Enginee ing and Technology Jou nal e-ISSN: 2456-3358
Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe -2025, Page No.- 7250-7254
DOI: 10.47191/e j/ 10i10.03, I.F. – 8.482
© 2025, ETJ
7250
ETJ Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025,
1
Abioye, O.A.
D ying and Quali y Cha ac e is ics o P e ea ed Gua a (Psidium Guaja a)
Slices
Abioye, O.A.1, Adedi an, O.M.2, Adeyokunu, A.T.3
1,2Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing and Technology, Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o Technology,
Ogbomoso, Oyo S a e, Nige ia
3Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing, Ajayi C ow he Uni e si y, Oyo, Oyo S a e, Nige ia
ABSTRACT: Gua a (Psidium guaja a Linn.) is a swee and highly nu i ious ui s, which is high in mine als and i amins
especially i amin C , needs p ese ed immedia ely a e ha es . D ying has been one o he e ec i e me hods o p ese ing ui s
and ege ables by educ ion in mois u e p esen o a le el a which biochemical ac i i ies a e hinde ed. Osmo ic p e ea men educes
ini ial mois u e and enhance e en ion o nu ien s and physico-chemical quali ies o he p oduc s. This esea ch was he e o e
designed o s udy d ying and quali y cha ac e is ics o p.guaja a. The slices we e spi ed in h ee pa s, wo pa s p e ea ed
sepa a ely in suc ose and mal odex in solu ions (1:10 w/ ) o 1 h while con ol was un ea ed. All he p e ea men slices.
Rehyd a ion a io (RR), e ec i e mois u e di usi i y (De ) and ac i a ion ene gy (Ea) we e de e mined. Quali y pa ame e s such
as asco bic acid, lycopene, calcium, po assium, annin, colou , wa e abso p ion capaci y, bulk densi y (BD) and apped densi y
(TD) we e de e mined using s anda d p ocedu es. Th ee c i e ia namely: coe icien o de e mina ion (R2),chi-squa e(χ2) alues and
Roo Mean Squa e E o (RMSE) we e used o selec he bes among he chosen models using SPSS e sion 25. Rehyd a ion a io
(RR) alues anged om (2.31-2.51), (2.35-2.54), and (2.14-2.38) o suc ose, mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol samples
espec i ely. The De alues o suc ose, mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol p.guaja a samples a 50, 60 and 70 oC anged om(1.19
×10-9 - 3.141× 10-9m2/s). The ac i a ion ene gies o he samples we e 22.53, 29.88 and 49.83 kJ/mol. K o suc ose; Mal odex in
p e ea ed and con ol samples espec i ely. . The Modi ied Hende son and Pabis model was ound o be bes i o he slices due
o highes alues o R2 ,lowes χ2 and RMSE alues being 0.999,9.31E-05,0.0014737 and -0.00246 co espondinly o suc ose
,mal odex in and con ol espec i ely a all empe a u es. The alues o wa e abso p ion capaci y (WAC), bulk densi y (BD)
ehyd a ion a io (RR) and apped densi y (TD) anged om (183-184), o suc ose p e ea ed samples, anged (126 - 129 ) o
mal odex in p e ea ed samples (184-180) o con ol, bulk densi y anged om (0.98-0.89), (0.77-0.82),( 0.68-0.79) o suc ose,
mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol sample espec i ely. RR alues anged om( 2.31-2.51), (2.35-2.54), and (2.14-2.38) o suc ose,
mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol samples espec i ely.TD anged om (0.57-0.67), (0.53-0.64) and (0.52-0.62) o suc ose,
mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol samples espec i ely. The alues o colou change (∆E), dec eases as d ying ime inc eases, he
alues o L*, a*, and b* o he samples we e 56.04, 52.01 and 51.34, espec i ely. This esea ch showed ha d ying a 70 oC e ained
he nu i ional a ibu es o he samples e alua ed. The Modi ied Hende son and Pabis ga e he bes model ha bes i s he d ying
p ocess, while suc ose p e ea ed samples minimized nu ien loss. Thus, adop ion o his me hod could help local a me s and ood
p ocesso p oduce quali y and shel -s able p oduc s.
KEYWORDS: Gua a (Psidium Guaja a Linn.) , D ying, Quali y Cha ac e is ics, P e ea ed Gua a, Slice.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Gua a (Psidium guaja a Linn.) popula ly known as poo
man’s apple in he opics belongs o he amily My aceae. I
is a comme cial ui o opical and sub- opical egion
(T ipa hy e al., 2016).The en i e gua a ee has po en ial
he apeu ic e ec s and a e used as olk medicine in many
pa s o he globe Psidium guaja a has nea ly six imes he
i amin C con en o an o ange, making i an ex emely
nu i ious ui (Singh and Tiwa i, 2019). Psidium guaja a is
e y nu i ious and one o he swee es ui s in he wo ld
which is high in ibe and a good sou ce o essen ial i amins
and mine als (Vijaya e al., 2020). P. guaja a, as a climac e ic
ui , exhibi s a as inc ease in espi a ion and e hylene
p oduc ion du ing ipening. A oom empe a u e, Psidium
guaja a lesh has a shel li e o 2 o 4 days (Yada e al.,
2022).
Se e al pos ha es handling me hods, including
con olled/modi ied a mosphe e and cold s o age, ha e been
sugges ed o p olong s o age li e and main ain gua a ui
quali y. Psidium guaja a ui 's expo po en ial is limi ed due
o i s delica e cha ac e , b ie pos -ha es li e, and
suscep ibili y o chilling inju y and diseases (Deep hi e al
2017). Osmo ic dehyd a ion is a p e- ea men echnique
widely used in ui p ocessing o educe wa e con en be o e
d ying, which enhances p oduc quali y, imp o es he
e iciency o subsequen d ying me hods such as con ec i e
ai d ying, eeze d ying by educing d ying ime and
minimizing he mal deg ada ion (Panagio ou e al.,2016).
Osmo ic dehyd a ion has been ound e ec i e in p ese ing
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Abioye, O.A.
bioac i e compounds like i amin C and phenolic which a e
sensi i e o hea . Osmo ically hyd a ed Psidium guaja a
e ains mo e nu ien s and colou when compa ed o d ied
samples (Sa ga e al., 2010). Osmo ic agen s such as
empe a u e, imme sed ime, and ui - o-solu ion a e
impo an pa ame e s ha in luence mass ans e kine ics
and p oduc quali y.
Food p ese a ion by d ying is a ime-hono ed and
widely used echnique by humani y and he ood p ocessing
indus y. Food dehyd a ion is one o he mos signi ican
accomplishmen s in human his o y, educing ou species
eliance on a daily ood supply e en in ad e se en i onmen al
condi ions. P e iously, d ying was done in he sun, bu oday
a a ie y o sophis ica ed ools and echniques a e used o
dehyd a e oods. Signi ican e o s ha e been made in ecen
decades o unde s and some o he chemical and biochemical
changes ha occu du ing dehyd a ion and o de elop
me hods o a oid undesi able quali y losses. Among he
nume ous me hods used o ood conse a ion, d ying is
unques ionably he mos ancien bu s ill e y much used
nowadays. I is a p ocess by which wa e is emo ed om he
ood, by apo iza ion o sublima ion, hus educing he wa e
a ailable o deg ada ion eac ions o chemical, enzyma ic o
mic obial na u e. The d ying a e is in luenced by ans e
mechanisms, such as he apou p essu es o he ood and o
he d ying ai , empe a u e and ai eloci y, Mois u e
di usion in he p oduc , hickness and su ace exposed o
d ying, Le ici e .al., (2015).
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Ma e ials Used
F eshly ha es ed ma u ed pink Psidium guaja a samples a
physiological s age se en o ma u i y in e y good condi ions
we e pu chased om a comme cial ui ma ke a A ada in
Ogbomoso, Oyo S a e, Nige ia. The ui s we e aken o he
Depa men o C op P oduc ion and Soil Science o Ladoke
Akin ola Uni e si y o Technology (LAUTECH),
Ogbomoso, Nige ia o iden i ica ion. The ui we e
he ea e so ed, g aded o uni o m size and ans e ed o
p e-cooled a empe a u e 25°C o 6 hou s o emo e ield
hea .
2.2 Theo e ical Conside a ions
The d ying cha ac e is ics o he samples we e calcula ed
based on he da a de i ed om he d ying pe iod and he
d ying empe a u e on he mois u e con en o he gua a
slices.
2.3 E ec i e mois u e di usi i y (De )
Acco ding o Wo kneh and Oke (2013), he d ying
cha ac e is ics o biological p oduc s a e in he
alling a e pe iod and desc ibed Fick’s di usion equa ion.
The Fick’s equa ion is gi en as:
)/(* dxdcDJ 
(1)
whe e: J is he di usion lux (among o subs ance di used
pe uni a ea pe uni ime), is ime, D is he
di usion coe icien ,
dxdc/
is he concen a ion g adien (
change in concen a ion o e dis ance). This equa ion s a es
ha he a e o change o concen a ion ( dC/d ) is
p opo ional o he place ope a o ( V2C), which ep esen s
he spa ial dis ibu ion o he concen a ion. The cons an o
p opo ionali y is he di usion coe icien (D).
Al hough he di usi i y equa ion is no he bes
equa ion o i expe imen al da a. Howe e , i p o ides an
app oxima e me hod o p esen a common quan i a i e
compa ison be ween di e en p oduc s. I can also p o ide a
desc ip ion o a e age di usion coe icien in he en i e
d ying p ocess. The solu ion o his equa ion de eloped by
C ank (1975) can be used o a ious egula ly shaped bodies
such as slab, cylind ical, and sphe ical shapes. Fo long
d ying pe iod, his solu ion can be w i en in a loga i hmic
o m as ollows, Abioye e .al, (2018)
MR = (M−Me)
(Mo−Me) = 8
π2 exp(−π2De
4L02 )
(2)
Whe e, De = he e ec i e mois u e di usi i y (m2/s), = he
d ying ime (s) and Lo = he hal hickness o he samples (m).
Equa ion (3) in linea ised by aking he na u e loga i hms o
he bo h sides as hus:
ln (MR) = −π2De
4L02 + ln 8
π2
(3)
The expe imen al d ying da a we e plo ed in e ms o In
(MR) agains ime a di e en empe a u es. The slope
de i ed om he linea eg ession o he g aphs was used o
calcula e he e ec i e mois u e di usi i y as:
Slope = −π2De
4L02 (4)
2.4 De e mina ion o ac i a ion ene gy (Ea)
The dependence o he e ec i e di usi i y on he d ying
empe a u es can be p edic ed app op ia ely using he
A henius equa ion which is gi en by Abioye e al. (2021)
and Wo kneh and Oke (2013):
De = Doexp(− Ea
R(T+273.15))
(5)
whe e, De is he e ec i e mois u e di usi i y in m2/s, Do is
he p e-exponen ial ac o o A henius equa ion o maximum
di usion coe icien (a in ini e empe a u e) in m2/s, Eais he
ac i a ion ene gy in KJ/mol, R is he uni e sal gas cons an
in KJ/ mol K and T is empe a u e in oC Linea izing he
equa ion gi es:
T
InIn R
E
DD g
De
1
0
0
(6)
The ac i a ion ene gy Ea was ob ained by plo ing na u al
loga i hm o e ec i e di usi i y wi h ecip ocal o absolu e
empe a u e.
2.5 De e mina ion o Quali y A ibu es o Psisium
guaja a Samples
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The ollowing quali y pa ame e s o he Psidium guaja a
samples we e de e mined, in iplica es unless o he wise
s a ed: The
The ehyd a ion a io o he dehyd a ed p oduc s was
de e mined acco ding o he me hod desc ibed by S i as a a
and Kuma (2012). The dehyd a ed samples o 5 g each we e
placed in a glass beake , 100 ml o wa e was added and
hea ed a 40-45 oC o 60 min. The excess wa e was d ained
o h ough blo ing pape . The d ained samples we e
weighed. Rehyd a ion a io (RR) and mois u e con en (MC)
in he dehyd a ed samples we e compu ed using he equa ion
below:
Rehyd a ion a io
d
c
RR 
(7)
whe e; c = d ained weigh o ehyd a ed samples and d =
weigh o dehyd a ed samples aken o ehyd a ion es .
Tannin was Es ima ion o annin
2.6 S a is ical Analysis and Ma hema ical Modelling
o D ied Psidium guaja a Powde
The expe imen al da a o mois u e a io e sus d ying ime
we e i ed o six hin–laye models, which a e widely used in
he scien i ic li e a u e o desc ibe he kine ics o he d ying
p ocess, Hussein e al., 2016; Tunde-Akin unde and Oke,
2012; Wo kneh and Oke, (2013). The quali y pa ame e s o
he d ied gua a powde we e s a is ically analyzed using
S a is ical Package o Social Scien is s (SPSS) 25 so wa e
package and we e also subjec ed o analysis o a iance
(ANOVA). The hin-laye d ying models used include
Hende son and Pabis, Modi ied Hende son and Pabis,
Loga i hmic, Page, Midilli-Kucuk, and Pa abolic models.
Se e al esea che s had ecommended he abo e models as
bes i models o hin laye d ying ui s and ege ables,
Hussein e al., 2016; Tunde-Akin unde and Oke, (2012).
A non-linea eg ession p ocedu e o he six models was
ca ied ou using S a is ical Package o Social Sciences
(SPSS) 25 so wa e package. The c i e ia used o selec ing
he bes model o de ine he d ying cu es a e he Coe icien
o De e mina ion (R2), Chi-squa e (χ2), Roo Mean Squa e
E o (RMSE) and Mean Bias E o (MBE) which a e
calcula ed om Equa ions 1 - 8. The c i e ia we e used o
de e mine he ex en quali y o he i o he models. The
d ying model wi h highes alue o R2 and he lowes alues
o χ2, RMSE and MBE was chosen as he bes model
desc ibing he hin laye d ying cha ac e is ics o p e ea ed
gua a slices. This is because he highe he alues o R2, and
he lowe he alues o χ2, RMSE and MBE, he be e he
goodness o i (Doymaz, 2011; Hu e al., 2016).
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 E ec o Tempe a u e and P e ea men on he
D ying Cha ac e is ic o Psidium guaja a
The cu es o mois u e con en agains d ying ime o
Psidium guaja a slices wi h di e en p e ea men s. Suc ose
and mal odex in p e ea ed samples had a lowe d ying a e
and a longe d ying ime while he con ol sample had he
highes d ying a e and he sho es d ying ime (Table 1). The
osmo-p e ea men s (suc ose and mal odex in) will
expec edly ga e ise o signi ican d y ma e con en o he
slices be o e d ying p obably due o solu e imp egna ion
du ing p e- ea men s. The p esence o solu e in Psidium
guaja a slices would c ea e hyd ogen bonds wi h ee wa e
molecules. This could cause in e nal and ex e nal di usion
esis ance, leading o limi ed mois u e emo al om he
slices in he d ying p ocess, Goula and Adamopoulos, (2008);
Nguyen e al., (2023).
Table 1: Final mois u e con en and o al d ying ime o
p e ea ed Psidium guaja a slices d ied wi h di e en
d ying ea men s.
3.2 E ec s o Tempe a u e and P e ea men on D ying
Ra e o D ied Psidiumguaja a
The e ec s o empe a u e on he con ec i e d ying kine ics
o Psidium guaja a slices . The d ying a es o he p e ea ed
d ied samples we e obse ed o be highe han o he con ol
samples in he wo d ying ea men s. This shows ha he
p e ea men s used on he samples p io o d ying is highly
signi ican . Howe e , i was e ealed ha he mois u e
con en o he samples dec eases as he d ying a e inc eases.
3.3 E ec s o P e ea men s and Tempe a u e on
Mois u e Di usi i y o P e ea ed D ied Psidium guaja a
slices.
The mois u e di usi i y was measu ed using es ablished
echniques, by plo ing a g aph o in MR (mois u e a io)
agains d ying ime and he esul s we e analyzed o assess
he impac o he p e ea men s on he d ying p ocess. The
alues o e ec i e mois u e di usi i y we e calcula ed using
Equa ion 3.7 and a e shown in Figu es 1. The e alua ed
alues o De o suc ose p e ea ed samples a ied om
1.198x10-9m2/s o 1.946 x1 0-9 m2/s, and o mal odex in
p e ea ed samples a ied om 1.069x10-9m2/s o 2.351x10-
9m2/s while he con ol samples a ied om1.069x10-9m2/s o
3.141x10-9 m2/s. I was obse ed om he esul s ha
P e ea men
T ea men
To al
d ying
ime
Final m.c
w.b%
Suc ose
Solu ion
F esh
50 ºC
60 ºC
70 ºC
___
15±0.3h
15±0.4h
18±0.4h
82.50±0
8.072±0.2
9.84±0.02
9.92±0.01
M.D. Solu ion
50 ºC
60 ºC
70 ºC
13±0.3h
10±0.4h
14±0.3h
8.065±0.1
9.45±0.1
9.35±0.0
Con ol
50 ºC
60 ºC
70 ºC
6±0.4h
7±0.5h
8±0.4h
10.02±0.2
9.71±0.2
9.65±0.3
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Abioye, O.A.
mois u e di usi i y inc eases wi h inc ease in empe a u e
Figu e 1: E alua ion o e ec i e mois u e di usi i ies
o suc ose p e ea ed Psidium guaja a slices a di e en
d ying empe a u es
3.4 E ec o Tempe a u es on Ac i a ion Ene gy o
Psidium guaja a Samples
Tempe a u e is an impo an ac o in luencing he kine ics o
a ious p ocesses in he d ying o ui s. The ac i a ion
ene gies o he d ying expe imen we e de i ed om he
slope o plo o he calcula ed loga i hmic na u al e ec i e
mois u e di usi ies (lnDe ) agains he in e se o he absolu e
empe a u e (1/Tab). The esul s ob ained we e 27.09, 39.95
and 59.94 kJ/mol o Psidium guaja a. Samples d ied a 50,
60 and 70 ºC. These esul s we e in line wi h ac i a ion
ene gy ob ained by Wokneh and Oke (2013).
Table 4.4: Selec ed chemical Cha ac e is ics o o en-ai
d ied p e ea ed Psidum guaja a slices a di e en
empe a u e
P e ea
men
Tempe a
u e (oC)
Lycopene
(mg/100 g)
Calcium
(mg/100 g)
Po assium
(mg/100 g)
Tannin
(mg/100
g)
50
229.15±4.3
3b
29.88±0.0
2c
111.34±8.33
b
3.43±0.
12a
Suc os
e
60
227.96±3.0
5b
28.29±0.6
2c
110.34±8.33
b
3.45±0.
04a
70
227.76±4.4
1b
27.29±0.6
7c
105.8±1.29b
3.52±0.
01a
50
239.26±4.7
7b
21.93±0.7
7b
114.50±10.6
0b
8.94±0.
49c
Mal od
ex in
60
238.12±3.1
7b
20.93±0.7
6a
113.50±10.6
0b
8.91±0.
00c
70
237.12±8.8
2b
20.43±0.0
6a
109.0±2.83b
8.98±0.
01c
50
104.52±3.8
4a
21.75±1.1
3b
97.79±3.42a
6.53±0.
07b
Con ol
60
102.52±3.8
4a
20.75±1.1
3a
96.79±3.42a
6.39±0.
06b
70
99.84±8.82a
20.23±0.9
9a
98.8±0.63a
6.42±0.
02b
Mean wi hin he same column wi h di e en alphabe s(s) a e
signi ican di e en a p<0.05
M.D: mal odex in, P.T: p e ea men , MC: Mois u e
Con en , Wa e Abso p ion Capaci y, RR: ehyd a ion a io,
BD: Bulk Densi y, TD: aped densi
3.5 E ec o Tempe a u e on Re en ion o Colou o
P e ea ed Psidium guaja a Samples.
The isual appeal o ood samples a e d ying condi ions has
o do wi h i s pigmen , which will enable i s accep abili y in
he ma ke o he inal consume s. Acco ding o Wo keh and
Oke (2013), he changes in colou o he d ied p e ea ed
Psidium guaja a samples, i indica e each alues o L*, a* b*
and ΔE which demo es ligh ness, edness and yellowness.
The alues o 50, 60, and 70oc o suc ose p e ea ed samples
we e 44.22,43.22 and 42.72. Also o mal odex in p e ea ed
samples, alues a 50, 60 and 70 oC we e 40.16, 39.16, 38.72
espec i ely. The con ol samples alues a 50, 60 and 70 oC
we e 37.21, 36.16 and 34.66. hese esul . The bes colou
e en ion was shown on suc ose p e ea ed Psidium guaja a
ollowed by mal odex in p e ea ed samples and con ol
samples. The ligh ness (L) dec eases as he empe a u e
inc eases om 50 o 70 oC. The a ia ion in he colou may
be due o he e ec o hea ea men which can a ec i s
colou s abili y and enzyme ac i i y. This obse a ion was in
ag eemen wi h Ba man and Badwaik (2017). L. S. e al.,
(2017)
3.6 E alua ion o D y Models o Selec ed P e- ea ed
Gua a Slices
The s a is ical modeling e ealed he esul s ha bes i s he
six hin-laye d ying models, such as Hende son and Pabis,
Modi ied Hende son and Pabis, Loga i hmic, Page, Midilli
Kucuk, and Pa abolic. The c i e ia used o selec ing he bes
model o
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
The s udy on he d ying and quali y cha ac e is ics o
p e ea ed Psidium guaja a samples exhibi enhanced d ying
cha ac e is ics compa ed o un ea ed samples. Suc ose
p e ea ed samples acili ies ini ial mois u e emo al, which
accele a es he d ying a e and educes o al d ying ime.
D ying occu s in he alling a e pe iod, indica ing mois u e
di usion as he main mechanism. As empe a u e inc eases
om 50oc o 70oc d ying a e inc eases, educing d ying ime,
E ec i e mois u e di usi i y imp o es se e d ying
y = -0.4262x - 0.197
R² = 0.9933
y = -0.6699x + 0.0771
R² = 0.9957
y = -0.6916x - 0.1049
R² = 0.989
-10
0
10
0 5 10 15 20
ln(MR)
Time (h)
:
50oC
SUCROSE
60oC
SUCROSE
7254
ETJ Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025,
1
Abioye, O.A.
e iciency and enhances ehyd a ion p ope ies a d ied gua a
slices.
T ea ed gua a slices show be e ehyd a ion capaci y,
an ioxidan ac i i y and o ganolep ic quali ies. Compa ed o
un ea ed samples. Osmo ic p e ea men pa icula ly wi h
suc ose enhances he physical, nu i ional and unc ional
quali ies o gua a slices, making i mo e sui able o ood and
nu aceu ical applica ion
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