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De eloping and alida ing a ques ionnai e o e alua e acul y
membe s’ e en ion in medical sciences uni e si ies
Elaheh Mohammadi1, Mahla Salajegheh2*
1 Depa men o Medical Educa ion, Heal h P o essions Educa ion Resea ch Cen e , Educa ional De elopmen Cen e , Teh an Uni e si y o
Medical Sciences, Teh an, I an
2 Depa men o Medical Educa ion, Medical Educa ion De elopmen Cen e , Ke man Uni e si y o Medical Sciences, Ke man, I an
A icle in o Abs ac
In oduc ion
Nowadays, he human wo k o ce is conside ed he mos
aluable asse in any o ganiza ion, and he p ima y ocus
o in es men s is di ec ed owa ds human esou ces [1].
The p oduc i i y and p o i abili y o o ganiza ions
depend on he e en ion and loyal y o hei human
wo k o ce [2]. O ganiza ional e en ion e e s o he
abili y o e ain human esou ces o an ex ended pe iod
h ough a ious s a egies ha encou age indi iduals o
emain wi h he o ganiza ion. This leads o indi iduals
wi hin an o ganiza ion u ilizing hei ull po en ial o
achie e o ganiza ional goals and engaging
en husias ically in hei wo k [4]. O ganiza ions incu
signi ican cos s in a ac ing, aining, and enhancing he
skills o indi iduals, so he depa u e o alen ed and
expe ienced indi iduals esul s in he loss o aluable
esou ces [1].
A icle his o y:
Recei ed 2 Ma . 2025
Accep ed 23 Jun. 2025
Published 13 Jul. 2025
Mohammadi e al. J Med Edu De . 2025; 18(2): 121-128 Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen
Backg ound & Objec i e: Due o indi idual and o ganiza ional easons, he e en ion o
acul y membe s in medical science uni e si ies has become a c i ical challenge. Iden i ying
and p io i izing he ac o s in luencing acul y e en ion is essen ial. This s udy aimed o
de elop and alida e a ques ionnai e designed o assess acul y e en ion a medical science
uni e si ies.
Ma e ials & Me hods: This psychome ic s udy, employing a mul i-phase ins umen
de elopmen app oach, was conduc ed in 2023 in I an. The s udy consis ed o wo main phases:
i em gene a ion and psychome ic e alua ion. A 25-i em p elimina y ques ionnai e was
de eloped based on quali a i e in e iews wi h acul y membe s om se e al medical sciences
uni e si ies. In he psychome ic phase, ace and con en alidi y we e assessed using expe
judgmen , and he Con en Validi y Index and Con en Validi y Ra io we e calcula ed based on
Lawshe's me hod. Cons uc alidi y was examined using explo a o y ac o analysis and
con i ma o y ac o analysis. Reliabili y was e alua ed h ough in e nal consis ency
(C onbach's alpha) and s abili y ( es - e es me hod using Spea man-B own coe icien ). The
sample consis ed o 351 acul y membe s selec ed h ough con enience sampling.
Resul s: The inal ques ionnai e included 21 i ems ac oss h ee domains: indi idual ac o s,
ins i u ional ac o s, and socio-poli ical ac o s. The CVI and CVR alues we e 0.91 and 0.84,
espec i ely. EFA e ealed a h ee- ac o s uc u e ha explained 64% o he o al a iance. The
esul s o he Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis (CFA) indica ed ha he i indices o he
ques ionnai e's h ee- ac o s uc u e we e app op ia e. C onbach's alpha o he o al scale was
0.80, and domain-speci ic alphas anged om 0.78 o 0.82. The s abili y assessmen indica ed
accep able eliabili y (Spea man-B own coe icien = 0.78).
Conclusion: The de eloped ques ionnai e demons a es accep able alidi y and eliabili y o
assessing ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies. Fu he alida ion
in di e se academic con ex s is ecommended o enhance gene alizabili y.
Keywo ds: acul y, acul y e en ion, psychome ics, medical educa ion, o ganiza ional loyal y,
ques ionnai es
*Co esponding au ho :
Mahla Salajegheh, Depa men o
Medical Educa ion, Medical
Educa ion De elopmen Cen e ,
Ke man Uni e si y o Medical
Sciences, Ke man, I an.
Email: ma yama [email protected]
O iginal A icle
How o ci e his a icle:
Mohammadi E, Salajegheh M.
De eloping and alida ing a
ques ionnai e o e alua e acul y
membe s’ e en ion in medical
sciences uni e si ies. J Med Edu De .
2025; 18(2): 121-128.
[ DOI: 10.61882/edcj.18.2.121 ] [ Downloaded om edujou nal.zums.ac.i on 2025-10-03 ]
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Medical uni e si ies ely on mo i a ed and compe en
acul y membe s as hei mos essen ial human esou ce
o deli e ing heal hca e se ices, educa ing s uden s,
and enhancing he quali y o educa ion and heal h
ou comes [5]. Consequen ly, medical uni e si ies in es
signi ican ly in he de elopmen and empowe men o
young acul y membe s, and ea ly depa u e o hese
indi iduals becomes cos ly o he o ganiza ion.
The e o e, he e en ion o hese aluable asse s in
medical uni e si ies is highly impo an [6]. Howe e ,
due o bo h pe sonal and o ganiza ional ac o s, e aining
acul y membe s—who a e he ounda ion o medical
sciences in uni e si ies—has become inc easingly
challenging. Some o hese indi iduals end o lea e he
medical uni e si y sys em.
The esul s o Nade i Ana i indica ed he in luence o job
sa is ac ion and o ganiza ional commi men among
eache s [7]. Bibi e al. demons a ed ha imp o ing
o ganiza ional suppo , add essing subop imal wo king
condi ions, and enhancing job sa is ac ion can inc ease
eache s' o ganiza ional commi men . Thei esea ch also
e ealed ha a dec ease in commi men can hu he
o ganiza ion, educa o s, and s uden s [8]. The indings o
Zhang indica ed ha academics' emo ions in eaching
made a signi ican di e ence o o ganiza ional
commi men [9]. Selesho and Naile. examined ac o s
ha in luence he poo e en ion a e o academic s a in
Sou h A ica. They disco e ed job sa is ac ion as he
main ac o keeping academic s a in hei p o ession.
They also iden i ied se e al ex insic ac o s, including
sala y, hea y wo kload, challenges in mee ing p omo ion
equi emen s, and inadequa e men o ing and
p o essional de elopmen , as easons o acul y
membe s lea ing he o ganiza ion [10].
Se e al ins umen s ha e been de eloped o measu e
aspec s ela ed o employee e en ion, o ganiza ional
commi men , and job sa is ac ion. Fo example, he
O ganiza ional Commi men Ques ionnai e (OCQ)
de eloped by Mowday e al. [11], he Job Sa is ac ion
Su ey (JSS) by Spec o [12], and he Tu no e In en ion
Scale by Hom e al. [13]. Al hough hese ools a e use ul,
hey p ima ily a ge gene al wo kplace se ings and do
no speci ically add ess he mul i ace ed con ex o
acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies. When
we ini ially a emp ed o use exis ing ins umen s, we
encoun e ed se e al issues. Fi s , a ailable ools lacked
i ems speci ically ailo ed o he academic and clinical
en i onmen s o medical uni e si ies. Second, many
ools measu ed only one o wo aspec s o e en ion-
ela ed ac o s, such as sa is ac ion o mo i a ion, a he
han p o iding a comp ehensi e e alua ion ac oss
o ganiza ional, p o essional, and pe sonal domains.
These limi a ions highligh ed he need o a dedica ed
ool.
As one o he cu en challenges in uni e si ies is he
depa u e o acul y membe s, i is necessa y o examine
he ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion and p io i ize hem
acco dingly. When we decided o de elop a new ool, we
encoun e ed se e al key challenges: i s , he absence o
a comp ehensi e concep ual amewo k speci ic o
acul y e en ion in medical uni e si ies made i em
gene a ion complex. Second, acul y e en ion is
in luenced by mul iple o e lapping domains—pe sonal,
ins i u ional, and socio-poli ical—which equi e
balancing b oad co e age wi h i em cla i y and ocus.
Thi d, achie ing con en ele ance ac oss a ious
academic anks, depa men s, and ins i u ional cul u es
equi ed ex ensi e expe in ol emen and i e a i e
e inemen . Finally, ensu ing he ool's cul u al and
con ex ual app op ia eness o he I anian academic
en i onmen equi ed ca e ul linguis ic alida ion and
sensi i i y o local academic alues.
Al hough he e has been limi ed esea ch on acul y
e en ion in medical uni e si ies and he ac o s
in luencing i wi hin hose o ganiza ions, no eliable and
alid ools ha e been iden i ied o examine he ac o s
ela ed o acul y e en ion. The e o e, designing and
alida ing such a ool o u he in es iga e and p io i ize
he ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion is necessa y. This
esea ch aimed o de elop and alida e a ques ionnai e
o assessing acul y e en ion in medical science
uni e si ies.
Ma e ials & Me hods
Design and se ing(s)
The esea ch was a psychome ic s udy employing a
mul i-phase ins umen de elopmen app oach
conduc ed a he Teh an Uni e si y o Medical Sciences
in I an be ween Feb ua y and Augus 2023. The s udy
included i em gene a ion, con en , and ace alida ion,
cons uc alida ion h ough explo a o y and
con i ma o y ac o analyses, and eliabili y assessmen .
Pa icipan s and sampling
The da a we e collec ed om 351 acul y membe s a
medical sciences uni e si ies in I an who pa icipa ed in
he s udy using a con enience sampling me hod.
Pa icipan s we e selec ed in di e en phases, and
sample sizes we e de e mined based on he s anda ds
equi ed o each psychome ic p ocedu e. Ten expe s
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pa icipa ed in con en alida ion using pu posi e
sampling, while 351 acul y membe s pa icipa ed in
cons uc alida ion h ough con enience sampling.
The inclusion c i e ia equi ed pa icipan s o exp ess an
in e es in he s udy and o ha e expe ience as acul y
membe s a medical sciences uni e si ies.
The e was no es ic ion on minimum o maximum wo k
expe ience, as we aimed o include a di e se ange o
academic p o iles. The exclusion c i e ion was applied
o ques ionnai es ha had mo e han 10% o he
ques ions unanswe ed. Pa icipan s we e selec ed om
a ious acul ies, such as medicine, den is y, pha macy,
nu sing, and allied heal h sciences, ep esen ing 12
di e en uni e si ies ac oss I an. Sampling and da a
collec ion we e conduc ed elec onically ia Google
Fo ms, and he ques ionnai e link was dis ibu ed
h ough o icial uni e si y mailing lis s and academic
g oups on social media pla o ms.
I em de elopmen
The i ems in he ques ionnai e we e de eloped based on
a quali a i e s udy conduc ed by he esea ch eam,
which explo ed he pe spec i es o 22 acul y membe s
om a ious uni e si ies in I an on he ac o s a ec ing
e en ion. This s udy has been published and is ci ed in
e e ences [14]. The quali a i e da a analysis yielded
h ee main ca ego ies and en subca ego ies. Th ee main
ca ego ies we e iden i ied as ac o s in luencing acul y
o ganiza ional e en ion: indi idual ac o s, ins i u ional
ac o s, and socio-poli ical ac o s. A di ec ed con en
analysis app oach was used o analyze he quali a i e
da a, guided by he G aneheim and Lundman me hod
[15]. In e iews we e ansc ibed e ba im and coded
line-by-line, and codes we e g ouped in o subca ego ies
and ca ego ies h ough consensus discussion among
esea che s. To inalize he i ems o he ques ionnai e, a
panel o expe s discussed he ac o s a ec ing he
e en ion o acul y membe s in medical sciences
uni e si ies. An expe panel session in ol ing ou key
in o man s was conduc ed o iden i y he essen ial
ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion in medical science
uni e si ies. The g oup membe s p oposed hese ac o s
based on he quali a i e da a h ough an induc i e
b ains o ming p ocess.
Following his s ep, he i ems o he ques ionnai e we e
de eloped.
Con en alida ion
The con en alidi y o he ini ial ques ionnai e was
in es iga ed bo h quali a i ely and quan i a i ely by
expe opinion. Ten acul y membe s om medical
science uni e si ies we e ec ui ed o e alua e each i em
based on he c i e ia o "essen ial," " ele ance," "cla i y,"
and "simplici y." Each i em was assessed using he Like
scale. Addi ionally, he expe s we e in i ed o p o ide
eedback on he "simplici y" o each i em in e ms o
luency and he use o s aigh o wa d, unde s andable
language, as well as sugges ions o he mos app op ia e
placemen and o de o he i ems. We assessed con en
alidi y by compu ing he Con en Validi y Ra io (CVR)
and Con en Validi y Index (CVI) using a ings o i em
ele ance p o ided by con en expe s. Gi en he en
expe s who e alu-a ed he i ems, he minimum
accep able amoun o CVR was 0.62 based on he
Lawshe able [16]. The o mula o calcula ing he CVI
using Wal z and Bausell's me hod is as ollows: he o al
numbe o esponden s who a ed he i ems as " ele an ,"
"clea ," and "simple" is di ided by he numbe o expe s
who assigned a sco e o 3 o 4 on he co esponding
ques ion wi hin each c i e ion. In his o mula, i an i em
has a sco e o mo e han 0.79, ha i em is e ained in he
ques ionnai e. I CVI is be ween 0.70 and 0.79, he i em
is ques ionable and needs co ec ion and e ision.
Fu he mo e, i he alue is less han 0.70, he i em is
unaccep able and mus be dele ed [17]. The expe s'
cons uc i e commen s ega ding he wo ding o i ems—
such as luency, he use o simple and unde s andable
language, and app op ia e wo d placemen —we e aken
in o accoun .
Face alida ion
Facul y opinions we e solici ed o assess he ace alidi y
o he ques ionnai e. In his p ocess, in e iews we e
conduc ed wi h en acul y membe s using concu en
e bal p obing and a hink-aloud p o ocol. The
ques ionnai e i ems we e examined in e ms o luency,
app op ia e ph asing, a oiding specialized wo ds, and
po en ial ambigui y. In addi ion o quali a i e
assessmen , quan i a i e ace alidi y was calcula ed
using he i em impac me hod. I ems wi h an impac
sco e ≥1.5 we e e ained.
Cons uc alida ion
The modi ied ques ionnai e, based on con en and ace
alida ion, was dis ibu ed o 351 acul y membe s ia
Google Fo ms. The link was sen ou h ee imes o e he
cou se o one mon h, and eminde s we e sha ed ia
social media. An Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA) was
i s conduc ed using LISREL so wa e ( e sion 8.8) o
iden i y he unde lying ac o s uc u e. P incipal axis
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ac o ing wi h P omax o a ion was used. The Kaise -
Meye -Olkin (KMO) es and Ba le 's es o sphe ici y
we e pe o med o ensu e sampling adequacy. A e
con i ming he ac o s uc u e, a Con i ma o y Fac o
Analysis (CFA) was conduc ed o e i y he i o he
model.
Fi indices included Compa a i e Fi Index (CFI),
Goodness o Fi Index (GFI), Adjus ed GFI (AGFI),
S anda dized Roo Mean Squa e Residual (SRMR), and
Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion (RMSEA)
[18].
Reliabili y assessmen
In e nal consis ency was examined using C onbach's
alpha; alues abo e 0.70 we e conside ed accep able.
C onbach's alpha was calcula ed o each subscale and
he en i e ques ionnai e using da a om 351 pa icipan s.
S abili y was e alua ed h ough es - e es eliabili y.
Ten acul y membe s comple ed he ques ionnai e wice,
wi h a 7-day in e al be ween adminis a ions. The
In aclass Co ela ion Coe icien (ICC) was used o
assess es - e es eliabili y. An ICC ≥ 0.70 was
conside ed accep able.
S a is ical analysis
All s a is ical analyses we e conduc ed using SPSS
e sion 26 and LISREL e sion 8.8. No mali y was
checked using he Kolmogo o –Smi no es . Be o e
EFA, assump ions o sampling adequacy and
ac o abili y we e es ed using KMO and Ba le 's es .
Resul s
All 10 expe s comple ed he con en alida ion o m.
Ten acul y membe s also pa icipa ed in he ace alidi y
phase. Th ee hund ed i y-one acul y membe s
pa icipa ed in in es iga ing cons uc alidi y. O hese,
202 we e emale (57.5%) and 149 we e male (42.5%).
Mos pa icipan s we e assis an p o esso s (71.9%,
n=252). In e ms o depa men al a ilia ion, 201
pa icipan s (57.3%) belonged o clinical depa men s,
while he emaining 150 (42.7%) we e om basic
sciences. Rega ding academic expe ience, 252
pa icipan s (71.7%) had 1–5 yea s o expe ience, 65
pa icipan s (18.5%) had 6–10 yea s, and 34 (9.8%) had
o e 10 yea s o expe ience. The sample size was
de e mined based on he ecommenda ion o
con i ma o y ac o analysis, which sugges s using 5 o
10 pa icipan s pe pa ame e es ima e in he
measu emen model [19]. Du ing he eliabili y
assessmen phase, we included 10 pa icipan s,
comp ising six emales and ou males. Se en we e
assis an p o esso s, and h ee we e associa e p o esso s.
Six pa icipan s we e om clinical depa men s, and ou
we e om basic sciences. All pa icipan s had be ween 3
o 12 yea s o expe ience as acul y membe s.
The o e all CVR was 0.82, which was accep able. The
CVI o all i ems was 0.87 by using he Wal z and Bau-
sell me hod. Fi e i ems wi h CVR ˂0.70 we e emo ed
as hey we e iden i ied as being ague o simila o o he
i ems. One i em was added based on he expe s'
sugges ions, and ambigui ies we e co ec ed in six i ems.
The sco ing o each i em o CVR and CVI was done
using a 4-poin Like scale, and he inal decision o
i em e en ion ollowed Lawshe's c i e ia.
Based on he acul y's eedback du ing he ace alidi y
p ocess, all ansla ed i ems we e clea and
accep ed. Quan i a i e ace alidi y was also assessed
using he i em impac sco e index. The impac sco e o
each i em was calcula ed as Impac Sco e = F equency
(%) × Impo ance. All i ems had impac sco es g ea e
han 1.5 and we e he e o e e ained in he ques ionnai e.
The esul s o he CFA indica ed app op ia e i indices
o he ques ionnai e's h ee- ac o s uc u e: RMSEA =
0.064, NFI = 0.90, NNFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94, SRMR =
0.060, GFI = 0.89, and AGFI = 0.86.
The measu emen model, along wi h he s anda dized
ac o loadings o each i em, is depic ed in Figu e 1. All
i ems, excep o i em PF3, exhibi ed ac o loadings
highe han 0.4 and we e s a is ically signi ican (T- alue
> 1.96).
Howe e , i em p 3 demons a ed a ela i ely weak ac o
loading (0.35). Gi en he signi ican ac o loading o
his i em (T- alue = 4.77), i was decided o e ain i
a he han exclude i .
The e was consis ency be ween he quali a i e hemes
iden i ied du ing he i em de elopmen phase, and he
ac o s uc u es e ealed h ough CFA. This suppo s
he heo e ical amewo k es ablished om he
quali a i e da a.
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Figu e 1. Measu emen model, s anda dized ac o loadings, and e o a iances o he ques ionnai e i ems.
C onbach's alpha coe icien o he en i e ques ionnai e
was 0.80. Fo indi idual subscales, C onbach's alpha
was: "indi idual ac o s" = 0.80, "ins i u ional ac o s" =
0.82, and "socio-poli ical ac o s" = 0.78, all indica ing
accep able in e nal consis ency.
Tes - e es eliabili y was e alua ed by adminis e ing he
ques ionnai e o 10 acul y membe s a a 7-day in e al.
The Spea man-B own coe icien was 0.78, con i ming
he ins umen 's s abili y. The ICC was also calcula ed
and was 0.76.
A e in es iga ing eliabili y and alidi y, he inal
ques ionnai e was de eloped o e alua e ac o s ela ed
o acul y membe s' e en ion in medical science
uni e si ies, consis ing o 21 i ems ac oss h ee domains:
"indi idual ac o s" (9 i ems), "ins i u ional ac o s" (9
i ems), and "socio-poli ical ac o s" (3 i ems). (Each i em
was sco ed using a 5-poin Like scale anging om 1
(s ongly disag ee) o 5 (s ongly ag ee). Highe o al
sco es indica e s onge pe cep ions o e en ion ac o s).
Discussion
This s udy desc ibed he de elopmen and psychome ic
es ing o he i s ins umen o e alua e acul y
membe s' e en ion in medical science uni e si ies. The
ini ial ques ionnai e included 25 i ems, and a e con en
alida ion, 21 i ems we e e ained. Fu he analyses
showed accep able in e nal consis ency and eliabili y
o he ques ionnai e. The esul s o he EFA indica ed
ha he h ee- ac o model p o ided a easonable i o
he da a. These ca ego ies included "indi idual ac o s",
"ins i u ional ac o s", and "socio-poli ical ac o s".
Al hough we did no ind any s udies epo ing he
de elopmen and alidi y e idence o a ques ionnai e
speci ically designed o e alua e ac o s ela ed o
acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies, ou
esul s a e closely aligned wi h p e iously published
wo k on he concep ualiza ion o o ganiza ional loyal y
[14]. The i ems in his ques ionnai e aim o ede ine
o ganiza ional loyal y in he con ex o medical science
uni e si ies as he acul y's in en ion o desi e o main ain
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126 Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen ¦ Volume 18 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ 2025
hei membe ship, ac i ely pa icipa e, and wo k
diligen ly owa d he uni e si y's goals [4].
The "indi idual ac o s" domain ocused on he
in ellec ual, pe sonal, and inancial demands, as well as
acul y membe s' digni y and s a us wi hin he
ins i u ion, as c ucial elemen s de e mining acul y
e en ion in he o ganiza ion. The domain o
"ins i u ional ac o s" encompasses issues such as
o ganiza ional s uc u e and cul u e, e alua ion
mechanisms o acul y, and he acili ies and equipmen
p o ided by he uni e si y ha ela e o he acul y's
wo k en i onmen . The "socio-poli ical ac o s" domain
e e s o he socio-poli ical con ex o bo h he
uni e si ies and he b oade coun y.
Ou esul s in he "indi idual ac o s" domain a e
consis en wi h hose o p e ious s udies, wi h a
pa icula emphasis on he impac o pe sonal, academic,
and inancial needs on employee e en ion wi hin he
o ganiza ion.
Vuong e al in es iga ed he ac o s a ec ing doc o s'
sa is ac ion and loyal y in Vie nam and ound ha
income, including bo h sala y and bonuses, plays a
signi ican ole in employee loyal y [4]. The e is a c i ical
need o pay a en ion o he ole o acul y p o essional
alues and adminis a i e a angemen s. The
misalignmen be ween he alues and he o ganiza ion's
adminis a i e p ac ices has been iden i ied as a c ucial
ac o in acul y dissa is ac ion and e en ion. The lack o
alignmen be ween acul y p o essional alues and he
o ganiza ion's adminis a i e a angemen s signi ican ly
con ibu es o he wo k dissa is ac ion o acul y
membe s [20].
The indings ela ed o he "ins i u ional ac o s" domain
ha e been discussed in p e ious s udies on employee
e en ion. Mea and Se. explo ed how wo k-li e balance,
job sa is ac ion, and he wo k en i onmen impac he
loyal y o emale lec u e s. They e ealed ha he wo k
en i onmen has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on he
loyal y o emale lec u e s [21].
Human ela ions wi hin he ins i u ion, depa men , o
college play a c ucial ole in e aining acul y membe s
a he uni e si y. These ela ions e e o he p ocess o
sha ing in o ma ion, ideas, and eedback wi hin an
o ganiza ion, os e ing a anspa en and collabo a i e
wo king en i onmen . Nguyen and Ha . examined he
ole o in e nal communica ion in os e ing employee
loyal y wi hin highe educa ion ins i u ions in Vie nam
and ound a signi ican ela ionship be ween in e nal
communica ion and employee loyal y. They also
emphasized he ole o manage s in enhancing
o ganiza ional engagemen , which, in u n, a ec s
membe s' loyal y o he o ganiza ion [22].
Ou indings unde sco ed he acul y membe s' need o
access o he bes and mos e ec i e acul y de elopmen
p og ams. The e alua ion o acul y de elopmen
e lec s hei desi e and commi men o s aying cu en in
he ield o medical educa ion and o explo e a ious
a eas o medical educa ion [23].
The esul s om he "socio-poli ical ac o s" domain
align wi h p io s udies. Madu ani and Pasa ibu.
e ealed a di ec consequence o alen managemen on
he e en ion o o ganiza ional membe s, wi h an indi ec
e ec media ed by o ganiza ional jus ice [24].
The esul s showed in e nal consis ency, wi h a
C onbach's alpha coe icien o 0.80 o all i ems and
0.80, 0.82, and 0.78 o he espec i e ca ego ies,
indica ing accep able le els o eliabili y. The accep able
C onbach's alpha alues indica e good in e nal
consis ency and con i m he alidi y o he h ee- ac o
model de i ed om he EFA. The esul s om he es -
e es me hod and he calcula ion o he Spea man-
B own coe icien indica ed ha he ool's s abili y was
accep able. The e o e, gi en ha he C onbach's alpha
coe icien exceeded 0.7, he eliabili y o he
ques ionnai e was deemed sui able, con i ming he
esul s o he EFA. The s udy has some limi a ions. All
e alua ions a e based on he iewpoin s o acul y
membe s, which is a po en ial sou ce o bias abou
o ganiza ional loyal y. We he e o e ecommend
u ilizing o he insigh s, such as hose om human
esou ces manage s and policymake s. Fo use in o he
con ex s, he ques ionnai e equi es u he alida ion
among g oups speaking di e en languages, om
a ious cul u es, and in o he uni e si ies. Addi ionally,
he e a e cu en ly no o he ques ionnai es a ailable o
e alua ing ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion in medical
science uni e si ies, making i impossible o alida e he
new ques ionnai e agains a gold s anda d o assess
c i e ion alidi y. Fu u e esea ch could in es iga e how
ins i u ions can bene i om u ilizing his ques ionnai e
o enhance acul y e en ion wi hin hei o ganiza ions.
Conclusion
This is he i s ques ionnai e designed o e alua e ac o s
ela ed o acul y e en ion in medical science
uni e si ies, and i is a alid and eliable ins umen o
measu ing acul y membe 's commi men o he
o ganiza ion. The ques ionnai e was de eloped and
e alua ed psychome ically by a a ie y o me hods. All
con en alida ion and es - e es eliabili y assessmen s
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Mohammadi e al
.
: E alua ing Facul y Re en ion in Medical Uni e si ies
Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen ¦ Volume 18 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ 2025 127
we e ound o be app op ia e. The esul s o he EFA
indica ed ha he h ee- ac o model i s he da a
easonably well. This s udy is expec ed o con ibu e o
he heo e ical amewo k and enhance ou
unde s anding o he a ious mechanisms in ol ed in
acul y e en ion a medical science uni e si ies.
E hical conside a ions
The E hical Re iew Boa d o he Na ional Agency o
S a egic Resea ch in Medical Educa ion app o ed he
s udy (IR.NASRME.REC.1402.097).
The pa icipan s did no ecei e any incen i es, and
pa icipa ion was olun a y. The pa icipan s we e also
assu ed o he con iden iali y o hei in o ma ion, and i
was explained ha he esul s would only be used o
esea ch objec i es.
A i icial in elligence u iliza ion o a icle
w i ing
None.
Acknowledgmen
We hank he acul y who pa icipa ed o hei suppo
and in ol emen in he s udy.
Con lic o in e es s a emen
The e is no con lic o in e es .
Au ho con ibu ions
MS and EM o mula ed he esea ch idea. MS and EM
ga he ed da a. MS and EM pe o med he analysis o he
da a. MS w o e he manusc ip . EM edi ed he d a o
he pape . All au ho s app o ed he inal manusc ip .
Suppo ing esou ces
This s udy was unded by he Na ional Agency o
S a egic Resea ch in Medical Educa ion in Teh an, I an
(G an No. 4010117). The unding body con ibu ed by
p o iding suppo o da a collec ion and analysis.
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
The da ase s used and/o analyzed du ing he cu en
s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho upon
easonable eques .
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