Drying and Quality Characteristics of Pretreated Guava (Psidium Guajava) Slices

Enginee ing and Technology Jou nal e-ISSN: 2456-3358 Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe -2025, Page No.- 7250-7254 DOI: 10.47191/e j/ 10i10.03, I.F. – 8.482 © 2025, ETJ 7250 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025, 1 Abioye, O.A. D ying and Quali y Cha ac e is ics o P e ea ed Gua a (Psidium Guaja a) Slices Abioye, O.A.1, Adedi an, O.M.2, Adeyokunu, A.T.3 1,2Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing and Technology, Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo S a e, Nige ia 3Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing, Ajayi C ow he Uni e si y, Oyo, Oyo S a e, Nige ia ABSTRACT: Gua a (Psidium guaja a Linn.) is a swee and highly nu i ious ui s, which is high in mine als and i amins especially i amin C , needs p ese ed immedia ely a e ha es . D ying has been one o he e ec i e me hods o p ese ing ui s and ege ables by educ ion in mois u e p esen o a le el a which biochemical ac i i ies a e hinde ed. Osmo ic p e ea men educes ini ial mois u e and enhance e en ion o nu ien s and physico-chemical quali ies o he p oduc s. This esea ch was he e o e designed o s udy d ying and quali y cha ac e is ics o p.guaja a. The slices we e spi ed in h ee pa s, wo pa s p e ea ed sepa a ely in suc ose and mal odex in solu ions (1:10 w/ ) o 1 h while con ol was un ea ed. All he p e ea men slices. Rehyd a ion a io (RR), e ec i e mois u e di usi i y (De ) and ac i a ion ene gy (Ea) we e de e mined. Quali y pa ame e s such as asco bic acid, lycopene, calcium, po assium, annin, colou , wa e abso p ion capaci y, bulk densi y (BD) and apped densi y (TD) we e de e mined using s anda d p ocedu es. Th ee c i e ia namely: coe icien o de e mina ion (R2),chi-squa e(χ2) alues and Roo Mean Squa e E o (RMSE) we e used o selec he bes among he chosen models using SPSS e sion 25. Rehyd a ion a io (RR) alues anged om (2.31-2.51), (2.35-2.54), and (2.14-2.38) o suc ose, mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol samples espec i ely. The De alues o suc ose, mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol p.guaja a samples a 50, 60 and 70 oC anged om(1.19 ×10-9 - 3.141× 10-9m2/s). The ac i a ion ene gies o he samples we e 22.53, 29.88 and 49.83 kJ/mol. K o suc ose; Mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol samples espec i ely. . The Modi ied Hende son and Pabis model was ound o be bes i o he slices due o highes alues o R2 ,lowes χ2 and RMSE alues being 0.999,9.31E-05,0.0014737 and -0.00246 co espondinly o suc ose ,mal odex in and con ol espec i ely a all empe a u es. The alues o wa e abso p ion capaci y (WAC), bulk densi y (BD) ehyd a ion a io (RR) and apped densi y (TD) anged om (183-184), o suc ose p e ea ed samples, anged (126 - 129 ) o mal odex in p e ea ed samples (184-180) o con ol, bulk densi y anged om (0.98-0.89), (0.77-0.82),( 0.68-0.79) o suc ose, mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol sample espec i ely. RR alues anged om( 2.31-2.51), (2.35-2.54), and (2.14-2.38) o suc ose, mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol samples espec i ely.TD anged om (0.57-0.67), (0.53-0.64) and (0.52-0.62) o suc ose, mal odex in p e ea ed and con ol samples espec i ely. The alues o colou change (∆E), dec eases as d ying ime inc eases, he alues o L*, a*, and b* o he samples we e 56.04, 52.01 and 51.34, espec i ely. This esea ch showed ha d ying a 70 oC e ained he nu i ional a ibu es o he samples e alua ed. The Modi ied Hende son and Pabis ga e he bes model ha bes i s he d ying p ocess, while suc ose p e ea ed samples minimized nu ien loss. Thus, adop ion o his me hod could help local a me s and ood p ocesso p oduce quali y and shel -s able p oduc s. KEYWORDS: Gua a (Psidium Guaja a Linn.) , D ying, Quali y Cha ac e is ics, P e ea ed Gua a, Slice. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Gua a (Psidium guaja a Linn.) popula ly known as poo man’s apple in he opics belongs o he amily My aceae. I is a comme cial ui o opical and sub- opical egion (T ipa hy e al., 2016).The en i e gua a ee has po en ial he apeu ic e ec s and a e used as olk medicine in many pa s o he globe Psidium guaja a has nea ly six imes he i amin C con en o an o ange, making i an ex emely nu i ious ui (Singh and Tiwa i, 2019). Psidium guaja a is e y nu i ious and one o he swee es ui s in he wo ld which is high in ibe and a good sou ce o essen ial i amins and mine als (Vijaya e al., 2020). P. guaja a, as a climac e ic ui , exhibi s a as inc ease in espi a ion and e hylene p oduc ion du ing ipening. A oom empe a u e, Psidium guaja a lesh has a shel li e o 2 o 4 days (Yada e al., 2022). Se e al pos ha es handling me hods, including con olled/modi ied a mosphe e and cold s o age, ha e been sugges ed o p olong s o age li e and main ain gua a ui quali y. Psidium guaja a ui 's expo po en ial is limi ed due o i s delica e cha ac e , b ie pos -ha es li e, and suscep ibili y o chilling inju y and diseases (Deep hi e al 2017). Osmo ic dehyd a ion is a p e- ea men echnique widely used in ui p ocessing o educe wa e con en be o e d ying, which enhances p oduc quali y, imp o es he e iciency o subsequen d ying me hods such as con ec i e ai d ying, eeze d ying by educing d ying ime and minimizing he mal deg ada ion (Panagio ou e al.,2016). Osmo ic dehyd a ion has been ound e ec i e in p ese ing 7251 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025, 1 Abioye, O.A. bioac i e compounds like i amin C and phenolic which a e sensi i e o hea . Osmo ically hyd a ed Psidium guaja a e ains mo e nu ien s and colou when compa ed o d ied samples (Sa ga e al., 2010). Osmo ic agen s such as empe a u e, imme sed ime, and ui - o-solu ion a e impo an pa ame e s ha in luence mass ans e kine ics and p oduc quali y. Food p ese a ion by d ying is a ime-hono ed and widely used echnique by humani y and he ood p ocessing indus y. Food dehyd a ion is one o he mos signi ican accomplishmen s in human his o y, educing ou species eliance on a daily ood supply e en in ad e se en i onmen al condi ions. P e iously, d ying was done in he sun, bu oday a a ie y o sophis ica ed ools and echniques a e used o dehyd a e oods. Signi ican e o s ha e been made in ecen decades o unde s and some o he chemical and biochemical changes ha occu du ing dehyd a ion and o de elop me hods o a oid undesi able quali y losses. Among he nume ous me hods used o ood conse a ion, d ying is unques ionably he mos ancien bu s ill e y much used nowadays. I is a p ocess by which wa e is emo ed om he ood, by apo iza ion o sublima ion, hus educing he wa e a ailable o deg ada ion eac ions o chemical, enzyma ic o mic obial na u e. The d ying a e is in luenced by ans e mechanisms, such as he apou p essu es o he ood and o he d ying ai , empe a u e and ai eloci y, Mois u e di usion in he p oduc , hickness and su ace exposed o d ying, Le ici e .al., (2015). 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Ma e ials Used F eshly ha es ed ma u ed pink Psidium guaja a samples a physiological s age se en o ma u i y in e y good condi ions we e pu chased om a comme cial ui ma ke a A ada in Ogbomoso, Oyo S a e, Nige ia. The ui s we e aken o he Depa men o C op P oduc ion and Soil Science o Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, Nige ia o iden i ica ion. The ui we e he ea e so ed, g aded o uni o m size and ans e ed o p e-cooled a empe a u e 25°C o 6 hou s o emo e ield hea . 2.2 Theo e ical Conside a ions The d ying cha ac e is ics o he samples we e calcula ed based on he da a de i ed om he d ying pe iod and he d ying empe a u e on he mois u e con en o he gua a slices. 2.3 E ec i e mois u e di usi i y (De ) Acco ding o Wo kneh and Oke (2013), he d ying cha ac e is ics o biological p oduc s a e in he alling a e pe iod and desc ibed Fick’s di usion equa ion. The Fick’s equa ion is gi en as: )/(* dxdcDJ  (1) whe e: J is he di usion lux (among o subs ance di used pe uni a ea pe uni ime), is ime, D is he di usion coe icien , dxdc/ is he concen a ion g adien ( change in concen a ion o e dis ance). This equa ion s a es ha he a e o change o concen a ion ( dC/d ) is p opo ional o he place ope a o ( V2C), which ep esen s he spa ial dis ibu ion o he concen a ion. The cons an o p opo ionali y is he di usion coe icien (D). Al hough he di usi i y equa ion is no he bes equa ion o i expe imen al da a. Howe e , i p o ides an app oxima e me hod o p esen a common quan i a i e compa ison be ween di e en p oduc s. I can also p o ide a desc ip ion o a e age di usion coe icien in he en i e d ying p ocess. The solu ion o his equa ion de eloped by C ank (1975) can be used o a ious egula ly shaped bodies such as slab, cylind ical, and sphe ical shapes. Fo long d ying pe iod, his solu ion can be w i en in a loga i hmic o m as ollows, Abioye e .al, (2018) MR = (M−Me) (Mo−Me) = 8 π2 exp(−π2De 4L02 ) (2) Whe e, De = he e ec i e mois u e di usi i y (m2/s), = he d ying ime (s) and Lo = he hal hickness o he samples (m). Equa ion (3) in linea ised by aking he na u e loga i hms o he bo h sides as hus: ln (MR) = −π2De 4L02 + ln 8 π2 (3) The expe imen al d ying da a we e plo ed in e ms o In (MR) agains ime a di e en empe a u es. The slope de i ed om he linea eg ession o he g aphs was used o calcula e he e ec i e mois u e di usi i y as: Slope = −π2De 4L02 (4) 2.4 De e mina ion o ac i a ion ene gy (Ea) The dependence o he e ec i e di usi i y on he d ying empe a u es can be p edic ed app op ia ely using he A henius equa ion which is gi en by Abioye e al. (2021) and Wo kneh and Oke (2013): De = Doexp(− Ea R(T+273.15)) (5) whe e, De is he e ec i e mois u e di usi i y in m2/s, Do is he p e-exponen ial ac o o A henius equa ion o maximum di usion coe icien (a in ini e empe a u e) in m2/s, Eais he ac i a ion ene gy in KJ/mol, R is he uni e sal gas cons an in KJ/ mol K and T is empe a u e in oC Linea izing he equa ion gi es: T InIn R E DD g De 1 0 0 (6) The ac i a ion ene gy Ea was ob ained by plo ing na u al loga i hm o e ec i e di usi i y wi h ecip ocal o absolu e empe a u e. 2.5 De e mina ion o Quali y A ibu es o Psisium guaja a Samples 7252 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025, 1 Abioye, O.A. The ollowing quali y pa ame e s o he Psidium guaja a samples we e de e mined, in iplica es unless o he wise s a ed: The The ehyd a ion a io o he dehyd a ed p oduc s was de e mined acco ding o he me hod desc ibed by S i as a a and Kuma (2012). The dehyd a ed samples o 5 g each we e placed in a glass beake , 100 ml o wa e was added and hea ed a 40-45 oC o 60 min. The excess wa e was d ained o h ough blo ing pape . The d ained samples we e weighed. Rehyd a ion a io (RR) and mois u e con en (MC) in he dehyd a ed samples we e compu ed using he equa ion below: Rehyd a ion a io d c RR  (7) whe e; c = d ained weigh o ehyd a ed samples and d = weigh o dehyd a ed samples aken o ehyd a ion es . Tannin was Es ima ion o annin 2.6 S a is ical Analysis and Ma hema ical Modelling o D ied Psidium guaja a Powde The expe imen al da a o mois u e a io e sus d ying ime we e i ed o six hin–laye models, which a e widely used in he scien i ic li e a u e o desc ibe he kine ics o he d ying p ocess, Hussein e al., 2016; Tunde-Akin unde and Oke, 2012; Wo kneh and Oke, (2013). The quali y pa ame e s o he d ied gua a powde we e s a is ically analyzed using S a is ical Package o Social Scien is s (SPSS) 25 so wa e package and we e also subjec ed o analysis o a iance (ANOVA). The hin-laye d ying models used include Hende son and Pabis, Modi ied Hende son and Pabis, Loga i hmic, Page, Midilli-Kucuk, and Pa abolic models. Se e al esea che s had ecommended he abo e models as bes i models o hin laye d ying ui s and ege ables, Hussein e al., 2016; Tunde-Akin unde and Oke, (2012). A non-linea eg ession p ocedu e o he six models was ca ied ou using S a is ical Package o Social Sciences (SPSS) 25 so wa e package. The c i e ia used o selec ing he bes model o de ine he d ying cu es a e he Coe icien o De e mina ion (R2), Chi-squa e (χ2), Roo Mean Squa e E o (RMSE) and Mean Bias E o (MBE) which a e calcula ed om Equa ions 1 - 8. The c i e ia we e used o de e mine he ex en quali y o he i o he models. The d ying model wi h highes alue o R2 and he lowes alues o χ2, RMSE and MBE was chosen as he bes model desc ibing he hin laye d ying cha ac e is ics o p e ea ed gua a slices. This is because he highe he alues o R2, and he lowe he alues o χ2, RMSE and MBE, he be e he goodness o i (Doymaz, 2011; Hu e al., 2016). 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 E ec o Tempe a u e and P e ea men on he D ying Cha ac e is ic o Psidium guaja a The cu es o mois u e con en agains d ying ime o Psidium guaja a slices wi h di e en p e ea men s. Suc ose and mal odex in p e ea ed samples had a lowe d ying a e and a longe d ying ime while he con ol sample had he highes d ying a e and he sho es d ying ime (Table 1). The osmo-p e ea men s (suc ose and mal odex in) will expec edly ga e ise o signi ican d y ma e con en o he slices be o e d ying p obably due o solu e imp egna ion du ing p e- ea men s. The p esence o solu e in Psidium guaja a slices would c ea e hyd ogen bonds wi h ee wa e molecules. This could cause in e nal and ex e nal di usion esis ance, leading o limi ed mois u e emo al om he slices in he d ying p ocess, Goula and Adamopoulos, (2008); Nguyen e al., (2023). Table 1: Final mois u e con en and o al d ying ime o p e ea ed Psidium guaja a slices d ied wi h di e en d ying ea men s. 3.2 E ec s o Tempe a u e and P e ea men on D ying Ra e o D ied Psidiumguaja a The e ec s o empe a u e on he con ec i e d ying kine ics o Psidium guaja a slices . The d ying a es o he p e ea ed d ied samples we e obse ed o be highe han o he con ol samples in he wo d ying ea men s. This shows ha he p e ea men s used on he samples p io o d ying is highly signi ican . Howe e , i was e ealed ha he mois u e con en o he samples dec eases as he d ying a e inc eases. 3.3 E ec s o P e ea men s and Tempe a u e on Mois u e Di usi i y o P e ea ed D ied Psidium guaja a slices. The mois u e di usi i y was measu ed using es ablished echniques, by plo ing a g aph o in MR (mois u e a io) agains d ying ime and he esul s we e analyzed o assess he impac o he p e ea men s on he d ying p ocess. The alues o e ec i e mois u e di usi i y we e calcula ed using Equa ion 3.7 and a e shown in Figu es 1. The e alua ed alues o De o suc ose p e ea ed samples a ied om 1.198x10-9m2/s o 1.946 x1 0-9 m2/s, and o mal odex in p e ea ed samples a ied om 1.069x10-9m2/s o 2.351x10- 9m2/s while he con ol samples a ied om1.069x10-9m2/s o 3.141x10-9 m2/s. I was obse ed om he esul s ha P e ea men T ea men To al d ying ime Final m.c w.b% Suc ose Solu ion F esh 50 ºC 60 ºC 70 ºC ___ 15±0.3h 15±0.4h 18±0.4h 82.50±0 8.072±0.2 9.84±0.02 9.92±0.01 M.D. Solu ion 50 ºC 60 ºC 70 ºC 13±0.3h 10±0.4h 14±0.3h 8.065±0.1 9.45±0.1 9.35±0.0 Con ol 50 ºC 60 ºC 70 ºC 6±0.4h 7±0.5h 8±0.4h 10.02±0.2 9.71±0.2 9.65±0.3 7253 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025, 1 Abioye, O.A. mois u e di usi i y inc eases wi h inc ease in empe a u e Figu e 1: E alua ion o e ec i e mois u e di usi i ies o suc ose p e ea ed Psidium guaja a slices a di e en d ying empe a u es 3.4 E ec o Tempe a u es on Ac i a ion Ene gy o Psidium guaja a Samples Tempe a u e is an impo an ac o in luencing he kine ics o a ious p ocesses in he d ying o ui s. The ac i a ion ene gies o he d ying expe imen we e de i ed om he slope o plo o he calcula ed loga i hmic na u al e ec i e mois u e di usi ies (lnDe ) agains he in e se o he absolu e empe a u e (1/Tab). The esul s ob ained we e 27.09, 39.95 and 59.94 kJ/mol o Psidium guaja a. Samples d ied a 50, 60 and 70 ºC. These esul s we e in line wi h ac i a ion ene gy ob ained by Wokneh and Oke (2013). Table 4.4: Selec ed chemical Cha ac e is ics o o en-ai d ied p e ea ed Psidum guaja a slices a di e en empe a u e P e ea men Tempe a u e (oC) Lycopene (mg/100 g) Calcium (mg/100 g) Po assium (mg/100 g) Tannin (mg/100 g) 50 229.15±4.3 3b 29.88±0.0 2c 111.34±8.33 b 3.43±0. 12a Suc os e 60 227.96±3.0 5b 28.29±0.6 2c 110.34±8.33 b 3.45±0. 04a 70 227.76±4.4 1b 27.29±0.6 7c 105.8±1.29b 3.52±0. 01a 50 239.26±4.7 7b 21.93±0.7 7b 114.50±10.6 0b 8.94±0. 49c Mal od ex in 60 238.12±3.1 7b 20.93±0.7 6a 113.50±10.6 0b 8.91±0. 00c 70 237.12±8.8 2b 20.43±0.0 6a 109.0±2.83b 8.98±0. 01c 50 104.52±3.8 4a 21.75±1.1 3b 97.79±3.42a 6.53±0. 07b Con ol 60 102.52±3.8 4a 20.75±1.1 3a 96.79±3.42a 6.39±0. 06b 70 99.84±8.82a 20.23±0.9 9a 98.8±0.63a 6.42±0. 02b Mean wi hin he same column wi h di e en alphabe s(s) a e signi ican di e en a p<0.05 M.D: mal odex in, P.T: p e ea men , MC: Mois u e Con en , Wa e Abso p ion Capaci y, RR: ehyd a ion a io, BD: Bulk Densi y, TD: aped densi 3.5 E ec o Tempe a u e on Re en ion o Colou o P e ea ed Psidium guaja a Samples. The isual appeal o ood samples a e d ying condi ions has o do wi h i s pigmen , which will enable i s accep abili y in he ma ke o he inal consume s. Acco ding o Wo keh and Oke (2013), he changes in colou o he d ied p e ea ed Psidium guaja a samples, i indica e each alues o L*, a* b* and ΔE which demo es ligh ness, edness and yellowness. The alues o 50, 60, and 70oc o suc ose p e ea ed samples we e 44.22,43.22 and 42.72. Also o mal odex in p e ea ed samples, alues a 50, 60 and 70 oC we e 40.16, 39.16, 38.72 espec i ely. The con ol samples alues a 50, 60 and 70 oC we e 37.21, 36.16 and 34.66. hese esul . The bes colou e en ion was shown on suc ose p e ea ed Psidium guaja a ollowed by mal odex in p e ea ed samples and con ol samples. The ligh ness (L) dec eases as he empe a u e inc eases om 50 o 70 oC. The a ia ion in he colou may be due o he e ec o hea ea men which can a ec i s colou s abili y and enzyme ac i i y. This obse a ion was in ag eemen wi h Ba man and Badwaik (2017). L. S. e al., (2017) 3.6 E alua ion o D y Models o Selec ed P e- ea ed Gua a Slices The s a is ical modeling e ealed he esul s ha bes i s he six hin-laye d ying models, such as Hende son and Pabis, Modi ied Hende son and Pabis, Loga i hmic, Page, Midilli Kucuk, and Pa abolic. The c i e ia used o selec ing he bes model o 4.0 CONCLUSIONS The s udy on he d ying and quali y cha ac e is ics o p e ea ed Psidium guaja a samples exhibi enhanced d ying cha ac e is ics compa ed o un ea ed samples. Suc ose p e ea ed samples acili ies ini ial mois u e emo al, which accele a es he d ying a e and educes o al d ying ime. D ying occu s in he alling a e pe iod, indica ing mois u e di usion as he main mechanism. As empe a u e inc eases om 50oc o 70oc d ying a e inc eases, educing d ying ime, E ec i e mois u e di usi i y imp o es se e d ying y = -0.4262x - 0.197 R² = 0.9933 y = -0.6699x + 0.0771 R² = 0.9957 y = -0.6916x - 0.1049 R² = 0.989 -10 0 10 0 5 10 15 20 ln(MR) Time (h) : 50oC SUCROSE 60oC SUCROSE 7254 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025, 1 Abioye, O.A. e iciency and enhances ehyd a ion p ope ies a d ied gua a slices. T ea ed gua a slices show be e ehyd a ion capaci y, an ioxidan ac i i y and o ganolep ic quali ies. Compa ed o un ea ed samples. Osmo ic p e ea men pa icula ly wi h suc ose enhances he physical, nu i ional and unc ional quali ies o gua a slices, making i mo e sui able o ood and nu aceu ical applica ion REFERENCES 1. Ab ahão, F. R., and Co êa, J. L. G. (2021). Osmo ic dehyd a ion: Mo e han wa e loss and solid gain. C i ical Re iews in Food Science and Nu i ion, 1 - 20. 2. Ali, M. A., Yuso , Y. A., Chin, N. L., and Ib ahim, M. N. (2016). 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