In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025
DOI: 10.47191/ijcs /V8-i10-03, Impac Fac o : 8.048
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Di e ences in he Mean Cephalic Index be ween he Timo ese E hnic G oup
and he Mixed Timo ese E hnic G oup in Kupang Ci y, Eas Nusa Tengga a
P o ince
A iany Ku nia i Hanna Taneo1*, Regina Ma ina Hu asoi 2, Iswaningsih3, He man Pie e Loius Wungouw4
1Facul y o Medicine and Ve e ina y Medicine, Nusa Cendana Uni e si y
2Depa men o Ana omy, Facul y o Medicine and Ve e ina y Medicine, Nusa Cendana Uni e si y
3Depa men o Public Heal h and Communi y Medicine, Facul y o Medicine and Ve e ina y Medicine, Nusa Cendana Uni e si y
4Depa men o Radiology, Facul y o Medicine and Ve e ina y Medicine, Nusa Cendana Uni e si y
ABSTRACT: The cephalic index is a head measu emen echnique by de e mines he a io o head size om he maximum leng h
o he skull bone (glabella-opis hoc anion) o he maximum wid h o he skull bone (eu yon-eu yon). E hnici y is one o he ac o s
ha can a ec he shape and size o a pe son's head. The Timo ese a e a ibe ha li es on he island o Timo in Eas Nusa Tengga a
P o ince. In e ma iage be ween di e en e hnici ies can a ec he nex gene a ion’s shape and ype o head. This is due o he
combina ion o di e en gene ic in o ma ion om each indi idual. This s udy aims o de e mine whe he he e is a di e ence in he
mean cephalic index be ween he Timo ese and he mixed Timo ese in Kupang Ci y, Eas Nusa Tengga a P o ince. This s udy uses
a compa a i e analy ical esea ch design wi h a c oss-sec ional design. The sampling echnique used was a non-p obabili y sampling
me hod wi h a consecu i e sampling ype, wi h a sample size o 100 people. The da a we e collec ed using a sc eening shee and
measu ing he cephalic index di ec ly on esea ch subjec s using a sp eading calipe . The da a analysis used was he independen -
es . The esul showed ha using an independen - es , he e was no signi ican di e ence in he mean cephalic index be ween he
Timo ese and mixed Timo ese in Kupang Ci y, Eas Nusa Tengga a P o ince wi h p- alue = 0.38.
KEYWORDS: Cephalic Index, Timo ese, Mixed Timo ese, Kupang Ci y
INTRODUCTION
The cephalic index is a c anial measu emen echnique ha de e mines he a io be ween he maximum c anial leng h and
he maximum c anial b ead h [5],[6]. The measu emen o he cephalic index holds signi ican impo ance in he ields o
an h opology, o ensic science, and c anio acial plas ic su ge y planning. I can also assis in iden i ying and classi ying popula ions
based on age, ace, sex, nu i ional s a us, geog aphical loca ion, li ing en i onmen , and e hnic backg ound. Mo eo e , i may be
employed o moni o g ow h and de elopmen al pa e ns in di e se popula ions, as well as o de ec c anial abno mali ies [5–7].
Acco ding o he In e na ional Desc ip ions, he measu emen o he cephalic index (head shape) is classi ied in o ou ypes:
dolichocephalic, mesocephalic, b achycephalic, and hype b achycephalic [7]. In Nige ia and o he egions o A ica (Neg oid ace),
he a e age head shape o he popula ion is p edominan ly dolichocephalic [11],[12]. In con as , s udies in I an, Chile, and se e al
Eu opean popula ions, all ca ego ized unde he Caucasoid ace, epo ed a simila p edominance o he b achycephalic ype
[11],[13].
In Indonesia, esea ch conduc ed by Ma ia Is iqomah Ma ini e al. (2016) demons a ed ha he Dayak Kenyah e hnic g oup
p edominan ly exhibi s a mesocephalic head ype. Meanwhile, a s udy by Khani a u Zah oh e al. (2018) epo ed ha he Dayak
Ngaju, Dayak Buki , and Dayak Banja Hulu e hnic g oups—belonging o he P o o-Malay ace—sha e a common cha ac e is ic o
dolichocephalic head ype [14]. Fu he mo e, a s udy by Ananda e al. (2021), e ealed ha he Balinese popula ion (Deu e o-Malay
ace) p edominan ly exhibi s a hype b achycephalic head ype, whe eas he NTT popula ion (Melanesian ace) p edominan ly
exhibi s a b achycephalic head ype [15]. The shape and size o an indi idual’s head a e in luenced by mul iple ac o s, bo h in e nal
and ex e nal. In e nal ac o s e e o inhe en cha ac e is ics ha canno be al e ed, such as e hnici y, ace, gene ics, sex, and age.
In con as , ex e nal ac o s a e de i ed om he en i onmen , including nu i ion, li ing condi ions, and geog aphical loca ion
[1],[8],[17]. E hnici y is one o he in e nal ac o s ha can in luence c anial shape and size due o a ia ions in gene ic in o ma ion
among indi iduals om di e en e hnic g oups [2],[9].
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025
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The Timo ese e hnic g oup esides on Timo Island in Eas Nusa Tengga a P o ince. Thei p edominan physical
cha ac e is ics include da k b own o blackish skin, cu ly hai , dis inc i e c anial shape, na ow zygoma ic bones and mandible, a
ela i ely high o al acial index, a ace p opo ionally alle compa ed o zygoma ic wid h, and a o ehead ha is ela i ely b oade
compa ed o c anial b ead h [18]. The majo i y o he Timo ese popula ion exhibi a ounded head shape, co esponding o he
b achycephalic ype [19]. In e e hnic ma iages con ibu e o he combina ion o gene ic in o ma ion om bo h pa en s, whe he
om he same o di e en e hnic backg ounds, he eby in luencing he head ype and c anial mo phology o hei o sp ing. This
gene ic admix u e p o ides he a ionale o he p esen s udy [2],[20].
METHOD
The s udy was conduc ed di ec ly in i e dis ic s o Kupang Ci y. A o al o 100 pa icipan s we e ec ui ed, consis ing o
50 indi iduals om he Timo ese e hnic g oup and 50 indi iduals om he Mixed-Timo ese e hnic g oup (wi h a leas one pa en
o Timo ese o igin). The inclusion c i e ia equi ed pa icipan s wi h no his o y o c anial su ge y, c anio acial plas ic su ge y, o
speci ic medical condi ions ha could al e c anial mo phology, and no his o y o se e e head auma.
RESULT
The cha ac e is ics o 50 Timo ese E hnic esponden s can be seen in he igu e below
Figu e 1. Cha ac e is ics o Responden s Based on Gende
Figu e 2. Cha ac e is ics o Responden s Based on Age
Figu e 3. Cha ac e is ics o Responden s Based on Add ess
Based on gende , he majo i y o esponden s we e male, o aling 27 indi iduals (54%). Acco ding o age g oups, he la ges
p opo ions we e ound in he 17–25 yea s and 26–35 yea s g oups, each comp ising 14 esponden s (28%). The smalles p opo ion
was obse ed in he 36–45 yea s and 46–55 yea s g oups, wi h 11 esponden s (22%). The oldes esponden was 50 yea s old, while
he younges was 18 yea s old. In e ms o esiden ial sub-dis ic , he highes numbe o esponden s was om Oebobo sub-dis ic ,
comp ising 15 indi iduals (30%), whe eas he smalles numbe was om Alak sub-dis ic , wi h 8 esponden s (16%).
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
ISSN: 2581-8341
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The cha ac e is ics o 50 Mixed-Timo ese E hnic esponden s can be seen in he igu e below
Figu e 1. Cha ac e is ics o Responden s Based on Gende
Figu e 2. Cha ac e is ics o Responden s Based on Age
Figu e 3. Cha ac e is ics o Responden s Based on Add ess
Based on gende , he majo i y o esponden s we e emale, o aling 27 indi iduals (54%). Acco ding o age g oups, mos
esponden s we e in he 17–25 yea s g oup, wi h 34 indi iduals (68%), while he smalles p opo ion was ound in he 36–45 yea s
g oup, wi h 3 indi iduals (6%). The oldes esponden was 50 yea s old, and he younges was 18 yea s old. In e ms o esiden ial
sub-dis ic , he la ges numbe o esponden s came om Oebobo sub-is ic , wi h 19 indi iduals (38%), whe eas he smalles
numbe came om Alak sub-is ic , wi h 2 indi iduals (4%).
Uni a ia e Analysis
Table 1. Mean Cephalic Index o he Timo ese and Mixed-Timo ese E hnic G oups
Dolicocephalic
Mesocephalic
B achycephalic
Hype b achycephalc
Mean
Timo ese
E hnic
71,50
77,33
81,95
88,00
82,76
Mixed-
Timo ese
E hnic
72,00
77,43
81,76
87,71
83,62
Based on Table 1, mos esponden s om he Timo ese e hnic g oup exhibi ed he b achycephalic head ype, wi h 22
indi iduals (44%), while he leas common was he dolichocephalic ype, wi h 2 indi iduals (4%). The o e all mean cephalic index
in his g oup was 82.76. In con as , among esponden s om he Mixed-Timo ese e hnic g oup, he majo i y exhibi ed he
hype b achycephalic head ype, wi h 24 indi iduals (48%), while he dolichocephalic ype was he leas common, wi h 2 indi iduals
(4%). The o e all mean cephalic index in his g oup was 83.62
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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Bi a ia e Analysis
Table 2. S a is ical Tes o he Mean Cephalic Index in he Timo ese and Mixed-Timo ese E hnic G oups
The s a is ical es esul s p esen ed in Table 2 show ha he compa ison be ween he Timo ese and Mixed-Timo ese e hnic g oups
yielded a signi icance alue o p = 0.38 (p > 0.05). The e o e, he di e ence be ween he wo g oups was no s a is ically signi ican .
DISCUSSION
The esul s o he independen - es be ween he Timo ese and Mixed-Timo ese e hnic g oups showed ha p > 0.05,
indica ing no signi ican di e ence in he mean cephalic index. This ou come may be in luenced by se e al ac o s, such as gene ics,
nu i ional s a us, en i onmen , and geog aphical loca ion.
Acco ding o Wal e Su on’s heo y (1903) ega ding Mendel’s p inciples o he edi y, genes a e loca ed on ch omosomes.
Genes si ua ed on he same ch omosome end o be inhe i ed oge he and a e less likely o asso independen ly du ing game e
o ma ion. The gene ic p ocess in ol ed is e e ed o as ge minal game ic mu a ion, as i occu s in game e cells and can be passed
on o o sp ing. I such a mu a ion esul s in a dominan ai , he gene ic cha ac e is ic will be exp essed in he pheno ype o he
o sp ing. Con e sely, i he mu a ion p oduces a ecessi e ai , he gene ic cha ac e is ic will emain unexp essed.
The o sp ing may inhe i mo e gene ic cha ac e is ics om ei he he a he o he mo he , o may exhibi new gene ic ai s
ha di e om bo h pa en s, known as ecombinan s. When he a he and mo he come om di e en e hnic backg ounds, each
con ibu es dis inc gene ic ai s ha can in luence c anial mo phology in hei descendan s. In his s udy, esponden s om he
Mixed-Timo ese e hnic g oup we e de ined as indi iduals wi h one pa en o igina ing om ano he e hnic g oup ou side o Timo .
The descendan s o he Mixed-Timo ese g oup we e ound, on a e age, o inhe i gene ic ai s om he Timo ese pa en , whe he
pa e nal o ma e nal. This inding is suppo ed by he esul s o he p esen s udy and consis en wi h Mendel’s p inciples, indica ing
ha he e was no signi ican di e ence in he mean cephalic index be ween he Timo ese and Mixed-Timo ese g oups. This is
explained by he p edominance o Timo ese gene ic ai s o e hose inhe i ed om he non-Timo ese pa en , ende ing he la e
ecessi e o unexp essed.
Fu he mo e, a s udy conduc ed by Roseann E. Pe e son, Ka oline Kuchenbaecke , e al. in 2015, en i led “Genome-wide
Associa ion S udies in Ances ally Di e se Popula ions: Oppo uni ies, Me hods, Pi alls, and Recommenda ions”, sugges ed ha
se e al e hnic g oups ac oss he wo ld may sha e inhe i ed gene ic ac o s due o common ances y, ances al mig a ion, mu a ion
and ecombina ion, gene ic d i , and na u al selec ion. These p ocesses can esul in descendan s who a e physically simila o
nea ly iden ical, as e lec ed in he DNA inhe i ed om hei ances o s. In he case o he Mixed-Timo ese g oup, ha ing one pa en
o Timo ese o igin indica es sha ed ances y wi h he Timo ese g oup h ough one pa en al line, he eby explaining why he
di e ence in mean cephalic index be ween he wo g oups was no s a is ically signi ican .
In a s udy conduc ed by Gilang M. Fauzan e al. (2019), en i led “Di e ences in he Mean Cephalic Index and F on opa ie al
Index be ween he Minangkabau and Ja anese E hnic G oups”, a signi ican di e ence in he mean cephalic index was epo ed.
The esea che s compa ed he cephalic index be ween wo dis inc ly di e en e hnic g oups, wi h no sha ed gene ic ai s be ween
hem, which explains he signi ican di e ence obse ed [3]. In con as , he s udy conduc ed by Roseann E. Pe e son, Ka oline
Kuchenbaecke , e al. (2015) wi h he same i le emphasized ha en i onmen al ac o s emain closely linked o inhe i ed ances al
gene ics, as indi iduals o en eside wi hin he same local en i onmen s ( amily o communi y). Fu he mo e, he e is an in e ac ion
be ween he edi a y ac o s and sociocul u al aspec s such as ace and e hnici y [21]. Consequen ly, he esul s o he p esen s udy
e ealed no signi ican di e ence. Geog aphical loca ion also plays an impo an ole. Acco ding o Rick A. Ki les and Kenne h
M. Weiss (2003), in hei s udy en i led “Race, Ances y, and Genes: Implica ions o De ining Disease Risk”, gene ic di e ences
be ween popula ions a e oughly p opo ional o he geog aphical dis ance sepa a ing hem. This ela ionship can be obse ed
No
Suku
Mean Cephalic Index
P-Value
1
Timo ese E hnic
82,76
P = 0,38
2
Mixed-Timo ese
E hnic
83,62
P = 0,38
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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globally as well as egionally. Howe e , in geog aphically close o in e media e popula ions, gene ic di e ences dec ease
p opo ionally. Thus, he absence o signi ican di e ences in he p esen s udy can be explained by he sha ed popula ion his o y
o genes wi hin he same geog aphical egion [9]. The e is also a co ela ion be ween a ian s ound in one egion ela i e o hose
in ano he , which u he con ibu es o he nonsigni ican di e ence in he mean cephalic index obse ed be ween he Timo ese
and Mixed-Timo ese e hnic g oups.
In addi ion o en i onmen al and geog aphical ac o s, nu i ional s a us can also de e mine an indi idual’s cephalic index.
This is because nu i ional s a us in luences b ain de elopmen and bone g ow h, including c anial bones [23]. Simila i ies o
di e ences in g ow h pa e ns among e hnic g oups may he e o e e lec a ia ions in nu i ional s a us. Iden i ica ion o g ow h
ac oss e hnic o ibal g oups is o en assumed o be solely due o inhe i ed biological o gene ic ac o s [24].
Based on he esul s o he independen - es , no signi ican di e ence was ound in he mean cephalic index be ween he
Timo ese and Mixed-Timo ese e hnic g oups, wi h a signi icance alue o p = 0.38 (p > 0.05). These indings a e in luenced by he
ac o s discussed abo e, wi h he mos p ominen being gene ic ai s inhe i ed om he pa en s, whe e one ends o be mo e
dominan han he o he . In addi ion, sha ed ances al gene ic backg ounds, as well as he in luence o en i onmen al condi ions,
geog aphical loca ion, and nu i ional s a us, also con ibu e o he nonsigni ican di e ence obse ed.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion d awn om his s udy a e he e was no signi ican di e ence in he mean cephalic index be ween he
Timo ese and Mixed-Timo ese e hnic g oups, as indica ed by he accep ance o H₀ wi h a signi icance alue o P = 0.38. The mean
cephalic index o he Timo ese e hnic g oup in Kupang Ci y was 82.76%, co esponding o he b achycephalic head ype. The mean
cephalic index o he Mixed-Timo ese e hnic g oup in Kupang Ci y was 83.62%, also co esponding o he b achycephalic head
ype.
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