S udy (GES).
2.2. Pa icipan s
In he i s phase, six esea che s p epa ed he ques ionnai e, and hen, a panel o i e
expe s in PA p omo ion o women was selec ed h ough pu posi e sampling o analyse
con en alidi y. Membe s o he expe panel we e chosen bo h due o hei ex ensi e
esea ch ca ee s and hei aining and academic expe ience in Physical Ac i i y and Spo
Sciences (be ween 15 and 30 yea s). Fo he ecological alidi y, h ee b oadly expe ienced
(be ween 27 and 35 yea s) spo managemen expe s pa icipa ed. Thei expe ise was in
spo depa men s o public, egional, and municipal ins i u ions in he speci ic con ex
whe e he p esen s udy was ca ied ou .
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736 3 o 18
In he second phase, in e nal consis ency o he i ems and da a collec ion we e anal-
ysed, o which he o al popula ion o adul women in Gipuzkoa (219,221 women) [
40
]
was conside ed o es ima e he minimum sample size needed (1006 women) (sampling
e o < 5%
, 95% con idence in e al, CI,
α
> 0.80). Fu he mo e, gi en popula ion dis i-
bu ion, i was planned ha he sample should be s a i ied by ype o municipali y o
esidence ( u al: <5000 inhabi an s; semi-u ban: 5000–40,000; u ban: >40,000) [
41
], pa -
icipan age (
18–24 yea s
; 25–44; 45–65) [
42
], and PA le el (
>150 min/week
o PA =
ac i e
;
<150 min/week
o PA = inac i e) [
16
]. The inclusion c i e ia we e: (1) emale, (2) aged be-
ween 18 and 65, and (3) esiding in Gipuzkoa. A o al o 3595 adul women (
43.5 ±12.1 yea s
o age, sampling e o = 1.5%, 95% CI,
α
> 0.95) comple ed he sel -adminis e ed ques-
ionnai e. O he o al pa icipan s, 6.7% we e aged 18–24, 45.7% we e aged 25–44, and
47.7% we e aged 45–65. Rega ding he place o esidence, 8.2% li ed in u al municipali ies,
50.9% in semi-u ban municipali ies, and 40.9% in u ban municipali ies. Inac i e women
ep esen ed 32% o he sample, whils 68% we e ac i e. Las ly, 6.5% o he pa icipan s
had no income, 3.6% had an income o less han EUR 499 pe mon h, 7.8% be ween EUR
500 and 949, 20.1% be ween EUR 950 and 1499, 22.9% be ween EUR 1500 and 1999, 20.7%
be ween EUR 2000 and 2499, 7.1% be ween EUR 2500 and 2999, 3.9% be ween EUR 3000
and 4999, and 6.6% did no answe his i em.
All pa icipan s in his s udy answe ed he ques ionnai e olun a ily and we e ee o
wi hd aw om he esea ch a any ime. The s udy was app o ed by he E hics Commi ee
o Human Resea ch (CEISH, cod. M10-2020-296) o he Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y
(UPV/EHU) and ollowed he guidelines es ablished in he Decla a ion o Helsinki [43].
2.3. P ocedu e
The p esen s udy was eques ed by he Gipuzkoa P o incial Council, which commis-
sioned he esea ch g oup o ca y ou an assessmen o he PA habi s o adul Gipuzkoan
women in o de o op imise PA p omo ion policies. In an e o o conduc an e idence-
based in e en ion, in line wi h Hea h e al. [
44
], and wi h he p o en e ec i eness o
a pa icipa o y and co-c ea i e p ocess [
45
–
47
], a wo king g oup was es ablished wi h
wo esea che s om he esea ch g oup and h ee spo manage s om he Gipuzkoa
P o incial Council. The g oup iden i ied se e al ele an dimensions, such as PA le el,
mo i es o pa icipa ing in PA, and ba ie s o PA. Based on an in-dep h analysis o he
exis ing li e a u e, he i s d a o he ad hoc mul idimensional ques ionnai e was d awn
up. The con en o his i s e sion was alida ed by a i e-pe son expe panel. A simi-
la app oach was aken o ecological alidi y, wi h he h ee spo manage s sugges ing
se e al imp o emen s. Once he expe s’ con ibu ions had been e iewed, and he inal
e sion was eady, he ques ionnai e was sen ou by email o he 21,000 women who we e
egis e ed in he da abases o he eques ing ins i u ion. These women we e also in i ed
o o wa d he message o as many women as hey conside ed app op ia e. Th ee days
la e , ano he message was sen o se e al women’s associa ions con ac s in Gipuzkoa ia
an ins an messaging app.
2.4. Measu ing Ins umen
Gipuzkoa Women’s Physical Ac i i y Ques ionnai e (GWPAQ): he mul idimensional
ques ionnai e in his s udy was de eloped unde he pos ula es o he
socio-ecological [48,49]
and eminis pe spec i es o leisu e and ac i e li e [
28
,
50
,
51
]. The GWPAQ (File S1) includes
ou dimensions (le el o LTPA, seden a y habi s, LTPA habi s, and amily-li e balance o
LTPA pa icipa ion) and 21 i ems. The hi d dimension, ega ding LTPA habi s, is di ided
in o wo sub-dimensions: one ocused on he cha ac e is ics and mo i es o LTPA pa ici-
pa ion among ac i e women and he o he aimed a iden i ying he ba ie s encoun e ed
by inac i e women o pa icipa e in LTPA and hei in en ion o change his si ua ion. Mos
i ems had only one answe o choose om. Howe e , mul iple choices we e admi ed o
he i ems ega ding he mo i es o ba ie s o LTPA pa icipa ion o he collabo a ion o
pa icipan s’ amily, iends, o acquain ances.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736 4 o 18
2.5. S a is ical Analysis
Resul s a e p esen ed as mean
±
s anda d de ia ion (SD), equencies, and pe cen ages.
C onbach’s alpha s a is ic was used o desc ibe he in e nal consis ency o he ques ionnai e.
Fo each ques ionnai e i em, an independen samples es o Pea son’s chi-squa e es was
used o analyse di e ences be ween he ac i e and inac i e g oups. Whe e possible, e ec
size (ES) o he di e ences was calcula ed [
52
]. ES was classi ied as i ial (<0.2), low
(0.2–0.5), mode a e (0.5–0.8), and high (>0.8) [
52
]. The analysis was conduc ed wi h he
S a is ical Package o Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., e sion 26.0, Chicago, IL, USA). S a is ical
signi icance was se a p< 0.05.
3. Resul s
3.1. Ques ionnai e Con en Validi y
Lis ed below a e he mos ele an quali a i e assessmen s made by he expe panel
on he ini ial dimensions and i ems conside ed o he inal GWPAQ design. Rega ding he
con en , all expe s answe ed ha bo h a dimension ocused on amily-li e balance o LTPA
pa icipa ion and ano he ocused on seden a y habi s we e lacking. Likewise, ega ding
he adequacy o i ems belonging o he same dimension, hey s essed he need o add
o he op ions in he ques ions on ba ie s o PA. They also sugges ed di iding he ages o
child en in he i ems ela ed o mo he hood in o sho e b acke s. Conce ning i em cla i y,
expe s ound i necessa y o e o mula e some i ems o inc ease hei unde s andabili y
and o add o modi y some examples used in he ques ions on in ensi y le el o ype o
LTPA. Co ec ion o e o s ela ed o e ms such as physical exe cise, spo and PA, ee
ime, and leisu e ime we e also eques ed. Li e a u e e iew wise, expe s sugges ed
including he con ibu ions o se e al s udies aimed a unde s anding he collabo a ion
(o non-collabo a ion) o people wi hin he close en i onmen o women (pa ne s, amily
membe s, and iends).
3.2. Ques ionnai e Ecological Validi y
Once he ini ial ques ionnai e had been op imised based on he expe s’ con ibu ions,
he p o essional spo manage s eam o he P o incial Council o Gipuzkoa also sugges ed
modi ica ions, which we e included in he ques ionnai e. They mainly eques ed a g ea e
speci ica ion o PA le els in o de o classi y inac i e and ac i e women mo e clea ly.
They also highligh ed ha adding a ques ion ega ding pa icipa ion in women-only PA
p og ammes o he habi s dimension migh be ele an . Speci ically, hey sugges ed adding
examples o p og ammes implemen ed in he con ex o he s udy. Along he same lines,
hey asked o add ano he ques ion abou inac i e women’s knowledge abou he Mugimen
p ojec (h ps://mugimen .euskadi.eus/homepage/, accessed on 24 Janua y 2021). Las ly,
hey sugges ed adding mo e examples o PA ypes o subs i u ing hem wi h o he locally
well-known ones. Along he same lines, hey ound i necessa y o add o he ba ie s o PA
ha hey had de ec ed in hei p o essional de elopmen as spo manage s.
3.3. Ques ionnai e In e nal Consis ency
Rega ding be ween-i ems in e nal consis ency o he di e en dimensions, C onbach’s
alpha alues we e: 0.634 o dimension D1 (le el o PA), 0.226 o D2 (seden a y habi s),
0.940 o D3 ac i e (LTPA habi s o ac i e women), 0.813 o D3 inac i e (LTPA habi s o
inac i e women), and 0.298 o D4 ( amily-li e balance o LTPA pa icipa ion).
3.4. Ques ionnai e Resul s
3.4.1. Dimension 1. Le el o LTPA
Resul s show ha 32% o he esponden s (inac i e g oup) cu en ly pe o m less han
150 min o LTPA pe week, while he emaining 68% (ac i e g oup) pe o med
150 min
o mo e pe week. Mean weekly LTPA added up o a o al o 281.6
±
285.8 min, wi h
120.9
±
153.6 min o low in ensi y PA, 108.7
±
207.9 min o mode a e in ensi y, and
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736 5 o 18
53.7
±
98.8 min o igo ous in ensi y PA. Figu e 1shows he esul s o he weekly LTPA
minu es o bo h inac i e and ac i e women.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022, 19, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 18
3.4. Ques ionnai e Resul s
3.4.1. Dimension 1. Le el o LTPA
Resul s show ha 32% o he esponden s (inac i e g oup) cu en ly pe o m less
han 150 min o LTPA pe week, while he emaining 68% (ac i e g oup) pe o med 150
min o mo e pe week. Mean weekly LTPA added up o a o al o 281.6 ± 285.8 min, wi h
120.9 ± 153.6 min o low in ensi y PA, 108.7 ± 207.9 min o mode a e in ensi y, and 53.7 ±
98.8 min o igo ous in ensi y PA. Figu e 1 shows he esul s o he weekly LTPA minu es
o bo h inac i e and ac i e women.
Figu e 1. Resul s o weekly LTPA minu es o bo h inac i e (<150 min pe week) and ac i e (>150
min pe week) women. ** p < 0.001, signi ican di e ences be ween he inac i e and ac i e g oups.
3.4.2. Dimension 2. Seden a y Habi s
Table 1 shows he esul s ega ding seden a y habi s bo h o he o al sample and
o he wo g oups (inac i e s. ac i e). The esponse dis ibu ion o bo h g oups was sig-
ni ican ly di e en (p < 0.01).
Table 1. Seden a y habi s dimension esul s (%): o al, inac i e (<150 min/week o PA), and ac i e
(>150 min/week o PA).
On a ypical day, how
many minu es in o al do
you spend si ing? Fo ex-
ample, s udying, wo king,
in mee ings, commu ing o
school o wo k (ca , mo-
o bike, ain, bus, o simi-
la ).
On a ypical day, how
many minu es o you lei-
su e ime do you spend
wa ching TV, in on o
he compu e , eading, o
doing simila ac i i ies?
Time To al Inac i e Ac i e # To al Inac i e
Ac i e
**
Less han 60 min (1 h) 5.2 2.1 3.1 28.3 10.3 18.0
Be ween 61–120 min (1–2 h) 9.4 3.1 6.3 38.9 10.4 28.5
Be ween 121–180 min (2–3 h) 8.8 2.3 6.5 17.9 4.8 13.0
Be ween 181–240 min (3–4 h) 8.0 2.3 5.7 6.5 2.3 4.3
Be ween 241–300 min (4–5 h) 10.5 2.9 7.6 3.1 1.4 1.7
Be ween 301–360 min (5–6 h) 13.1 4.0 9.1 1.7 0.6 1.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
To al Low in ensi y Mode a e
in ensi y
Vigo ous
in ensi y
Time (min)
Leisu e ime physical ac i i y
Inac i e Ac i e
d = -0.8**
d = -0.6**
d = -0.7**
Figu e 1.
Resul s o weekly LTPA minu es o bo h inac i e (<150 min pe week) and ac i e (
>150 min
pe week) women. ** p< 0.001, signi ican di e ences be ween he inac i e and ac i e g oups.
3.4.2. Dimension 2. Seden a y Habi s
Table 1shows he esul s ega ding seden a y habi s bo h o he o al sample and
o he wo g oups (inac i e s. ac i e). The esponse dis ibu ion o bo h g oups was
signi ican ly di e en (p< 0.01).
Table 1.
Seden a y habi s dimension esul s (%): o al, inac i e (<150 min/week o PA), and ac i e
(>150 min/week o PA).
On a ypical day, how many minu es in
o al do you spend si ing? Fo example,
s udying, wo king, in mee ings, commu ing
o school o wo k (ca , mo o bike, ain, bus,
o simila ).
On a ypical day, how many minu es o
you leisu e ime do you spend wa ching
TV, in on o he compu e , eading, o
doing simila ac i i ies?
Time To al Inac i e Ac i e # To al Inac i e Ac i e **
Less han 60 min (1 h) 5.2 2.1 3.1 28.3 10.3 18.0
Be ween 61–120 min (1–2 h) 9.4 3.1 6.3 38.9 10.4 28.5
Be ween 121–180 min (2–3 h) 8.8 2.3 6.5 17.9 4.8 13.0
Be ween 181–240 min (3–4 h) 8.0 2.3 5.7 6.5 2.3 4.3
Be ween 241–300 min (4–5 h) 10.5 2.9 7.6 3.1 1.4 1.7
Be ween 301–360 min (5–6 h) 13.1 4.0 9.1 1.7 0.6 1.0
Mo e han 360 min (mo e han 6 h)
45.0 14.9 30.1 3.7 1.8 1.9
# Signi ican di e ences in esponse dis ibu ion, Pea son’s chi-squa e es (p= 0.009). ** Signi ican di e ences in
esponse dis ibu ion, Pea son’s chi-squa e es (p< 0.001).
3.4.3. Dimension 3. LTPA Habi s
Mo i es and ypes o LTPA (ac i e g oup): Table 2shows he esul s conce ning he
mo i es o being physically ac i e by ac i e women (>150 min/week, 68% o o al,
n= 2458 women
). Figu e 2A–D shows he esul s conce ning he ype and cha ac e is-
ics o LTPA.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736 6 o 18
Table 2.
Ac i e g oup pa icipan esponses ega ding he mo i es o being physically ac i e in
LTPA (n= 2458 women, o al esponses = 13,686).
Mo i es o Being Physically Ac i e F equency %
Be i 2044 14.9
Exe cise is good en e ainmen o me 1509 11.0
A oid o manage heal h condi ions 1424 10.4
Imp o e mood 1404 10.3
Lose o main ain weigh 1268 9.3
Imp o e my body’s appea ance 1143 8.4
Physical ac i i y le s me ha e con ac wi h iends and
pe sons I enjoy. 1011 7.4
Imp o e my sel -es eem 986 7.2
Physical ac i i y gi es me a sense o
pe sonal accomplishmen 952 7.0
Imp o e a hle ic pe o mance 589 4.3
Pa icipa e in social ac i i ies 453 3.3
Sha ing ac i i ies wi h o he women 359 2.6
Play wi h child en/g andchild en/nephew/niece 257 1.9
As a consequence o he con inemen du ing
he pandemic 130 0.9
O he 100 0.7
Exe cising inc eases my accep ance by o he s 35 0.3
Gain weigh 22 0.2
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022, 19, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 18
Mo e han 360 min
(mo e han 6 h) 45.0 14.9 30.1 3.7 1.8 1.9
# Signi ican di e ences in esponse dis ibu ion, Pea son’s chi-squa e es (p = 0.009). ** Signi ican
di e ences in esponse dis ibu ion, Pea son’s chi-squa e es (p < 0.001).
3.4.3. Dimension 3. LTPA Habi s
Mo i es and ypes o LTPA (ac i e g oup): Table 2 shows he esul s conce ning he mo-
i es o being physically ac i e by ac i e women (>150 min/week, 68% o o al, n = 2458
women). Figu e 2A–D shows he esul s conce ning he ype and cha ac e is ics o LTPA.
Table 2. Ac i e g oup pa icipan esponses ega ding he mo i es o being physically ac i e in
LTPA (n = 2458 women, o al esponses = 13,686).
Mo i es o Being Physically Ac i e F equency %
Be i 2044 14.9
Exe cise is good en e ainmen o me 1509 11.0
A oid o manage heal h condi ions 1424 10.4
Imp o e mood 1404 10.3
Lose o main ain weigh 1268 9.3
Imp o e my body’s appea ance 1143 8.4
Physical ac i i y le s me ha e con ac wi h iends and pe -
sons I enjoy. 1011 7.4
Imp o e my sel -es eem 986 7.2
Physical ac i i y gi es me a sense o
pe sonal accomplish-
men 952 7.0
Imp o e a hle ic pe o mance 589 4.3
Pa icipa e in social ac i i ies 453 3.3
Sha ing ac i i ies wi h o he women 359 2.6
Play wi h child en/g andchild en/nephew/niece 257 1.9
As a consequence o he con inemen du ing he pandemic 130 0.9
O he 100 0.7
Exe cising inc eases my accep ance by o he s 35 0.3
Gain weigh 22 0.2
54.6
21.9
14
4.4
4.1
0.9
0 102030405060
Indi idual ac i i ies (wi hou …
Ou doo ac i i ies
G oup ac i i ies (wi h pee s)
Team-agains - eam si ua ions
A is ic ac i i ies
One-on-one si ua ions
Pe cen age (%)
Wha is he main ype o physical ac i i y you
do?
(A)
Figu e 2. Con .
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736 7 o 18
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022, 19, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 18
Figu e 2. Ac i e g oup pa icipan esponses ega ding he ype and cha ac e is ics o LTPA.
Ba ie s o LTPA pa icipa ion and in en ion o change (inac i e g oup): The esul s con-
ce ning he main ba ie s o being physically inac i e in LTPA among inac i e women
(<150 min/week, 32% o he o al, n = 1137 women) a e shown in Table 3.
54.5
31
7.6
6.9
0 102030405060
Non-compe i i e and non-o ganised
ac i i y
Non-compe i i e and o ganised
ac i i y
Non- ede a ion-go e ned ama eu
compe i ion
Fede a ion-go e ned compe i ion
Pe cen age (%)
How do you do you main physical ac i i y?
(B)
81.3
15
3.7
0 20406080100
Th ee o mo e imes pe week
Twice pe week
Once pe week
Pe cen age (%)
How o en a e you physically ac i e?
(C)
41.5
26.3
18.4
9.5
4.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
On my own
Wi h iends
Wi h amily membe s
Wi h acquain ances
O he
Pe cen age (%)
Wi h whom do you mainly engage in physical
ac i i y?
(D)
Figu e 2. Ac i e g oup pa icipan esponses ega ding he ype and cha ac e is ics o LTPA.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736 8 o 18
Ba ie s o LTPA pa icipa ion and in en ion o change (inac i e g oup): The esul s con-
ce ning he main ba ie s o being physically inac i e in LTPA among inac i e women
(<150 min/week, 32% o he o al, n= 1137 women) a e shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Responses o pa icipan s in he inac i e g oup ega ding ba ie s o LTPA (n= 1137 women,
o al esponses = 3815).
Ba ie s o No Being Physically Ac i e F equency %
Lack o ime 777 20.4
Laziness 427 11.2
Fa igue due o wo k o s udies 426 11.2
O e wo k 347 9.1
Physical ac i i y akes oo much ime om amily
ela ionships and amily esponsibili ies 293 7.7
The wea he pu s me o 206 5.4
P e e o do o he hings 190 5.0
I ha e nobody o go wi h 173 4.5
I do no enjoy physical ac i i y 145 3.8
Lack o con idence 101 2.6
Ill heal h, inju y, o disabili y 97 2.5
O he 93 2.4
I am oo emba assed o exe cise 90 2.4
I eel oo a /o e weigh 89 2.3
Lack o money 88 2.3
Lack o adequa e acili ies in my a ea 78 2.0
Sense o insecu i y (da kness, unknown a eas) 69 1.8
Feeling ha my physical appea ance is wo se han ha
o o he s 63 1.7
I hink I look idiculous in exe cise clo hes 19 0.5
I do no like doing exe cise 19 0.5
I am no com o able wi h people exe cising wi h me 10 0.3
Do no know/No answe 7 0.2
Lack o anspo 4 0.1
Lack o sui able moni o s/ aine s 4 0.1
Wi hin he inac i e g oup, 11.7% pe cei ed hei heal h as e y good, 63.6% as good,
20.8% as ai , 3.1% as bad, 0.0% as e y bad, and 0.8% did no answe he ques ion.
The answe s o ques ion “Be o e you s opped, o how long we e you physically
ac i e?” showed ha 10.2% o he pa icipan s had ne e pe o med PA o spo be o e,
7.2% had done so o less han a yea , 11.4% had o 1 o 2 yea s, 13.3% o 3–4 yea s, 8.1%
o 5–6 yea s, 35.3% o o e 6 yea s, and 14.4% did no answe he ques ion. Responses
o he inac i e g oup pa icipan s ega ding he easons o gi ing up LTPA a e shown in
Table 4.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736 9 o 18
Table 4.
Inac i e g oup pa icipan esponses conce ning he mo i es o gi ing up PA ( o al no
esponses = 1964).
Which A e he Mos Impo an Mo i es o Gi ing
Up Physical Ac i i y? F equency %
Lack o ime 755 38.4
Laziness 755 38.4
Physical ac i i y akes oo much ime om amily
ela ionships and amily esponsibili ies 258 13.1
P e e o do o he hings 169 8.6
O e wo k 169 8.6
I ha e nobody o go wi h 133 6.8
I do no like doing exe cise 133 6.8
Ill heal h, inju y, o disabili y 119 6.1
Feeling ha my physical appea ance is wo se han ha
o o he s 119 6.1
I do no enjoy physical ac i i y 115 5.9
Lack o adequa e acili ies in my a ea 115 5.9
The wea he pu s me o 112 5.7
Fa igue due o wo k o s udies 112 5.7
Lack o money 95 4.8
Lack o sui able moni o s/ aine s 95 4.8
Lack o con idence 72 3.7
O he 72 3.7
I eel oo a /o e weigh 49 2.5
I am no com o able wi h people exe cising wi h me 49 2.5
I am oo emba assed o exe cise 42 2.1
Sense o insecu i y (da kness, unknown a eas) 31 1.6
I hink I look idiculous in exe cise clo hes 9 0.5
Lack o anspo 5 0.3
Do no know/No answe 5 0.3
On he o he hand, 36.1% o he inac i e women answe ed ha hey we e su e hey
would es a LTPA, 40.6% ha i was likely, 16.2% ha hey did no know, 3.5% ha hey
p obably would no , 0.8% ha hey we e su e hey would no , and 2.8% did no answe he
ques ion. Resul s ega ding he mo i es why inac i e pa icipan s migh es a LTPA a e
shown in Table 5.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5736 16 o 18
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