Developing and validating a questionnaire for evaluation faculty members' retention in medical science universities

Copy igh © 2025 Zanjan Uni e si y o Medical Sciences. Published by Zanjan Uni e si y o Medical Sciences. This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial 4.0 In e na ional license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by- nc/4.0/). Noncomme cial uses o he wo k a e pe mi ed, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. De eloping and alida ing a ques ionnai e o e alua e acul y membe s’ e en ion in medical sciences uni e si ies Elaheh Mohammadi1, Mahla Salajegheh2* 1 Depa men o Medical Educa ion, Heal h P o essions Educa ion Resea ch Cen e , Educa ional De elopmen Cen e , Teh an Uni e si y o Medical Sciences, Teh an, I an 2 Depa men o Medical Educa ion, Medical Educa ion De elopmen Cen e , Ke man Uni e si y o Medical Sciences, Ke man, I an A icle in o Abs ac In oduc ion Nowadays, he human wo k o ce is conside ed he mos aluable asse in any o ganiza ion, and he p ima y ocus o in es men s is di ec ed owa ds human esou ces [1]. The p oduc i i y and p o i abili y o o ganiza ions depend on he e en ion and loyal y o hei human wo k o ce [2]. O ganiza ional e en ion e e s o he abili y o e ain human esou ces o an ex ended pe iod h ough a ious s a egies ha encou age indi iduals o emain wi h he o ganiza ion. This leads o indi iduals wi hin an o ganiza ion u ilizing hei ull po en ial o achie e o ganiza ional goals and engaging en husias ically in hei wo k [4]. O ganiza ions incu signi ican cos s in a ac ing, aining, and enhancing he skills o indi iduals, so he depa u e o alen ed and expe ienced indi iduals esul s in he loss o aluable esou ces [1]. A icle his o y: Recei ed 2 Ma . 2025 Accep ed 23 Jun. 2025 Published 13 Jul. 2025 Mohammadi e al. J Med Edu De . 2025; 18(2): 121-128 Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen Backg ound & Objec i e: Due o indi idual and o ganiza ional easons, he e en ion o acul y membe s in medical science uni e si ies has become a c i ical challenge. Iden i ying and p io i izing he ac o s in luencing acul y e en ion is essen ial. This s udy aimed o de elop and alida e a ques ionnai e designed o assess acul y e en ion a medical science uni e si ies. Ma e ials & Me hods: This psychome ic s udy, employing a mul i-phase ins umen de elopmen app oach, was conduc ed in 2023 in I an. The s udy consis ed o wo main phases: i em gene a ion and psychome ic e alua ion. A 25-i em p elimina y ques ionnai e was de eloped based on quali a i e in e iews wi h acul y membe s om se e al medical sciences uni e si ies. In he psychome ic phase, ace and con en alidi y we e assessed using expe judgmen , and he Con en Validi y Index and Con en Validi y Ra io we e calcula ed based on Lawshe's me hod. Cons uc alidi y was examined using explo a o y ac o analysis and con i ma o y ac o analysis. Reliabili y was e alua ed h ough in e nal consis ency (C onbach's alpha) and s abili y ( es - e es me hod using Spea man-B own coe icien ). The sample consis ed o 351 acul y membe s selec ed h ough con enience sampling. Resul s: The inal ques ionnai e included 21 i ems ac oss h ee domains: indi idual ac o s, ins i u ional ac o s, and socio-poli ical ac o s. The CVI and CVR alues we e 0.91 and 0.84, espec i ely. EFA e ealed a h ee- ac o s uc u e ha explained 64% o he o al a iance. The esul s o he Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis (CFA) indica ed ha he i indices o he ques ionnai e's h ee- ac o s uc u e we e app op ia e. C onbach's alpha o he o al scale was 0.80, and domain-speci ic alphas anged om 0.78 o 0.82. The s abili y assessmen indica ed accep able eliabili y (Spea man-B own coe icien = 0.78). Conclusion: The de eloped ques ionnai e demons a es accep able alidi y and eliabili y o assessing ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies. Fu he alida ion in di e se academic con ex s is ecommended o enhance gene alizabili y. Keywo ds: acul y, acul y e en ion, psychome ics, medical educa ion, o ganiza ional loyal y, ques ionnai es *Co esponding au ho : Mahla Salajegheh, Depa men o Medical Educa ion, Medical Educa ion De elopmen Cen e , Ke man Uni e si y o Medical Sciences, Ke man, I an. Email: ma yama [email protected] O iginal A icle How o ci e his a icle: Mohammadi E, Salajegheh M. De eloping and alida ing a ques ionnai e o e alua e acul y membe s’ e en ion in medical sciences uni e si ies. J Med Edu De . 2025; 18(2): 121-128. [ DOI: 10.61882/edcj.18.2.121 ] [ Downloaded om edujou nal.zums.ac.i on 2025-10-03 ] 1 / 8 Mohammadi e al . : E alua ing Facul y Re en ion in Medical Uni e si ies 122 Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen ¦ Volume 18 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ 2025 Medical uni e si ies ely on mo i a ed and compe en acul y membe s as hei mos essen ial human esou ce o deli e ing heal hca e se ices, educa ing s uden s, and enhancing he quali y o educa ion and heal h ou comes [5]. Consequen ly, medical uni e si ies in es signi ican ly in he de elopmen and empowe men o young acul y membe s, and ea ly depa u e o hese indi iduals becomes cos ly o he o ganiza ion. The e o e, he e en ion o hese aluable asse s in medical uni e si ies is highly impo an [6]. Howe e , due o bo h pe sonal and o ganiza ional ac o s, e aining acul y membe s—who a e he ounda ion o medical sciences in uni e si ies—has become inc easingly challenging. Some o hese indi iduals end o lea e he medical uni e si y sys em. The esul s o Nade i Ana i indica ed he in luence o job sa is ac ion and o ganiza ional commi men among eache s [7]. Bibi e al. demons a ed ha imp o ing o ganiza ional suppo , add essing subop imal wo king condi ions, and enhancing job sa is ac ion can inc ease eache s' o ganiza ional commi men . Thei esea ch also e ealed ha a dec ease in commi men can hu he o ganiza ion, educa o s, and s uden s [8]. The indings o Zhang indica ed ha academics' emo ions in eaching made a signi ican di e ence o o ganiza ional commi men [9]. Selesho and Naile. examined ac o s ha in luence he poo e en ion a e o academic s a in Sou h A ica. They disco e ed job sa is ac ion as he main ac o keeping academic s a in hei p o ession. They also iden i ied se e al ex insic ac o s, including sala y, hea y wo kload, challenges in mee ing p omo ion equi emen s, and inadequa e men o ing and p o essional de elopmen , as easons o acul y membe s lea ing he o ganiza ion [10]. Se e al ins umen s ha e been de eloped o measu e aspec s ela ed o employee e en ion, o ganiza ional commi men , and job sa is ac ion. Fo example, he O ganiza ional Commi men Ques ionnai e (OCQ) de eloped by Mowday e al. [11], he Job Sa is ac ion Su ey (JSS) by Spec o [12], and he Tu no e In en ion Scale by Hom e al. [13]. Al hough hese ools a e use ul, hey p ima ily a ge gene al wo kplace se ings and do no speci ically add ess he mul i ace ed con ex o acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies. When we ini ially a emp ed o use exis ing ins umen s, we encoun e ed se e al issues. Fi s , a ailable ools lacked i ems speci ically ailo ed o he academic and clinical en i onmen s o medical uni e si ies. Second, many ools measu ed only one o wo aspec s o e en ion- ela ed ac o s, such as sa is ac ion o mo i a ion, a he han p o iding a comp ehensi e e alua ion ac oss o ganiza ional, p o essional, and pe sonal domains. These limi a ions highligh ed he need o a dedica ed ool. As one o he cu en challenges in uni e si ies is he depa u e o acul y membe s, i is necessa y o examine he ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion and p io i ize hem acco dingly. When we decided o de elop a new ool, we encoun e ed se e al key challenges: i s , he absence o a comp ehensi e concep ual amewo k speci ic o acul y e en ion in medical uni e si ies made i em gene a ion complex. Second, acul y e en ion is in luenced by mul iple o e lapping domains—pe sonal, ins i u ional, and socio-poli ical—which equi e balancing b oad co e age wi h i em cla i y and ocus. Thi d, achie ing con en ele ance ac oss a ious academic anks, depa men s, and ins i u ional cul u es equi ed ex ensi e expe in ol emen and i e a i e e inemen . Finally, ensu ing he ool's cul u al and con ex ual app op ia eness o he I anian academic en i onmen equi ed ca e ul linguis ic alida ion and sensi i i y o local academic alues. Al hough he e has been limi ed esea ch on acul y e en ion in medical uni e si ies and he ac o s in luencing i wi hin hose o ganiza ions, no eliable and alid ools ha e been iden i ied o examine he ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion. The e o e, designing and alida ing such a ool o u he in es iga e and p io i ize he ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion is necessa y. This esea ch aimed o de elop and alida e a ques ionnai e o assessing acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies. Ma e ials & Me hods Design and se ing(s) The esea ch was a psychome ic s udy employing a mul i-phase ins umen de elopmen app oach conduc ed a he Teh an Uni e si y o Medical Sciences in I an be ween Feb ua y and Augus 2023. The s udy included i em gene a ion, con en , and ace alida ion, cons uc alida ion h ough explo a o y and con i ma o y ac o analyses, and eliabili y assessmen . Pa icipan s and sampling The da a we e collec ed om 351 acul y membe s a medical sciences uni e si ies in I an who pa icipa ed in he s udy using a con enience sampling me hod. Pa icipan s we e selec ed in di e en phases, and sample sizes we e de e mined based on he s anda ds equi ed o each psychome ic p ocedu e. Ten expe s [ DOI: 10.61882/edcj.18.2.121 ] [ Downloaded om edujou nal.zums.ac.i on 2025-10-03 ] 2 / 8 Mohammadi e al . : E alua ing Facul y Re en ion in Medical Uni e si ies Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen ¦ Volume 18 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ 2025 123 pa icipa ed in con en alida ion using pu posi e sampling, while 351 acul y membe s pa icipa ed in cons uc alida ion h ough con enience sampling. The inclusion c i e ia equi ed pa icipan s o exp ess an in e es in he s udy and o ha e expe ience as acul y membe s a medical sciences uni e si ies. The e was no es ic ion on minimum o maximum wo k expe ience, as we aimed o include a di e se ange o academic p o iles. The exclusion c i e ion was applied o ques ionnai es ha had mo e han 10% o he ques ions unanswe ed. Pa icipan s we e selec ed om a ious acul ies, such as medicine, den is y, pha macy, nu sing, and allied heal h sciences, ep esen ing 12 di e en uni e si ies ac oss I an. Sampling and da a collec ion we e conduc ed elec onically ia Google Fo ms, and he ques ionnai e link was dis ibu ed h ough o icial uni e si y mailing lis s and academic g oups on social media pla o ms. I em de elopmen The i ems in he ques ionnai e we e de eloped based on a quali a i e s udy conduc ed by he esea ch eam, which explo ed he pe spec i es o 22 acul y membe s om a ious uni e si ies in I an on he ac o s a ec ing e en ion. This s udy has been published and is ci ed in e e ences [14]. The quali a i e da a analysis yielded h ee main ca ego ies and en subca ego ies. Th ee main ca ego ies we e iden i ied as ac o s in luencing acul y o ganiza ional e en ion: indi idual ac o s, ins i u ional ac o s, and socio-poli ical ac o s. A di ec ed con en analysis app oach was used o analyze he quali a i e da a, guided by he G aneheim and Lundman me hod [15]. In e iews we e ansc ibed e ba im and coded line-by-line, and codes we e g ouped in o subca ego ies and ca ego ies h ough consensus discussion among esea che s. To inalize he i ems o he ques ionnai e, a panel o expe s discussed he ac o s a ec ing he e en ion o acul y membe s in medical sciences uni e si ies. An expe panel session in ol ing ou key in o man s was conduc ed o iden i y he essen ial ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies. The g oup membe s p oposed hese ac o s based on he quali a i e da a h ough an induc i e b ains o ming p ocess. Following his s ep, he i ems o he ques ionnai e we e de eloped. Con en alida ion The con en alidi y o he ini ial ques ionnai e was in es iga ed bo h quali a i ely and quan i a i ely by expe opinion. Ten acul y membe s om medical science uni e si ies we e ec ui ed o e alua e each i em based on he c i e ia o "essen ial," " ele ance," "cla i y," and "simplici y." Each i em was assessed using he Like scale. Addi ionally, he expe s we e in i ed o p o ide eedback on he "simplici y" o each i em in e ms o luency and he use o s aigh o wa d, unde s andable language, as well as sugges ions o he mos app op ia e placemen and o de o he i ems. We assessed con en alidi y by compu ing he Con en Validi y Ra io (CVR) and Con en Validi y Index (CVI) using a ings o i em ele ance p o ided by con en expe s. Gi en he en expe s who e alu-a ed he i ems, he minimum accep able amoun o CVR was 0.62 based on he Lawshe able [16]. The o mula o calcula ing he CVI using Wal z and Bausell's me hod is as ollows: he o al numbe o esponden s who a ed he i ems as " ele an ," "clea ," and "simple" is di ided by he numbe o expe s who assigned a sco e o 3 o 4 on he co esponding ques ion wi hin each c i e ion. In his o mula, i an i em has a sco e o mo e han 0.79, ha i em is e ained in he ques ionnai e. I CVI is be ween 0.70 and 0.79, he i em is ques ionable and needs co ec ion and e ision. Fu he mo e, i he alue is less han 0.70, he i em is unaccep able and mus be dele ed [17]. The expe s' cons uc i e commen s ega ding he wo ding o i ems— such as luency, he use o simple and unde s andable language, and app op ia e wo d placemen —we e aken in o accoun . Face alida ion Facul y opinions we e solici ed o assess he ace alidi y o he ques ionnai e. In his p ocess, in e iews we e conduc ed wi h en acul y membe s using concu en e bal p obing and a hink-aloud p o ocol. The ques ionnai e i ems we e examined in e ms o luency, app op ia e ph asing, a oiding specialized wo ds, and po en ial ambigui y. In addi ion o quali a i e assessmen , quan i a i e ace alidi y was calcula ed using he i em impac me hod. I ems wi h an impac sco e ≥1.5 we e e ained. Cons uc alida ion The modi ied ques ionnai e, based on con en and ace alida ion, was dis ibu ed o 351 acul y membe s ia Google Fo ms. The link was sen ou h ee imes o e he cou se o one mon h, and eminde s we e sha ed ia social media. An Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA) was i s conduc ed using LISREL so wa e ( e sion 8.8) o iden i y he unde lying ac o s uc u e. P incipal axis [ DOI: 10.61882/edcj.18.2.121 ] [ Downloaded om edujou nal.zums.ac.i on 2025-10-03 ] 3 / 8 Mohammadi e al . : E alua ing Facul y Re en ion in Medical Uni e si ies 124 Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen ¦ Volume 18 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ 2025 ac o ing wi h P omax o a ion was used. The Kaise - Meye -Olkin (KMO) es and Ba le 's es o sphe ici y we e pe o med o ensu e sampling adequacy. A e con i ming he ac o s uc u e, a Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis (CFA) was conduc ed o e i y he i o he model. Fi indices included Compa a i e Fi Index (CFI), Goodness o Fi Index (GFI), Adjus ed GFI (AGFI), S anda dized Roo Mean Squa e Residual (SRMR), and Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion (RMSEA) [18]. Reliabili y assessmen In e nal consis ency was examined using C onbach's alpha; alues abo e 0.70 we e conside ed accep able. C onbach's alpha was calcula ed o each subscale and he en i e ques ionnai e using da a om 351 pa icipan s. S abili y was e alua ed h ough es - e es eliabili y. Ten acul y membe s comple ed he ques ionnai e wice, wi h a 7-day in e al be ween adminis a ions. The In aclass Co ela ion Coe icien (ICC) was used o assess es - e es eliabili y. An ICC ≥ 0.70 was conside ed accep able. S a is ical analysis All s a is ical analyses we e conduc ed using SPSS e sion 26 and LISREL e sion 8.8. No mali y was checked using he Kolmogo o –Smi no es . Be o e EFA, assump ions o sampling adequacy and ac o abili y we e es ed using KMO and Ba le 's es . Resul s All 10 expe s comple ed he con en alida ion o m. Ten acul y membe s also pa icipa ed in he ace alidi y phase. Th ee hund ed i y-one acul y membe s pa icipa ed in in es iga ing cons uc alidi y. O hese, 202 we e emale (57.5%) and 149 we e male (42.5%). Mos pa icipan s we e assis an p o esso s (71.9%, n=252). In e ms o depa men al a ilia ion, 201 pa icipan s (57.3%) belonged o clinical depa men s, while he emaining 150 (42.7%) we e om basic sciences. Rega ding academic expe ience, 252 pa icipan s (71.7%) had 1–5 yea s o expe ience, 65 pa icipan s (18.5%) had 6–10 yea s, and 34 (9.8%) had o e 10 yea s o expe ience. The sample size was de e mined based on he ecommenda ion o con i ma o y ac o analysis, which sugges s using 5 o 10 pa icipan s pe pa ame e es ima e in he measu emen model [19]. Du ing he eliabili y assessmen phase, we included 10 pa icipan s, comp ising six emales and ou males. Se en we e assis an p o esso s, and h ee we e associa e p o esso s. Six pa icipan s we e om clinical depa men s, and ou we e om basic sciences. All pa icipan s had be ween 3 o 12 yea s o expe ience as acul y membe s. The o e all CVR was 0.82, which was accep able. The CVI o all i ems was 0.87 by using he Wal z and Bau- sell me hod. Fi e i ems wi h CVR ˂0.70 we e emo ed as hey we e iden i ied as being ague o simila o o he i ems. One i em was added based on he expe s' sugges ions, and ambigui ies we e co ec ed in six i ems. The sco ing o each i em o CVR and CVI was done using a 4-poin Like scale, and he inal decision o i em e en ion ollowed Lawshe's c i e ia. Based on he acul y's eedback du ing he ace alidi y p ocess, all ansla ed i ems we e clea and accep ed. Quan i a i e ace alidi y was also assessed using he i em impac sco e index. The impac sco e o each i em was calcula ed as Impac Sco e = F equency (%) × Impo ance. All i ems had impac sco es g ea e han 1.5 and we e he e o e e ained in he ques ionnai e. The esul s o he CFA indica ed app op ia e i indices o he ques ionnai e's h ee- ac o s uc u e: RMSEA = 0.064, NFI = 0.90, NNFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94, SRMR = 0.060, GFI = 0.89, and AGFI = 0.86. The measu emen model, along wi h he s anda dized ac o loadings o each i em, is depic ed in Figu e 1. All i ems, excep o i em PF3, exhibi ed ac o loadings highe han 0.4 and we e s a is ically signi ican (T- alue > 1.96). Howe e , i em p 3 demons a ed a ela i ely weak ac o loading (0.35). Gi en he signi ican ac o loading o his i em (T- alue = 4.77), i was decided o e ain i a he han exclude i . The e was consis ency be ween he quali a i e hemes iden i ied du ing he i em de elopmen phase, and he ac o s uc u es e ealed h ough CFA. This suppo s he heo e ical amewo k es ablished om he quali a i e da a. [ DOI: 10.61882/edcj.18.2.121 ] [ Downloaded om edujou nal.zums.ac.i on 2025-10-03 ] 4 / 8 Mohammadi e al . : E alua ing Facul y Re en ion in Medical Uni e si ies Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen ¦ Volume 18 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ 2025 125 Figu e 1. Measu emen model, s anda dized ac o loadings, and e o a iances o he ques ionnai e i ems. C onbach's alpha coe icien o he en i e ques ionnai e was 0.80. Fo indi idual subscales, C onbach's alpha was: "indi idual ac o s" = 0.80, "ins i u ional ac o s" = 0.82, and "socio-poli ical ac o s" = 0.78, all indica ing accep able in e nal consis ency. Tes - e es eliabili y was e alua ed by adminis e ing he ques ionnai e o 10 acul y membe s a a 7-day in e al. The Spea man-B own coe icien was 0.78, con i ming he ins umen 's s abili y. The ICC was also calcula ed and was 0.76. A e in es iga ing eliabili y and alidi y, he inal ques ionnai e was de eloped o e alua e ac o s ela ed o acul y membe s' e en ion in medical science uni e si ies, consis ing o 21 i ems ac oss h ee domains: "indi idual ac o s" (9 i ems), "ins i u ional ac o s" (9 i ems), and "socio-poli ical ac o s" (3 i ems). (Each i em was sco ed using a 5-poin Like scale anging om 1 (s ongly disag ee) o 5 (s ongly ag ee). Highe o al sco es indica e s onge pe cep ions o e en ion ac o s). Discussion This s udy desc ibed he de elopmen and psychome ic es ing o he i s ins umen o e alua e acul y membe s' e en ion in medical science uni e si ies. The ini ial ques ionnai e included 25 i ems, and a e con en alida ion, 21 i ems we e e ained. Fu he analyses showed accep able in e nal consis ency and eliabili y o he ques ionnai e. The esul s o he EFA indica ed ha he h ee- ac o model p o ided a easonable i o he da a. These ca ego ies included "indi idual ac o s", "ins i u ional ac o s", and "socio-poli ical ac o s". Al hough we did no ind any s udies epo ing he de elopmen and alidi y e idence o a ques ionnai e speci ically designed o e alua e ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies, ou esul s a e closely aligned wi h p e iously published wo k on he concep ualiza ion o o ganiza ional loyal y [14]. The i ems in his ques ionnai e aim o ede ine o ganiza ional loyal y in he con ex o medical science uni e si ies as he acul y's in en ion o desi e o main ain [ DOI: 10.61882/edcj.18.2.121 ] [ Downloaded om edujou nal.zums.ac.i on 2025-10-03 ] 5 / 8 Mohammadi e al . : E alua ing Facul y Re en ion in Medical Uni e si ies 126 Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen ¦ Volume 18 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ 2025 hei membe ship, ac i ely pa icipa e, and wo k diligen ly owa d he uni e si y's goals [4]. The "indi idual ac o s" domain ocused on he in ellec ual, pe sonal, and inancial demands, as well as acul y membe s' digni y and s a us wi hin he ins i u ion, as c ucial elemen s de e mining acul y e en ion in he o ganiza ion. The domain o "ins i u ional ac o s" encompasses issues such as o ganiza ional s uc u e and cul u e, e alua ion mechanisms o acul y, and he acili ies and equipmen p o ided by he uni e si y ha ela e o he acul y's wo k en i onmen . The "socio-poli ical ac o s" domain e e s o he socio-poli ical con ex o bo h he uni e si ies and he b oade coun y. Ou esul s in he "indi idual ac o s" domain a e consis en wi h hose o p e ious s udies, wi h a pa icula emphasis on he impac o pe sonal, academic, and inancial needs on employee e en ion wi hin he o ganiza ion. Vuong e al in es iga ed he ac o s a ec ing doc o s' sa is ac ion and loyal y in Vie nam and ound ha income, including bo h sala y and bonuses, plays a signi ican ole in employee loyal y [4]. The e is a c i ical need o pay a en ion o he ole o acul y p o essional alues and adminis a i e a angemen s. The misalignmen be ween he alues and he o ganiza ion's adminis a i e p ac ices has been iden i ied as a c ucial ac o in acul y dissa is ac ion and e en ion. The lack o alignmen be ween acul y p o essional alues and he o ganiza ion's adminis a i e a angemen s signi ican ly con ibu es o he wo k dissa is ac ion o acul y membe s [20]. The indings ela ed o he "ins i u ional ac o s" domain ha e been discussed in p e ious s udies on employee e en ion. Mea and Se. explo ed how wo k-li e balance, job sa is ac ion, and he wo k en i onmen impac he loyal y o emale lec u e s. They e ealed ha he wo k en i onmen has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on he loyal y o emale lec u e s [21]. Human ela ions wi hin he ins i u ion, depa men , o college play a c ucial ole in e aining acul y membe s a he uni e si y. These ela ions e e o he p ocess o sha ing in o ma ion, ideas, and eedback wi hin an o ganiza ion, os e ing a anspa en and collabo a i e wo king en i onmen . Nguyen and Ha . examined he ole o in e nal communica ion in os e ing employee loyal y wi hin highe educa ion ins i u ions in Vie nam and ound a signi ican ela ionship be ween in e nal communica ion and employee loyal y. They also emphasized he ole o manage s in enhancing o ganiza ional engagemen , which, in u n, a ec s membe s' loyal y o he o ganiza ion [22]. Ou indings unde sco ed he acul y membe s' need o access o he bes and mos e ec i e acul y de elopmen p og ams. The e alua ion o acul y de elopmen e lec s hei desi e and commi men o s aying cu en in he ield o medical educa ion and o explo e a ious a eas o medical educa ion [23]. The esul s om he "socio-poli ical ac o s" domain align wi h p io s udies. Madu ani and Pasa ibu. e ealed a di ec consequence o alen managemen on he e en ion o o ganiza ional membe s, wi h an indi ec e ec media ed by o ganiza ional jus ice [24]. The esul s showed in e nal consis ency, wi h a C onbach's alpha coe icien o 0.80 o all i ems and 0.80, 0.82, and 0.78 o he espec i e ca ego ies, indica ing accep able le els o eliabili y. The accep able C onbach's alpha alues indica e good in e nal consis ency and con i m he alidi y o he h ee- ac o model de i ed om he EFA. The esul s om he es - e es me hod and he calcula ion o he Spea man- B own coe icien indica ed ha he ool's s abili y was accep able. The e o e, gi en ha he C onbach's alpha coe icien exceeded 0.7, he eliabili y o he ques ionnai e was deemed sui able, con i ming he esul s o he EFA. The s udy has some limi a ions. All e alua ions a e based on he iewpoin s o acul y membe s, which is a po en ial sou ce o bias abou o ganiza ional loyal y. We he e o e ecommend u ilizing o he insigh s, such as hose om human esou ces manage s and policymake s. Fo use in o he con ex s, he ques ionnai e equi es u he alida ion among g oups speaking di e en languages, om a ious cul u es, and in o he uni e si ies. Addi ionally, he e a e cu en ly no o he ques ionnai es a ailable o e alua ing ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies, making i impossible o alida e he new ques ionnai e agains a gold s anda d o assess c i e ion alidi y. Fu u e esea ch could in es iga e how ins i u ions can bene i om u ilizing his ques ionnai e o enhance acul y e en ion wi hin hei o ganiza ions. Conclusion This is he i s ques ionnai e designed o e alua e ac o s ela ed o acul y e en ion in medical science uni e si ies, and i is a alid and eliable ins umen o measu ing acul y membe 's commi men o he o ganiza ion. The ques ionnai e was de eloped and e alua ed psychome ically by a a ie y o me hods. All con en alida ion and es - e es eliabili y assessmen s [ DOI: 10.61882/edcj.18.2.121 ] [ Downloaded om edujou nal.zums.ac.i on 2025-10-03 ] 6 / 8 Mohammadi e al . : E alua ing Facul y Re en ion in Medical Uni e si ies Jou nal o Medical Educa ion De elopmen ¦ Volume 18 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ 2025 127 we e ound o be app op ia e. The esul s o he EFA indica ed ha he h ee- ac o model i s he da a easonably well. This s udy is expec ed o con ibu e o he heo e ical amewo k and enhance ou unde s anding o he a ious mechanisms in ol ed in acul y e en ion a medical science uni e si ies. E hical conside a ions The E hical Re iew Boa d o he Na ional Agency o S a egic Resea ch in Medical Educa ion app o ed he s udy (IR.NASRME.REC.1402.097). The pa icipan s did no ecei e any incen i es, and pa icipa ion was olun a y. The pa icipan s we e also assu ed o he con iden iali y o hei in o ma ion, and i was explained ha he esul s would only be used o esea ch objec i es. A i icial in elligence u iliza ion o a icle w i ing None. Acknowledgmen We hank he acul y who pa icipa ed o hei suppo and in ol emen in he s udy. Con lic o in e es s a emen The e is no con lic o in e es . Au ho con ibu ions MS and EM o mula ed he esea ch idea. MS and EM ga he ed da a. MS and EM pe o med he analysis o he da a. MS w o e he manusc ip . EM edi ed he d a o he pape . All au ho s app o ed he inal manusc ip . Suppo ing esou ces This s udy was unded by he Na ional Agency o S a egic Resea ch in Medical Educa ion in Teh an, I an (G an No. 4010117). 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[h ps://doi.o g/10.2991/aebm .k.220304.031] [ DOI: 10.61882/edcj.18.2.121 ] [ Downloaded om edujou nal.zums.ac.i on 2025-10-03 ] Powe ed by TCPDF (www. cpd .o g) 8 / 8