Ci a ion: Po es, R.; Na a o
Ba agán, R.M.; Calleja-González, J.;
Gómez-Ruano, M.Á.; Jiménez Sáiz,
S.L. Physical Pe sis ency ac oss Game
Qua e s and du ing Consecu i e
Games in Eli e Junio Baske ball
Playe s. In . J. En i on. Res. Public
Heal h 2022,19, 5658. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph19095658
Academic Edi o : An onio Sousa
Recei ed: 15 Ma ch 2022
Accep ed: 5 May 2022
Published: 6 May 2022
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In e na ional Jou nal o
En i onmen al Resea ch
and Public Heal h
A icle
Physical Pe sis ency ac oss Game Qua e s and du ing
Consecu i e Games in Eli e Junio Baske ball Playe s
Rubén Po es 1,*, Ra ael Manuel Na a o Ba agán1,*, Julio Calleja-González 2, Miguel Ángel Gómez-Ruano 3
and Se gio Lo enzo Jiménez Sáiz 1
1
Facul y o Spo Sciences, Uni e sidad Eu opea De Mad id, 28670 Mad id, Spain; [email p o ec ed]
2Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vi o ia, Spain;
[email p o ec ed]
3Facul y o Physical Ac i i y and Spo Sciences, Technical Uni e si y o Mad id, 28040 Mad id, Spain;
[email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] (R.P.); a aelmanuel.na a o@uni e sidadeu opea.es (R.M.N.B.)
Abs ac :
Gi en he in e mi en na u e o baske ball and he di e en demands ha occu du ing
playing ime ha a e speci ic o e e y le el o compe i ion, he a io o accele a ions/decele a ions
and he in ensi y le el ac oss qua e s we e e alua ed in emale eli e junio baske ball playe s (
n = 48
;
age: 16.8
±
0.7 yea s; heigh : 1.76
±
0.07 cm; body mass: 67.2
±
6.2 kg). The ollowing a iables
we e analyzed o de e mine physical pe sis ency ac oss game qua e s:(a) o al dis ance co e ed
(m), (b) high-in ensi y unning (HIR) (14–21 km
·
h
−1
) dis ance co e ed (m), (c) sp in (21–30 km
·
h
−1
)
dis ance co e ed (m), (d) o al accele a ions (n), (e) o al decele a ions (n), ( ) ela i e accele a ions
(n
·
min
−1
), (g) ela i e decele a ions (n
·
min
−1
), (h) a io o accele a ion/decele a ion (A/D), (i) o al
jumps (j) ela i e jumps (n
·
min
−1
) (k) playe load (AU). using he WIMU PRO
®
sys em. Highe bu
sho e accele a ion in ensi y occu ed du ing he las qua e s due o he igh esul s o he ma ches.
The esul s sugges ha high-in ensi y e o s such as sp in s and HIR seem o inc ease he A/D
a io (gua d and o wa d posi ions). The e o e, speci ic condi ioning, as well as eccen ic s eng h
aining, could be included by p ac i ione s in aining p og ams o imp o e he pe o mance o
hese posi ions du ing compe i ion, especially as a p io p epa a ion o a game-conges ed e en .
Cen e s seem o ha e a mo e a iable pe o mance h ough qua e s han do o he posi ions, pe haps
highligh ing he need o speci ic condi ioning s a egies.
Keywo ds: baske ball; a io accele a ion; decele a ion; women
1. In oduc ion
Baske ball is one o he mos amous eam spo s wo ldwide [
1
], whe e op imal
pe o mance is highly complex as i equi es a combina ion o echnical and ac ical abili ies
and a high deg ee o physical i ness, among o he abili ies [
2
]. Besides, he p epa a ion o
his ype o playe s in ol es de eloping o he physical and psychological a ibu es [
3
],
gi en ha he games a e cha ac e ized by epea ed explosi e ac i i ies, such as sp in s,
jumps, shu les, and apid changes o di ec ion [
4
]. This is he main eason why physical
i ness is one o he mos impo an pe o mance ac o s in baske ball [
5
], playing a “key”
ole du ing p ac ice and compe i ions [
6
] in a ypical conges ed schedule (a high numbe o
games in a sho pe iod o ime) [7].
In pa icula , some s udies ha e e alua ed he examined he a ibu es o emale
baske ball playe s’ pe o mance [
8
,
9
]. In his sense, he pe iodiza ion plan implemen ed
could imp o e he physical pe o mance capaci y o eli e emale baske ball playe s [
10
],
wi h he inclusion o pe sonal physical i ness sessions in o de o de elop he skills equi ed
by each posi ion o imp o e playe s’ physical pe o mance [11].
Fo ha eason, a physical i ness p o ile is dynamically de eloped o e he en i e
pe iod o g ow h [
12
]. The analysis o adolescen baske ball playe s’ capaci ies is impo an
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5658. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph19095658 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ije ph
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5658 2 o 11
as i o ms he basis o he ansi ion o an es ablished senio ca ego y [
11
]. When analyzing
he adolescen playe s’ pe o mance, he impac o ma u a ion mus be accoun ed o [
13
].
The de elopmen o an h opome ical pa ame e s in U-18 playe s, including he g ea es
a e o change in body mass, occu s app oxima ely one yea a e he g ow h spu (peak
heigh eloci y). Thus, he ime su ounding peak heigh eloci y is conside ed a po en ial
window o oppo uni y o s eng h de elopmen [14].
On he o he hand, ex e nal load ep esen s he a iables manipula ed o induce
in e nal load [
15
] and p o ide an objec i e assessmen o he playe s’ wo kload. In ha
line, IMU’s ha e been used ex ensi ely in he gene al popula ion as a measu e o physical
ac i i y le el [
16
]. The moni o ing o he ex e nal load measu emen s de i ed om hese
iaxial accele ome e s is cu en ly conside ed a alid and eliable ool in eam spo s [
17
].
This de ice allows he eco ding o da a in h ee planes, ep oducing he speci ic mo e-
men s pe o med in baske ball, as he combina ion o de ensi e and o ensi e mo emen s
o wa d, backwa d, and la e al [
18
]. The ype o obse ed ac ions includes accele a ion and
decele a ion mo emen s [15].
The cu en a ailable esea ch e alua ed he numbe o accele a ions and decele a ions
ac oss qua e s ( i s qua e , second qua e , hi d qua e , and ou h qua e ) and playing
posi ions (gua d, o wa d and cen e ). In ac , mo e in ense accele a ions we e pe o med
in he las qua e , in ol ing as e mo emen s. In addi ion, gua d playe s pe o med mo e
accele a ions, and hei in ensi y was g ea e han ha o o he posi ions (i.e., o wa d and
cen e ). Pa icula ly, when he accele a ion p o ile was es ablished o he qua e s o a
baske ball game, esul s we e di e en o gua ds, o wa ds and cen e s in U-18 women’s
baske ball games, and he e was also a lowe deg ee o pe sis ency be ween qua e s [
19
,
20
].
P e ious s udies ha e ound luc ua ions in he pe sis ency o demands be ween qua e s
in p o essional male baske ball as well [21,22].
The knowledge o he speci ic pe sis ency o pe o mance du ing baske ball games is
a ool o g ea alue o coaches when p esc ibing aining s imulus o analyze pe sis ency
(consis ency o da a egis e ed o analyze pe o mance) o pe o mance ac oss qua e s.
We s udied di e en a iables ha we e use ul o imp o e his p ocess (To al dis ance,
A/D, and high-in ensi y dis ances). Due o he dynamic na u e o baske ball, he impac
o he accele a ion/decele a ion (A/D) a io [
23
] (accele a ions minus decele a ions as a
measu e o how e icien in game-speci ic ac ions a playe is on he cou , as well as an
indica o o s eng h de iciencies ha could lead o o e use inju ies in he lowe body)
could be e y use ul o he p og aming o he aining p ocess. This s udy in ends o cla i y
which a iables a ec his a io. Fu he mo e, his analysis could cla i y he impac o
he A/D a io on physical pe o mance du ing compe i i e ma ches [
24
], and o he bes
o he au ho s’ knowledge, no p e ious scien i ic e idence has been epo ed ega ding
pe o mance pe sis ency among qua e s. This is he main eason why his A/D a io
could p edic inal pe o mance in his popula ion based on posi ions du ing conges ed
ou namen s. The e o e, he main goal was o analyze he pe sis ency o pe o mance
ac oss qua e s and games o he A/D a io in h ee di e en playing posi ions (gua d,
o wa d, and cen e ) o women junio baske ball playe s du ing a game-conges ed e en .
Finally, we hypo hesize ha pe sis ence o pe o mance would dec ease in he second o
hi d game o he e en and ha i would also a y du ing he qua e s o a single game.
2. Me hods
2.1. Subjec s
A o al o 48 emale eli e junio baske ball playe s om ou di e en eams (age:
16.8
±
0.7 yea s; heigh : 1.76
±
0.07 cm; body mass: 67.2
±
6.2 kg) (Soma ic measu es
ob ained wi h Tani a WB3000, Tani a Company, Tokyo, Japan). The numbe o playe s
who olun ee ed o pa icipa e in he s udy b oken down by speci ic posi ion a e as
ollows: gua ds: n = 22; o wa ds: n = 13; and cen e s: n = 13. Playe s we e classi ied
by coaches as gua ds (poin gua ds and shoo ing gua ds), o wa ds (small o wa ds and
powe o wa ds), and cen e s. All playe s we e compe ing in an eli e junio compe i ion
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5658 3 o 11
( he Mad id-Spain Junio Baske ball Final Fou ), which is Mad id
´
s s a e ou namen ,
which is played jus p io o he Spanish na ional ou namen . All playe s in his s udy
pe o med app oxima ely 10 hou s o eam aining (5 o al sessions) and six hou s o
gym-based condi ioning pe week du ing he season leading in o compe i ion. All playe s
we e in o med o he aim, isks, and bene i s o he s udy be o e signing w i en consen o
allow he collec ion o da a o scien i ic pu poses. The s udy was designed in compliance
wi h he ecommenda ions o clinical esea ch o he Decla a ion o Helsinki o he Wo ld
(2008) [25].
The local ins i u ional human esea ch e hics commi ee app o ed he s udy p o ocol
(CIPI/18/195).
2.2. Obse a ion Pe iod
The compe i ion was played o e he cou se o 3 days (Thu sday, Sa u day, and
Sunday) in he same a ena, wi h 4 emale eams playing each o he o he emale eams.
The schedule o he compe i ion o each eam is shown in Table 1. Each ma ch consis ed o
4 10-minu e qua e s, wi h one min sepa a ing each qua e and 15 min sepa a ing each
hal (i.e., be ween qua e s 2 and 3). A leas 10 min o ac ual playing ime (while he ma ch
clock was unning) had o be comple ed in he ma ch being analyzed o playe da a o
be included in he inal sample o analysis. Consequen ly, 133 indi idual emale ma ch
samples we e included in he inal analyses.
Table 1. Ma ch schedule o he ou namen .
Time (hh:mm) Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
10:30 FEMALE 2 s. 4 FEMALE 1 s. 4
12:30 FEMALE 1 s. 3 FEMALE 2 s. 3
18:30 FEMALE 1 s. 2
20:30 FEMALE 3 s. 4
2.3. P ocedu es
The ex e nal load (EL) was moni o ed using WIMU PRO
®
de ices (Real ack Sys ems
SL, Alme ía, Spain). These de ices include an accele ome e , a gy oscope, and a magne-
ome e sampling a 100 Hz, and hey we e a ached o he uppe back o pa icipan s
du ing ma ches wi h an adjus able ha ness. The sys em also uses 6 po able ul a-wideband
(UWB) an ennae placed wi hin 5 me e s o each co ne and middle line o he cou , col-
lec ing posi ioning da a a 20 Hz. The sys em ope a es using iangula ions be ween he
an ennae and he uni s e e y 50 Ms. The ime equi ed o ecei e he signal is calcula ed by
he de ice and he uni posi ion (X, Y, and Z) and de i ed using one o he an ennae as a
e e ence. The an ennae emained in he same posi ion ac oss he en i e obse a ion pe iod
o ensu e consis ency in he acqui ed da a. The da a we e analyzed using he WIMU PRO
®
so wa e (Real ack Sys ems SL, Alme ía, Spain).
Dependen Va iables
The a iables used o indica e EL we e: (a) o al dis ance co e ed (m); (b) high-in ensi y
unning (HIR) (14–21 km
·
h
−1
) dis ance co e ed (m); (c) sp in (21–30 km
·
h
−1
) dis ance co e ed
(m); (d) o al accele a ions (n); (e) o al decele a ions (n); ( ) ela i e accele a ions (n
·
min
−1
); (g) el-
a i e decele a ions (n
·
min
−1
); (h) a io o A/D; (i) o al jumps (j); ela i e jumps (n
·
min
−1
);
(k) playe load (a bi a y uni s (AU) calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion: playe load
n =
[(ACxn−ACxn−1)2+ACyn−ACyn−12+ACzn −ACzn−12]/100
, whe e
AC(x,y,z) = AC_Body
(accele a ion minus g a i y), ACy is he la e al–medial axis accele a ion,
ACx is he e ical axis accele a ion, ACz is he an e opos e io axis accele a ion, and (l) is he
ela i e playe load (AU·min−1).
The WIMU PRO
®
has shown adequa e eliabili y o measu e eam-spo -speci ic
mo emen s [
26
,
27
]. Speci ically, he UWB (ul a-wideband) echnology showed be e
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5658 4 o 11
accu acy (bias: 0.57–5.85%), es – e es eliabili y (% echnical e o o measu emen (TEM):
1.19), and in e uni eliabili y (bias: 0.18%) in de e mining dis ance co e ed han GPS
echnology (bias: 0.69–6.05%; %TEM: 1.47; bias: 0.25%) du ing in e mi en , eam-spo
ac i i y [
27
]. Also, UWB showed be e esul s (bias: 0.09%; in aclass co ela ion (ICC):
0.979; bias: 0.01%) in measu ing mean mo emen eloci y han GPS echnology (bias:
0.18%; ICC: 0.951; bias: 0.03%) du ing walking (<6 km
·
h
−1
) and unning (>16 km
·
h
−1
) [
27
].
The accu acy o he UWB echnology has also been es ed indoo s, showing high sensi i i y
o ela i e posi ioning on he cou [28].
2.4. S a is ical Analysis
The desc ip i e analysis was conduc ed using he mean and s anda d de ia ion o
physical demands acco ding o he game numbe and game qua e o each playing
posi ion. Secondly, he au oco ela ion unc ion (ACF), he measu emen be ween he
ela ionship o a a iable cu en alue and i s pas alues, was un o calcula e he pe sis-
ency o each physical demand measu ed wi hin each game (ac oss game qua e s) and
ac oss he games [
29
]. This s a is ical model allows o he de ining o he ela ionships
be ween a se ies o e en s (e.g., consecu i e games o game qua e s wi hin a game). Fo
his analysis, he use o lag 1 was conside ed o analyze he ela ionship o each physical
demand in each speci ic game (be ween games)/game qua e (wi hin game) ega ding o
he nex game/game qua e . This s a is ical model p o ides posi i e o nega i e (co e-
la ion) alues ha may indica e he pe o mance pe sis ence be ween and wi hin games
o each speci ic a iable. The highe he alue, he s onge he pe sis ence in subsequen
games/game qua e s. All analyses we e un using he s a is ical so wa e IBM SPSS
®
e sion 23.0 o Windows (IBM Co p.: A monk, NY, USA). The s a is ical signi icance was
es ablished a p< 0.05.
3. Resul s
Desc ip i e esul s o each physical pe o mance o gua ds, o wa ds, and cen e s
du ing each game qua e o all games a e included in Tables 2–4, espec i ely. The esul s
o ACF o gua ds showed ha hei physical pe o mance was pe sis en ac oss he h ee
games (see Table 2) o all a iables excep he A/D a io. Howe e , when analyzing he
pe sis ency o hei pe o mance qua e by qua e in each independen game, he esul s
showed he s able pe o mance o decele a ions/min and playe load/min du ing game
1, sp in s, accele a ions/min, decele a ions/min, and jumps/min du ing game 2, and
jumps/min du ing game 3.
The esul s o ACF o o wa ds showed ha physical pe o mance was consis en
ac oss he h ee games (see Table 3) o all a iables. Thei pe o mance was highly
consis en qua e by qua e du ing games 1, 2, and 3 ( o all a iables excep sp in s and
a io A/D).
The esul s o ACF o cen e s showed ha hei physical pe o mance was consis en
ac oss he h ee games (see Table 4) o all a iables excep sp in s. Howe e , when
analyzing he pe sis ency o hei pe o mance qua e by qua e in each independen
game, he esul s showed he s able pe o mance only o o al dis ance and jumps du ing
game 1, accele a ions and accele a ions/min du ing game 2, and all a iables du ing
game 3.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5658 5 o 11
Table 2. Desc ip i e s a is ics o physical demands du ing games and qua e s o gua d playe s (pe sis ency o pe o mances ia ACF and p- alues).
Gua ds
Game 1 Game 2
Fi s Second Thi d Fou h Fi s Second Thi d Fou h
M SD M SD M SD M SD ACF pM SD M SD M SD M SD ACF p
TDC 409.0 494.7 435.7 420.77 296.2 375.8 394.6 562.7 −0.22 0.53 373.3 393.5 446.3 446.3 380.3 405.6 485.6 409.1 0.17 0.12
HIR 50.78 64.22 47.21 48.99 29.72 37.50 44.82 70.81 −0.24 0.49 44.09 56.50 43.03 48.36 32.19 39.27 33.88 39.95 0.18 0.11
Sp in 5.77 14.03 1.94 3.85 0.36 1.05 1.98 4.22 0.01 0.93 1.49 3.71 5.52 9.26 5.28 11.64 6.12 15.15 0.22 0.04 *
Acc 34.48 42.72 37.13 35.32 32.00 35.76 32.70 46.80 0.03 0.94 51.55 77.90 57.95 60.66 57.70 72.92 71.55 83.33 0.19 0.08
Dec 35.43 42.58 37.35 34.64 31.00 34.48 32.04 46.95 0.04 0.91 32.25 33.24 37.50 36.59 35.10 38.41 46.10 42.05 0.16 0.14
Rel Acc 3 18 3.07 5. 10 3.59 3.88 3.71 2.89 3.49 −0.64 0.07 6.50 6.39 7.89 6.67 7.02 7.17 7.77 7.44 0.32 0.01 *
Rel Dec 3.27 3.03 5.22 3.74 3.71 3.56 3.02 3.37 −0.75 0.03 * 4.88 3.77 4.67 3.27 4.30 3.73 4.89 3.54 0.33 0.01 *
Ra io A/D −0.48 2.37 −0.35 1.97 −0.48 1.12 −0.74 1.42 −0.08 0.81 −0.90 2.69 0.40 2.14 −0.95 2.91 −1.40 3.07 0.09 0.41
TJ 10.17 14.97 10.43 11.24 8.65 10.46 12.83 18.56 −0.07 0.84 5.40 7.86 5.65 7.16 7.85 8.70 9.00 1204 0.17 0.11
Rel Jumps 0.86 0.93 1.55 1.58 1.05 1.16 1.33 2.11 −0.54 0.13 0.63 0.68 0.55 0.64 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.94 0.34 0.01 *
PL 7.20 8.26 7.47 6.62 5.60 6.46 7.11 9.12 −0.20 0.57 4.94 5.97 5.57 5.48 5.10 5.50 6.29 5.73 0.10 0.36
Rel PL 0.69 0.54 1.10 0.54 0.65 0.59 0.74 0.62 −0.71 0.04 * 0.67 0.55 0.71 0.53 0.64 058 0.67 0.50 0.21 0.06
Game 3 All Games
Fi s Second Thi d Fou h Fi s Second Thi d Fou h
M SD M SD M SD M SD ACF pM SD M SD M SD M SD ACF p
TDC 5691 468.1 510.5 430.6 508.6 499.2 513.7 534.8 0.14 0.21 448.5 456.7 462.8 426.4 390.3 429.8 461.3 503.9 0.24 0.01 *
HIR 5003 58.82 33.02 46.83 29.23 44.71 25.61 36.25 0.13 0.24 48.42 59.25 41.38 47.71 3035 39.82 35.25 52.30 0.23 0.01 *
Sp in 0.85 1.52 0.96 2.70 0.22 0.61 1.71 3.78 −0.03 0.76 2.85 8.94 2.77 6.13 1.88 6.89 3.21 9.22 0.15 0.01 *
Acc 111.75 87.98 104.65 94.22 128.55 134.00 119.00 124.83 0.16 0.14 64.43 77.38 65.17 71.43 70.81 96.31 72.43 94.69 0.30 0.01 *
Dec 49.85 38.86 44.05 41.56 47.95 46.26 48.70 53.08 0.14 0.22 39.00 38.76 39.52 37.08 37.68 39.78 41.79 47.37 0.22 0.01 *
Rel Acc 13.30 7.98 12.61 7.66 11.36 8.66 11.08 9.16 0.20 0.07 7.45 7.31 8.37 6.78 7.25 7.30 7.04 7.67 0.38 0.01 *
Rel Dec 6.11 3.86 5.19 3.23 5.24 4.77 4.51 4.03 0.21 0.05 4.69 3.69 5.03 3.39 4.38 4.02 4.09 3.68 0.29 0.01 *
Ra io A/D −2.15 2.35 −1.35 2.37 −1.10 2.90 −0.35 3.33 −0.07 0.55 −1.14 2.53 −0.43 2.23 −0.83 2.39 −0.83 2.68 0.11 0.07
TJ 13.60 10.63 12.65 16.74 14.60 15.55 15.20 18.69 0.21 0.05 9.75 12.00 9.62 12.44 10.29 12.04 12.37 16.73 0.25 0.01 *
Rel Jumps 1.72 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.50 1.51 1.46 1.48 0.27 0.01 * 1.06 1.12 1.15 1.28 1.16 1.23 1.24 1.60 0.31 0.01 *
PL 9.63 7.72 8.58 7.61 8.81 8.81 9.04 9.56 0.13 0.25 7.25 7.55 7.22 6.63 6.46 7.11 7.46 8.30 0.22 0.01 *
Rel PL 1.14 0.70 1.06 0.66 0.82 0.62 0.85 0.72 0.17 0.13 0.83 0.63 0.96 0.60 0.70 0.59 0.75 0.61 0.25 0.01 *
*p< 0.05; No e: TDC: o al dis ance co e ed (m); HIR: high-in ensi y unning (m); Sp in : sp in dis ance co e ed (m); Acc: o al accele a ions (n); Dec: o al decele a ions (n); Rel
Acc: ela i e accele a ions (n
·
min
−1
); Rel Dec: ela i e decele a ions (n
·
min
−1
); Ra io A/D: a io o accele a ions/decele a ions; TJ: o al jumps (n); Rel Jumps: ela i e jumps (n
·
min
−1
);
PL: playe load (AU); Rel PL: ela i e playe load (AU·min−1).
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5658 6 o 11
Table 3. Desc ip i e s a is ics o physical demands du ing games and qua e s o o wa d playe s (pe sis ency o pe o mances ia ACF and p- alues).
Fo wa ds
Game 1 Game 2
Fi s Second Thi d Fou h Fi s Second Thi d Fou h
M SD M SD M SD M SD ACF pM SD M SD M SD M SD ACF p
TDC 746.38 377.98 742.49 431.34 842.25 515.89 875.59 545.20 0.48 0.01 * 598.56 590.57 716.93 485.03 776.60 529.41 527.33 487.58 0.48 0.01 *
HIR 95.00 56.65 85.66 56.88 86.28 61.13 88.50 72.97 0.56 0.01 * 58.49 69.99 51.92 57.73 54.44 61.73 38.29 53.88 0.53 0.01 *
Sp in 3.03 4.78 2.39 4.99 1.00 1.72 5.05 5.74 0.26 0.05 6.53 11.91 2.62 4.44 2.75 4.33 3.05 5.69 0.02 0.85
Acc 64.31 33.49 63.69 34.83 77.46 48.93 74.15 47.69 0.43 0.01 * 78.92 105.41 92.92 85.26 102.92 90.48 64.46 78.26 0.52 0.01 *
Dec 64.54 33.13 62.62 34.87 76.85 49.19 75.23 48.60 0.46 0.01 * 49.31 49.67 64.00 43.74 69.62 47.06 50.31 46.61 0.47 0.01 *
Rel Acc 5.36 2.83 6.37 3.01 5.89 2.83 5.61 2.88 0.42 0.01 * 6.82 6.30 8.37 6.96 8.42 6.71 7.39 5.63 0.63 0.01 *
Rel Dec 5.40 2.64 6.23 2.95 5.56 2.64 5.66 2.83 0.38 0.01 * 4.77 3.38 5.66 3.30 5.69 3.37 5.76 3.51 0.67 0.01 *
Ra io A/D −0.31 2.81 −0.92 2.53 −0.77 2.42 −0.77 2.83 0.07 0.62 −0.38 2.02 0.00 2.52 −0.15 2.44 −0.15 2.67 0.19 0.16
TJ 18.08 15.79 21.00 18.48 30.23 23.10 27.85 21.81 0.36 0.01 * 11.92 16.57 13.54 12.33 17.23 14.21 12.00 15.13 0.37 0.01 *
Rel Jumps 1.47 1.20 2.18 1.68 2.26 1.55 2.08 1.49 0.30 0.03 * 1.01 1.02 1.26 1.14 1.47 1.13 1.47 1.20 0.44 0.01 *
PL 12.20 6.26 12.22 7.01 14.52 8.70 14.59 9.51 0.40 0.01 * 7.54 8.54 8.68 6.14 9.73 7.00 6.48 6.52 0.45 0.01 *
Rel PL 1.03 0.48 1.27 0.46 1.14 0.58 1.10 0.49 0.27 0.05 0.70 0.53 0.79 0.54 0.80 0.51 0.77 0.52 0.59 0.01 *
Game 3 All Games
Fi s Second Thi d Fou h Fi s Second Thi d Fou h
M SD M SD M SD M SD ACF pM SD M SD M SD M SD ACF p
TDC 609.04 638.58 569.29 514.95 635.98 599.07 573.00 501.28 0.34 0.01 * 651.33 537.30 676.24 471.98 751.61 541.74 658.64 522.30 0.51 0.01 *
HIR 64.60 78.17 66.15 73.99 47.85 58.56 39.45 48.07 0.45 0.01 * 72.70 68.93 67.91 63.24 62.86 61.28 55.41 62.37 0.55 0.01 *
Sp in 3.26 7.29 3.37 9.64 0.03 0.10 2.41 5.72 0.26 0.05 4.27 8.45 2.79 6.60 1.26 2.86 3.51 5.68 0.32 0.01 *
Acc 121.00 127.31 126.00 113.14 166.38 158.56 140.85 121.09 0.37 0.01 * 88.08 97.85 94.21 85.94 115.59 112.76 93.15 92.01 0.47 0.01 *
Dec 51.85 55.54 48.92 42.72 60.38 57.53 56.54 52.66 0.36 0.01 * 55.23 46.32 58.51 40.15 68.95 50.55 60.69 49.22 0.50 0.01 *
Rel Acc 9.64 9.30 11.99 8.40 11.26 9.29 12.33 8.82 0.66 0.01 * 7.27 6.75 8.91 6.78 8.52 7.00 8.44 6.75 0.58 0.01 *
Rel Dec 4.10 4.01 4.83 3.62 5.15 5.42 4.81 3.69 0.48 0.01 * 4.76 3.35 5.57 3.27 5.47 3.89 5.41 3.31 0.53 0.01 *
Ra io A/D 0.38 2.90 −0.08 1.12 −0.69 1.75 0.15 1.28 −0.02 0.90 −0.10 2.56 −0.33 2.14 −0.54 2.19 −0.26 2.34 0.14 0.08 *
TJ 13.92 15.68 15.08 14.96 16.62 19.29 18.62 22.67 0.33 0.01 * 14.64 15.81 16.54 15.40 21.36 19.75 19.49 20.69 0.42 0.01 *
Rel Jumps 1.05 1.09 1.41 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.54 1.71 0.52 0.01 * 1.18 1.09 1.62 1.36 1.61 1.33 1.70 1.47 0.43 0.01 *
PL 9.76 10.30 9.64 8.83 10.37 9.44 9.84 8.47 0.34 0.01 * 9.83 8.52 10.18 7.37 11.54 8.49 10.30 8.72 0.46 0.01 *
Rel PL 0.78 0.75 0.90 0.65 0.73 0.63 0.86 0.64 0.65 0.01 * 0.84 0.60 0.99 0.58 0.89 0.59 0.91 0.56 0.54 0.01 *
*p< 0.05; No e: TDC: o al dis ance co e ed (m); HIR: high-in ensi y unning (m); Sp in : sp in dis ance co e ed (m); Acc: o al accele a ions (n); Dec: o al decele a ions (n); Rel
Acc: ela i e accele a ions (n
·
min
−1
); Rel Dec: ela i e decele a ions (n
·
min
−1
); Ra io A/D: a io o accele a ions/decele a ions; TJ: o al jumps (n); Rel Jumps: ela i e jumps (n
·
min
−1
);
PL: playe load (AU); Rel PL: ela i e playe load (AU·min−1).
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5658 7 o 11
Table 4. Desc ip i e s a is ics o physical demands du ing games and qua e s o cen e playe s (pe sis ency o pe o mances ia ACF and p- alues).
Cen e s
Game 1 Game 2
Fi s Second Thi d Fou h Fi s Second Thi d Fou h
M SD M SD M SD M SD ACF pM SD M SD M SD M SD ACF p
TDC 466.58 391.25 568.87 406.67 486.91 408.42 466.16 359.29 0.29 0.04 * 330.39 463.54 442.73 347.73 422.59 376.31 445.35 458.60 0.07 0.62
HIR 66.86 53.69 81.95 69.97 52.96 53.94 58.29 48.88 0.17 0.22 44.27 75.64 35.96 42.43 37.06 47.20 29.76 43.58 0.01 0.93
Sp in 5.14 12.91 2.76 3.96 2.11 7.30 9.71 31.87 −0.04 0.79 1.59 2.34 4.94 10.73 3.99 9.24 3.16 5.79 0.07 0.59
Acc 41.08 32.12 48.00 30.55 37.00 35.99 43.00 34.40 0.18 0.19 43.31 78.80 50.69 47.50 44.38 43.63 55.38 74.55 0.28 0.04 *
Dec 41.58 33.50 48.25 31.76 35.83 34.11 43.08 34.32 0.18 0.19 26.85 39.13 39.62 29.25 37.15 33.99 38.62 36.33 0.05 0.70
Rel Acc 4.48 2.71 5.60 2.75 4.25 3.34 5.73 2.97 0.26 0.06 6.23 5.58 6.67 4.99 5.66 4.88 5.30 5.33 0.34 0.01 *
Rel Dec 4.56 2.67 5.56 2.88 4.19 3.24 5.68 2.82 0.28 0.05 6.29 7.99 5.34 3.16 4.73 3.41 4.07 3.50 0.13 0.32
Ra io A/D −0.08 1.38 0.08 1.68 0.75 1.22 0.58 0.67 0.05 0.75 −0.54 1.27 1.08 1.98 −0.38 0.65 −0.31 2.29 0.07 0.58
TJ 15.17 13.33 21.83 17.83 17.50 18.17 21.83 21.88 0.29 0.04 * 5.62 9.66 8.23 7.13 8.31 9.44 9.92 10.82 0.20 0.14
Rel Jumps 1.59 1.24 2.60 1.93 2.04 1.93 2.72 1.98 0.26 0.06 0.61 0.71 1.08 0.77 1.01 1.03 1.18 1.52 0.19 0.15
PL 7.88 6.48 9.56 6.43 7.02 6.67 8.32 6.57 0.19 0.18 4.13 6.36 5.19 3.97 4.85 4.30 5.38 6.09 0.13 0.32
Rel PL 0.84 0.52 1.13 0.46 0.82 0.64 1.16 0.50 0.21 0.12 0.51 0.48 0.70 0.40 0.62 0.47 0.53 0.47 0.22 0.10
Game 3 All Games
Fi s Second Thi d Fou h Fi s Second Thi d Fou h
M SD M SD M SD M SD ACF pM SD M SD M SD M SD ACF p
TDC 392.28 444.93 528.59 516.41 427.18 506.45 405.19 475.68 0.55 0.01 * 394.57 427.24 511.94 421.55 444.47 423.75 438.18 425.00 0.42 0.01 *
HIR 38.35 53.17 57.06 59.06 36.10 58.25 29.78 39.64 0.45 0.01 * 49.38 61.48 57.70 59.40 41.75 52.42 38.77 44.90 0.29 0.01 *
Sp in 2.65 5.13 2.43 4.52 0.06 0.18 1.40 5.05 0.31 0.02 * 3.08 7.88 3.39 7.07 2.05 6.80 4.62 18.27 0.04 0.59
Acc 83.77 96.81 114.54 116.21 99.85 119.87 98.85 115.19 0.55 0.01 * 56.45 75.89 71.68 79.82 61.03 80.48 66.34 83.95 0.56 0.01 *
Dec 32.92 37.00 43.00 40.61 34.46 41.50 33.77 37.83 0.55 0.01 * 33.58 36.21 43.50 33.54 35.82 35.78 38.37 35.45 0.38 0.01 *
Rel Acc 9.84 9.52 10.30 8.56 7.62 8.59 9.50 9.20 0.47 0.01 * 6.91 6.84 7.57 6.19 5.89 6.07 6.87 6.56 0.46 0.01 *
Rel Dec 4.02 3.95 4.07 3.41 2.65 3.02 3.35 3.32 0.41 0.01 * 4.96 5.37 4.97 3.15 3.85 3.26 4.33 3.30 0.30 0.01 *
Ra io A/D −1.46 2.30 −0.69 2.29 −0.15 0.38 −0.46 0.97 0.41 0.01 * −0.71 1.77 0.16 2.09 0.05 0.93 −0.08 1.53 0.25 0.01 *
TJ 14.46 18.90 22.85 28.35 16.08 20.60 13.00 15.04 0.49 0.01 * 11.66 14.78 17.53 20.45 13.87 16.78 14.74 16.71 0.45 0.01 *
Rel Jumps 1.85 2.20 2.20 2.35 1.28 1.67 1.33 1.52 0.47 0.01 * 1.34 1.58 1.94 1.87 1.42 1.60 1.72 1.77 0.49 0.01 *
PL 6.67 7.61 9.62 9.15 7.15 8.51 6.73 7.79 0.56 0.01 * 6.18 6.84 8.09 7.00 6.32 6.62 6.77 6.78 0.44 0.01 *
Rel PL 0.83 0.85 0.93 0.82 0.55 0.63 0.66 0.65 0.41 0.01 * 0.72 0.64 0.91 0.60 0.66 0.57 0.77 0.60 0.41 0.01 *
*p< 0.05; No e: TDC: o al dis ance co e ed (m); HIR: high-in ensi y unning (m); Sp in : sp in dis ance co e ed (m); Acc: o al accele a ions (n); Dec: o al decele a ions (n); Rel
Acc: ela i e accele a ions (n
·
min
−1
); Rel Dec: ela i e decele a ions (n
·
min
−1
); Ra io A/D: a io o accele a ions/decele a ions; TJ: o al jumps (n); Rel Jumps: ela i e jumps (n
·
min
−1
);
PL: playe load (AU); Rel PL: ela i e playe load (AU·min−1).
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5658 8 o 11
4. Discussion
The main goal was o analyze he pe sis ency o pe o mance ac oss qua e s and
games and iden i y he bes p edic o s o he A/D a io in h ee di e en playing posi-
ions (gua ds, o wa ds, and cen e s) o women junio baske ball playe s du ing a game-
conges ed e en . The main esul s o ACF indica ed ha , when compa ing pe o mance
ac oss games, he h ee posi ions showed simila ly pe sis en pe o mance, wi h gua ds
showing he highes pe sis ency (A/D a io), o wa ds also showing di e ences in sp in
pe o mance, and cen e s showing lowe pe sis ency.
When analyzing pe o mance ac oss qua e s in each di e en game, he esul s show
mo e di e ences among posi ions han when ac oss-game pe o mance was analyzed, as
o wa ds seemed o be he only playe s pe o ming consis en ly ac oss bo h games and
qua e s in all a iables.
The moni o ing o he exposu e and in ensi ies in compe i ion ia IMUs helps in de e -
mining pe o mance and a igue esponses, as well as u u e aining s a egies [
18
,
21
,
30
,
31
].
In his ega d, he esul s o ou s udy show a ia ions o ac i i y demands du ing compe i-
ion among he di e en playing posi ions; his indica es ha aining p og ams could be
o ien ed speci ically o each playing posi ion al hough he e a e gene al capaci ies ha all
posi ions should de elop. Based on he di e ences o he o e all demands among playing
posi ions, i was shown ha gua ds pe o m a highe numbe o sp in s and unde go mo e
high-in ensi y shu ling mo emen s compa ed wi h o wa ds and cen e s [
32
–
36
]. This
s udy ound di e ences in he A/D a io among he gua ds and he es o playing posi ions
ac oss games, highligh ing he need o speci ic, eccen ic s eng h aining o cope wi h
a highe numbe o decele a ions in his age g oup. Fu he mo e,
Con e e al. (2015)
[
37
]
obse ed ha epea ed sp in ac i i y, especially sho sp in s, is a ele an componen o
eli e women’s baske ball. Da a collec ed in his s udy shows di e ences in sp in pe o -
mance ac oss games in cen e s’ playing posi ions. Acco ding o exis ing e idence, playe s
in hese posi ions p esen lowe speci ic physical i ness compa ed o he o he playing
posi ions [
11
,
36
]. Ou analysis o high-in ensi y a iables o e di e en qua e s showed
di e en esul s han hose obse ed o eli e Eu oLeague women playe s [
37
], pa ly
because o he di e ence in playing le els, a ac ha highligh s he speci ic applicabili y
o esul s o only he s udied age g oup. Unde -18 women’s baske ball playe s p esen
lowe pe sis ency in pe o mance o e qua e s han do p o essional women baske ball
playe s acco ding o he exis ing li e a u e [
20
,
38
]. E idence ound in s udies o male
baske ball playe s highligh ed di e ences in demands be ween di e en playing le els,
as Ben Abdelk im e al. (2010) [
39
] obse ed highe dec eases in high-in ensi y ac i i y
demands in U
−
18 male playe s compa ed o in e na ional playe s o he same ca ego y.
The au ho s a ibu ed hese indings o he highe physical i ness o he in e na ional
playe s al hough his s udy did no in es iga e he physical capabili ies o he pa icipan s.
The abili y o pe o m decele a ions and changes o di ec ion has shown la ge co -
ela ions o eccen ic s eng h in di e en s udies [
40
–
42
]. Rela ed o his ma e , gua ds
ha e shown a be e -de eloped capabili y o gene a ing g ea e ela i e s eng h compa ed
o o he playing posi ions in emale baske ball [
11
]. Addi ionally, eli e women baske ball
back-cou playe s seem o elici mo e high-in ensi y ac i i y and shu ling han do on -
cou playe s [
36
], and gua ds seem o ha e lowe A/D a ios han do o wa ds and cen e s
du ing ma ch play in male baske ball [
43
]. Resul s o his s udy showed ha , o his
pa icula g oup and in his compe i ion o ma , he e a e also di e ences be ween he h ee
s udied g oups o playing posi ions, and di e en demands ha a e a ec ed by in-game
ac o s ha a y depending on speci ic compe i ion ci cums ances ha highligh he need
o analyses o plan and p esc ibe e ec i e aining p og ams.
This s udy p o ides in e es ing ou comes o he in es iga ion o ex e nal load in U-18
women’s baske ball playe s, bu he e a e some limi a ions encoun e ed in his p ocess.
Fi s , he s udy collec ed and analyzed only ex e nal load da a, while compa ison o hese
a iables o in e nal load is ecommended o in e p e in luencing ac o s o he playe s
pe o mance ou comes [
44
]. Second, he games we e played on consecu i e days, which
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2022,19, 5658 9 o 11
could in luence he physical a iable ou comes, gi en he accumula ed a igue in he
posi ions ha equi e lowe i ness le els, such as cen e s [
11
]; i could also be ela ed o
baske ball compe i ion ac o s, such as oul ouble, low o he game, o playing ime.
Las ly, mo e wo k is equi ed o analyze U-18 women’s baske ball playe s du ing he
season, when games a e played once o wice a week; his could a ec he pe iodiza ion
o he aining sugges ed in he conclusions, including he same con en o cope wi h
aining and compe i ion demands, bu wi h adap able pe iodiza ion o mee he speci ic
schedule. The conclusions in his s udy apply only o he s udied eams and may no be
applicable o playe s o di e en playing le els o ages. Fu u e s udies could ocus on a
mo e holis ic app oach ega ding playe s’ loads, conside ing in e nal and ex e nal load in
o de o con ol o a mo e comp ehensi e app oach o he playe s’ a igue mechanisms.
5. Conclusions
In summa y, hese esul s sugges ha high-in ensi y e o s, such as sp in s and HIR,
seem o a ec he A/D a io ( o gua d and o wa d posi ions). The e o e, speci ic condi-
ioning, such as epea ed sp in abili y (RSA), as well as eccen ic s eng h aining in he
o m o eccen ic o e load, as an e olu ion o p e ious gene al s eng h aining adap ed o
speci ic age and gende , could be included by p ac i ione s in aining p og ams o imp o e
he pe o mance o playe s in hese posi ions in his speci ic compe i ion o ma and in his
speci ic age g oup. In addi ion, cen e s seem o ha e a mo e a iable pe o mance o e
qua e s han do o he posi ions, pe haps highligh ing he need o speci ic condi ioning
s a egies o playe s in his posi ion in o de o main ain high pe o mance h oughou
he games.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, R.P., J.C.-G., M.Á.G.-R., S.L.J.S. and R.M.N.B.; me hodol-
ogy, R.P., J.C.-G. and M.Á.G.-R.; so wa e, M.Á.G.-R.; da a collec ion, R.P.; w i ing—o iginal d a
p epa a ion, R.P., J.C.-G. and S.L.J.S.; isualiza ion, M.Á.G.-R., S.L.J.S. and R.M.N.B.; w i ing— e iew
and edi ing, R.P. and J.C.-G.; supe ision, J.C.-G., M.Á.G.-R., S.L.J.S. and R.M.N.B. All au ho s ha e
ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen :
The local ins i u ional human esea ch e hics commi ee
app o ed he s udy p o ocol (CIPI/18/195).
In o med Consen S a emen : In o med consen was ob ained om all subjec s in ol ed in he s udy.
Acknowledgmen s:
The au ho s would like o hank all o he pa icipan s, as well as hei legal gua dians.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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