sus ainabili y
A icle
Ca ion Exchange o Na u al Zeoli es: Wo ldwide Resea ch
Fe nando Mo an e-Ca ballo 1,2,3 , Nés o Mon al án-Bu bano 1,4 , Paúl Ca ión-Me o 1,5,*
and Na haly Espinoza-San os 1,5,*
Ci a ion: Mo an e-Ca ballo, F.;
Mon al án-Bu bano, N.;
Ca ión-Me o, P.; Espinoza-San os, N.
Ca ion Exchange o Na u al Zeoli es:
Wo ldwide Resea ch. Sus ainabili y
2021,13, 7751. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/su13147751
Academic Edi o s:
Jo ge Sanju jo-Sánchez, Ca los Al es
and Ca los Figuei edo
Recei ed: 19 Ap il 2021
Accep ed: 2 June 2021
Published: 12 July 2021
Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al
wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in
published maps and ins i u ional a il-
ia ions.
Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1
Cen o de In es igación y P oyec os Aplicados a las Ciencias de la Tie a (CIPAT), Campus Gus a o Galindo,
ESPOL Poly echnic Uni e si y, Km 30.5 Vía Pe ime al, Guayaquil P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Ecuado ;
[email p o ec ed] (F.M.-C.); [email p o ec ed] (N.M.-B.)
2Facul ad de Ciencias Na u ales y Ma emá icas (FCNM), Campus Gus a o Galindo,
ESPOL Poly echnic Uni e si y, Km 30.5 Vía Pe ime al, Guayaquil P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Ecuado
3Geo-Recu sos y Aplicaciones (GIGA), Campus Gus a o Galindo, ESPOL Poly echnic Uni e si y,
Km 30.5 Vía Pe ime al, Guayaquil P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Ecuado
4Depa men o Economy and Business, Uni e si y o Alme ía, C a. Sac amen o s/n,
La Cañada de San U bano, 04120 Alme ía, Spain
5
Facul ad de Ingenie ía Ciencias de la Tie a (FICT), Campus Gus a o Galindo, ESPOL Poly echnic Uni e si y,
Km 30.5 Vía Pe ime al, Guayaquil P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Ecuado
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] (P.C.-M.); [email p o ec ed] (N.E.-S.);
Tel.: +593-99-826-5290 (P.C.-M.); +593-96-839-3048 (N.E.-S.)
Abs ac :
Resea ch on na u al zeoli es (NZ) has inc eased o e he yea s, showing po en ial in
di e en a eas, and many o hem in ol e ca ion exchange (CE), conside ed one o he essen ial
p ope ies o NZ. This wo k aims o iden i y s udies’ cogni i e s uc u e based on he ca ion exchange
capaci y (CEC) o NZ h ough bibliome ic analysis o e alua e scien i ic p oduc ion, g ow h end,
and isualiza ion h ough bibliome ic maps using he VOS iewe so wa e. All ypes o documen s
and all languages indexed in Scopus om 1970 o 2020 we e conside ed o he da abase, ob aining
703 documen s. The esul s indica e an inc easing end in CE annual publica ions in NZ. This
analysis shows he mos in luen ial au ho s such as Dako i´c, Wang and Colella, while he coun ies
ha s and ou a e China, Tu key and he Uni ed S a es. Besides, he bibliome ic maps made i
possible o unde s and he in ellec ual s uc u e o his academic discipline, iden i ying a eas o
cu en and po en ial in e es in his ield o s udies such as i s applica ion in medicine, ag icul u e,
ca alys s, hea y me al emo al, was ewa e ea men (WWT), bio emedia ion and cons uc ion.
Finally, hese s udies showed ends in science and echnology s udies a o ing en i onmen al
emedia ion and human heal h.
Keywo ds: na u al zeoli es (NZ); ion exchange (IE); ca ion exchange capabili y (CE); bibliome ics
1. In oduc ion
In 1756, he i s na u al zeoli e was disco e ed. Howe e , in he la e 1950s, hei
comme cial de elopmen began [
1
–
3
]. They we e disco e ed in ex ensi e and exploi able
deposi s, in u aceous sedimen a y ocks, o med due o he al e a ion o olcanic ash
in ma ine and lake wa e s [
3
]. Howe e , na u al zeoli es included in di e en geologi-
cal en i onmen s and hei classi ica ion a ies acco ding o he models and c i e ia o
each au ho . S ill, many ag ee on ou : diagene ic, me amo phic, hyd o he mal and mag-
ma ic [
4
]. NZ a e hyd a ed aluminosilica e mine als [
5
–
8
] ha ha e a po ous s uc u e wi h
impo an physicochemical p ope ies, such as CE, molecula sie ing, ca alysis [
9
] and high
adso p ion capaci y (AD-C) [
8
]. They became bene icial indus ial mine als wi h supe icial
and s uc u al p ope ies applied in indus ial, ag icul u al [
10
], en i onmen al [
11
] and
biological echnology [12].
NZ ha e mic opo ous c ys alline s uc u e ha allows he elease and inco po a ion
o wa e and ca ionic species because hey consis o diame e s adjus ed h ough inle po s
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su13147751 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 2 o 26
o hei in e nal s uc u e, while he la ge species a e excluded, such as he ion sie ing
p ope ies [
13
]. Acco ding o he s udies in [
8
,
14
], zeoli es conse e a s uc u e in a h ee-
dimensional amewo k o e ahed a o SiO
4
and AIO
4
, whose aluminum ion occupies
he posi ion in he cen e o he e ahed on o ou oxygen a oms, his subs i u ion o AI
3+
by Si
4+
de ines he nega i e cha ge in he ne wo k, which balanced wi h he exchangeable
ca ion (Na, K and Ca, which a e gene ally in a highe p opo ion han Mg, Ba, S , among
o he s). These in e nal ca ions o zeoli es can exchange wi h he ca ions in hei en i onmen
and e ain hem in hei in e nal ne wo k, causing he emo al o ca ions such as coppe ,
lead, cadmium, ammonium and ce ain adioac i e ca ions. Di e en ac o s in luence
he IE beha io o NZ, such as he s uc u e, he size and shape o he ions, he cha ge
densi y o he anionic s uc u e, he ionic cha ge and he concen a ion o he ex e nal
elec oly e solu ion [
15
]. Due o he o ma ion en i onmen , zeoli es p esen a iabili y in
hei chemical composi ion and he CEC, be ween 0.6 and 2.3 meq/g [
8
]. The CEC and
selec i i y a e speci ic acco ding o he ype o zeoli e. A p io elemen al analysis mus
pe o m o ob ain he expec ed CEC o cha ac e ize syn he ic zeoli es [16].
The e a e a ound 70 ypes o NZ, and mo e han 260 syn he ic zeoli es egis e ed [
17
].
The mos common o ms a e clinop iloli e, mo deni e, phillipsi e, chabazi e, s ilbi e, anal-
cime and laumon i e, while o e i e, paulingi e, ba e i e and mazzi e a e no o en occu -
ing [
8
]. Among hem, clinop iloli e is he mos abundan na u al zeoli e in na u e and is
widely used wo ldwide [8,18,19].
Some coun ies, e.g., Cuba, China, he Uni ed S a es, Russia, Japan, I aly, Sou h A ica,
Hunga y and Bulga ia, ha e signi ican ese es wi h excellen p oduc ion po en ial. How-
e e , he o al amoun o his mine al in he wo ld is no exac ly known [
10
]. In he
Ecuado ian coas al egion, zeoli es we e desc ibed o he i s ime in 1994 in he Cayo
Fo ma ion by a g oup o Cuban esea che s as being composed o ma ine olcanoclas ic
ocks [
20
,
21
], and hei applica ion has had a high impac on ag icul u e as e ilize ca i-
e s [
22
]. In he ou c op a ea o he Cayo Fo ma ion, clinop iloli e, heulandi e, mo deni e,
laumon i e, analcime, s ilbi e, epis ilbi e, chabazi e, homsoni e and e ioni e- ype zeoli es
ha e been iden i ied [21].
Due o he signi ican de elopmen o he CE and AD-C p ope ies o NZ, i s comme -
cializa ion has shown signi ican p og ess, and i was conside ed a p oduc ha has g ea
po en ial [
23
]. NZ mos p ominen comme cial applica ions emo e hea y me al ions om
was ewa e [
24
–
26
]. The selec i i y o ca ions o CE a ies acco ding o he ype o zeoli e,
since in he case o s udies wi h clinop iloli e [
27
–
29
], i main ains a highe selec i i y o
Pb
2+
, while in o he cases, clinop iloli e shows a highe selec i i y o Cu
2+
[
30
,
31
] and
Zn
2+
[
32
]. Likewise, s udies ha e e alua ed o he ypes o zeoli es, such as scoleci e, wi h
highe selec i i y o Cu
2+
[
33
] and chabazi e o Cu
2+
[
34
]. These a ia ions in selec i i y
o one o ano he NZ ca ion a e due o he Si/Al a io o hei s uc u e, ollowing he
a iabili y o he concen a ions o hei exchange ca ions.
Likewise, NZ a e used o he adso p ion (AD) o ammonia in was ewa e [
35
,
36
]
and also o o ganic subs ances [
37
,
38
]. I is essen ial o highligh he euse o NZ and
i s adso bed componen s in ag icul u e as addi ional e ilize s o imp o e he quali y
and yield o c ops [
39
]. O he possible uses o hese mine als a e in he cons uc ion
indus y [
36
,
40
,
41
], such as pozzolana cemen [
42
], oamed geopolyme s [
43
], oil spill
cleaning [44], desiccan s and gas-liquid sepa a ions [45], among o he s.
Fu he mo e NZ can be eused, whe e con aminan s a e i s emo ed and hen
ecycled as a pozzolan addi ion o Po land Clinke [
46
]. In addi ion, s udies ha e been
pe o med o he egene a ion o zeoli es a e being used o he emo al o NH
4+
, using
solu ions o 1 N NaCl o KCl, eplacing he exchange si e wi h Na
+
o K
+
. This egene a ion
can inc ease i s e iciency by aising he pH o he egene a ion solu ion by adding lime [
15
].
Mos zeoli e applica ions ha e been implemen ed due o en i onmen al conce ns [
47
],
mainly based on i s CE p ope ies, in a eas such as nuclea was ewa e [
48
], municipal and
indus ial was ewa e [
49
,
50
], decon amina ion o mining e luen s [
51
] and ag icul u al
uses on con amina ed soils [52].
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 3 o 26
The e o e, he CE o NZ could be an economical, en i onmen ally compa ible and
e ec i e way o pollu an emo al [
53
]. Besides, in ecen decades, he applica ion o NZ in
medicine has begun o be inse ed [
54
]. In 2004, he i s s udy o he e ec s o clinop iloli e
supplemen a ion o ea immunode iciency diseases was gi en [
55
]. Simila ly, good esul s
ha e been ob ained om he applica ion o NZ o he ea men o gas oin es inal and
cance ous a ec ions [56].
Likewise, s udies ha e been ca ied ou , such as he po en ial use o zeoli es modi ied
wi h Cu and Zn o he emo al o e hylene and delayed ipening o he oma o ui ,
imp o ing i s pos ha es quali y [
57
], as well as he possible use o chemically modi ied
na u al zeoli es in he p oduc ion o biodiesel [
58
], and he po en ial use in he pha ma-
ceu ical indus y [
59
]. In a p e ious s udy [
60
] ega ding zeoli e esea ch a eas h ough a
ci a ion ne wo k analysis, IE sco ed e y high.
The e o e, i is essen ial o know how s udies based on his ield ha e de eloped o e
he yea s. Howe e , he e is no esea ch om a bibliome ic pe spec i e on he CEC in NZ.
Bibliome y gi es he possibili y o s udying a speci ic esea ch a ea o academics, using he
analysis o ci a ions, co-ci a ions, geog aphical dis ibu ion and equency o wo ds o d aw
bene icial conclusions [
61
]. Bibliome ic me hods ha e been used o es ima e scien i ic
p og ess in a ious science and enginee ing disciplines as a s anda d esea ch ool o
sys ema ic analysis [
62
]. Will i be possible o know, h ough he applica ion o bibliome ic
analysis, he disciplines ha had a mo e signi ican impac in his ield o esea ch? Who
a e he expe s who s and ou in his ield o s udy? Wha has been he de elopmen o he
in ellec ual s uc u e o his ield o esea ch o e ime?
This wo k aims o iden i y he di e en esea ch lines ha make up he cogni i e
s uc u e o s udies based on he CEC o NZ, pe o ming a bibliome ic analysis o e alua e
scien i ic p oduc ion, g ow h end and isualiza ion h ough bibliome ic maps using he
VOS iewe so wa e con ibu ing o he de elopmen o his ield o scien i ic esea ch.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
A li e a u e e iew is e y impo an o any esea ch p ojec [
63
]. The sys ema ic e-
iew o he li e a u e is a me hodologically igo ous e iew o all he a ailable esea ch [
64
],
making i possible o iden i y, e alua e and in e p e he esul s wi h he mos signi ican
ele ance o esea ch o decision-making [
65
,
66
]. Bibliome ic s udies ha e a o mal and
igo ous p ocess simila o he li e a u e’s sys ema ic e iew, which gua an ees he quali y
o he in o ma ion used [67].
Bibliome ic analysis has become a necessa y ool o measu ing scien i ic p og ess
in any s udy a ea [
62
]. Bibliome ic s udies e alua e scien i ic p oduc ion’s quan i y and
quali y [
68
–
70
]. Thus, se s o s a is ical and ma hema ical indices used a e he so-called
bibliome ic indica o s essen ial o he indi idual esea che and o ganiza ions [
71
,
72
].
These can be indica o s o quan i y, which e alua e p oduc i i y; quali y indica o s, which
e alua e scien i ic p oduc ion pe o mance, and s uc u al indica o s, which e alua e he
ne be ween publica ions, au ho s and esea ch a eas [
73
,
74
]. The e o e, i is essen ial o
es ablish a esea ch me hodology o ca y ou a bibliome ic analysis in a esea ch ield,
in eg a ing knowledge and unde s anding i s e olu ion and ends [75,76].
The me hodology applied in his wo k de eloped in ou phases: (1) De ini ion o
sea ch c i e ia; (2) Da a collec ion; (3) Expo and s anda diza ion o da a; (4) Da a analysis.
Figu e 1de ails he g aphic scheme o he phases abo e, which we e implemen ed in his
wo k.
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 4 o 26
Sus ainabili y2021,13,xFORPEERREVIEW4o 28
Figu e1.Diag amo heme hodologyappliedin hiss udy.
2.1.De ini iono Sea chC i e ia
The e msionexchange,ca ionexchangeandna u alzeoli ewe econside edc i e ia
o hesea ch,whicha epa o hekeywo ds,andin u n, hewo dsclayandsyn he ic
zeoli ewe eexcluded ope o mamo especi icsea ch.Thesec i e iamadei possible o
compile heda abase oe alua e hiss udy,whichwaschosenbasedon heau ho s’own
esea chexpe ienceandbibliog aphic e iewswhichallowedexcluding e ms omsim‐
ila opics(clay,syn he iczeoli e) ode ine his ieldo s udy.Fu he mo e, h ougha
p e iouss udy[60],ca ionicexchangeinzeoli eswasp oposedasahighimpac esea ch
a ea.
2.2.Da aCollec ion
S udiesusingbibliome icme hods equi e heuseo aquali yda abaseandcon‐
sis en in o ma ion[77].Scopuswaselec edasamul idisciplina yda abase o he ol‐
lowing easons:(i)a as collec iono documen sinmos academicdisciplines[78],in‐
cludingea hsciences[79];(ii)con ainsdocumen s ha ha eunde gonea igo ouscon‐
en andquali yselec ionp ocess;(iii) heuseo quali ys anda dssuchasScimagoJou ‐
nalRank(SJR)[80]and(i ) heabili y o iewda a,pe o manalysesanddownloadin‐
o ma ion[81,82].
Theanalyzedda abaseconsis edo documen sindexedbyScopus om1970 o he
p esen (22Sep embe 2020).Fo hiss udy,all ypeso documen sandlanguageswe e
included.
Asea chs a egywasusedinwhich hede inedc i e iawasconside edin he i les,
abs ac ,andkeywo ds.Fo his, he ollowingsea chequa ionwasused:(TITLE‐ABS‐
KEY(“ionexchange”)ORTITLE‐ABS‐KEY(“ca ionexchange”)ANDTITLE‐ABS‐KEY
(“na u alzeoli *”)ANDNOTTITLE‐ABS‐KEY(clay)ANDNOTTITLE‐ABS‐KEY(“syn‐
he iczeoli *”)).Theas e iskwasimplemen edin“zeoli *” oallowall a ian so he
sea ch e m[83],whichwouldincludea“zeoli e*”and“zeoli ic*”in heda abasecol‐
lec ed,[60], esul ingin710documen s oundin o al.
Figu e 1. Diag am o he me hodology applied in his s udy.
2.1. De ini ion o Sea ch C i e ia
The e ms ion exchange, ca ion exchange and na u al zeoli e we e conside ed c i e ia
o he sea ch, which a e pa o he keywo ds, and in u n, he wo ds clay and syn he ic
zeoli e we e excluded o pe o m a mo e speci ic sea ch. These c i e ia made i possible o
compile he da abase o e alua e his s udy, which was chosen based on he au ho s’ own
esea ch expe ience and bibliog aphic e iews which allowed excluding e ms om simila
opics (clay, syn he ic zeoli e) o de ine his ield o s udy. Fu he mo e, h ough a p e ious
s udy [60], ca ionic exchange in zeoli es was p oposed as a high impac esea ch a ea.
2.2. Da a Collec ion
S udies using bibliome ic me hods equi e he use o a quali y da abase and consis en
in o ma ion [
77
]. Scopus was elec ed as a mul idisciplina y da abase o he ollowing
easons: (i) a as collec ion o documen s in mos academic disciplines [
78
], including ea h
sciences [
79
]; (ii) con ains documen s ha ha e unde gone a igo ous con en and quali y
selec ion p ocess; (iii) he use o quali y s anda ds such as Scimago Jou nal Rank (SJR) [
80
]
and (i ) he abili y o iew da a, pe o m analyses and download in o ma ion [81,82].
The analyzed da abase consis ed o documen s indexed by Scopus om 1970 o he
p esen (22 Sep embe 2020). Fo his s udy, all ypes o documen s and languages we e
included.
A sea ch s a egy was used in which he de ined c i e ia was conside ed in he i les,
abs ac , and keywo ds. Fo his, he ollowing sea ch equa ion was used: (TITLE-ABS-KEY
(“ion exchange”) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (“ca ion exchange”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“na -
u al zeoli *”) AND NOT TITLE-ABS-KEY (clay) AND NOT TITLE-ABS-KEY (“syn he ic
zeoli *”)). The as e isk was implemen ed in “zeoli *” o allow all a ian s o he sea ch
e m [
83
], which would include a “zeoli e*” and “zeoli ic*” in he da abase collec ed, [
60
],
esul ing in 710 documen s ound in o al.
2.3. Da a Expo
Subsequen ly, he da abase ob ained om Scopus expo ed in CSV o ma (comma-
sepa a ed alues), which included all bibliog aphic in o ma ion, abs ac s, yea s, keywo ds
and language used o he bibliome ic analysis [61,84].
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 5 o 26
Once his in o ma ion was ob ained, a da a cleaning p ocess is equi ed since hey
usually con ain e o s o incomple e da a [
85
,
86
]. A manual e iew o au ho s’ da a,
jou nal i les o a ilia ions, ypes o documen s, languages and yea o publica ion was
pe o med using Mic oso Excel so wa e. In his da a no maliza ion, eco ds wi hou
he au ho ’s name a ailable, language and ype o documen we e ound, which es o ed
wi h hei co esponding in o ma ion, and hose wi hou da a we e elimina ed. Finally, 703
documen s we e ob ained and p ocessed.
2.4. Da a Analysis and Resul s
In bibliome ic s udies, wo ypes o analysis should be conside ed: he pe o mance
analysis o scien i ic p oduc ion and he s uc u e analysis [76,87].
The i s allows e alua ing he de elopmen o scien i ic p oduc ion and i s impac .
The scien i ic p oduc ion is examined based on he con ibu ion o he mos ci ed au ho s,
coun ies, ins i u ions, jou nals and ci ed documen s [
88
,
89
]. Mic oso Excel was used o
i s e sa ili y o he explo a ion and analysis o he in o ma ion con ained [90].
The second allows he analysis o he in ellec ual s uc u e o he s udy ield h ough
ecognized bibliome ic ne wo ks, such as au ho occu ence maps, au ho ci a ions and
jou nals [
91
,
92
]. While he VOS iewe so wa e was used o elabo a e and isualize he
bibliome ic maps, i also allows he cons uc ion, explo a ion and g aphic ep esen a-
ion o wo-dimensional maps o simple in e p e a ion [
93
,
94
], a combina ion o h ee
analyses used o unde s and he in ellec ual s uc u e o his ield o s udy. The anal-
yses a e: co-occu ence o au ho keywo ds, co-ci a ion o ci ed au ho s and jou nals,
which allow ob aining in o ma ion a mic o, meso and mac o le els, espec i ely, o his
s uc u e [
91
,
95
]. These analyses equi e da a p e-p ocessing o elimina e e o s and incon-
sis encies [
85
,
86
]. The VOS iewe has made a no able con ibu ion o he de elopmen
o bibliome ic analyses in a wide a ie y o s udy a eas: ea h sciences [
96
,
97
], educa-
ion [98,99], medicine [100,101] and ood chemis y [102], among o he s.
3. Resul s
3.1. Pe o mance Analysis
3.1.1. Scien i ic P oduc ion Analysis
This analysis has been di ided in o ou ime pe iods: pe iod I (1970–1990), pe iod
II (1991–2000), pe iod III (2001–2010) and pe iod IV (2011–2020) (Figu e 2). I conside ed
di iding he imes in o decades, as i g an ed he bes ep esen a ion o know he e olu ion
o he ield o s udy [
103
]. Likewise, wo decades (1970–1990) ha e joined he beginning
due o he small numbe o documen s analyzed in hese yea s. Addi ionally, P ice’s Law,
applied as an indica o in he analysis o his s udy’s p oduc i i y, e lec s an elemen a y
aspec o scien i ic p oduc ion and exponen ial g ow h [
104
,
105
] (Table 1). A o al o 703
documen s we e ob ained, co esponding o 84.35% a icles, 11.66% con e ence pape s,
2.28% book chap e s, 1.14% a icle e iews, 0.14% e a a, 0.14% no es, 0.14% books and
0.14% edi o ials.
Table 1. G ow h ajec o y o he scien i ic p oduc ion o s udies based on CE o NZ.
Pe iods ND % CC % P ice’s Law
I 48 6.83% 751 3.61% y=1.11e0.0844x
II 93 13.23% 4203 20.23%
III 229 32.57% 11731 56.45% R2=0.8725
IV 333 47.37% 4095 19.71%
Abb e ia ions: ND = Numbe o documen s; CC = Ci a ion coun .
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 6 o 26
Sus ainabili y2021,13,xFORPEERREVIEW6o 28
Figu e2.Scien i icp oduc i i y om1970 o2020o heCEinNZ:Numbe o documen sandci a ions.
Table1.G ow h ajec o yo hescien i icp oduc iono s udiesbasedonCEo NZ.
Pe iodsND%CC%P ice’sLaw
I486.83%7513.61%𝑦 1.11𝑒.
II9313.23%420320.23%
III22932.57%1173156.45%𝑅 0.8725
IV33347.37%409519.71%
Abb e ia ions:ND=Numbe o documen s;CC=Ci a ioncoun .
1. Pe iodI(1970–1990):Openingo heCEo NZ
Thispe iodshows hebeginningo hescien i icp oduc iono his ieldo s udy
wi hg adualg ow h,inwhich he i s wodecadesg oupedsincebe ween hem, he e
wasnono ableg ow hinscien i icp oduc ionwi ha o alo 48documen s,which ep‐
esen s6.83%o he o al,whichincluded40a icles,7con e encepape sand1book,
whe e hehighes p oduc ion eco dedwasbe ween1984and1988.In hispe iod, he
ci a ionsob ainedwe e751(3.61%),wi ha icless andingou [106],inwhich heyde e ‐
mined heimpo anceo hecondi ioningp ocedu einzeoli es,whichin luence hepe ‐
o mance o hecapaci yandselec i i y o me alions.Likewise,a hebeginningo his
esea cha ea,o he documen swe e eco ded ha co e opicssuchas heelimina iono
ammonia omwas ewa e usingclinop iloli e h oughi sselec i eIEp ocess[107],and
in hesameway, heelimina iono ammoniumionsandphospha eandnu ien eco e y
inwas ewa e usingclinop iloli eandKas elA510,ananion esin ha hasADp ope ies
[108],amongo he s.
2. Pe iodII(1991–2000):De elopmen o CEo NZ
In hispe iod,ano ableinc easewasobse edinasingledecadewi h93documen s
(13.23%),amo esigni ican numbe o a icle‐ ypepape s,including85a icles,7con e ‐
encepape sand1 e iew.In1999was hehighes p oduc iono hispe iodwi h23doc‐
umen scon aining opicssuchase alua ingzeoli es’po en ial o emo ehea yme als
[109].Likewise, henumbe o ci a ionsinc easedconside ably o4203(20.23%),which
indica es hebeginningo in e es in his ieldo s udy,highligh ing he esea chinwhich
Figu e 2. Scien i ic p oduc i i y om 1970 o 2020 o he CE in NZ: Numbe o documen s and ci a ions.
1. Pe iod I (1970–1990): Opening o he CE o NZ
This pe iod shows he beginning o he scien i ic p oduc ion o his ield o s udy wi h
g adual g ow h, in which he i s wo decades g ouped since be ween hem, he e was
no no able g ow h in scien i ic p oduc ion wi h a o al o 48 documen s, which ep esen s
6.83% o he o al, which included 40 a icles, 7 con e ence pape s and 1 book, whe e he
highes p oduc ion eco ded was be ween 1984 and 1988. In his pe iod, he ci a ions
ob ained we e 751 (3.61%), wi h a icles s anding ou [
106
], in which hey de e mined he
impo ance o he condi ioning p ocedu e in zeoli es, which in luence he pe o mance o
he capaci y and selec i i y o me al ions. Likewise, a he beginning o his esea ch a ea,
o he documen s we e eco ded ha co e opics such as he elimina ion o ammonia om
was ewa e using clinop iloli e h ough i s selec i e IE p ocess [
107
], and in he same way,
he elimina ion o ammonium ions and phospha e and nu ien eco e y in was ewa e
using clinop iloli e and Kas el A510, an anion esin ha has AD p ope ies [
108
], among
o he s.
2. Pe iod II (1991–2000): De elopmen o CE o NZ
In his pe iod, a no able inc ease was obse ed in a single decade wi h 93 documen s
(13.23%), a mo e signi ican numbe o a icle- ype pape s, including 85 a icles, 7 con-
e ence pape s and 1 e iew. In 1999 was he highes p oduc ion o his pe iod wi h 23
documen s con aining opics such as e alua ing zeoli es’ po en ial o emo e hea y me -
als [
109
]. Likewise, he numbe o ci a ions inc eased conside ably o 4203 (20.23%), which
indica es he beginning o in e es in his ield o s udy, highligh ing he esea ch in which
AD expe imen s we e ca ied ou , whe e imp o ed elimina ion o ino ganic oxyanions
om aqueous solu ion we e ob ained [6].
3. Pe iod III (2001–2010): P og ess o CE in NZ
In his ollowing decade, he CE’s scien i ic p oduc ion in NZ con inues, wi h an
exponen ial g ow h eaching 229 documen s (32.57%), highligh ing he numbe o a icle-
ype documen s, including 196 a icles, 25 con e ence pape s, 4 book chap e s, 3 e iews
and 1 e a um. The mos signi ican inc ease in ci a ions was eco ded in his pe iod,
ob aining 11,731 ci a ions, ep esen ing 56.47% o he o al, eaching he peak wi h 2457
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 7 o 26
ci a ions in 2004. In 2010, he e iew documen was published [
8
], which ob ained he mos
signi ican impac in his decade wi h 1147 ci a ions; in his documen , he de elopmen o
NZ as adso ben s used in wa e and WWT we e e iewed. O he documen s egis e ed
in his pe iod we e he a icle ha deals wi h he use o ag icul u al and ag ochemicals o
clinop iloli e [
52
], and he impo ance o NZ applica ions o en i onmen al use, which
shows he po en ial o he zeoli e as adso ben ma e ial [110].
4. Pe iod IV (2011–2020): The ad ance o CE in NZ
Finally, he e is he highes scien i ic p oduc ion in Pe iod IV wi h 333 documen s,
which is equi alen o 47.37% o he o al, wi h 272 a icles, 12 book chap e , 43 con e ence
pape s, 4 e iews, 1 no e and 1 edi o ial. While in he ypes o languages, he English
language had he mos signi ican in luence wi h 313 documen s. Howe e , documen s
we e also eco ded in Chinese, Po uguese, Pe sian, Polish, Po uguese, Russian, Spanish
and Tu kish. Addi ionally, in he las decade, 4095 ci a ions (19.71%) we e egis e ed,
highligh ing he a icle [
11
], which shows he impo ance o he di e en applica ions o
NZ based on hei CE p ope ies, making a b ie e iew o he li e a u e on he applica ion
o NZ in en i onmen al emedia ion.
3.1.2. Coun y Con ibu ion
The ac i i y, p oduc i i y and impac o scien i ic esea ch can be p omo ed h ough
esea ch con ibu ion. The e o e, i is necessa y o ha e egula quan i a i e moni o ing
o supplies and esul s h ough bibliome ic s udies [
111
]. Se en y-one coun ies ha e
de eloped a con ibu ion o his ield o s udy. Table 2shows he scien i ic p oduc ion o
he 15 leading coun ies in his s udy a ea, whe e China leads he able wi h 70 documen s,
ollowed by Tu key and hen he Uni ed S a es. In addi ion, hese coun ies a e among
he la ges p oduce s o zeoli es, wi h China s anding ou wi h 1,700,000 ons, he Uni ed
S a es wi h 380,000–430,000 ons and Tu key wi h 150,000 ons [
4
]. Howe e , acco ding o
he numbe o documen s/numbe o ci a ions [
75
], Aus alia, wi h 29 documen s is he
mos ci ed coun y wi h 80.5 ci a ions/documen s, while he Russian Fede a ion, wi h 24
documen s is he leas ci ed coun y wi h jus 3 ci a ions and 8 documen s.
Table 2. Top 15 coun ies wi h he highes scien i ic ci a ions.
Rank Coun y ND CC CA
1 China 70 2695 38.5
2 Tu key 58 2752 47.4
3 Uni ed S a es 54 2359 43.7
4 I aly 48 1262 26.3
5 Japan 38 830 21.8
6 Mexico 37 932 25.2
7 I an 34 970 28.5
8 Se bia 31 657 21.2
9 Aus alia 29 2334 80.5
10 Sou h Ko ea 27 785 29.1
11 Romania 24 193 8.0
12 Russian
Fede a ion 24 90 3.8
13 G eece 22 1123 51.0
14 C oa ia 21 1213 57.8
15 Slo akia 18 241 13.4
Abb e ia ions: ND = Numbe o documen s; CC = Ci a ion coun ; CA = Ci a ion a e age.
Mo eo e , his con ibu ion o coun ies was isualized h ough a co-au ho ship
ne wo k map (Figu e 3) using VOS iewe so wa e, whe e he nodes ep esen he coun ies
ha de elop his ield o s udy, and hei size, acco ding o he numbe o documen s
hey need and he hickness o he lines hey in e connec , ep esen s he collabo a ion’s
s eng h [
92
]. Fo elabo a ing he map, he coun ies wi h a leas 5 con ibu ions we e
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 8 o 26
used o be e isualiza ion, gi ing 38 coun ies. The nodes wi h he la ges size, such as
China, Tu key, Uni ed S a es and I aly, ha e a mo e signi ican con ibu ion o documen s:
70, 58, 54, 48, espec i ely. Wi h he highes con ibu ion, China is in clus e 2 (g een colo )
and has a close ela ionship wi h Sou h Ko ea, India and Jo dan. Con inuing wi h Tu key,
which is in second place in scien i ic p oduc ion, i is close o Poland, B azil and Slo akia;
ha is, i has a good ela ionship. While he Uni ed S a es, which is in clus e 1 ( ed), has
a close ela ionship wi h Mexico, he Uni ed Kingdom and Slo akia. A he same ime,
Hunga y has less esea ch collabo a ion wi h o he coun ies.
Sus ainabili y2021,13,xFORPEERREVIEW8o 28
Table2.Top15coun ieswi h hehighes scien i icci a ions.
RankCoun yNDCCCA
1China70269538.5
2Tu key58275247.4
3Uni edS a es54235943.7
4I aly48126226.3
5Japan3883021.8
6Mexico3793225.2
7I an3497028.5
8Se bia3165721.2
9Aus alia29233480.5
10Sou hKo ea2778529.1
11Romania241938.0
12RussianFede a ion24903.8
13G eece22112351.0
14C oa ia21121357.8
15Slo akia1824113.4
Abb e ia ions:ND=Numbe o documen s;CC=Ci a ioncoun ;CA=Ci a iona e age.
Figu e3.Thene wo ko collabo a ionbe weencoun iesin he ieldo s udyo CEo NZ.
Figu e 3. The ne wo k o collabo a ion be ween coun ies in he ield o s udy o CE o NZ.
3.1.3. Pe o mance o Sou ces
Fo his analysis, he pe o mance o sou ces o all ypes o documen s we e conside ed
in his s udy. Table 3shows he 15 mos p ominen sou ces based on he numbe o
published documen s and hei pe cen age, wi h 184 documen s ep esen ing 26.29% o
he o al. The numbe o ci a ions and pe o mance indica o s we e shown o each sou ce,
such as H-index, SJR 2019.
Leading he Top 15 was he Jou nal o Haza dous Ma e ials wi h 30 documen s ep e-
sen ing 4.29%. I has an H 260 index, SJR 2.010, and he documen ha s ands ou he mos
in his jou nal co esponds o [
112
] wi h 287 ci a ions ela ed o he use o he NZ o he
emo al o ammonia om an aqueous solu ion. Con inuing was he jou nal Mic opo ous
and Mesopo ous Ma e ials wi h 24 documen s (3.43%); 966 ci a ions p esen an H-index o
151 and SJR 0.999. Then, he sou ces ha ake possession a e S udies in Su ace Science and
Ca alysis,Science and Technology o Sepa a ion and Desalina ion and Wa e T ea men .
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 9 o 26
Table 3. Top 15 o he mos p ominen sou ces by he numbe o documen s in his ield o s udy.
Sou ces ND % CC CS SJR HI
Jou nal o Haza dous Ma e ials 30 4.29% 2220 13.1 2.010 260
Mic opo ous and Mesopo ous Ma e ials 24 3.43% 966 7.7 0.999 151
S udies in Su ace Science and Ca alysis 13 1.86% 54 0.5 0.124 60
Sepa a ion Science and Technology 12 1.71% 473 2.6 0.374 73
Desalina ion and Wa e T ea men 12 1.71% 67 2.7 0.327 51
Wa e Science and Technology 12 1.71% 479 2.9 0.471 131
Wa e Resea ch 11 1.57% 1671 14.5 2.932 285
Jou nal o En i onmen al Science and Heal h—Pa A Toxic/Haza dous
Subs ances and En i onmen al Enginee ing 11 1.57% 149 2.8 0.478 67
Clay Mine als 10 1.43% 49 3.1 0.428 65
Handbook o Na u al Zeoli es 10 1.43% 20 - - -
Jou nal o Colloid and In e ace Science 9 1.29% 1571 11 1.450 225
En i onmen al Enginee ing and Managemen Jou nal 8 1.14% 105 1.8 0.322 33
Jou nal o Radioanaly ical and Nuclea Chemis y 8 1.14% 130 2.3 0.360 65
Sepa a ion and Pu i ica ion Technology 7 1.00% 651 8.3 1.209 155
Applied Clay Science 7 1.00% 384 7.6 1.069 119
Sum o Top 15 184
26.29%
8989
To al documen s o he s udy ield 703 100% 20,780
Abb e ia ions: ND = Numbe o documen s; % = Con ibu ion pe cen age; CC = Ci a ion coun ; CS = Ci eSco e; SJR = SCImago Jou nal
Rank; HI = H-index.
3.1.4. Au ho Con ibu ion
In gene al, in 2054 documen s, au ho s dedica ed o s udies ela ed o he NZ CE we e
ob ained. Table 3shows he i s 15 au ho s wi h he highes con ibu ion o documen s in
he s udy a ea. Leading he in es iga ion was Dako i´c wi h 12 documen s, ollowed by
Colella and Genna o wi h 10 and 9 documen s, espec i ely. Howe e , S e ens showed
a highe numbe o ci a ions han 262 wi h 8 documen s in his Top 15 conce ning he
numbe o documen s.
Figu e 4shows an au ho con ibu ion map using he bibliog aphic coupling analysis.
The e is a bibliog aphic coupling be ween wo publica ions when a hi d publica ion is
ci ed by bo h publica ions [
113
]. This bibliog aphic coupling ela ionship be ween he
wo publica ions will be mo e signi ican han he numbe o e e ences hey ha e in
common [
93
]. Fo his isualiza ion, a minimum numbe o con ibu ed documen s we e
es ablished, 5 o each au ho , esul ing in 42 au ho s g ouped in 6 clus e s. The nodes
ep esen he au ho s who con ibu ed o his ield o s udy; he size depends on he numbe
o documen s; he hickness o he line wi h which hey in e connec ep esen s he s eng h
o collabo a ion. Dako i´c, Colella, Genna o, Raji´c, Dong and Inglezakis, among o he s,
a e ound in he mos signi ican nodes, which coincide wi h he Top 15 o he au ho s in
Table 4.
Table S1 shows he Top 15 o he au ho s’ con ibu ions om a di e en pe spec i e,
such as he numbe o ci a ions, whe e new au ho s appea wi h ewe documen s e e ing
o he ield o s udy bu ha e a mo e signi ican in luence on ci a ions. Leading he
in es iga ion was Wang, wi h only 2 documen s bu 1431 ci a ions. Then he e is Peng and
Dona , wi h 1147 and 1065 ci a ions, espec i ely.
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 16 o 26
mus be conside ed o he publica ion o a icles [
173
,
174
]. In he jou nal co-ci a ion
ne wo k analysis, i wo jou nals a e co-ci ed, a leas one a icle om each jou nal mus be
p esen in he e e ences o a ci ing a icle [175].
Table 8shows he 15 jou nals ha lead o he highes numbe o co-ci a ions. Fo
elabo a ing he bibliome ic map, a minimum numbe o 20 ci a ions pe jou nal was
conside ed, ob aining a o al o 67, which g ouped in o 5 clus e s. Figu e 7shows he 68
nodes ep esen ing he jou nal names, g ouped by colo o each clus e , connec ed by
co-ci a ion links.
Table 8. The Top 15 jou nals wi h he highes numbe o co-ci a ions.
Jou nal Co-Ci a ion
Jou nal o Haza dous Ma e ials 812
Wa e Resea ch 737
Mic opo ous and Mesopo ous Ma e ials 534
Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal 312
Jou nal o Colloid and In e ace Science 292
En i onmen al Science & Technology. 243
Applied Clay Science 225
Desalina ion 218
Wa e Science Technology 206
Sep. Pu i . Technol. 204
Zeoli es 141
Chemosphe e 139
Bio esou . Technol. 136
Sepa a ion Science and Technology 127
Ame ican Mine alogis 105
Sus ainabili y2021,13,xFORPEERREVIEW18o 28
Figu e7.Jou nals’co‐ci a ionne wo kmap.
Clus e 1( edcolo )“Syn hesisandcha ac e iza iono NZ”composedo 25nodes,
highligh ing hejou nalMic opo ousandMesopo ousMa e ials(534co‐ci a ions;H‐index
151),mainlyco e ing he opicso no elanddis inc i easpec so po oussolids,suchas
syn hesisandphysical‐chemicalcha ac e iza ion,amongo he s.Theya econ inuingwi h
o he ep esen a i ejou nalssuchasAppliedClayScience(225co‐ci a ions;H‐index119)
andZeoli es(141co‐ci a ions;H‐index43).
Clus e 2(g eencolo )“Applica ionsinwa e quali y”,g oups17nodes;among he
newspape s ha s andou hemos in hisg oupisWa e Resea ch(737co‐ci a ions;H‐
index285),whichincludes opicso scienceand echnologyaspec sabou wa e quali y
andmanagemen .I was ollowedbyEn i onmen alScience&Technology(243co‐ci a ions;
H‐index373)andWa e ScienceandTechnology(206co‐ci a ions;H‐index131).
Clus e 3(bluecolo )“Applica ionsinheal handen i onmen ”wi h12nodes,con‐
ained hejou nalwi h hehighes numbe o co‐ci a ions,Jou nalo Haza dousMa e ials
(812co‐ci a ions;H‐index260),whichpublishesissues ela ed o heunde s anding,im‐
pac assessmen ,andmi iga iono hedange sand isks ha ce ainma e ialscangene ‐
a e o heal hand heen i onmen .Likewise,o he jou nalswe eChemicalEnginee ing
Jou nal(312co‐ci a ions;H‐index198)andDesalina ion(218co‐ci a ions;H‐index169)
s andou .
Then,clus e 4(yellowcolo )“Technologicalapplica ions”,wasoneo hemino
g oupsmadeupo se ennodes,whe e hemos p ominen jou nalsa eJou nalo Colloid
andIn e aceScience(218co‐ci a ions;H‐index169),To alEn i onmen alScience(72co‐ci a‐
ions;H‐index224)andAppliedSu aceScience(56co‐ci a ions;H174index).
Finally,clus e 5(pu plecolo )“NZca alysis”,wi honlysixnodes,isledbyJou nal
o Ca alysis(85co‐ci a ions;H‐index231),Ca alysisToday(58co‐ci a ions;H‐index201)and
AppliedCa alysisB:En i onmen al(31co‐ci a ions;H‐index229).
Figu e 7. Jou nals’ co-ci a ion ne wo k map.
Clus e 1 ( ed colo ) “Syn hesis and cha ac e iza ion o NZ” composed o 25 nodes,
highligh ing he jou nal Mic opo ous and Mesopo ous Ma e ials (534 co-ci a ions; H-index
151), mainly co e ing he opics o no el and dis inc i e aspec s o po ous solids, such as
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 17 o 26
syn hesis and physical-chemical cha ac e iza ion, among o he s. They a e con inuing wi h
o he ep esen a i e jou nals such as Applied Clay Science (225 co-ci a ions; H-index 119)
and Zeoli es (141 co-ci a ions; H-index 43).
Clus e 2 (g een colo ) “Applica ions in wa e quali y”, g oups 17 nodes; among
he newspape s ha s and ou he mos in his g oup is Wa e Resea ch (737 co-ci a ions;
H-index 285), which includes opics o science and echnology aspec s abou wa e quali y
and managemen . I was ollowed by En i onmen al Science & Technology (243 co-ci a ions;
H-index 373) and Wa e Science and Technology (206 co-ci a ions; H-index 131).
Clus e 3 (blue colo ) “Applica ions in heal h and en i onmen ” wi h 12 nodes, con-
ained he jou nal wi h he highes numbe o co-ci a ions, Jou nal o Haza dous Ma e ials
(812 co-ci a ions; H-index 260), which publishes issues ela ed o he unde s anding, impac
assessmen , and mi iga ion o he dange s and isks ha ce ain ma e ials can gene a e o
heal h and he en i onmen . Likewise, o he jou nals we e Chemical Enginee ing Jou nal
(312 co-ci a ions; H-index 198) and Desalina ion (218 co-ci a ions; H-index 169) s and ou .
Then, clus e 4 (yellow colo ) “Technological applica ions”, was one o he mino
g oups made up o se en nodes, whe e he mos p ominen jou nals a e Jou nal o Colloid
and In e ace Science (218 co-ci a ions; H-index 169), To al En i onmen al Science (72 co-
ci a ions; H-index 224) and Applied Su ace Science (56 co-ci a ions; H 174 index).
Finally, clus e 5 (pu ple colo ) “NZ ca alysis”, wi h only six nodes, is led by Jou nal o
Ca alysis (85 co-ci a ions; H-index 231), Ca alysis Today (58 co-ci a ions; H-index 201) and
Applied Ca alysis B: En i onmen al (31 co-ci a ions; H-index 229).
4. Discussion
This wo k shows an inc ease in scien i ic esea ch on CE in NZ by he inc eased
demand o adso ben ma e ials and low-cos IE, used o ene gy de elopmen , pollu ion
con ol and me al emo al, among o he applica ions [27].
In he analysis o scien i ic p oduc ion, a coe icien o de
R2=
0.8725 was ob ained
acco ding o P ice’s Law, and he ield o s udy o he CE in NZ is exponen ial (Figu e 2).
In pe iod I o he opening o he CE in NZ, wo decades we e analyzed (1970–1990), since
he e is a lowe amoun o p oduc ion (6.83%), obse ing he beginning o in es iga ions
abou he p ope ies o IE in NZ and i s di e en applica ions, as well as WWT, ag icul u al
use, pape p oduc and cemen , among o he s [
176
]. Howe e , he NZ did no achie e
his success despi e he di e en applica ions’ p oposals because hei de elopmen was
a ec ed by comme cial e o s ha ied o sell NZ wi hou su icien s udies o hei
in ended use. Due o his, Mump on, in 1988, p oposed he de e mina ion o p ope ies o
IE, AD, hyd a ion, ca alysis and eac ion mechanisms o he implemen a ion o ma ke ing
s a egies o he company [177].
The inc ease in scien i ic esea ch is e lec ed o e he yea s, ob aining in pe iod II
(1991–2000) 13.23% in a single decade. The beginning o in e es in his ield o s udy shows
he signi ican inc ease in he numbe o ci a ions (20.23%), highligh ing he impo ance o
he abili y o con ol he p ope ies o NZ a he molecula le el h ough he disco e y o
new ma e ials and ad ances in echnology ha imp o e hese p ocesses [
178
]. Likewise, in
pe iod III (2001–2010), 32.57% o he p oduc ion was eco ded, and he highes numbe
o ci a ions was ob ained (54.47%). Pe iod IV (2011–2020), co esponding o he mos
ecen ime pe iod, he highes amoun o scien i ic p oduc ion was ob ained wi h 333
documen s (47.37%), highligh ing he applica ion o NZ in en i onmen al emedia ion [
11
].
I s applica ion in medicine is beginning o ha e a g ea e in e es [
179
], such as i s bene i
in nu i ion due o imp o ed supply o mine als [56].
In hese 50 yea s o esea ch in CE in NZ, i was obse ed ha he mos signi ican
con ibu ion o scien i ic p oduc ion co esponds o a icles (84.45%), and in e ms o
language, English (92.46%) domina es his s udy ield. Fu he mo e, he po en ial o he
di e en ypes o zeoli es and hei applica ion, as well as clinop iloli e [
180
], mo deni e,
chabazi e [
181
] and phillipsi e [
182
] ha e been e alua ed. Clinop iloli e s ands ou o i s
signi ican p esence and ideal s uc u e o he AD and IE p ocesses [52].
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 18 o 26
A o al o 71 coun ies ob ained ha e con ibu ed o his ield o s udy (Figu e 2),
highligh ing China wi h 70 documen s and 1695 ci a ions, whe e he use o zeoli ic u s as
cemen addi i es is popula [
183
,
184
], wi h a p oduc ion o 1,700,000 ons [
4
]. Followed
by Tu key, whose p esence is widesp ead, wi h an es ima ed 50 billion ons o NZ ese e,
clinop iloli e being an essen ial mine al in his coun y [
185
], wi h a p oduc ion o 150,000
ons [
4
]. China has had a g ea e collabo a ion wi h Sou h Ko ea, Japan, Jo dan and Tu key,
co esponding o g oup 2, which a e impo an p oducing coun ies o NZ [
17
]. Likewise,
he comme cial use o NZ has been de eloping in he Uni ed S a es, I aly, Mexico, Bulga ia
and Ge many [
27
]. The Uni ed S a es demons a ed a close ela ionship wi h Mexico and
he Uni ed Kingdom (clus e 1), while I aly is a li le u he away in clus e 5. The e is also
Hunga y, which is he coun y wi h a mino collabo a ion in esea ch wi h o he s.
The analysis o he au ho s will e i y he con ibu ion o 2054 esea che s, high-
ligh ing Dako i´c wi h 12 documen s, 374 ci a ions and H-index 23; among hei wo ks,
he s udy o he MZ p edomina es, e alua ing i s po en iali y and applica ion [
186
–
189
],
demons a ing NZ’s highe e icacy in AD. Howe e , i is cu ious o obse e ha among
he au ho s ha lead he Top 15 acco ding o he numbe o ci a ions, ha hey ha e a mini-
mum alue o documen s, such as Wang, S., wi h 2 documen s, 1431 ci a ions and H- index
113, and Peng wi h 1 documen , 1147 ci a ions and H-index 18, s anding ou o his wo k
ela ed o he use o NZ as AD o he ea men o d inking wa e and was ewa e [
100
].
The numbe o ci a ions depends on se e al ac o s, such as he a icle’s quali y, he impac
ac o o he jou nal, he au ho ’s epu a ion, and he b oad scope o he ield o s udy [
190
].
The e o e, i can e i y ha he wo k o Wang, S., s ands ou o i s ele an epu a ion in
ci a ions, despi e ha ing a minimal numbe o documen s han Dako i´c, who has had a
mo e signi ican con ibu ion o scien i ic esea ch in his ield o s udy.
Conce ning he analysis o his ield o s udy’s in ellec ual s uc u e, we ha e ound
some ele an da a exposed below.
The co-ci a ion ne wo k analysis o ci ed au ho s (Figu e 6) shows ha hese e-
sea che s g ouped in clus e s a e ela ed [
152
]. Acco ding o he numbe o co-ci a ions,
he mos signi ican node ep esen s Colella (284). Mo eo e , i has a mo e signi ican
ela ionship wi h he o he au ho s, no only wi h he membe s o clus e 5 (pu ple) “P op-
e ies and eac ions o he CE in NZ”, bu also wi h au ho s om o he clus e s such as
Pansini who leads clus e 2 (g een colo ) “Applica ions o CE and cha ac e iza ion o NZ”,
con ibu ing wi h an in es iga ion o he use o chabazi e o he elimina ion o lead om
wa e [
191
]. Tha is, he close ela ionship no only implies belonging o he same clus e
bu also he size and p oximi y o which hey a e. Clus e 1 ( ed colo ) “En i onmen al
applica ions” is g ouped by Wang, S., Wang, Y., Ho and Tu an, among o he s; hei esea ch
shows a ela ionship o he use o NZ o emo al o con aminan s [
139
–
141
]. While clus e
2 (g een colo ) p esen s a close ela ionship wi h clus e 3 (blue colo ), “Applica ions o
clinop iloli e in CE”, in which opics ela ed o he cha ac e iza ion and applica ions o NZ
in CE s and ou [
50
]. Clus e 7, “MZ p ocess” (o ange colo ), only shows a ela ionship wi h
clus e 5 (pu ple colo ) “AD o me als”; hese g oups a e he ones wi h a lowe occu ence,
showing s udies ela ed o he AD o zinc (Zn ), coppe (Cu) and lead (Pb) by IE, gi ing a
highe emo al e iciency o Pb and Cu ions han o Zn ions [117].
In he analysis o he ne wo k o jou nal co-ci a ions, he jou nals ha ha e had
he mos signi ican in luence in his ield o s udy a e e idenced (Table 8), highligh ing
he Jou nal o Haza dous Ma e ials (812 co-ci a ions; H-index 260), Wa e Resea ch (737 co-
ci a ions; H-index 285) and Mic opo ous and Mesopo ous Ma e ials (534 co-ci a ions; H-index
151). An h opogenic ac i i ies gene a e many pollu an s o he en i onmen ela ed o
en i onmen al impac . NZ a e p esen ed as an al e na i e o he decon amina ion o he
en i onmen , using hei p ope ies, such as hei high CEC, ela ed o isk mi iga ion o
haza dous ma e ials. Addi ionally, i can show ha he clus e s a e wholly di e en ia ed
because he analysis conside s he numbe o co-ci a ions ob ained by each jou nal on
he opic o CE in NZ (Figu e 7). Mo eo e , in he analysis o sou ces’ pe o mance,
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 19 o 26
hese jou nals’ in luence in his scien i ic ield can be co obo a ed due o hei academic
con ibu ion, s anding ou in he Top 15 (Table 3).
One o he limi a ions o his s udy was using a single da abase (Scopus) since his
could omi speci ic signi ican con ibu ions in his ield o s udy published in o he
da abases. Fu he mo e, only NZ was used, excluding he a ious s udies on CE in
syn he ic zeoli es.
5. Conclusions
NZ ha e a wide ield o applica ions due o hei excep ional p ope ies, mainly hei
high CEC. Th ough he analysis o he in ellec ual s uc u e o his scien i ic ield, i was
possible o dis inguish di e en lines o esea ch ela ed o CE in NZ, such as hea y me als
emo al [
192
,
193
], nu ien eco e y [
124
,
194
], WWT [
195
,
196
], soil ea men [
52
,
197
],
cons uc ion ma e ials [
43
,
198
], nu i ion and heal h [
56
] and eed addi i es [
52
], among
o he s. Fu he mo e, NZ can be modi ied [
14
,
134
] and egene a ed [
199
,
200
], inc easing
hei e iciency in hei CEC.
Abou he analysis o scien i ic p oduc ion, in pe iod II (1991–2000), a no able ebound
in his scien i ic ield’s de elopmen begins (Figu e 3); his is mainly due o he con in-
uous disco e y o new ma e ials ha ha e allowed imp o emen s in p ocesses and he
de elopmen o new echnologies.
This ield o s udy shows a g owing end in he scien i ic p oduc ion o he CE in
NZ, ob aining a o al o 703 documen s, which co espond p ima ily o a icles (84.35%),
con e ences (11.66%), and o a lesse ex en , o he ypes o documen s (3.98%). Mos o
hese documen s ha e been published in English. A o al o 71 coun ies egis e ed ha e
con ibu ed o his ield o s udy, highligh ing China wi h 70 documen s, Tu key wi h
58 and he Uni ed S a es wi h 54, which a e also pa o he coun ies wi h he highes
NZ p oduc ion. Rega ding he con ibu ion o au ho s, a o al o 2054 documen s we e
ob ained. Acco ding o he numbe o documen s, Dako i´c leads wi h 12 documen s and
374 ci a ions, while Wang, S., wi h 2 documen s and 1431 ci a ions s ands ou o he
numbe o ci a ions.
In he analysis o he in ellec ual s uc u e, he esea che , Colella, ob ained he highes
numbe o co-ci a ions (284) and has a mo e signi ican ela ionship wi h he o he au ho s,
con ibu ing wi h esea ch on he e alua ion o he p ope ies, eac ions and equilib ium o
he CE in NZ, and i s a ious applica ions. Among he sou ces ha had a mo e signi ican
in luence on he ield o s udy o he CE in NZ a e Jou nal o Haza dous Ma e ials (812 co-
ci a ions; 30 documen s), Wa e Resea ch (737 co-ci a ions; 11 documen s) and Mic opo ous
and Mesopo ous Ma e ials (534 co-ci a ions; 24 documen s).
Rega ding he analysis o u u e ends, he s udies ca ied ou by he CE on NZ ha e
shown a end in science and echnology s udies o bene i en i onmen al sus ainabili y and
human heal h, conside ing NZ as economical, ecological, eusable and ecyclable ma e ial.
Such a e he challenges o zeoli es as ca alys s, il e ma e ials, medicines, pollu an emo al,
ene gy p oduc ion, cons uc ion indus y, ag icul u al and li es ock uses.
Supplemen a y Ma e ials:
The ollowing a e a ailable online a h ps://www.mdpi.com/a icle/10
.3390/su13147751/s1, Table S1: Top 15 o he mos ci ed documen s.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion: F.M.-C., N.M.-B., P.C.-M., and N.E.-S.; me hodology:
N.M.-B., F.M.-C., and N.E.-S.; in es iga ion: N.M.-B., N.E.-S., and F.M.-C.; w i ing—o iginal d a
p epa a ion: N.M.-B. and N.E.-S.; w i ing— e iewing and edi ing: N.M.-B., F.M.-C., P.C.-M., and
N.E.-S.; supe ision: F.M.-C. and P.C.-M. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion
o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : No applicable.
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 7751 20 o 26
Acknowledgmen s:
This wo k has been made possible by he aluable collabo a ion o he ESPOL
esea ch p ojec : “Regis e o geological and mining he i age and i s incidence in he de ense and
p ese a ion o geodi e si y in Ecuado ” unde g an numbe CIPAT-01-2018, and he suppo o
NOVA Science Resea ch Associa es.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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