Risk assessmen and p edic ion
models o ungal spoilage in
s awbe ies pos -ha es
Acknowledgemen s: FRIETS P ojec
unded unde he Eu opean Union’s
Ho izon 2020 F amewo k, G an
Ag eemen No.101007783.
Alessand a Ma con Gaspe ini1, 2 and Vasilis P. Vald amidis1, 3
1 Depa men o Food Sciences & Nu i ion, Facul y o Heal h Sciences, Uni e si y o
Mal a, Msida MSD 2080, Mal a
2 MycoLab, Depa men o Clinical, Pha maceu ical and Biological Sciences, School o
Li e and Medical Sciences, Uni e si y o He o dshi e, Ha ield AL10 9AB, Uni ed
Kingdom
3 Labo a o y o Food Chemis y, Depa men o Chemis y, Na ional and Kapodis ian
Uni e si y o A hens, Zog a ou, 157 71 A hens, G eece
Fungal spoilage in s awbe ies ep esen s a signi ican
economic challenge o g owe s and dis ibu o s and poses
se ious ood sa e y conce ns due o he po en ial o
myco oxin con amina ion. The esea ch in he p ojec
FRIETS ocuses on de eloping p ocessing echniques o
imp o e he quali y, nu i ional alue, and shel -li e o so
ui s like s awbe ies.
The aim o his wo k was o iden i y he mos common
ungal con aminan s able o p oduce myco oxin in
s awbe ies and o cons uc a compa a i e isk
assessmen sys em o e alua ing and anking ungal and
myco oxin haza ds.
Published da ase s and pee - e iewed s udies we e
used as ep esen a i e e e ences (n=71).
Fungal con aminan s in s awbe ies we e clus e ed by
genus, and myco oxin concen a ions we e
s anda dized o same uni and anked o compa ison
o assess he mos epo ed.
P ima y models we e used o es ima e he g ow h a es
(µ) and lag phases (λ) o Al e na ia, Penicillium and
Aspe gillus, wi h adjus men coe icien s (k) o ield
condi ions*.
Al e na ia, Aspe gillus and Penicillium spp. we e he mos
common spoile s in s awbe ies, wi h associa ed
myco oxins posing isks. Tempe a u e con ol is c ucial o
mi iga e spoilage, bu species-speci ic g ow h ac o s mus
be in eg a ed in o isk assessmen s. Fu u e esea ch will
assess myco oxin isk o build model-based p ocess
op imiza ion o p oduce sa e and s able p oduc s.
Risk assessmen models p edic ed a low isk o spoilage when s awbe ies we e
s o ed and e ailed a 4°C. Howe e , inc easing he e ail s o age empe a u e
esul ed in an inc eased isk o spoilage by Al e na ia spp. Addi ionally, a scena io
wi h s o age a 4°C and e ail a 24°C p edic ed a high isk o spoilage by Al e na ia
spp. and mode a e spoilage isk by Aspe gillus and Penicillium spp.
d: Time elapsed a e ha es (7 days
= 5 in s o age and 2 in e ail )
Ts: S o age empe a u e
T : Re ail empe a u e
µ: G ow h a e (mm/day)
To: Op imal empe a u e o g ow h
: Lag phase a op imal empe a u e
(days)
Ta g,: A e age empe a u e
µadj.: G ow h a e adjus ed
T
a g
=
T
s
i
d
≤
5
T
s
+
d
−
5
2
×
T
−
T
s
i
5
<
d
≤
7
T
s
+
T
2
i
d
>
7
µ
adj
=
µ
×
exp
ቆ
0
.
1
×
T
a g
−
T
o
i
T
a g
≤
T
o
−
0
.
05
×
T
a g
−
T
o
i
T
a g
>
T
o
Fungal
g ow h
=
ቊ
0
i
d
≤

max
(
µ
adj
×
(
d
−

)
,
0
)
i
d
>

P edic ion o ungal g ow h pos -ha es
High - I spoilage is p edic ed
and he p opo ion is g ea e
han 20%
Mode a e - I spoilage is
p edic ed bu he p opo ion is
20% o less
Low - no spoilage is p edic ed
R
isk
le el
=
"
High"
i
∑
P
leng h
P
>
0
.
2
and
any
P
.
"
Mode a e"
i
∑
P
leng h
P
.
≤
0
.
2
and
any
P
"Low"
i
any
P
Risk le el o ungal spoilage
The p obabili y o spoilage o
each spoile g oup was
based on he colony sizes
(g ow h)
P obabili y o spoilage
Visible spoilage o he naked eye
Colony size h eshold = 2 mm
Uppe le el = 2.4 mm (+20%)
lowe le el = 1.6 mm (-20%)
METHODS
RESULTS
SUMMARY
S awbe ies had he highes
numbe o epo s on myco oxin
con amina ion wi hin so ui s
sea ched in he li e a u e. The
p esence
o Al e na ia associa ed
myco oxins (al e na iol
monome hyl e he and
al e na iol) we e obse ed.
Myco oxins wi h egula o y
limi s, including umonisins,
a la oxins, och a oxin A, and
pa ulin, we e equen ly
epo ed.
Al e na ia ssp.
Penicillium ssp. Aspe gillus ssp. ----- Visible spoilage cu -o
Days pos -ha es (5 days s o age, 2 days e ail)
Simula ed ungal g ow h (mm)
Figu e 2. Simula ed colony g ow h ajec o ies o h ee ungal g oups (Aspe gillus, Penicillium, and
Al e na ia) unde di e en s o age and e ail empe a u e condi ions pos -ha es . G ow h was modelled
o assess ime o isible spoilage, de ined as eaching a h eshold colony diame e o 2 mm. Shaded
a eas ep esen a iabili y in g ow h a es based on uppe and lowe es ima es. Ho izon al lines indica e
he isible spoilage h eshold, beyond which spoilage is conside ed isually de ec able.
Figu e 3. Fungal
spoilage isk
assessmen ma ix
conside ing e ail
and s o age
empe a u es o e
7 days pos -
ha es .
1) Ac emonium spp.; 2) Au eobasidium spp.; 3) Epicoccum spp.; 4) Neosa o ya spp.;
5) Rhizoc onia spp.; 6) T ichode ma spp.; 7) Clonos achys spp.; 8) Geosmi hia spp.; 9)
Geo ichum spp.; 10) Monilinia spp.; 11) Phy oph ho a spp.; 12) Sphae opsidales spp.;
13) Ulocladium spp.
Al e na ia spp.
Aspe gillus spp.
Penicillium spp.
Fusa ium spp.
Bo y is spp.
Cladospo ium
spp.
Muco
spp.
1
2 3
4
5
6 7
8
9
10 11
12 13
Rhizopus
spp.
Figu e 1. The assessmen o con amina ion in s awbe ies
has shown a high p e alence o Al e na ia spp. ollowed by
Aspe gillus, Penicillium spp.
*Hypo hesis o he adjus men coe icien (k) o ield condi ions: g ow h abili y is 90% educed and he lag phase is
p olonged by a 3.0 ac o