In e na ional Jou nal o Li e Science and Ag icul u e Resea ch
ISSN (P in ): 2833-2091, ISSN (Online): 2833-2105
Volume 04 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/ijlsa /V04I10Y2025-02
Impac Fac o : 7.88 , Page No : 583-591
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 915| 583 P a g e
Compa a i e E ec s o Chicken Manu e, Manu e Tea, And NPK Fe ilize
on The G ow h and Yield o Cabbage
Vincen Ba mao1, Ge ude Wanga i2, B enda O inda3, B ian Mbugua4, James Wanjiku5
1,2,3,4,5 Tai a Ta e a Uni e si y, School o Ag icul u e, Ea h and En i onmen al Sciences; P.O Box 635-080300 Voi-Kenya
ABSTRACT
The use o chicken manu e and i s liquid de i a i e, chicken manu e ea, is widesp ead among
ho icul u al a me s in Kenya due o i s pe cei ed apid s imula ion o plan g ow h compa ed o
syn he ic e ilize s. Howe e , hese claims lack su icien scien i ic backing. Recen ly, chicken
manu e ea has gained p e e ence o e solid manu e, pa ly due o he p esence o wood sha ings
in he la e . To e alua e hei e ec i eness, a s udy was conduc ed on cabbage (B assica ole acea
a . capi a a ‘Quise F1’) unde poly unnel condi ions using ou ea men s: chicken manu e,
chicken manu e ea, a combina ion o bo h, and NPK e ilize (as a con ol). Seedlings we e
ansplan ed in o 10-li e con aine s in a andomized comple e block design wi h ou eplica ions.
Da a collec ed included soil and issue mine al con en , soil pH, ege a i e g ow h pa ame e s (s em
leng h, lea wid h and leng h, numbe o lea es), and ma ke able head yield. S a is ical analysis was
pe o med using R, wi h means sepa a ed ia Tukey's es a α ≤ 5%. Resul s showed ha all o ganic
ea men s, pa icula ly he combina ion o manu e and ea, signi ican ly enhanced ea ly-s age
g ow h, hough hese e ec s waned in la e s ages. Tissue nu ien con en was lowes in he
combined ea men , possibly due o inc eased mic obial ac i i y and nu ien immobiliza ion om
excess o ganic ma e . Despi e his, i p oduced he la ges ma ke able heads. The indings sugges
ha chicken manu e, in all o ms, can po en ially subs i u e syn he ic e ilize s in cabbage
p oduc ion. Howe e , u he ield-based s udies a e needed o con i m hese esul s.
KEYWORDS: Cabbage nu i ion, chicken manu e ea, o ganic e ilize , ma ke able yield, Quise
F1, nu ien immobiliza ion.
Published Online:
Oc obe 06, 2025
Co esponding Au ho :
James Wanjiku
INTRODUCTION
Cabbage (B assica ole acea L. a . capi a a) is one o he mos widely cul i a ed lea y ege ables globally and is especially
signi ican in Kenya, whe e i se es as a key sou ce o income o smallholde a me s. While i s exac his o ical o igin emains
deba ed, ecen gene ic e idence suppo s an eas e n Medi e anean o igin o B. ole acea, which la e di e si ied ac oss Eu ope
(Mab y e al., 2021). The c op was in oduced o he Kenyan highlands by B i ish se le s in he ea ly 20 h cen u y and has since
become one o he coun y’s mos impo an ege ables and a signi ican sou ce o income o smallholde a me s.
Cabbage is cul i a ed ac oss a wide ange o ag o-ecological zones and soil ypes in Kenya. I is consumed aw as a lea y ege able,
cooked, o combined wi h o he ege ables. I is also a ich sou ce o i amins A, C, and K, as well as essen ial mine als (Raiola e
al., 2018). The consump ion o c uci e ous ege ables like cabbage has been associa ed wi h a educed isk o se e al ypes o cance
due o he p esence o glucosinola es and hei bioac i e de i a i es (Jahangi e al., 2009). Fu he mo e, hese ege ables a e known
o con ibu e o ca dio ascula heal h (A chana e al., 2018; Raiola e al., 2018).
Despi e i s economic and nu i ional alue, cabbage p oduc ion in Kenya is cu en ly declining, la gely due o he deple ion o soil
e ili y. The applica ion o syn he ic e ilize s has been limi ed due o hei high cos and nega i e e ec s, such as nu ien
imbalances, inc eased soil acidi y, o ganic ma e deg ada ion, and he dis up ion o soil physical p ope ies (Majeed e al., 2021).
Ino ganic e ilize s also educe a m p o i abili y, bo h h ough hei di ec cos and h ough long- e m impac s such as soil
acidi ica ion and educed soil mine aliza ion (Bha e al., 2018; Bha acha yya e al., 2015). Consequen ly, pa ial o comple e
subs i u ion o syn he ic e ilize s wi h o ganic al e na i es has been ecommended o educe dependence on ag ochemicals and
p omo e sus ainable ag icul u e (Wang e al., 2018).
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Chicken manu e is o en a o ed as an o ganic e ilize o cabbage due o i s high concen a ions o bo h mac o- and mic onu ien s
and i s ela i e a o dabili y and yea - ound a ailabili y (Naim e al., 2015). Nume ous s udies ha e shown ha poul y manu e
enhances nu ien a ailabili y, suppo s mic obial ac i i y, and imp o es soil s uc u e(Hsu and Lai 2022; Majeed e al., ,2021; Ning
e al., 2022). The liquid o m, commonly known as manu e ea, is c ea ed by soaking chicken manu e in wa e o ex ac soluble
nu ien s and bene icial mic obes, and can be applied ia e iga ion, soil d enching, o olia sp ay (Ning e al., 2022). Fu he mo e,
chicken manu e is a ailable yea - ound in la ge quan i ies and p esen s a cos -e ec i e al e na i e o chemical e ilize s.
Chicken manu e can be applied ei he as solid o ganic ma e inco po a ed in o he soil o as a liquid ex ac , commonly known as
manu e ea (Ja anma di and Gho bani, 2012; Muchi i and Ma henge, 2014). The ea can be adminis e ed h ough e iga ion, soil
d enching, o olia sp aying. I is p epa ed by soaking chicken manu e in wa e o ex ac soluble nu ien s and bene icial
mic oo ganisms (Ja anma di and Gho bani, 2012).
Se e al s udies ha e highligh ed he bene i s o chicken manu e ea in o ganic c op p oduc ion. These include balanced nu ien
supply, s imula ion o plan g ow h, supp ession o plan diseases, and imp o emen s in yield and seconda y me aboli e p oduc ion
(Ja anma di and Gho bani, 2012; Muchi i and Ma henge, 2014). Nzoyisaba e al. (2023) epo ed ha chicken manu e ea
signi ican ly imp o ed oma o yields (up o 45.4 /ha) and ou pe o med ino ganic e ilize in bo h g ow h and economic e u n.
The p esen s udy aims o e alua e he e ec i eness o di e en o ms o chicken manu e ea in supplying nu ien s o cabbage, a
c op wi h high nu ien demands.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The s udy was conduc ed a Tai a Ta e a Uni e si y a m loca ed in Kindaya-Nge enyi wa d Mwa a e Sub-coun y o Tai a Ta e a
Coun y. The expe imen al si e is a an al i ude o 1600m abo e sea le el wi hin he la i ude -03°25' 57'' S, and longi ude 38°20'36''
E. The expe imen was se up on po s illed wi h o es soil (7 kg), and a ep esen a i e sample was bulked and sen o acc edi ed
labo a o y o analysis. The o es soil chemical analyses a e p esen ed in able 1 below. The soils we e po ed and andomly assigned
o ou ea men s. The ou ea men s included:T1: Fo es soil + solid chicken manu e; T2: Fo es soil + chicken manu e ea; T3:
Fo es soil + combina ion o chicken manu e + manu e ea; T4: Fo es soil + NPK e ilize (con ol as he a me s s anda d p ac ice)
T ea men
Cabbage (B assica ole aceaeL.capi a a) C .Quiso F1 seedlings we e es ablished in a poly-house; a e which he seedlings we e
ansplan ed on 19 h Decembe , 2019. One seedling pe po was ansplan ed and each ea men had 12 po s eplica ed ou imes
o o al 48 po s pe ea men . The seedlings acclima ized o wo weeks be o e ea and NPK we e espec i ely applied. The
expe imen was laid ou as a Randomized compe e block design (RCBD) in a poly-house. The con en ional ea men (NPK
e ilize ) was applied in h ee spli a wo weeks’ in e als. NPK (17:17:0) e ilize was applied o wel e po s a a a e o 2g pe
po as a band (115kg N/Ha).Chicken manu e (solid) was applied wo weeks be o e ansplan ing o equilib a ion. A e
ansplan ing, i iga ion and manual weeding was done o p o ide wa e and con ol weeds o he cabbage c op.
Chicken manu e ea p epa a ion and applica ion
Chicken manu e ea was p epa ed using he non-ae a ed me hod (A gun e al., 2017; Shaheen e al., 2018) by soaking/ e men ing
solid chicken manu e o o y i e days in wa e wi h a a io o 1:10 (w/ ) in a housand li e ank, hen kep in a ne shade house.
A e wa ds, he mix u e was il e ed be o e applica ion o emo e suspended pa icles o ob ain a deb is ee solu ion o chicken
manu e ea. The liquid chicken manu e ea was hen dilu ed be o e applica ion as a olia in he a io o 2:1 ( wo-pa chicken manu e
ea and 1 pa o wa e ). A 1000 ml was applied e e y h ee days up o six weeks a e ansplan ing. The nu ien composi ion o
he chicken ea is as shown in able 1.
Vege a i e pa ame e s
Two weeks a e ansplan ing, a ious g ow h pa ame e s we e sco ed once pe week. The da a collec ed included, ege a i e
pa ame e s such as s em leng h, lea wid h, lea leng h and numbe o lea es un il he head o ma ion s age. A he end o he
expe imen he head weigh and size we e de e mined hen he coun o ma ke able heads.
Physiological pa ame e s
The ollowing h ee physiological pa ame e s we e de e mined:
Lea Rela i e lea wa e con en (LRWC)
Lea disc om ully expanded lea es we e gouged ou and used o de e mine LRWC. The esh weigh o he lea es (FW) was
eco ded hen wa e -soaked o 24 h a oom empe a u e. A e 24 hou s, sa u a ed weigh (SW) was eco ded. Lea es we e o en
d ied o 24 h a 105°C o a cons an d y weigh (DW). Then LRWC was calcula ed as:
𝐿𝑊𝑅𝐶 = [𝐹𝑊 −𝐷𝑊 𝑇𝑊 −𝐷𝑊
⁄] ∗ 100
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S oma al conduc ance (SC)
S oma al conduc ance was measu ed wice pe week using an SC-1 Lea Po ome e (Me e G oup Inc., Pullman, WA, USA) o
assess he gas exchange capaci y o he lea es. Measu emen s we e aken du ing he mo ning hou s (be ween 09:00 and 11:00 AM)
o minimize he in luence o midday en i onmen al luc ua ions such as empe a u e and humidi y. Fo each ea men , ou
andomly selec ed plan s we e used. On each plan , eadings we e aken om he adaxial (uppe ) su ace o h ee opmos , ully
expanded, and heal hy lea es o ensu e consis ency and compa abili y. The po ome e was calib a ed be o e each measu emen
session ollowing he manu ac u e ’s guidelines o main ain accu acy and eliabili y o he da a.
Lea Rela i e Chlo ophyll con en
Rela i e chlo ophyll con en was measu ed once pe week using a handheld SPAD me e (SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minol a Inc.,
Tokyo, Japan). Measu emen s we e conduc ed be ween 09:00 and 11:00 AM o main ain consis ency in ligh and empe a u e
condi ions. Fo each ea men , ou ep esen a i e plan s we e andomly selec ed. On each plan , SPAD eadings we e aken om
he adaxial su ace o he h ee opmos ully expanded and heal hy lea es. The a e age o he h ee eadings pe plan was used o
ep esen he ela i e chlo ophyll con en , and he ins umen was calib a ed p io o each measu emen session acco ding o he
manu ac u e ’s ins uc ions.
Chlo ophyll Fluo escence
The e iciency o chlo ophyll in cap u ing ligh ene gy o pho osyn hesis was assessed using a Handy PEA Plus chlo ophyll
luo ome e (Hansa ech Ins umen s L d., King's Lynn, No olk, UK). Measu emen s we e aken once pe week be ween 10:00 and
11:00 AM unde s able ambien condi ions. Fo each ea men , ou andomly selec ed plan s we e used. On each plan , chlo ophyll
luo escence was measu ed on he h ee uppe mos ully expanded and heal hy lea es. P io o each measu emen , lea es we e da k-
adap ed o a leas 10 minu es using lea clips p o ided wi h he ins umen o ensu e accu a e de e mina ion o maximum quan um
e iciency o Pho osys em II (F /Fm). The a e age o h ee eadings pe plan was calcula ed o ep esen he pho osyn he ic
e iciency o analysis.
Tissue nu ien s analyses
A he end o each g owing season, plan issue samples we e collec ed o nu ien analysis. Fo each ea men , h ee eplica e
composi e samples we e p epa ed by collec ing lea es om all plan s wi hin each eplica e plo . The ha es ed lea samples we e
sh edded and o en-d ied a 70 °C un il hey eached a cons an weigh . A e d ying, he samples we e s o ed in clean, labeled
con aine s o p e en con amina ion. The o en-d ied issue samples we e hen p ope ly packaged, clea ly labeled by ea men and
eplica e, and submi ed o an acc edi ed na ional labo a o y o nu ien analysis.
Da a analysis
The expe imen was conduc ed o e wo sepa a e g owing seasons using a andomized comple e block design (RCBD) wi h h ee
eplica es pe ea men . Each eplica e plo con ained 12 plan s. Da a collec ed om he s udy we e analyzed using R so wa e
( e sion 3.4.4; eleased 2018-03-15). P io o analysis, he da a we e log- ans o med o mee he assump ions o no mali y and
homogenei y o a iances. A mul i a ia e analysis o a iance (MANOVA) was pe o med o e alua e he e ec s o nu ien sou ce
as he ea men ac o . Whe e signi ican di e ences we e de ec ed, ea men means we e sepa a ed using Tukey's Hones
Signi ican Di e ence (HSD) es a a signi icance le el o α ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS
Nu ien s concen a ion
Soil and chicken manu e used in his expe imen we e sampled be o e plan ing and hei de ails o he labo a o y analysis a e gi en
below (Table 1). F om he analysis he soil eac ion (pH) was sa is ac o y o c ops' g ow h. The e ili y componen s o chicken
manu e (solid) and chicken manu e ea is also shown in able 1. F om he samples analyzed he solid chicken manu e had adequa e
nu ien s o suppo a good c op.
Table 1: Fe ili y s a us o he o es soil, solid chicken manu e and chicken manu e ea as applied in he ea men s used in he
s udy.
Table 1: Labo a o y analysis o he o es soil used o he po ing, solid chicken manu e and chicken manu e ea (liquid)
Pa ame e
Soil
Chicken manu e
Chicken Liquid manu e
Soil pH
6.22
7.41
7.40
To al Ni ogen %
0.24
2.45
0.93
To al O g. Ca bon %
2.55
No de e mined
No de e mined
Phospho us ppm %
15
0.37
0.21
Po assium ppm %
0.70
1
0.99
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Calcium ppm %
23.9
1.27
0.3
Magnesium ppm %
7.32
0.27
0.04
Manganese ppm %
0.38
535
340
Coppe ppm %
0.36
13.3
18.3
I on ppm
11.9
81.7
41.7
Zinc ppm
8.57
80
48.3
Sodium ppm %
0.4
No de e mined
No de e mined
Physiological pa ame e s
Physiological pa ame e s—including s oma al conduc ance, ela i e chlo ophyll con en , ela i e wa e con en , and chlo ophyll
luo escence—exhibi ed simila ends ac oss all ea men s. A plan ing, some plan s in each ea men g oup showed signs o
ansien wil ing, as indica ed by he d ooping o shoo ips. By se en days a e ansplan ing (DAT), plan s eco ded hei lowes
lea ela i e wa e con en . All ea men s led o a signi ican inc ease in LRWC om DAT 7 o DAT 21, a e which he alues
s abilized. The ea e , lea ela i e wa e con en s abilized a app oxima ely 90% o he emainde o he g ow h pe iod, ega dless
o ea men (Fig. 1)
Fig. 1: Lea Rela i e Wa e Con en o sampled cabbage lea discs as in luenced by di e en ea men s; simila le e s
indica es no signi icance di e ence among ea men s.
Simila ly, s oma al conduc ance was ini ially low bu inc eased s eadily h oughou he g owing season (Fig. 2). No signi ican
di e ences we e obse ed among ea men s du ing he en i e pe iod.
Fig. 2: Lea s oma a conduc ance o sampled cabbage lea as in luenced by di e en ea men s; simila le e s indica es
no signi icance di e ence among ea men s.
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Lea ela i e chlo ophyll con en showed a sligh inc ease be ween 14 and 21 days a e ansplan ing (DAT), a e which i emained
ela i ely s able o se e al weeks be o e declining sligh ly as head o ma ion app oached (Fig. 3). Ac oss he en i e g owing season,
ea men e ec s on chlo ophyll con en we e no s a is ically signi ican .
Fig. 3: Lea Rela i e Chlo ophyll con en o sampled cabbage lea as in luenced by di e en ea men s; simila le e s
indica es no signi icance di e ence among ea men s.
The maximum quan um yield o Pho osys em II (F /Fm) emained consis en ly high, wi h alues a e aging app oxima ely 0.80
h oughou he expe imen al pe iod, indica ing no de ec able pho o-inhibi ion. No s a is ically signi ican di e ences in F /Fm we e
obse ed among he ea men g oups (Fig. 4), sugges ing ha all ea men s main ained compa able pho osyn he ic e iciency unde
he gi en condi ions
Fig. 4: Chlo ophyll luo escence o sampled cabbage lea as in luenced by di e en ea men s; simila le e s indica es no
signi icance di e ence among ea men s.
G ow h pa ame e s
A ansplan ing, all he plan s had simila cha ac e is ics in e ms o heigh , oo colla diame e , numbe o lea es and esponded
simila ly owa ds ansplan ing shock eco e y suppo ed by he physiological da a abo e in he ea ly phase o es ablishmen .
The applica ion o di e en e ilize ea men s—NPK, Chicken Manu e (CHICKEN-M), Chicken Manu e + TEA (CHICKEN-
M.+TEA), and Chicken Manu e – TEA (CHICKEN-M.-TEA)— esul ed in a ying e ec s on cabbage g ow h pa ame e s ac oss
he g owing pe iod.
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Heigh :
Plan heigh inc eased p og essi ely o e ime ac oss all ea men s. By day 50, he alles plan s we e obse ed unde he
CHICKEN-M.-TEA ea men (9.6 ± 0.3 cm), ollowed by CHICKEN-M.+TEA (9.3 ± 0.3 cm), and CHICKEN-M (8.8 ± 1.0 cm).
The NPK ea men esul ed in he lowes heigh (8.9 ± 0.6 cm). Howe e , di e ences among ea men s we e ela i ely mino .
Lea Wid h:
Lea wid h inc eased s eadily o e he g owing pe iod, wi h CHICKEN-M and CHICKEN-M.+TEA ea men s esul ing in b oade
lea es by day 50 (25.4 ± 0.9 cm and 24.8 ± 4.5 cm, espec i ely) compa ed o NPK (24.5 ± 0.9 cm). CHICKEN-M.-TEA yielded
he na owes lea es (22.7 ± 0.7 cm).
Lea Leng h:
Simila o wid h, lea leng h was g ea es unde he CHICKEN-M.+TEA ea men h oughou he g ow h pe iod. By day 50,
CHICKEN-M.+TEA had he longes lea es (35.8 ± 3.5 cm), ollowed by CHICKEN-M.-TEA (31.9 ± 4.2 cm). The NPK ea men
consis en ly esul ed in he sho es lea es ac oss all ime poin s.
Numbe o Lea es:
Cabbage plan s unde CHICKEN-M.-TEA had he highes numbe o lea es by day 50 (22 ± 1.3), sligh ly mo e han hose unde
CHICKEN-M .+TEA (21 ± 1.2). NPK- ea ed plan s had he ewes lea es (20 ± 1.0), sugges ing ha o ganic ea men s may be e
p omo e olia de elopmen .
Table 2: The in luence o di e en ea men s on selec ed cabbage g ow h pa ame e s de e mine a di e en in e als o he
g owing pe iod; Di e en le e s indica es signi icance di e ence among ea men s
T ea men
Pa ame e
Time
NPK
CHICKEN M.
CHICKEN M. +
TEA
CHICKEN M. TEA
Heigh
DAY 21
4 ± 1.0a
5.2 ± 0.8b
5.1 ± 1.2b
5.7 ± 1.0b
DAY 36
8 ± 1.0a
8.2 ± 1.1a
8.1 ± 1a
7.9 ± 1.2a
DAY 50
8.9 ± 0.6a
8.8 ± 1.0a
9.3 ± 0.8a
8.8 ± 1.0a
Lea wid h
DAY 21
14.7 ± 1.8a
19 ± 1.9b
19.6 ± 1.8b
16.6 ± 2.1ab
DAY 36
22.2 ± 1.3ab
21.2 ± 0.9ab
23.6 ± 1.0b
20 ± 1.1a
DAY 50
24.5 ± 0.9a
22.5 ± 4.3a
24.8 ± 4.5a
22.7 ± 0.7a
Lea leng h
DAY 21
21.8 ± 1.4a
27.2 ± 3.3b
26.3 ± 3b
25.4 ± 2.2b
DAY 36
32.5 ± 1.8a
31.9 ± 3.5a
34.4 ± 3.1a
29.7 ± 2.2a
DAY 50
34.7 ± 1.9ab
33.5 ± 3.5ab
35.8 ± 2.9b
31.9 ± 2.4a
Numbe o lea es
DAY 21
11 ± 1.5a
13 ± 1.3b
13 ± 1.3b
12 ± 1.1ab
DAY 36
17 ± 1.6a
18 ± 1.4a
18 ± 1.5a
18 ± 1.4a
DAY 50
24 ± 1.3a
23 ± 1.1a
25 ± 1.6a
24 ± 1.3a
S em Diame e
Day 74
1.5 ± 0.2a
1.5 ± 0.2a
1.6 ± 0.2b
1.5 ± 0.2a
cabbage head w .
2.7 ± 0.5ab
2.6 ± 0.7a
2.8 ± 0.6b
2.6 ± 0.5a
S em Diame e :
S em diame e measu emen s aken on day 74 showed minimal a ia ion among ea men s, anging om 1.5 ± 0.2 cm o 1.6 ± 0.2
cm, indica ing no signi ican ea men e ec on s em hickening a ma u i y.
Cabbage Head Weigh :
The hea ies cabbage heads we e eco ded in plan s ea ed wi h CHICKEN-M.+TEA (2.8 ± 0.6 kg), ollowed closely by NPK (2.7
± 0.5 kg). O ganic ea men s alone (CHICKEN-M and CHICKEN-M.-TEA) yielded sligh ly ligh e heads (2.6 ± 0.7 kg and 2.6 ±
0.5 kg, espec i ely).
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Tissue nu ien analyses
Table 3: The in luence o di e en ea men s on nu ien concen a ion o Cabbage lea es a he end o g owing season;
Di e en le e s indica es signi icance di e ence among ea men s.
T ea men
cabbage heads Mine al concen a ion
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
Fe
Cu
Mn
Zn
CHICKEN M.
2.2 b
0.28 b
1.19 d
0.22 a
0.11 a
66.7 c
10a
48.3 a
38.3 a
CHICKEN M.
+ TEA
1.4 a
0.07 a
0.89 b
0.29 b
0.16 b
33.3 a
11.7 b
50 b
40 b
CHICKEN M.
TEA
2.3 b
0.39 c
0.93 c
0.18 c
0.28 c
38.3 b
11.7 b
55 c
48.3 c
NPK
2.4 b
0.45 d
0.66 a
0.28 b
0.16 a
38.3 b
10 a
90 d
61.7 d
Nu ien concen a ions in cabbage heads a ied signi ican ly among ea men s, indica ing di e en ial up ake and accumula ion
pa e ns in esponse o he e ilize egimes.
The highes ni ogen concen a ion was obse ed in he NPK ea men (2.4%), signi ican ly highe han in all o ganic ea men s.
Chicken Manu e (CHICKEN M) and CHICKEN M + TEA showed in e media e ni ogen le els (2.2% and 1.4%, espec i ely),
while CHICKEN M TEA had he lowes (1.3%).
Phospho us le els we e highes in NPK- ea ed plan s (0.45%) and lowes in CHICKEN M + TEA (0.07%). Bo h CHICKEN M
and CHICKEN M TEA had simila mode a e P concen a ions (0.28% and 0.39%, espec i ely).
Cabbage heads ea ed wi h CHICKEN M accumula ed he mos po assium (1.19%), ollowed by CHICKEN M TEA (0.93%). The
lowes K concen a ion was ound in CHICKEN M + TEA (0.89%) and NPK (0.66%).
Calcium con en was highes unde CHICKEN M + TEA (0.29%), ollowed closely by NPK (0.28%). O ganic-only ea men s
showed sligh ly lowe Ca alues, wi h CHICKEN M a 0.22% and CHICKEN M TEA a 0.18%.
The CHICKEN M TEA ea men yielded he highes Mg concen a ion (0.28%), while CHICKEN M eco ded he lowes (0.11%).
NPK and CHICKEN M + TEA had in e media e alues (0.16%).
On conside ing he mic onu ien s, he CHICKEN M ea men led o he highes Fe accumula ion (66.7 mg/kg), which was
subs an ially g ea e han in all o he ea men s (~33.3–38.3 mg/kg). This sugges s imp o ed Fe a ailabili y o up ake wi h chicken
manu e alone.
CHICKEN M + TEA and CHICKEN M TEA bo h eco ded he highes Cu concen a ions (11.7 mg/kg), while CHICKEN M and
NPK had he lowes (10 mg/kg).
The NPK ea men esul ed in he highes Mn concen a ion (90 mg/kg), whe eas he lowes alue was eco ded unde CHICKEN
M (48.3 mg/kg). TEA ea men s showed mode a e Mn accumula ion (~50–55 mg/kg).
Zinc accumula ion ollowed a simila end o Mn, wi h he NPK ea men showing he highes Zn concen a ion (61.7 mg/kg), and
CHICKEN M he lowes (38.3 mg/kg). Zinc le els inc eased unde CHICKEN M + TEA and CHICKEN M TEA (40–48.3 mg/kg),
sugges ing ha TEA may enhance Zn a ailabili y.
DISCUSSION
Cabbage (B assica ole acea a . capi a a) is ecognized as a hea y eede wi h high nu ien demands, pa icula ly o ni ogen,
phospho us, and po assium, o suppo op imal g ow h, p oduc i i y, and ma ke quali y (Yeshiwas, 2017). Baseline soil chemical
analysis om his s udy (Table 1) indica ed low nu ien le els, especially in ni ogen—a majo g ow h-limi ing elemen . This
jus i ied he applica ion o o ganic and ino ganic amendmen s o enhance nu ien a ailabili y and plan de elopmen .
The e ilize egimes used in his s udy ep esen ed con en ional (NPK), o ganic (chicken manu e), and modi ied o ganic (chicken
manu e ea and hei combina ion) nu ien sou ces. These o ganic-based s a egies aim o eplace con en ional p ac ices associa ed
wi h soil deg ada ion, such as acidi ica ion and nu ien leaching unde high ain all o i iga ion (Bha , Labanya, and Joshi, 2019).
Baseline soil analysis (Table 1) depic ed o es soil wi h low o al ni ogen (0.24 %), low po assium (0.70 ppm), mode a e o ganic
ca bon (2.55 %), and sligh ly acidic pH (6.22). These cha ac e is ics unde sco e he inhe en ly nu ien -poo na u e o he g owing
medium and jus i y he need o e ec i e e iliza ion o suppo cabbage g ow h.
Solid chicken manu e displayed high nu ien le els— o al N: 2.45 %, manganese: 535 ppm, i on: 81.7 ppm, and zinc: 80 ppm—
while chicken manu e ea o e ed subs an ial albei lowe soluble nu ien concen a ions (e.g. o al N: 0.93 %, Mn: 340 ppm, Fe:
41.7 ppm) (Table 1). These nu ien p o iles likely con ibu ed o obse ed c op esponses: ea ly ege a i e igo was s onges
unde chicken manu e and i s ea combina ions (Table 2), suppo ing epo s ha poul y manu e-based o ganic amendmen s can
meaning ully enhance ni ogen a ailabili y and g ow h pa ame e s in ege ables (A slanoglu, 2022; Li e al., 2017).
Vincen Ba mao e al, Compa a i e E ec s o Chicken Manu e, Manu e Tea, And NPK Fe ilize on The G ow h
and Yield o Cabbage
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A Day 21, NPK- ea ed plan s exhibi ed signi ican ly sho e heigh and smalle lea es (Table 2), likely e lec ing nu ien losses
due o high solubili y and ea ly leaching—common limi a ions associa ed wi h syn he ic e ilize s in ain- ed o i iga ed sys ems
(Nzoyisaba e al., 2023). In con as , o ganic ea men s—especially CHICKEN M + TEA—suppo ed apid ea ly g ow h,
consis en wi h li e a u e highligh ing he bene i s o o ganic amendmen s o sus ained nu ien elease and mic obial-media ed
(Dikinya and Mu wanzala, 2010).
By Day 36, di e ences in plan heigh and lea dimensions among ea men s diminished (Table 2), indica ing compensa o y g ow h
in NPK‐ ea ed plan s and suppo ing he no ion ha nu ien use e iciency and iming can in luence g ow h con e gence ac oss
ea men s (Hoo e e al., 2019). The slowe nu ien elease om chicken manu e, while delaying ea ly g ow h sligh ly, may o e
a mo e s able supply bene icial o e he g owing cycle.
Physiological me ics—including lea ela i e wa e con en , s oma al conduc ance, and chlo ophyll con en — emained s a is ically
compa able ac oss ea men s (Figu es 1–3). LRWC exceeded 90% om Day 14 onwa d, while s oma al conduc ance and
chlo ophyll le els equalized simila ly ac oss ea men s, indica ing ha all nu ien egimes su icien ly suppo ed pho osyn he ic
capaci y and issue hyd a ion. These esul s align wi h s udies showing ha o ganic amendmen s can suppo plan physiological
pe o mance compa able o syn he ic inpu s when adequa ely balanced (A slanoglu 2022; Nzoyisaba e al., 2023)
Chlo ophyll luo escence (F /Fm, Figu e 4) emained high (~0.83) ega dless o ea men , indica ing no pho o-inhibi ion and
con i ming ha bo h o ganic and ino ganic p ac ices main ained op imal Pho osys em II pe o mance—a pa e n consis en wi h
non-s ess g ow h condi ions ac oss nu ien egimes (Nzoyisaba e al., 2023).
Nu ien concen a ion in cabbage heads (Table 3) e ealed ha NPK enhanced N, P, Mn, and Zn le els, e lec ing he apid up ake
o soluble ino ganic sou ces. Con e sely, CHICKEN M and CHICKEN M + TEA ea men s enhanced soil a ailabili y o K and
Fe, likely ied o imp o ed ca ion exchange and mic obial mobiliza ion om o ganic (A slanoglu, 2022). Mos impo an ly,
CHICKEN M + TEA p oduced he hea ies cabbage heads (Table 2), sugges ing ha combining soluble o ganic ea wi h solid
manu e op imizes nu ien iming—suppo ing yield ou comes compa able o o be e han syn he ic e ilize (Nzoyisaba
e al., 2023).
CONCLUSION
In eg a ion o chicken manu e and manu e ea p o ides a sus ainable and e ec i e al e na i e o con en ional NPK e iliza ion
o cabbage p oduc ion. These o ganic ea men s suppo ed ea ly mo phological de elopmen , main ained physiological s abili y,
imp o ed mic onu ien accumula ion (e.g., Fe, K), and deli e ed highes yield unde CHICKEN M + TEA, while also bu e ing
soil pH and po en ially enhancing long- e m e ili y.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The combined applica ion o chicken manu e and manu e ea (CHICKEN M + TEA) should be p omo ed in cabbage cul i a ion,
pa icula ly on nu ien -de icien and acidic soils, due o i s supe io pe o mance in enhancing plan g ow h and yield. To ensu e
widesp ead adop ion and e ec i e implemen a ion, ex ension se ices and a me aining p og ams should p io i ize in eg a ed
o ganic nu ien managemen p ac ices, emphasizing he impo ance o aligning applica ion iming and dosage wi h speci ic soil
and en i onmen al condi ions. Addi ionally, u he esea ch is necessa y o in es iga e he long- e m e ec s o hese o ganic
amendmen s on soil e ili y, mic obial ac i i y, and c op p oduc i i y ac oss di e se ag o-ecological zones and mul iple g owing
seasons.
LIMITATIONS
This s udy was conduc ed a a single si e du ing one g owing season, which limi s he gene aliza ion o he indings ac oss di e se
en i onmen al condi ions. Addi ionally, he chemical and mic obial composi ion o he chicken manu e ea was no cha ac e ized,
es ic ing a deepe unde s anding o i s speci ic mechanisms o ac ion. Fu he mo e, impo an soil biological indica o s—such as
mic obial biomass, ea hwo m ac i i y, and changes in soil o ganic ma e —we e no assessed, he eby limi ing insigh s in o he
b oade impac s o he o ganic amendmen s on soil heal h and long- e m e ili y.
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