XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025

Scien i ic ad ances and inno a i e
app oaches
P oceedings o he XIX In e na ional Scien i ic and P ac ical Con e ence
25-26 Sep embe 2025
Tokyo. Japan
2025
UDC 001.1
BBC 1
XIX In e na ional Scien i ic and P ac ical Con e ence «Scien i ic ad ances and inno-
a i e app oaches», Sep embe 25-26, 2025, Tokyo. Japan. 77 p.
ISBN 978-92-44514-69-6
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17243861
Publishe : «Wo ld o Con e ences»
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Layou : Asko Laa
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MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN THE GLOBAL INVESTMENT MARKET //
Scien i ic ad ances and inno a i e app oaches. P oceedings o he XIX In e na ional
Scien i ic and P ac ical Con e ence. Tokyo, Japan. 2025. Pp. 25-27. URL:
h ps://con e ence-w.com/
Con ac in o ma ion
Websi e: h ps://con e ence-w.com/
E-mail: jap@con e ence-w.com
Con en
Ag icul u al sciences
Yessimsei o a Аssel, Kakimzhano a Аlmagul
SCREENING TOMATO GENOTYPES FOR EARLY BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN KAZAKHSTAN
4
Biological sciences
U.A. O i jono a, H.A. Ubaidullae a
CRISPR/CAS9 TECHNOLOGY BASED ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A VECTOR FOR THE PHYA1 GENE
6
Chemical sciences
A en Tenizbaye , Me uye Tolegenkyzy, Nu bol Appazo
OBTAINING HYDROCHAR BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION FROM RICE HUSK
7
Economic sciences
Elshan Asga o
DIGITAL LOGISTICS: THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON THE SUPPLY CHAIN
14
Huseyn Baghi soylu
TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND NEW SKILLS IN THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY
21
Koxa o a Dali a
THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN EMERGING ECONOMY
CASE STUDY
26
Geological and mine alogical sciences
Bochka e V.A., K i oboko D.M., Bochka e A .V.
THE PRINCIPALS OF EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF THE PIMIENTA SHALE FORMATION IN MEXICO
31
Medical sciences
A man Khozhaye , Aidana Kabykay, Ye kin Duissenbino , Zhana Ka abeko a, Sandina Da im,
Aige im Taiga aye a, Sai an Tok a baye , Se ik Dinislam
LUNG CANCER: THE STATUS OF THE PROBLEM AND POSSIBILITIES FOR ITS SOLUTION
44
Pedagogical sciences
A edyan Vlada Le ono na
TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AIMED AT THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL AND SPEECH
COMPETENCE OF CADETS OF THE AVIATION FACULTY
53
E i Analy i, A hina Spanou, Theo ania Ly in zi, T iada Kapo a, Angeliki Tsag i
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN PRIMARY EDUCATION: ENHANCING LEARNING THROUGH DIGITAL INTE-
GRATION
57
Philological sciences
Abdullaye a Gunay Allah e di
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S LITERARY CONTRIBUTION AND DRAMATIC THEORY
63
Ga an il Rzaye a
THE ROLE OF LITERARY CRITICISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN AZERBAIJAN LITERATURE
66
Sociological sciences
Raikhan Meii Se ikuly, Ina a Yelsha o na Sa ybaye a
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS FOR CLASSIFYING PROFESSIONS AND DIFFERENTI-
ATING SOCIAL GUARANTEES DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
70
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
4
Ag icul u al sciences
SCREENING TOMATO GENOTYPES FOR EARLY BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN KAZAKHSTAN
Yessimsei o a Аssel1,2
Doc o al s uden ,
Kakimzhano a Аlmagul1
P o esso ,
1 Na ional cen e o bio echnology, As ana, Kazakhs an
2 Ag onomy Facul y, S. Sei ullin Kazakh Ag o Technical Resea ch Uni e si y, As ana, Kazakhs an
Toma o (Solanum lycope sicum L.) is one o he mos widely cul i a ed ege able c ops, anking second
in global consump ion a e po a o [1]. In 2022, wo ldwide oma o p oduc ion eached 186.1 million me ic
ons on app oxima ely 5 million hec a es [2]. Toma o is an impo an sou ce o i amins A and C, as well as
he an ioxidan lycopene, which educes he isk o cance and ca dio ascula diseases [3,4]. Howe e , com-
me cial oma o p oduc ion is cons ained by a ious pes s and diseases. Among he ungal diseases, ea ly bligh
caused by Al e na ia species is conside ed one o he mos des uc i e, leading o yield losses h ough educed
pho osyn he ic lea a ea, ui and seed o , and con amina ion wi h ungal me aboli es [5-7].
In his s udy, 39 oma o a ie ies and hyb ids ob ained om he Kazakh Resea ch Ins i u e o F ui and
Vege able G owing (Alma y egion) we e sc eened o esis ance o ea ly bligh . Al e na ia al e na a isola es
we e ob ained om in ec ed oma o ui s and lea es and main ained in pu e cul u e on PCA medium (10 g
po a o, 10 g ca o , 20 g aga ) supplemen ed wi h e acycline (50 mg/L). Pla es we e incuba ed a 25±2°C
unde a 12-h pho ope iod. A e 10 days, 10–15 mL o s e ile wa e wi h a d op o Tween-20 was added o
collec spo es [8]. Spo e concen a ion was adjus ed o 10,000 spo es/mL using a hemocy ome e .
Seeds o oma o a ie ies and hyb ids we e sown in plas ic ays wi h s e ile pea . Two-week-old seed-
lings (3-4 lea es) we e ansplan ed in o 9×9×9 cm po s wi h a pea : e miculi e mix (3:1) and g own unde
luo escen ligh a 23°C wi h a 12-h pho ope iod. Inocula ion wi h A. al e na a was pe o med by sp aying
plan s, which we e hen co e ed wi h plas ic o 48 h o main ain high humidi y, ollowed by adjus men o
85%. The expe imen included h ee eplica ions, each wi h six plan s. Non-inocula ed plan s se ed as con ol.
Ten days pos -inocula ion, disease se e i y was e alua ed by calcula ing he pe cen age disease index (PDI)
ollowing Pandey e al. (2003) [8].
Two geno ypes showed high esis ance, while 23 geno ypes exhibi ed mode a e esis ance (PDI 12.1–
25%). Thi een geno ypes we e mode a ely suscep ible (PDI 25.1–50%), and one a ie y was classi ied as
esis an . These esis an geno ypes ep esen aluable esou ces o oma o b eeding p og ams aimed a de-
eloping cul i a s esis an o ea ly bligh .
Keywo ds: Toma o, Al e na ia, esis ance, Solanum lycope sicum, disease.
Acknowledgmen s
This esea ch has been unded by he Science Commi ee o he Minis y o Science and Highe Educa-
ion o he Republic o Kazakhs an (G an No. AP19679502).
Re e ences
1. Boches, P.; Pe e schmid , B.; Mye s, J.R. E alua ion o a Subse o he Solanum lycope sicum a .
ce asi o me Co e Collec ion o Ho icul u al Quali y and F ui Phenolic Con en . Ho Science 2011, 46,
1450–1455.
2. Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ions S a is ical Da abase. A ailable online:
h ps://www. ao.o g/ aos a /en/#da a/QCL (accessed on 15 Sep embe 2025).
3. Beeche , G.R. Nu ien Con en o Toma oes and Toma o P oduc s. Exp. Biol. Med. 1998, 218(2),
98–100.
4. Vandenlangenbe g, G.M.; B ady, W.E.; Nebeling, L.C.; Block, G.; Fo man, M.; Bowen, P.E.; Ma es-
Pe lman, J.A. In luence o Using Di e en Sou ces o Ca o enoid Da a in Epidemiologic S udies. J. Am. Die .
Assoc. 1996, 96, 1271–1275.
5. Alsami , M.; Mahmood, T.; T e howan, R.; Ahmad, N. An O e iew o Hea S ess in Toma o (So-
lanum lycope sicum L.). Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 28, 1654–1663.

XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
5
6. Cannon, P.F.; Ki k, P.M. Fungal Families o he Wo ld; CAB In e na ional: Walling o d, Ox o d-
shi e, UK, 2007; p. 456.
7. Adhika i, P.; Oh, Y.; Pan hee, D.R. Cu en s a us o ea ly bligh esis ance in oma o: An upda e. In .
J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2019. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ijms18102019.
8. Pandey, K.K.; Pandey, P.K.; Kalloo, G.; Bane jee, M.K. Resis ance o Ea ly Bligh o Toma o wi h
Respec o Va ious Pa ame e s o Disease Epidemics. J. Gen. Plan Pa hol. 2003, 69, 364–371.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
6
Biological sciences
CRISPR/CAS9 TECHNOLOGY BASED ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A VECTOR FOR THE
PHYA1 GENE
U.A. O i jono a
H.A. Ubaidullae a
Cen e o Genomics and Bioin o ma ics,
Academy o Sciences o he Republic o Uzbekis an
ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ CRISPR/CAS9 НА ОСНОВЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ ВЕКТОРА ДЛЯ ГЕНА PHYA1
У.A.Орифжонова
Х.A.Убайдуллаева
Центр геномики и биоинформатики Академии наук Республики Узбекистан
Хлопчатник (Gossypium spp.) – одно из основных сельскохозяйственных растений с
экономическим вкладом в мировой рынок, который оценивается примерно в 500 млрд долларов США.
Хлопок, получаемый из растительного сырья, обеспечивает ежегодный доход для 100 млн
хозяйствующих субъектов в 150 странах мира. Из культивируемых в мире 53 видов хлопчатника,
наиболее часто используются Gossypium hi su um, G. ba badense, G. a bo eum и G. he baceum. G.
hi su um (хлопчатник со средней длиной волокон) и G. ba badense (хлопчатник с тонкими, длинными
и прочными волокнами) – это аллотетраплоидные виды. Благодаря своей способности адаптироваться
к различным условиям окружающей среды, производить высококачественное волокно и высокой
урожайности, 95 % площадей, на которых выращивают хлопок, занимает сорт G. hi su um. На долю G.
ba badense, а также на сорта с диплоидным набором хромосом (G. a bo eum и G. he baceum),
приходятся оставшиеся 5%.
В настоящее время хлопчатник стал модельным объектом исследований, направленных на
получение сортов с высокой урожайностью, качественными, длинными и прочными волокнами, то есть
сортов, соответствующих современным требованиям текстильной промышленности. В частности, для
повышения физиологических и агрономических характеристик хлопчатника с помощью технологии
РНК-интерференции за счет снижения на 70% экспрессии гена PHYA1 (группа фоторецепторов,
отвечающих за реакцию на красный и дальний красный свет) были получены сорта хлопчатника с
высокой урожайностью, ранним созреванием и длинными волокнами. С целью дальнейшего
улучшения агрономических характеристик с помощью технологии CRISPR/Cas9 проводится
трансформация хлопчатника линии Cocke -312 для создания векторной конструкции для нокаута гена
PHYA1.
Ключевые слова: ген PHYA1, технология CRISPR/CAS9, хлопок (Gossypium hi su um L.), векторная
конструкция
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
7
Chemical sciences
OBTAINING HYDROCHAR BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION FROM RICE HUSK
A en Tenizbaye
№9 egional «Bilim-Inno a ion» lyceum boa ding-school o gi ed boys named a e Seilbek Shaukha-
mano which belongs educa ion depa men o Kyzylo da egion, Kyzylo ada, Kazakhs an
Me uye Tolegenkyzy
Ko ky A a Kyzylo da Uni e si y, Kyzylo da, Kazakhs an
Nu bol Appazo
Ko ky A a Kyzylo da Uni e si y, Kyzylo da, Kazakhs an
Abs ac
The p esen s udy ocuses on he syn hesis o hyd ocha om ice husk h ough hyd o he mal
ca boniza ion (HTC), a he mochemical con e sion echnique ha has gained signi ican a en ion o i s
abili y o ans o m ag icul u al esidues in o alue-added ca bonaceous ma e ials. HTC o e s an
en i onmen ally iendly and e icien app oach o biomass u iliza ion, esul ing in p oduc s wi h high ca bon
con en , conside able ene gy po en ial, and mul i unc ional applica ions in adso p ion, ca alysis, and ene gy
s o age. Rice husk, a by-p oduc gene a ed in la ge quan i ies du ing ice milling and commonly ega ded as
ag icul u al was e, was selec ed as he aw ma e ial due o i s abundance, low cos , and a o able composi ion.
A se ies o hyd o he mal ca boniza ion expe imen s we e pe o med unde a ying empe a u e egimes in
o de o op imize p ocess pa ame e s and e alua e he e ec o ca boniza ion condi ions on hyd ocha yield
and quali y. P io o ea men , ice husk was ho oughly washed wi h unning wa e ollowed by dis illed
wa e o emo e impu i ies and d ied in a labo a o y o en a 105 °C o 24 hou s o ensu e consis en mois u e
con en . The p e ea ed husk was hen mixed wi h dis illed wa e a a mass a io o 1:1 unde con inuous s i ing
o p omo e uni o m hyd a ion. The p epa ed mix u e was subjec ed o ca boniza ion in a acuum mu le
u nace a di e en a ge empe a u es o a ixed du a ion o 60 minu es. The expe imen al esul s
demons a ed ha bo h ca boniza ion empe a u e and eac ion du a ion exe a signi ican in luence on he
s uc u al and physicochemical p ope ies o he esul ing hyd ocha . A ele a ed empe a u es, in ensi e
he mal decomposi ion p omo ed he b eakdown o su ace laye s o he biomass, which acili a ed he
de elopmen o a po ous a chi ec u e and inc eased he speci ic su ace a ea. The sys ema ic s udy o
hyd ocha p ope ies included de e mina ion o mois u e con en , bulk densi y, and iodine adso p ion ac i i y,
he la e se ing as a measu e o po osi y and su ace unc ionali y. I was es ablished ha he op imal
ca boniza ion empe a u e o ice husk unde he chosen condi ions was 800 °C, whe e he maximum iodine
adso p ion ac i i y o 63.37% was achie ed. Fu he mo e, scanning elec on mic oscopy (SEM) analysis
con i med ha he hyd ocha ob ained a his empe a u e exhibi ed a well-de eloped and highly po ous
s uc u e, which is expec ed o enhance i s adso p ion pe o mance and ex end i s po en ial applica ions in
en i onmen al and ene gy- ela ed ields. These indings demons a e ha hyd o he mal ca boniza ion is a
iable ou e o upg ading ice husk in o unc ional po ous ca bon ma e ials, con ibu ing o sus ainable was e
alo iza ion s a egies.
Keywo ds: ice husk, hyd ocha , hyd o he mal ca boniza ion, adso p ion ac i i y, po ous s uc u e.
INTRODUCTION
The inc easing global popula ion and indus ial expansion ha e in ensi ied he demand o sus ainable
ag icul u al p oduc ion and e ec i e en i onmen al p o ec ion s a egies. Ca bonaceous ma e ials such as
ac i a ed ca bon, biocha , and hyd ocha a e widely ecognized as cos -e icien adso ben s o applica ions in
wa e pu i ica ion, soil imp o emen , and en i onmen al emedia ion. Hyd ocha , ob ained h ough he
hyd o he mal ca boniza ion (HTC) o biomass, is ex ensi ely applied as a soil amendmen , e ilize ,
adso ben , and enewable ene gy sou ce [1].
The g owing accumula ion o ag icul u al and indus ial was e has d i en he de elopmen o he ci cula
bioeconomy concep , which emphasizes he c ea ion o aluable by-p oduc s while suppo ing en i onmen al
sus ainabili y. Each yea , global ice p oduc ion yields mo e han 750 million ons o s aw and app oxima ely
150 million ons o husk. To con e his biomass in o use ul p oduc s, he mochemical and hyd o he mal
me hods a e among he mos equen ly employed o p oducing biocha and hyd ocha [2-7]. Rice husk (RH)
is a pa icula ly aluable esou ce, con aining compounds sui able o di e se applica ions. RH and i s
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
8
de i a i es ha e been u ilized as uel and o he ene gy ca ie s, as cons uc ion ma e ials, and in
pha maceu ical, medical, and nanobio echnological indus ies [8-15].
A de ailed s udy [16] examined he physical, chemical, and me allu gical p ope ies o hyd ocha .
Findings indica ed ha hyd o he mal ca boniza ion ma kedly enhanced pa ame e s such as calo i ic alue,
g indabili y, igni ion empe a u e, explosi eness, combus ibili y, and gasi ica ion beha io in compa ison wi h
un ea ed biomass.
In addi ion, hyd ocha con ibu es o he imp o emen o ag o o es y sys ems by p omo ing plan
g ow h and soil quali y, while also o e ing po en ial bene i s o clima e change mi iga ion h ough long- e m
ca bon seques a ion in soils and enhanced ca bon up ake by ege a ion [17].
The de ining cha ac e is ics o hyd ocha include i s ele a ed calo i ic alue and he abundance o
oxygen-con aining unc ional g oups. These p ope ies a e s ongly in luenced by he eeds ock composi ion
as well as he empe a u e and esidence ime du ing HTC. Owing o hese ea u es, hyd ocha has
demons a ed p omising po en ial in a ious applica ions, including as an adso ben , po ous ca bon p ecu so ,
ca alys suppo , and in clean ene gy echnologies [18].
HTC has gained conside able a en ion in ecen yea s as an e ec i e echnique o p oducing hyd ocha
om di e se biomass sou ces, pa icula ly ag icul u al esidues. A numbe o s udies ha e ocused on he
upscaling o his p ocess and i s po en ial o indus ial applica ions [19]. Hyd ocha is cha ac e ized by
hyd ophobici y, ele a ed ene gy densi y, and a calo i ic alue compa able o ha o ligni e coal. A undamen al
dis inc ion o HTC compa ed wi h o he ca boniza ion echniques lies in he la ge olume o wa e in ol ed,
which di ec ly in luences he mechanisms o hyd ocha o ma ion. In es iga ions [20-22] ha e add essed he
speci ics o low- empe a u e he mal ea men and he s uc u al ans o ma ion o biomass cons i uen s such
as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin unde HTC condi ions.
Hyd ocha has been success ully syn hesized om wa e melon ind was e h ough hyd o he mal
ea men a 190°C and 260°C o 1, 6, and 12 hou s. Bo h he solid hyd ocha and he spen liquo we e
eco e ed and cha ac e ized, wi h he esul s indica ing a hyd ocha yield o 2-5% on a esh weigh basis and
46-95% on a d y weigh basis [23]. Simila ly, high-ca bon-con en hyd ocha was p oduced om allen lea es
unde HTC a 200-250 °C, ollowed by ho deionized wa e ea men o 30 minu es. The highes ene gy
con en (91.67%) was achie ed a a ca boniza ion empe a u e o 240°C [24].
Ag o-indus ial esidues such as sun lowe meal ha e also been con e ed in o adso p i e ca bon
ma e ials ia HTC. Cha ac e iza ion using FTIR spec oscopy e ealed he phase composi ion, while SEM
analysis demons a ed mo phological ea u es. I was con i med ha HTC ea men acili a ed he
de elopmen o po ous s uc u es in he esul ing ca bon ma e ials [25]. In ano he s udy, bo h hyd ocha and
py ocha we e ob ained om Napie g ass h ough HTC (200 and 240°C) and py olysis (300 and 500°C),
espec i ely. Thei physicochemical p ope ies and Cd2+ so p ion beha io we e sys ema ically in es iga ed
[26]. Phospho us-en iched hyd ocha was p epa ed ia co-hyd o he mal ea men o bamboo and hicko y
biomass wi h concen a ed H3PO4 (biomass:H3PO4 = 1:4) a 200°C o 7 hou s. The ma e ial’s cha ac e is ics
we e analyzed, and i s ole in Pb s abiliza ion in soils was demons a ed [27]. Hyd ocha om ice s aw was
ob ained h ough ca aly ic HTC a 200°C, wi h and wi hou FeCl3 (1.2%) se ing as an i on ca alys , which
imp o ed he su ace p ope ies. Ba ch adso p ion s udies we e pe o med o assess he in luence o adso ben
dosage, solu ion pH, and ini ial me al ion concen a ion [28].
Da e palm lea es ha e also been used as p ecu so s o hyd ocha ia HTC. Chemical modi ica ion wi h
H2O2 yielded a hyd ocha exhibi ing a sponge-like, cubic mesopo ous nanos uc u e as e ealed by high-
esolu ion ansmission elec on mic oscopy. The mal analysis indica ed wo majo decomposi ion e en s a
app oxima ely 330°C and 400°C. The p epa ed hyd ocha was ound o ha e enhanced physicochemical
cha ac e is ics and an ele a ed calo i ic alue o 20.95 MJ/kg [29].
In addi ion, hyd ocha de i ed om ice husk (RH) was e alua ed as an al e na i e adso ben o a azine
emo al. I was syn hesized using mic owa e-assis ed HTC unde di e en p ocess pa ame e s: empe a u e
(150-200°C), esidence ime (20-60 min), and liquid- o-solid a ios (5:1–15:1 mL/g). Su ace ac i a ion was
subsequen ly ca ied ou wi h a ying concen a ions o KOH and H2O2 [30].
O e all, esea ch on he mal biomass con e sion-pa icula ly HTC o ag icul u al esidues- emains
highly ele an , o e ing oppo uni ies o he de elopmen o unc ional ma e ials. In he p esen wo k, we
p opose a pa hway o u ilizing la ge-scale ice husk was e o p oduce hyd ocha , which holds po en ial o
was ewa e ea men applica ions and o enhancing he p ope ies o deg aded soils in ag icul u e.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
15
Nasi i e al. (2020) and Yang, Fu, and Zhang (2021) highligh he g owing adop ion o AI and Big Da a
analy ics in logis ics. These echnologies lead o mo e accu a e demand o ecas ing, dynamic in en o y man-
agemen , and da a-d i en decision-making. S udies show ha AI-based p edic i e models signi ican ly ou -
pe o m adi ional o ecas ing me hods, suppo ing p oac i e isk managemen and cos op imiza ion.
In e ne o Things (IoT):
IoT’s impac on supply chain isibili y and eal- ime acking is well-documen ed (I ano & Dolgui,
2021). Sma senso s and de ices enable con inuous moni o ing o goods, ehicles, and s o age condi ions,
educing losses and imp o ing aceabili y. Resea ch by Ga ay-Ronde o e al. (2020) unde lines he ole o
IoT in au oma ing wa ehouse ope a ions and ensu ing imely deli e y.
Blockchain o T anspa ency and Secu i y:
Blockchain echnology has eme ged as a powe ul ool o enhancing anspa ency, aceabili y, and
us in supply chains (Quei oz & Wamba Fosso, 2021). S udies (Wamba Fosso e al., 2020) ha e shown ha
blockchain adop ion educes aud, imp o es da a accu acy, and suppo s compliance wi h egula o y s and-
a ds, especially in sec o s such as ood, pha maceu icals, and luxu y goods.
Digi al Twins and Cloud Compu ing:
The li e a u e ecognizes digi al wins and cloud-based pla o ms as enable s o eal- ime simula ion,
da a sha ing, and collabo a ion. These echnologies acili a e synch onized ope a ions ac oss mul iple s ake-
holde s and imp o e supply chain coo dina ion and agili y.
Bene i s and ROI o Digi al Logis ics:
Mul iple empi ical s udies con i m ha digi aliza ion leads o angible bene i s, including enhanced op-
e a ional e iciency, cos educ ion, imp o ed in en o y managemen , and inc eased cus ome sa is ac ion.
Companies in es ing in digi al logis ics epo highe e u ns on in es men and a g ea e abili y o adap o
dis up ions.
Challenges and Ba ie s:
Despi e he clea ad an ages, he li e a u e also highligh s signi ican challenges. Sys em in eg a ion,
da a silos, cybe secu i y isks, high implemen a ion cos s, and a sho age o skilled alen a e ecu en hemes.
Change managemen and o ganiza ional esis ance a e iden i ied as c i ical ac o s ha can hinde success ul
digi al ans o ma ion.
Fu u e T ends:
Recen e iews (Lu & Taghipou , 2025) s ess he need o ongoing esea ch in o eme ging echnolo-
gies, such as machine lea ning, edge compu ing, and ad anced obo ics. They also unde sco e he impo ance
o c oss-sec o collabo a ion and adap i e egula o y amewo ks o maximize he bene i s o digi al supply
chains.
Summa y:
O e all, he li e a u e con i ms ha digi al logis ics is e olu ionizing supply chain managemen , o e -
ing unp eceden ed le els o e iciency, anspa ency, and esilience. Howe e , success ul digi al ans o -
ma ion equi es a s a egic app oach, in es men in people and echnology, and ongoing a en ion o isk man-
agemen and egula o y compliance.
Me hodology
This esea ch adop s a quali a i e, desc ip i e app oach o examine he impac o digi al echnologies
on logis ics and supply chain managemen . The me hodology consis s o he ollowing componen s:
1. Li e a u e Re iew:
A comp ehensi e su ey o ecen academic publica ions, indus y epo s, and case s udies was con-
duc ed o ga he insigh s on digi al logis ics, supply chain digi aliza ion, and he adop ion o ad anced ech-
nologies such as AI, IoT, blockchain, and digi al wins. The li e a u e e iew in o med he heo e ical ame-
wo k o he s udy and iden i ied key ends, bene i s, and challenges associa ed wi h digi al ans o ma ion in
logis ics.
2. Sou ce Selec ion C i e ia:
The sou ces selec ed include pee - e iewed jou nal a icles, con e ence p oceedings, indus y whi epa-
pe s, and epu able ma ke analysis epo s published be ween 2018 and 2024. P io i y was gi en o publica-
ions ocusing on he p ac ical applica ions, ou comes, and eal-wo ld case s udies o digi al echnologies in
supply chain managemen .
3. Da a Collec ion and Analysis:
Da a we e collec ed om seconda y sou ces such as Scopus, Web o Science, ScienceDi ec , and indus-
y esea ch po als. Thema ic analysis was employed o iden i y ecu ing pa e ns, c i ical success ac o s,

XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
16
and ba ie s in digi al logis ics implemen a ion. Quan i a i e indings om ci ed s udies (e.g., ope a ional e -
iciency imp o emen s, cos educ ion pe cen ages, adop ion a es) we e summa ized and p esen ed in abula
o m o suppo quali a i e obse a ions.
4. Compa a i e Assessmen :
Whe e applicable, he s udy compa es he pe o mance and challenges o o ganiza ions ha ha e
adop ed digi al logis ics solu ions e sus hose elying on adi ional p ocesses. This compa a i e assessmen
d aws on empi ical da a om ecen su eys and ma ke epo s.
5. Limi a ions:
This esea ch is based solely on seconda y da a and does no include o iginal empi ical ieldwo k such
as in e iews o su eys. The apidly e ol ing na u e o digi al echnologies means ha some indings may be
subjec o change as new inno a ions eme ge.
By employing his me hodology, he s udy aims o p esen an up- o-da e, e idence-based o e iew o
how digi al echnologies a e ans o ming logis ics and supply chain managemen , while highligh ing he mos
p essing oppo uni ies and challenges in he ield.
Main New Technologies and Thei E ec s
Recen yea s ha e wi nessed e olu iona y changes in supply chain managemen due o he in eg a ion
o new echnologies. The ollowing a e he mos p ominen echnologies and hei e ec s:
1. A i icial In elligence (AI) and Big Da a
AI and Big Da a analy ics play a c ucial ole in supply chain planning, o ecas ing, and op imiza ion.
AI-d i en algo i hms enhance demand o ecas s, o de p io i iza ion, and in en o y managemen e iciency
(Nasi i e al., 2020). Mo eo e , Big Da a analy ics imp o es eal- ime decision-making and accele a es he
de ec ion o isks wi hin he supply chain (Yang, Fu & Zhang, 2021). Fo example, AI-powe ed o ecas ing
ools enable companies o eac mo e lexibly o ma ke changes and op imize in en o y, hus educing cos s.
2. In e ne o Things (IoT)
IoT echnology allows a ious physical objec s—such as con aine s, ucks, and wa ehouse equip-
men — o connec o he in e ne and sha e in o ma ion (I ano & Dolgui, 2021). IoT senso s enable eal- ime
acking and au oma ic da a collec ion a all s ages o he supply chain. This acili a es p ecise moni o ing o
shipmen s, p oduc condi ions, empe a u e, and o he c i ical me ics, leading o quick iden i ica ion o delays
o dis up ions and he educ ion o losses and ine iciencies.
3. Blockchain Technology
Blockchain is one o he mos signi ican inno a ions in ensu ing anspa ency and da a secu i y in he
supply chain (Quei oz & Wamba Fosso, 2021). Wi h blockchain-based pla o ms, all supply chain pa icipan s
ha e eliable access o sha ed da abases, and any da a changes a e eco ded, educing he isk o aud. This
echnology is pa icula ly e ec i e in inancial ansac ions, p oduc o igin acking, and ce i ica ion p o-
cesses.
4. Digi al Twins and Cloud Compu ing
Digi al wins echnology enables he c ea ion o i ual models o physical objec s and p ocesses. These
models acili a e simula ions a di e en supply chain s ages, help o ecas isks, and imp o e decision-making
p ocesses. Cloud-based solu ions p o ide secu e, cen alized da a s o age and enable eal- ime da a sha ing
and coo dina ion among supply chain pa ne s.
5. Au oma ed Wa ehousing and T anspo a ion
Au oma ed wa ehouse sys ems and obo ic anspo a ion signi ican ly inc ease he e iciency and speed
o adi ional logis ics ope a ions. In elligen obo s and Au oma ed Guided Vehicles (AGVs) op imize he
picking, so ing, and anspo a ion o p oduc s wi hin wa ehouses. These echnologies educe he need o
manual labo , minimize e o s, and allow o 24/7 con inuous ope a ion.
6. E-Comme ce and Pla o m Technologies
The de elopmen o e-comme ce pla o ms and digi al ma ke places enhances he lexibili y and cus-
ome -cen ici y o he supply chain. O de managemen , deli e y acking, and pe sonalized se ices a e
among he main bene i s o supply chain digi aliza ion. Digi al pla o ms acili a e communica ion and collab-
o a ion among pa ne s, enabling as e esponses o ma ke demands.
7. Cybe secu i y
Wi h he expansion o digi aliza ion, in o ma ion secu i y and cybe secu i y ha e become op p io i ies
in he supply chain. The adop ion o new echnologies inc eases he isk o cybe h ea s and da a b eaches,
equi ing companies o s eng hen hei secu i y s a egies.
The implemen a ion o hese echnologies signi ican ly inc eases supply chain e iciency, agili y, and
esilience, bu success ul deploymen equi es o ganiza ional change, in es men , and wo k o ce upskilling.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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O e all, digi al inno a ions a e shaping he u u e o he logis ics sec o and opening new oppo uni ies o
sus ainable de elopmen .
Bene i s and Challenges
Bene i s
The in eg a ion o digi al echnologies in o logis ics and supply chain managemen has b ough abou
ans o ma i e bene i s, eshaping how o ganiza ions ope a e, collabo a e, and deli e alue:
1. Enhanced Ope a ional E iciency
Digi al echnologies—such as AI-powe ed analy ics, p ocess au oma ion, and IoT-enabled acking—
s eamline logis ics ope a ions, educe manual in e en ion, and op imize wo k low. Real- ime da a allows
companies o make as e , da a-d i en decisions and o quickly adap o any dis up ions o changing ma ke
demands. Resea ch indica es ha o ganiza ions adop ing digi al logis ics solu ions see ope a ional e iciency
gains o up o 80%.
2. Cos Reduc ion and Imp o ed P o i Ma gins
Au oma ion o epe i i e asks, p edic i e main enance, and op imized ou e planning con ibu e o sub-
s an ial cos sa ings. Digi al in en o y managemen minimizes o e s ocking and s ockou s, educing s o age
and anspo a ion cos s. On a e age, supply chain digi aliza ion enables o ganiza ions o cu logis ics cos s by
abou 20%, wi h mos o ganiza ions epo ing posi i e e u n on in es men (ROI) wi hin wo yea s.
3. G ea e Supply Chain Visibili y and T anspa ency
Technologies like IoT and blockchain enable end- o-end isibili y ac oss he en i e supply chain. Real-
ime acking o shipmen s, in en o y, and asse s imp o es aceabili y, educes losses, and enhances accoun -
abili y. Blockchain, in pa icula , c ea es immu able eco ds, building us among supply chain pa ne s and
cus ome s alike.
4. Imp o ed Cus ome Sa is ac ion and Responsi eness
Digi aliza ion enhances cus ome expe ience by p o iding accu a e deli e y p edic ions, eal- ime o de
acking, and as e esponse o inqui ies o dis up ions. Pe sonalized se ices, made possible by da a analy ics,
s eng hen ela ionships and inc ease cus ome loyal y. Acco ding o su eys, 77–80% o companies epo
highe cus ome sa is ac ion due o digi al ans o ma ion.
5. Agili y and Resilience
Digi al supply chains a e mo e agile and esilien in he ace o dis up ions such as pandemics, geopo-
li ical e en s, o na u al disas e s. P edic i e analy ics and scena io modeling enable p oac i e isk mi iga ion,
while digi al collabo a ion pla o ms acili a e apid econ igu a ion o supply chain ne wo ks.
6. Sus ainabili y
Digi al solu ions help op imize esou ce use and educe was e h ough be e demand o ecas ing,
sma e anspo a ion planning, and ene gy-e icien wa ehouse managemen . Enhanced anspa ency sup-
po s compliance wi h sus ainabili y s anda ds and enables companies o educe hei ca bon oo p in .
7. Da a-D i en Inno a ion and Compe i i e Ad an age
The as amoun s o da a gene a ed in digi al supply chains uel ongoing p ocess imp o emen , inno a-
ion, and he de elopmen o new business models. O ganiza ions le e aging ad anced analy ics and digi al
ools a e be e posi ioned o an icipa e ma ke ends and ou pe o m compe i o s. Table 1.
Key Bene i s o Digi aliza ion in Supply Chains
Bene i
Pe cen age (%)
Inc eased ope a ional e iciency
70–80
Sho - e m pe o mance imp o emen
10–20
Long- e m pe o mance imp o emen
20–40
Cos educ ion
~20
Posi i e ROI (wi hin 2 yea s)
69
Imp o ed sus ainabili y & agili y
79–84
Imp o ed cus ome sa is ac ion
77–80
Imp o ed o ecas accu acy
81
Enhanced in en o y managemen
89
Challenges
Despi e he signi ican bene i s, he digi al ans o ma ion o logis ics and supply chains aces se e al
no able challenges:
1. Sys em In eg a ion and Da a Silos
Many o ganiza ions ope a e wi h legacy sys ems o dispa a e pla o ms, making i di icul o in eg a e
new digi al ools seamlessly. Da a silos hinde he low o in o ma ion, complica ing e o s o achie e end-
o-end isibili y and eal- ime insigh s. 39% o o ganiza ions ci e sys em in eg a ion as a op challenge.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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2. Skilled Wo k o ce Sho age
The demand o employees p o icien in digi al echnologies, da a analy ics, and supply chain manage-
men a exceeds supply. Companies s uggle o ec ui and e ain alen wi h he necessa y skills o implemen
and manage digi al solu ions. This skills gap is iden i ied by 40% o companies as a signi ican obs acle.
3. Cybe secu i y and Da a P o ec ion
As supply chains become mo e connec ed and elian on digi al pla o ms, hey a e inc easingly ulne -
able o cybe a acks, da a b eaches, and cybe -espionage. P o ec ing sensi i e in o ma ion ac oss in e con-
nec ed ne wo ks equi es obus cybe secu i y s a egies, in es men in secu i y in as uc u e, and ongoing
igilance.
4. High Ini ial In es men and Resou ce Cons ain s
Implemen ing digi al echnologies o en equi es subs an ial up on in es men in in as uc u e, so -
wa e, aining, and change managemen . Fo small and medium-sized en e p ises (SMEs), hese cos s can be
p ohibi i e, slowing he pace o digi al adop ion and inno a ion.
5. Da a Quali y and Go e nance
The e ec i eness o digi al solu ions depends on he quali y, consis ency, and eliabili y o da a col-
lec ed and sha ed ac oss he supply chain. Poo da a quali y can lead o inco ec analyses, subop imal deci-
sions, and diminished us in digi al sys ems. Da a go e nance amewo ks a e essen ial o add ess hese isks.
6. Change Managemen and O ganiza ional Resis ance
Digi al ans o ma ion equi es a cul u al shi , c oss- unc ional collabo a ion, and willingness o em-
b ace new ways o wo king. Resis ance o change among employees, lack o leade ship buy-in, and insu icien
communica ion can de ail digi al ini ia i es and limi hei impac .
7. Regula o y and Compliance Issues
As supply chains become mo e da a-d i en and bo de less, o ganiza ions mus na iga e complex and
e ol ing egula o y en i onmen s conce ning da a p i acy, c oss-bo de da a ans e , and indus y-speci ic
compliance s anda ds. Table 2.
Main Challenges in Supply Chain Digi aliza ion
Challenge
Pe cen age / No e
Sys em in eg a ion di icul y
39%
Skilled wo k o ce sho age
40%
Da a silos
Signi ican issue ( a ies by sou ce)
Cybe secu i y isks
C i ical challenge
High ini ial in es men
Ba ie o SMEs
Da a quali y & go e nance
Among mos equen ly epo ed issues
Change managemen esis ance
Common challenge
Regula o y/compliance complexi y
G owing conce n
In conclusion, while he pa h o digi al supply chains is illed wi h bo h p omise and complexi y, o gan-
iza ions ha p oac i ely add ess hese challenges and le e age he ull po en ial o digi al echnologies will be
be e equipped o h i e in a dynamic, compe i i e, and apidly changing global ma ke place.
Conclusion and Sugges ions
Conclusion
The digi al ans o ma ion o logis ics and supply chain managemen is undamen ally eshaping he
global business landscape. As his a icle demons a es, he in eg a ion o ad anced digi al echnologies—such
as a i icial in elligence, In e ne o Things, blockchain, cloud compu ing, and digi al wins—has deli e ed
ema kable imp o emen s in ope a ional e iciency, isibili y, esponsi eness, and sus ainabili y ac oss supply
chains. Companies ha success ully implemen digi al logis ics solu ions bene i om eal- ime da a-d i en
decision-making, educed cos s, imp o ed cus ome sa is ac ion, and enhanced abili y o an icipa e and e-
spond o dis up ions.
Howe e , he jou ney owa ds a ully digi al supply chain is no wi hou i s challenges. Issues such as
sys em in eg a ion di icul ies, da a silos, a sho age o skilled alen , cybe secu i y ulne abili ies, high ini ial
in es men s, and esis ance o o ganiza ional change con inue o impede he pace and e ec i eness o digi al
ans o ma ion. Mo eo e , as supply chains become inc easingly in e connec ed and da a-d i en, egula o y
and compliance complexi ies add ano he laye o isk and unce ain y.
None heless, he e idence is clea : he long- e m ad an ages o digi al logis ics a ou weigh he obs a-
cles. O ganiza ions ha p oac i ely add ess hese challenges and in es in digi al capabili ies a e be e posi-
ioned o achie e esilience, compe i i e ad an age, and sus ainable g ow h in a apidly e ol ing global ma -
ke .
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
19
Sugges ions
To maximize he bene i s o digi al logis ics and o e come exis ing ba ie s, he ollowing s a egic
ecommenda ions a e p oposed o o ganiza ions and indus y s akeholde s:
1. De elop a Comp ehensi e Digi al S a egy
O ganiza ions should c ea e a clea and phased digi al ans o ma ion oadmap, aligned wi h hei long-
e m business objec i es. This includes p io i izing high-impac a eas, benchma king p og ess, and ensu ing
execu i e leade ship commi men .
2. In es in Wo k o ce De elopmen
Closing he digi al skills gap is c ucial (Abdullaye & Alakba o , 2025). Companies should in es in
con inuous aining and upskilling o hei wo k o ce o build digi al li e acy, da a analy ics, and change man-
agemen compe encies a e e y o ganiza ional le el.
3. S eng hen Sys em In eg a ion and Da a Go e nance
In eg a ing legacy and mode n sys ems is essen ial o seamless da a low and eal- ime isibili y. Im-
plemen ing obus da a go e nance amewo ks will help ensu e da a quali y, consis ency, and secu i y ac oss
he supply chain.
4. Enhance Cybe secu i y Measu es
As digi al ecosys ems expand, supply chains become mo e exposed o cybe h ea s. Companies mus
adop ad anced cybe secu i y solu ions, conduc egula isk assessmen s, and os e a cul u e o cybe secu i y
awa eness.
5. Fos e a Cul u e o Inno a ion and Change
Digi al ans o ma ion is as much abou people and p ocesses as i is abou echnology. Leade ship
should encou age openness o inno a ion, suppo c oss- unc ional collabo a ion, and add ess esis ance o
change h ough anspa en communica ion and s akeholde engagemen .
6. Build S a egic Pa ne ships
Collabo a ing wi h echnology p o ide s, indus y pee s, and academic ins i u ions can acili a e
knowledge sha ing, accele a e echnology adop ion, and c ea e obus ecosys ems o digi al inno a ion.
7. Moni o Regula o y De elopmen s
O ganiza ions mus s ay in o med abou e ol ing egula ions ela ed o da a p i acy, c oss-bo de da a
ans e , and indus y s anda ds. P oac i e compliance managemen will mi iga e legal isks and ensu e unin-
e up ed ope a ions (Abdullaye e al, 2024).
8. Measu e and Communica e Value
Regula ly ack key pe o mance indica o s (KPIs) ela ed o digi al in es men s—such as cos sa ings,
e iciency gains, cus ome sa is ac ion, and ROI— o demons a e alue and secu e ongoing suppo o digi al
ini ia i es.
By aking a p oac i e, s a egic, and collabo a i e app oach, o ganiza ions can no only o e come he
challenges o digi al ans o ma ion bu also unlock new oppo uni ies o g ow h, sus ainabili y, and esilience
in he digi al age.
Re e ences
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Compe i i eness in Aze baijan’s T ansi ion Economy. Luminis Applied Science and Enginee ing, 2(3), 27-
34. 2. Abdullaye , A. E., Asge o a, M. R., Abbaso a, M. M., & Humba , E. (2024). Global Challenges o
Regional Managemen in The Mode n Wo ld: The Main Fac o s Shaping he In as uc u e Base o Regional
Managemen . In e na ional Jou nal, 5(11), 4639-4644.
3. Ag awal, P., & Na ain, R. (2018). Digi al supply chain managemen : An o e iew. IOP Con e ence
Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing (iopscience.iop.o g)
4. Andaloussi, M. B. (2024). A bibliome ic li e a u e e iew o digi al supply chain: T ends, insigh s,
and u u e di ec ions. SAGE Open (jou nals.sagepub.com)
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Ald e e-Malaca a, A. (2020). Digi al supply chain model in Indus y 4.0. Jou nal o Manu ac u ing
Technology Managemen (jou nals.sagepub.com)
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esilience in he e a o Indus y 4.0. P oduc ion Planning & Con ol (jou nals.sagepub.com)
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8. Nasi i, M., Ukko, J., Saunila, M., & Ran ala, T. (2020). Managing he digi al supply chain: The ole
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TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND NEW SKILLS IN THE DIGITALIZATION OF
THE ECONOMY
Huseyn Baghi soylu
Associa e-p o esso o he chai “Economics and ma ke ing”
Nakhchi an S a e Uni e si y, Aze baijan
ORCID: 0009-0009-1007-9414
Abs ac
This a icle in es iga es he ans o ma ion o human capi al and he eme gence o new skills amid
economic digi aliza ion. The p oli e a ion o digi al echnologies—such as AI, au oma ion, and big da a—has
dis up ed adi ional labo ma ke s, educa ional sys ems, and employe expec a ions wo ldwide. D awing upon
global and egional da a, including Aze baijan’s na ional ini ia i es, his s udy o e s a li e a u e e iew,
empi ical e idence, and s a is ical insigh s o 2024. Findings indica e ha success ul adap a ion o digi al
economies equi es con inuous eskilling, in es men in bo h echnical and so skills, inclusi e digi al policies,
and public-p i a e pa ne ships. The a icle concludes wi h s a egic ecommenda ions o guide policymake s,
educa o s, and employe s in na iga ing his ans o ma ion.
Keywo ds: digi al economy, human capi al, ans o ma ion, new skills, labo ma ke .
In oduc ion
In he digi al e a, economies wo ldwide a e unde going deep s uc u al ans o ma ion. Technologies
like a i icial in elligence (AI), au oma ion, cloud compu ing, and big da a a e ede ining how businesses
ope a e, how educa ion is deli e ed, and which compe encies a e alued in he labo ma ke [9]. The Wo ld
Economic Fo um (WEF) highligh s ha o e 40% o wo ke s will need eskilling by 2028 due o hese
echnological shi s.
These changes demand a econ igu a ion o human capi al. T adi ional oles a e diminishing, while
digi al, analy ical, and adap i e skills a e becoming essen ial [4]. Li elong lea ning is no longe op ional—i is
a necessi y o bo h indi iduals and economies o emain compe i i e [10].
This s udy aims o explo e how digi aliza ion is eshaping human capi al, iden i y he mos in-demand
skills in 2024, examine egional s a egies—pa icula ly in Aze baijan—and o e ecommenda ions o u u e
wo k o ce eadiness [1].
Li e a u e Re iew
Digi al T ans o ma ion and Labo Ma ke E olu ion
B ynjol sson and McA ee (2014) a gue ha digi al echnologies a e no jus imp o ing p oduc i i y—
hey a e ede ining job oles. Au o (2022) u he elabo a es ha au oma ion is comp essing demand o
ou ine asks while inc easing demand o ech-sa y p o essionals.
The WEF’s Fu u e o Jobs Repo (2025) p ojec s ha by 2030, 170 million new jobs will be c ea ed
globally, esul ing in a ne gain o 78 million jobs, despi e massi e displacemen (WEF, 2025). C ucially, 85%
o employe s plan o upskill s a , and 67% in end o hi e alen wi h speci ic AI skills.
Eme ging Skill Se s: Technical and So Skills
Acco ding o WEF (2023), he op echnical skills in demand include p og amming, da a analy ics,
cybe secu i y, AI, and digi al ma ke ing (blog.cou se a.o g). Meanwhile, so skills—such as adap abili y,
c i ical hinking, leade ship, and eamwo k—a e inc easingly impo an [10]; [13].
Digi al li e acy is now ounda ional. Job Ma ke Moni o (2024) epo s ha 92% o jobs equi e a leas
basic digi al skills, and he global alue o digi al skills s ands a $18.5 illion—12% o global GDP.
Regional Focus: Aze baijan’s Digi al T ans o ma ion
In Aze baijan, he "4IR Academy" ini ia i e, in pa ne ship wi h Cou se a and C4IR, has p o ided ee
access o o e 800 cou ses, bene i ing 10,000 ci izens and ea ning 4,200 ce i ica es in a eas like AI, big da a,
and cloud compu ing. By 2025, he p og am aims o each 200,000 lea ne s and ansla e all 8,000 Cou se a
cou ses in o Aze baijani (we o um.o g).
Aze baijan’s “Digi al Skills Assessmen 2023–2024” by ITU ound ha only 25% o ci izens aged 15–
74 possess basic digi al skills, e ealing signi ican gaps in sa e y, con en c ea ion, and p oblem-sol ing. The
Wo ld Bank’s upcoming e alua ion (June 2024) co e s access o in e ne se ices and digi al li e acy ac oss
mul iple egions in Aze baijan ( epo .az).
Theo e ical Pe spec i es: Human Capi al and Skills-Based Hi ing
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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Mul idimensional skills—beyond o mal educa ion—a e c ucial p edic o s o ea nings and job quali y
[11]. Employe s inc easingly a o skill-based hi ing; in AI and g een oles, skills now command a highe
wage p emium han deg ees [8]. AI complemen s human skills like digi al li e acy and eamwo k mo e han i
subs i u es hem, ampli ying he alue o such compe encies.
Me hodology
This s udy uses a mixed-me hods app oach:
1. Li e a u e Re iew: Syn hesizes global epo s , academic s udies, and egional da a.
2. S a is ical Analysis: P esen s 2024 da a om WEF, Eu os a , ITU, Job Ma ke Moni o , and
Aze baijani sou ces.
3. Case S udy: Focuses on Aze baijan’s digi al upskilling e o s ia 4IR Academy and na ional
assessmen s.
4. Compa a i e Analysis: Con as s global ends wi h Aze baijan’s p og ess.
5. In e p e a ion: D aws s a egic implica ions o policy and p ac ice.
Resea ch Findings
1. Mos In-Demand Digi al Skills in 2024
Skill
Global Demand (%)
P og amming & Coding
52
Da a Analy ics
48
Cybe secu i y
44
A i icial In elligence
39
Digi al Ma ke ing
37
Sou ce: Wo ld Economic Fo um (2023)
2. Digi al Occupa ions Labo Sho age in he EU (2023–2024)
Yea
Sho age (%)
2023
9.5
2024
11.0
Sou ce: Eu os a (2024).
3. Gende and AI En ollmen Dispa i ies
Gene a i e AI en ollmen s su ged 1,061% globally in 2024, wi h Asia-Paci ic up 1,270%, Sub-Saha an
A ica 1,500%, and La in Ame ica 882%. Howe e , only 30% o en ollees we e women (we o um.o g).
4. Aze baijan: Digi al Skills & Wo k o ce T ends
• Only 25% o Aze baijani adul s (15–74 yea s) possess basic digi al skills.
• Demand o aining is highes in Nakhchi an (87% in Kanga li, 79% in Sha u ) (aze news.az).
• The 4IR Academy has eached 10,000 lea ne s, wi h 51% women and 4,200 ce i ica es ea ned.
• By 2025, 42,000 jobs may be c ea ed ia 4IR- ela ed sec o s (manu ac u ing, ag icul u e, anspo ).
5. AI and Human Skill Dynamics
AI is complemen ing human skills mo e han eplacing hem. Digi al li e acy, eamwo k, and esilience
a e inc easingly aluable, wi h wage p emiums ising o complemen a y skills in AI- ela ed oles.
6. Economic Implica ions: Sus ainabili y Sec o Case
In sus ainabili y p o essions, 68% o execu i es epo mode a e- o-ex eme digi al skills gaps [6]. WEF
p edic s 44% o wo ke skills will be dis up ed by AI be ween 2023–2028.
Discussion
Global Digi aliza ion T ends and he Human Capi al Pa adigm
The ongoing digi al e olu ion is no me ely al e ing job desc ip ions—i is undamen ally ans o ming
he en i e pa adigm o human capi al de elopmen and u iliza ion. As digi al echnologies like AI, obo ics,
blockchain, and cloud sys ems become deeply in eg a ed in o business ope a ions, he na u e o wo k is apidly
e ol ing. Rou ine and epe i i e asks a e inc easingly au oma ed, leading o signi ican shi s in occupa ional
s uc u es. This ansi ion has esul ed in he decline o adi ional job ca ego ies while simul aneously accel-
e a ing demand o digi ally li e a e, adap able, and inno a i e p o essionals [4].
Wo k o ce Bi u ca ion & Skill Gaps
A no able ou come o digi aliza ion is he bi u ca ion o he wo k o ce in o high-skill and low-skill
segmen s. High-skill oles—such as da a scien is s, AI enginee s, cybe secu i y analys s, and digi al ma ke ing
specialis s—a e enjoying subs an ial wage p emiums and job secu i y. Con e sely, jobs ha ely on manual,
epe i i e, o ou ine cogni i e asks a e a isk o edundancy. This di e gence is widening he skill gap, chal-
lenging bo h policymake s and educa ion sys ems o u gen ly add ess eskilling and upskilling needs.
Rise o Skills-Based Hi ing and Non-T adi ional C eden ials
The esea ch also con i ms a global shi om deg ee-based o skills-based hi ing, pa icula ly in ech-
nology and sus ainabili y sec o s [8]. Employe s now p io i ize p ac ical compe encies such as coding, da a
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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analysis, and digi al communica ion o e adi ional academic quali ica ions. This end has led o he p oli -
e a ion o mic o-c eden ials, online ce i ica ions (e.g., Cou se a, Udemy), and indus y-speci ic aining p o-
g ams, which a e inc easingly ecognized as alid pa hways o employmen alongside o e en ins ead o uni-
e si y deg ees.
So Skills as Co e Compe encies
While echnical skills a e c i ical, he impo ance o so skills—c i ical hinking, c ea i i y, communi-
ca ion, adap abili y, and leade ship—has g own d ama ically. As digi al wo kplaces become mo e collabo a-
i e and global, hese so skills a e ecognized as essen ial o na iga ing complexi y, d i ing inno a ion, and
leading eams h ough cons an change [13]. The in e play be ween echnical and so skills is pa icula ly
impo an in hyb id and emo e wo k en i onmen s, whe e sel -managemen and digi al collabo a ion ools a e
s anda d [5].
Gende , Di e si y, and Digi al Equi y
The s udy’s indings highligh pe sis en gende dispa i ies in digi al upskilling and AI aining en oll-
men s, wi h women making up only 30% o global pa icipan s in GenAI p og ams. Socio-economic, cul u al,
and educa ional ba ie s emain signi ican obs acles o women and unde ep esen ed g oups, emphasizing
he u gen need o a ge ed in e en ions, men o ship, and schola ships o p omo e digi al inclusion and equi y
wo ldwide [3].
Regional and Socioeconomic Va ia ions
The e a e subs an ial egional di e ences in digi al eadiness. De eloped economies gene ally o e o-
bus digi al in as uc u e, ad anced online lea ning oppo uni ies, and s ong ins i u ional suppo o up-
skilling [2]. In con as , de eloping coun ies—including Aze baijan— ace challenges such as une en in e ne
access, low baseline digi al li e acy, and limi ed access o quali y aining. Ne e heless, a ge ed na ional
p og ams, such as Aze baijan’s 4IR Academy ini ia i e, demons a e ha well-designed in e en ions can ap-
idly b idge skills gaps when hey p io i ize inclusi i y, local needs, and public-p i a e pa ne ships.
Sec o al Implica ions: Sus ainabili y, Heal h, and Public Sec o
Digi aliza ion does no a ec all sec o s uni o mly. Sus ainabili y p o essions, o ins ance, ace an “ex-
eme digi al skills gap,” wi h 68% o sec o leade s epo ing signi ican sho ages. Heal hca e, educa ion, and
he public sec o a e simila ly expe iencing a su ge in demand o digi al compe encies, necessi a ing indus y-
speci ic aining, policy suppo , and agile wo k o ce planning.
Con inuous Lea ning and Li elong Adap a ion
The esea ch unde sco es ha li elong lea ning is now an impe a i e, no an op ion. T adi ional models
o educa ion—whe e o mal lea ning is comple ed ea ly in li e—a e obsole e in he digi al economy. Ins ead,
adap i e lea ning sys ems, mic o-c eden ials, and ongoing p o essional de elopmen mus be embedded in o
na ional s a egies and o ganiza ional cul u es. This app oach enables bo h indi iduals and economies o e-
spond o apid echnological change, sus ain employabili y, and os e inno a ion.
The Aze baijani Pe spec i e: P og ess and Remaining Challenges
Aze baijan’s ocused app oach o digi al upskilling, as illus a ed by he 4IR Academy and collabo a i e
pa ne ships wi h leading pla o ms, shows p omise. The s ong in e es in digi al lea ning among u al and
u ban popula ions, and he g owing numbe o women pa icipan s, sugges ha he digi al ans o ma ion is
gaining social momen um. Howe e , he low baseline o digi al li e acy—jus 25% o he adul popula ion—
emains a majo cons ain . Add essing his ounda ional gap equi es scaling inclusi e, ounda ional digi al
skills educa ion, especially in emo e and unde se ed egions.
Policy and S a egic Implica ions
Policymake s, educa o s, and employe s ace c i ical choices. They mus :
• In es in na ionwide digi al in as uc u e o ensu e equi able access.
• P io i ize ounda ional digi al skills in na ional cu icula.
• Incen i ize employe s o o e in-wo k aining and suppo skill-based hi ing.
• Fos e public-p i a e collabo a ions o scalable, locally ele an upskilling.
• De elop a ge ed ini ia i es o close gende and egional gaps.
Fu u e Ou look
The pace o echnological change is only accele a ing, wi h AI, quan um compu ing, and nex -gene a-
ion ne wo ks poised o u he dis up labo ma ke s. Success ul economies will be hose ha ea human
capi al as a dynamic asse —in es ing in con inuous lea ning, os e ing inno a ion, and ensu ing ha no g oup
is le behind in he digi al ansi ion.
Conclusion
The indings o his s udy highligh ha he digi aliza ion o he economy is a ans o ma i e and elen -
less o ce, undamen ally eshaping he na u e o human capi al, labo ma ke s uc u es, and he compe i i e
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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landscape o na ions and indi iduals alike. The global shi owa d a knowledge- and echnology-d i en econ-
omy has led o he eme gence o new p o essions, he obsolescence o ou ine asks, and he g owing necessi y
o bo h ad anced digi al and s ong in e pe sonal skills. In 2024, he demand o compe encies such as p o-
g amming, da a analy ics, cybe secu i y, a i icial in elligence, and digi al ma ke ing has eached unp ece-
den ed le els, while so skills like adap abili y, c i ical hinking, and eamwo k ha e become equally essen ial.
The esea ch shows ha economies and o ganiza ions ha p oac i ely in es in li elong lea ning, digi al
in as uc u e, and he con inuous de elopmen o bo h echnical and so skills a e be e posi ioned o le e age
he oppo uni ies o he digi al age. Coun ies like Aze baijan, h ough na ional ini ia i es such as he 4IR
Academy, demons a e ha s a egic, inclusi e, and well-coo dina ed upskilling p og ams can meaning ully
b idge digi al di ides and os e economic g ow h e en in egions wi h ela i ely low s a ing poin s.
Howe e , signi ican challenges emain. Founda ional digi al li e acy is s ill lacking o la ge segmen s
o socie y—especially among women, u al esiden s, and olde adul s—limi ing hei abili y o ully pa ici-
pa e in he digi al economy [12]. The pe sis ence o gende gaps, he isk o egional inequali y, and he accel-
e a ed pace o echnological dis up ion unde sco e he u gency o scale inclusi e, adap able, and o wa d-
looking policies. Fu he mo e, he esea ch unde sco es he impo ance o con inuous labo ma ke moni o ing,
close coope a ion be ween go e nmen , indus y, and educa ional ins i u ions, and he need o agile, e idence-
based wo k o ce s a egies.
Ul ima ely, he success o he digi al ans o ma ion depends no only on echnology adop ion, bu also
on he abili y o de elop, mobilize, and e ain human capi al ha is skilled, inno a i e, and esilien in he ace
o cons an change. The ansi ion o a digi al economy is no a one- ime adjus men , bu an ongoing p ocess
ha equi es sus ained in es men , leade ship, and commi men o li elong lea ning o all.
Recommenda ions
To suppo e ec i e human capi al ans o ma ion and ensu e no one is le behind in he digi al econ-
omy, he ollowing ecommenda ions a e p oposed:
1. Expand Access o Founda ional Digi al Skills
Go e nmen s and educa ional ins i u ions should p io i ize digi al li e acy as a co e componen o p i-
ma y and seconda y educa ion, while also o e ing a ge ed adul lea ning p og ams, especially o women,
olde adul s, and u al communi ies [7].
2. Suppo Li elong and Flexible Lea ning Pa hways
Na ional s a egies should embed li elong lea ning in o hei policy amewo ks, incen i izing bo h o -
mal and non- o mal educa ion, mic o-c eden ials, and modula upskilling oppo uni ies ha can adap quickly
o changing labo ma ke needs.
3. P omo e Skills-Based Hi ing and Wo k o ce Di e si y
Employe s should implemen ec ui men and ad ancemen p ac ices based on compe encies and skills,
a he han solely on deg ees, o widen he alen pool and os e di e si y in he wo k o ce.
4. S eng hen Public-P i a e Pa ne ships
Go e nmen s should collabo a e closely wi h ech companies, educa ional pla o ms, and indus y asso-
cia ions o co-design and scale up aining p og ams aligned wi h eal ma ke demands, le e aging global
expe ise and local con ex .
5. Close Gende and Regional Gaps in Digi al Pa icipa ion
Dedica ed ini ia i es—such as schola ships, men o ship p og ams, and awa eness campaigns—should
be in oduced o encou age he pa icipa ion o women and unde ep esen ed g oups in digi al and echnology-
ela ed ields.
6. Upg ade Digi al In as uc u e and Ensu e Equi able Access
In es men s in b oadband, de ices, and a o dable in e ne connec i i y a e essen ial o ensu e ha all
communi ies, including hose in emo e and unde se ed a eas, can pa icipa e in digi al upskilling and emo e
wo k oppo uni ies.
7. Con inuously Moni o Labo Ma ke T ends and Skills Demands
Es ablish na ional obse a o ies o da a pla o ms o ack e ol ing skill equi emen s, eme ging job
oles, and aining ou comes, enabling imely adap a ion o educa ion and wo k o ce policies.
8. Fos e a Cul u e o Inno a ion, Adap abili y, and Resilience
Beyond echnical aining, p og ams should cul i a e mindse s and capabili ies o inno a ion, isk- ak-
ing, and esilience, empowe ing indi iduals o h i e in unce ain and apidly changing en i onmen s.
9. In eg a e Digi al Skills in o Sec o -Speci ic S a egies
Tailo upskilling ini ia i es o he unique needs o s a egic sec o s such as heal hca e, sus ainabili y,
manu ac u ing, and public se ice, ensu ing alignmen wi h bo h na ional p io i ies and global ends.
10. Ensu e Alignmen Be ween Educa ion, Labo , and Economic Policies
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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Geological and mine alogical sciences
THE PRINCIPALS OF EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF THE PIMIENTA SHALE FOR-
MATION IN MEXICO
Bochka e V.A.
PhD in geology, Di ec o on Explo a ion and De elopmen
LUKOIL Ups eam Mexico, Mexico
ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0004-3642-6561
K i oboko D.M.
Ope a ion manage
LUKOIL Ups eam Mexico, Mexico
ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0003-9760-8353
Bochka e A .V.
PhD s uden ,
Gubkin Russian S a e Uni e si y o Oil and Gas, Moscow
ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0000-8526-3755
Abs ac
Since 2005, Mexico has seen a s eady decline o daily oil p oduc ion. Recen o sho e oil p oduc ion
p ojec s o he no he n pa o he Gul o Mexico had a limi ed impac on he p oduc ion decline, which
dec eased om 3.4 o 1.7 MMbpd. The launch o new o sho e ields such as Zama will inc ease p oduc ion
by no mo e han 0.1 MMbpd and gene ally will no change he downwa d end o p oduc ion in Mexico. The
solu ion o his p oblem is possible h ough he s a o de elopmen o he Pimien a shale o ma ion in he
Tampico-Misan la and Ve ac uz oil and gas basins, which will inc ease daily oil p oduc ion in Mexico by 0.5-
1.5 MMbpd s a ing in 2030. The po en ial o he Pimien a o ma ion in he hese basins is es ima ed a 280-
560 BBBl o oil, and wi h an ex ac ion a e o 4-7%, accumula ed p oduc ion may each 15-45 BBBl. When
de eloping he p oduc i e in e als o he Pimien a o ma ion, i is p oposed o use he me hod o cyclic shale
de elopmen wi h epea ed ac u ing, which will ex end he li e o wells, and, consequen ly, main ain p oduc-
ion a a high le el wi hou d illing new p oduc ion wells.
Keywo ds: Hyd oca bons (HC), Pimien a o ma ion, Eagle Fo d o ma ion, hype ca agenesis, HC
shales, zones o HC gene a ion, ki chen ocks, ese oi , cyclic shale de elopmen , oil p oduc ion, Tampico-
Misan la basin.
Since 2005, Mexico has seen a dec ease o daily p oduc ion o liquid hyd oca bons (Fig.1) a e a sha p
d op o oil p oduc ion in 2007 a he la ges Can a ell oil ield loca ed in he Campeche Bay. The launch o
new o sho e ields such as Zama will inc ease p oduc ion by no mo e han 0.1 MMbpd and gene ally will no
change he downwa d end o p oduc ion in Mexico. The solu ion o his p oblem is possible h ough he s a
o de elopmen o he Pimien a shale o ma ion in he Tampico-Misan la and Ve ac uz oil and gas basins,
which will inc ease daily oil p oduc ion in Mexico by 0.5-1.5 MMbpd s a ing wi h 2030.

XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
32
Fig. 1. Daily oil p oduc ion in Mexico since1995 o he p esen (by EIA, CNH and CONACYT).
The e o ms cu en ly being implemen ed by he Mexican go e nmen in he oil and gas sec o a e aimed
a a ac ing in es o s o wo k wi h exis ing ields wi h a long his o y o de elopmen and o de elopmen o
a comple ely new way o he Mexican Ups eam (along wi h he deep-wa e o sho e o he Gul o Mexico) -
he de elopmen o he Pimien a shale o ma ion.
The success ul de elopmen and accumula ed posi i e expe ience in he de elopmen o gas, condensa e
and oil deposi s in shale o ma ions o he sou he n Uni ed S a es a e ce ainly a d i e o he g ow h o e-
sea ches o assess he a ailabili y o simila HC esou ces in he Mexico. Shale o ma ions a e widesp ead in
i s no he n bounda y zone [1], whe e he Uppe C e aceous Eagle Fo d o ma ion ex ends in o Mexican e i-
o y (Agua Nue a o ma ion) in he Sabinas and Bu o-Picachos basins. In he cen al coas al pa o Mexico,
he Pimien a o ma ion is widesp ead in he Tampico-Misan la and Ve ac uz basins, which exceeds he Eagle
Fo d/Agua Nue a o ma ion by 2-3 imes in o al hickness (Fig. 2-3).
The Pimien a o ma ion is he main oil and gas sou ce- ock o ma ion o eas e n Mexico o all hyd o-
ca bon deposi s in he o e lying sedimen s (Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Albian, Cenomanian, Uppe Ju as-
sic) in adi ional ese oi s and aps in he e i o y o Tampico-Misan la and Ve ac uz oil and gas basins
(Fig. 4)
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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Fig.2. The egional co ela ion scheme o shale o ma ions in Mexico [8] (Basins: 1- Chihuahua, 2-
Sabinas, 3- Bu o-Picachos, 4- Bu gos, 5- Tampico-Misan la Misan la, 6- Ve ac uz).
Fig.3. G oss hickness o Pimien a o ma ion in Tampico-Misan la и Ve ac uz basins [7].
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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Fig.4. Oil-and-gas basins o Eas e n Mexico whe e he Pimien a o ma ion is widesp ead
(Sou ce: Ad anced Resou ces In e na ional Inc., 2013).
Howe e , he eal po en ial o he Pimien a o ma ion has no been su icien ly s udied o da e. In 2010-
2019, only 25 wells we e d illed in he Pimien a o ma ion, and only 5 o hem we e ho izon al wells wi h
mul i-s age ac u ing in he Tampico-Misan la p o ince, which showed a e age s a ing low a es o abou
900 bpd. The maximum oil low a e was ob ained in he Kaneni-1EXP well a he le el o 1932 bpd, whe e
17 ac u ing s ages we e pe o med
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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Fig. 5. The dep h (A) and he ca agenesis zona ion (B) o he Pimien a o ma ion [7], indica ing he
di ec ion o he mal and geodynamic e ec s om he Sie a Mad e moun ain sys em on he HC gene a ion
and accumula ion.
Acco ding o he d illing da a o Pimien a o ma ion wi hin he wes e n pa o he Tampico basin, an
abno mally high empe a u e g adien and abno mally high ese oi p essu es we e es ablished in he Ti ho-
nian sedimen s o he Pimien a o ma ion due o he mal e ec s om he Sie a Mad e moun ain sys em [7].
The high le el o s anding o he iscoplas ic magma ic hea h he e and i s con ec i e mo emen eas wa d
caused ex eme hea ing and accele a ed ca agenesis (hype ca agenesis) o o ganomine al subs ances (OM) in
he Pimien a o ma ion in he con ac zone om a dep h o 500 m om he MK5 s age ( he main gas o ma ion
zone), bypassing he s ages o p o oka agenesis (PK1-3), ini ial and middle mesoca agenesis (MK1-4) and he
main zone o oil gene a ion (MK1-MK2) (Fig. 5-6). App oxima ely along he coas line o he Gul o Mexico,
he bounda y be ween he main zone o condensa e gene a ion and he main zone o oil gene a ion passes and
he Pimien a o ma ion begins o sink owa ds he sea aqua o y and ansi ion o he gene ally accep ed egional
scheme o OM ca agenesis wi h a no mal empe a u e g adien [2, 3, 5]
The cu en scheme o he zona ion o he HC gene a ion and accumula ion in he Pimien a o ma ion
in Tampico p o ince was compiled [2] based on deep d illing da a, which is con i med by he esul s o ac-
u ing in i e wells, wi h he excep ion o he in e al o ligh oil (MK2-MK3). The Ho cones-8127 and Fu be o-
4354 wells p oduced ligh oil wi h a densi y o 37-38 API and, acco dingly, he ligh oil bounda y will shi o
he eas and un along he coas line o he Gul o Mexico ( ig. 5). The con ou s o he main zone o condensa e
gene a ion and main zone o oil gene a ion a e con i med by he d illing esul s o Pankiwi-1 (49 API) and
Kaneni-1 (39 API) wells. Thus, ligh oil wi h a densi y o 37-40 API should be expec ed in p oducing wells
wi hin cen al pa o Tampico P o ince, whe eas d y gas and condensa e should be expec ed in he wes e n
pa , in he a ea adjacen o he Sie a Mad e moun ain sys em (Fig. 5-6)
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
36
Fig. 6. A seismogeological sec ion h ough Tampico p o ince [7] wi h he elease o comp essi e s esses,
abno mal he mal e ec s, and HC zona ion o he Pimien a o ma ion
Fo po en ial in es o s and ope a ing companies, he issue o selec ing analogues o shale o ma ions
al eady unde de elopmen in he No h Ame ican egion ha a e close o he Pimien a o ma ion in e ms o
geological, he moba ic, geochemical, and geomechanical cha ac e is ics is ele an .
The shale deposi s o he Eagle Fo d o ma ion in Sou h Texas (USA), whe e la ge shale oil, gas and
condensa e ields ha e been disco e ed and a e being de eloped by El Paso, Anada ko, EOG, Pe ohawk,
Pionee and o he s, can be conside ed as he closes analogue. The i s p oduc ion well o he Eagle Fo d
o ma ion was d illed by Pe ohawk in 2008, and ens o housands o wells ha e been d illed o his o ma ion
o da e. Acco ding o he da a o he US Depa men o Ene gy (EIA), he ini ial eco e able ese es o he
Eagle Fo d o ma ion amoun o 3.37 BBBl o liquid hyd oca bons and 50.2 TCF o gas. Acco ding o he
EIA, peak oil p oduc ion in he Eagle Fo d o ma ion was eached in 2016 a 1.6 MMbpd and peak gas p o-
duc ion was eached in 2015 a 6 BCF. Cu en ly, he de elopmen o he Eagle Fo d o ma ion co e s 24
Texas coun ies [1]. The ocks a e ep esen ed by dense limes ones (calci e con en 45-55%), muds ones and
qua z (Fig. 7). In e ms o mine alogical and pe og aphic composi ion, Eagle Fo d shales a e simila o ocks
o he Pimien a o ma ion, ep esen ed by an al e na ion o igh ese oi s - dense clay limes ones and clay
shales wi h a high con en o o ganic ca bon (TOC) (Fig. 7) [1]
Fig. 7. Pimien a и Eagle Fo d o ma ions mine alogical composi ion [2, 4].
The Eagle Fo d shale o ma ion has been well s udied by d illing and i is a clay-ca bona e shale. The
ocks a e ep esen ed by dense limes ones (calci e con en 45-55%), muds ones, and qua z (Fig. 7). The Pi-
mien a o ma ion is con ined o he Ti honian s age o he Uppe Ju assic, and is simila in mine alogical and
pe og aphic composi ion o he Eagle Fo d shales. The Pimien a o ma ion is an al e na ion o igh ese oi s
- dense clayey limes ones and clay shales wi h a high con en o TOC (Fig. 5).

XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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The sedimen a ion o he Pimien a o ma ion, as well as he Eagle Fo d o ma ion, occu ed in he
condi ions o he shel con inen al ma gin, and o his eason hei dynamic cha ac e is ics o he Eagle Fo d
and Pimien a o ma ions a e simila : wi h equal pe meabili y - 0.001 mD, he po osi y o he Pimien a o -
ma ion a ies om 1.5 o 10%, o Eagle Fo d - 4-15%.. The ese oi il a ion p ope ies a e p o ided by he
ocks ac u ing. The TOC o he Pimien a o ma ion a ies om 2 o 8%, which is a li le bi lowe han in
he Eagle Fo d o ma ion (2-11%). The maximum alues o TOC in he Pimien a o ma ion occu in i s lowe
pa , s a ing om dep hs o 2,900 m o mo e (Fig. 8), as well as in he unde lying Taman o ma ion, which is
an addi ional sou ce o hyd oca bon wi h a lowe shale po en ial (Table 1) Table 1.
Compa a i e analysis o il a ion p ope ies, HC-gene a ion po en ial, and mine alogical composi ion o
he Pimien a and Eagle Fo d o ma ions.
Характеристики
Eagle Fo d
Pimien a
Age
U. C e aceous
U. Ju assic
Dep h, м
1500-4300
2200-3500
G oss hickness, м
15-110
40-200
Po o, %
4-15
1.5-10
Pe mobili y, mD
0,001
0.001
Qua z, %
20
19
Ca bona es, %
45
55
Clay, %
20
15
Pi i e, %
3
1
TOC (%)
2.0-11
2-8
Vi ini e, %Ro
0.5-2
0.85-1.7
Rese oi p essu e
AHRP
AHRP
Ke ogen ype
2
2
H2 index, мг/г Сорг
650
600
Sul u con en , %
low
0.1-3
EUR pe oil well, МВОЕ
254-600
-
The p oduc i i y o he Pimien a o ma ion has no been su icien ly s udied: in he Tampico p o ince,
only 25 wells ha e been d illed, o which only i e ha e been comple ed ho izon ally wi h mul i-s age ac-
u ing. The low a es o ligh oil ange om 278 o 1932 bpd. Simila ac ual ini ial low a es ha e been
ob ained o wells in he Eagle Fo d o ma ion in Texas, whe e hey ange om 14-32 MMCF/d o gas, om
350 o 2,800 bpd o condensa e, and om 200 o 950 bpd o oil.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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Рис. 8. Фото керна сланцевых формаций Pimien a и Eagle Fo d [2, 4].
The in lows a e caused by mul i-s age ac u ing (10-25 s ages, 50-100 m each) a he ho izon al wells
(1200-2500 m). The a e age alue o EUR pe well in he oil zone is 350 MBOE. The a e age "li e span" o
wells is e y small - he d op in oil and gas p oduc ion eaches 60-80% al eady in he i s yea o well ope a-
ion. The e o e, in o de o main ain p oduc ion a a s able le el, i is necessa y o cons an ly d ill new wells,
which inc eases he o al CAPEX. And he mos op imal app oach o he de elopmen and exploi a ion o shale
HC deposi s is he cyclic de elopmen [1-5], he essence o which is as ollows: a e ese oi p essu e d ops
and low a es dec ease o a minimum, wells mus be p ese ed o a su icien ime o es o e o ma ion p es-
su e. A e p essu e is es o ed due o HC gene a ion p ocesses, he well is pu back in o p oduc ion wi h almos
ini ial p oduc ion. Thus, o es o e he ini ial oil low a e, i is necessa y o s op he well o 1-2 mon hs. This
me hod o de elopmen can be desc ibed as (36+2)*N (whe e 36 is he mon hs o ope a ion and 2 is he mon hs
o well shu down, N is he numbe o cycles o eplenishmen o hyd oca bon deposi s depending on he con-
en o TOC, calcula ed by he po en ial balance me hod).
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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Wi hin Tampico p o ince, aking in o accoun he HC hype ca agenesis in he Pimien a o ma ion, he
es o a ion o he ini ial HC p oduc ion can be achie ed many imes as e han in he case o "no mal" ca -
agenesis and well shu downs can be limi ed o 1-3 weeks (Fig. 9).
Fig. 9. The p inciple o cyclic shale de elopmen (V.A. Bochka e [2, 5, 6]).
Cu en ly, he e is al eady e idence o he p oposed me hodological app oach o he de elopmen o HC
shale deposi s. EOG Resou ces (one o he leading companies de eloping uncon en ional HC ese es in he
USA) has conduc ed esea ch on ese oi p essu e eco e y in wells d illed in o he Eagle Fo d shale o -
ma ion. In his o ical e ical wells, epea ed ac u ing was ca ied ou a e 15 yea s o p oduc ion. As a esul ,
he well low a e inc eased ela i e o he cu en one. Thus, i was possible o keep he well low a e a an
economically e icien le el o se e al yea s (Fig. 10). A he same ime, he wells we e s opped only o he
pe iod o ac u ing, ha is, no mo e han 5-7 days. So du ing he de elopmen p ocess, c acks collapsed and
only he nea zone in he well wo ked, while in he emo e zone (>5 m) he p ocess o HC gene a ion was
"s a ed up" again [3].
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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Fig. 10 – A g aph desc ibing he esul s ob ained by EOG. Reco e y o well low a es du ing pe iodic de-
elopmen and acking (Malaniche A.G., 2018) [2, 4].
Fig 11. The schema ic diag am o he cyclic shale de elopmen .
F om he e y beginning o he shale ield de elopmen , i is necessa y o ensu e pe iodic geo- luid
dynamic moni o ing and empo a y p oduc ion shu downs in o de o ensu e he es o a ion o HC ese es by
esuming he HC gene a ion p ocess. Each new de elopmen cycle should begin wi h epea ed acking o
open emo e ac u es (Fig 11).
The p oposed p inciple o cyclic shale de elopmen will signi ican ly minimize he cos o d illing a
la ge numbe o p oduc ion wells, ex end he li e (ope a ion) o exis ing wells and educe he CAPEX in gen-
e al. This app oach allows o p ese e he gene a ion po en ial o he de eloped o ma ions, p o ides he com-
pliance wi h he c i ical dep ession h eshold (abou 5 MPa), he implemen a ion o ehabili a ion pe iods (" e-
ueling" o 1-3 weeks o Pimien a o ma ion) and gen le me hods o inc easing oil and gas eco e y due o
he independen es o a ion o he na u al sys em.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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in LC we e in e oga ed in panels using an à la ca e app oach wi h echniques such as Sange sequencing,
py osequencing, immunohis ochemis y (IHC), and luo escence in si u hyb idiza ion (FISH), which limi ed
epo able GAs o selec genes. Mu a ions in EGFR and ansloca ions in he ALK gene and he ROS1 gene
we e he i s h ee al e a ions ecognized as clinically ac ionable d i e s, and comp ised he majo i y o he
ini ial clinical gene ic es ing in LC. As he use o nex -gene a ion sequencing (NGS) became mo e cos -e ec-
i e and widely used, i e ealed addi ional ac ionable GAs. E idence has accumula ed o p o e ha NGS is
an accu a e echnology wi h pe o mance ha is conco dan o be e han con en ional me hods. Ad ances in
in o ma ion abou ac ionable GAs om comp ehensi e genomic p o iling (CGP) has p opelled p ecision med-
icine o wa d wi h he aim o p o ide e idence-based in e p e a ion o GAs o a ge ed he apy. The inc ease
in he numbe o genes and GAs co e ed by NGS has expanded he a ie y o GAs iden i ied as ac ionable in
LC. A shi owa d NGS-based es ing in ad anced LC has dec eased he numbe o LC cases whe e a d i e
is no iden i ied. Inc easingly, case epo s desc ibe pa ien s wi h no el d i e s iden i ied by NGS ha would
no ha e been iden i ied i hey we e e alua ed solely by ho spo -based panels. The esea che s poin ou ha
his o ically, LC was di ided ca ego ically in o non-small-cell LC (NSCLC) (∼85%) and small-cell LC (SCLC)
(∼15%) by pa hologis e iew o hema oxylin and eosin (H&E) s ained slides. NSCLC is a he e ogeneous
ca ego y o en i ies ha includes lung adenoca cinoma (LUAD) as he mos common his ologic cance ype
(∼50%), squamous cell ca cinoma o he lung (SqCCL) as he second mos common ype (∼30%), la ge-cell
lung ca cinoma (LCLC) (∼10%), and combina ions o his ologic pheno ypes such as adenosquamous ca ci-
noma (ASC), and a e his ologic en i ies, such as a ypical ca cinoid (AC) umo , b onchial gland ca cinoma,
and sa coma oid ca cinoma, collec i ely accoun ing o he emaining ypes o NSCLC (∼10%). In clinical
p ac ice, LC pa ien s ypically unde go an ini ial biopsy o de e mine whe he he e a e his omo phologic ea-
u es on H&E ha a e able o diagnos ically dis inguish be ween NSCLC o SCLC. Pe o mance o IHC yp-
ically will assis in de e mining he sub ypes o NSCLC. IHC ha a o s NSCLC ha is LUAD is ypically
posi i e o CK7 and TTF-1, and nega i e o p63, CK5/6, and p40. IHC ha a o s NSCLC ha is SqCCL is
ypically posi i e o p63, CK5/6, and p40 and nega i e o TTF-1 and CK7. The a o es ablishing a diagnosis
may be challenging as many pa hologis s a e awa e ha , in p ac ice, some umo s migh no ha e « ead he
book» ega ding con en ional IHC s aining pa e ns. In such cases, o he special s ains such as mucin can
assis (e.g., mucin is ypically posi i e o LUAD, and nega i e o SqCCL). ASCs a e a a ely encoun e ed
umo ha is biphasic, meaning he e is a componen ha is LUAD and a componen ha is SqCCL. These
componen s by de ini ion ha e a leas 10% each o malignan squamous and glandula componen s. Neu o-
endoc ine IHC ma ke s (CD56, ch omog anin, and synap ophysin) a e ypically posi i e o neu oendoc ine
ca cinomas such as SCLC and LCLC. In NSCLC, he umo p opo ion sco e (TPS) o PD-L1 as de e mined
by IHC (e.g., PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pha mDx) assis s in de e mining eligibili y o immuno he apy. While issue
is submi ed o NGS, apid es ing o mu a ions in EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF a e selec i ely es ed ia a apid
me hod such as py osequencing, while ea angemen s in ALK and ROS1 can be apid iden i ied ia FISH.
When NGS esul s a e made a ailable, hese esul s can co obo a e he esul s o apid es ing, and po en ially
p o ide o he GAs ha may be ac ionable a ge s.
Oncogeno ypes a e molecula al e a ions ha include genomic mu a ions, al e a ions ha cause dys eg-
ula ion in mRNA exp ession, dys egula ion in exp ession o miRs, and epigenomic changes. As NGS-based
DNA sequencing has become inc easingly a ailable, he knowledge abou di e en ypes o mu a ions ha a e
po en ially ac ionable beyond he gene ic bioma ke s wi h associa ed FDA-app o ed a ge ed he apies has
expanded. An oncogene is a gene in which ac i a ing mu a ions con e gain-o - unc ion o a gene, which ul i-
ma ely p omo es oncogenesis. Con e sely, a umo -supp esso gene is a gene in which inac i a ing mu a ions
con e loss-o - unc ion o a gene, which ul ima ely p omo es oncogenesis. In his pape , ou colleagues de ailed
genomic, ansc ip omic, epigenomic and p o eomic di e ences be ween di e en his ological ypes o LC
ele an o esea ch and he apeu ic s a egies [7].
Nex , we will conside issues o ea ly diagnosis o LC, including, o cou se, sc eening.
As no ed, Lam S. e al. [8], low-dose CT (LDCT) sc eening o LC subs an ially educes mo ali y om
LC, as e ealed in andomized con olled ials and me a-analyses. This e iew is based on he nin h CT
sc eening symposium o he In e na ional Associa ion o he S udy o LC, which ocuses on he majo hemes
pe inen o he success ul global implemen a ion o LDCT sc eening and de elops a s a egy o u he he
implemen a ion o LC sc eening globally. These ecommenda ions p o ide a i e-yea oadmap o ad ance
he implemen a ion o LDCT sc eening globally, including he ollowing: 1) es ablish uni e sal sc eening p o-
g am quali y indica o s; 2) es ablish e idence-based c i e ia o iden i y indi iduals who ha e ne e smoked
bu a e a high- isk o de eloping LC; 3) de elop ecommenda ions o inciden ally de ec ed lung nodule ack-
ing and managemen p o ocols o complemen p og amma ic LC sc eening (LCS); 4) in eg a e a i icial in el-
ligence and bioma ke s o inc ease he p edic ion o malignancy in suspicious CT sc een-de ec ed lesions; and

XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
48
5) s anda dize high-quali y pe o mance a i icial in elligence p o ocols ha lead o subs an ial educ ions in
cos s, esou ce u iliza ion and adiologis epo ing ime; 6) pe sonalize CT sc eening in e als on he basis o
an indi idual’s LC isk; 7) de elop e idence o suppo clinical managemen and cos -e ec i eness o o he
iden i ied abno mali ies on a LC sc eening CT; 8) de elop publicly accessible, easy- o-use geospa ial ools o
plan and moni o equi able access o sc eening se ices; and 9) es ablish a global sha ed educa ion esou ce
o LC sc eening CT o ensu e high-quali y eading and epo ing.
Ba a J.A. e al. [9] in hei wo k hey emphasize ha , lung nodules a e equen ly de ec ed on LDCT
scans pe o med o LC sc eening and inciden ally de ec ed on imaging pe o med o o he easons. The e is
wide a iabili y in how lung nodules a e managed by gene al p ac i ione s and subspecialis s, wi h high a es
o guideline‐disco dan ca e. This may be due in pa o he le el o e idence unde lying cu en p ac ice
guideline ecommenda ions (p ima ily based on indings om uncon olled s udies o diagnos ic accu acy).
The p ima y aims o lung nodule managemen a e o minimize ha ms o diagnos ic e alua ions while expedi -
ing he e alua ion, diagnosis, and ea men o LC. Po en ially use ul ools such as LC p obabili y calcula o s,
au oma ed me hods o iden i y pa ien s wi h nodules in he elec onic heal h eco d, and mul idisciplina y eam
e alua ion a e o en unde used due o limi ed a ailabili y, accessibili y, and/o p o ide knowledge. Finally,
ela i ely li le a en ion has been paid o iden i ying and educing dispa i ies among indi iduals wi h sc een-
ing‐de ec ed o inciden ally de ec ed lung nodules. A he same ime, lung nodules may be iden i ied on ches
scans o indi iduals who unde go LC sc eening (sc eening‐de ec ed nodules) o among pa ien s o whom a
scan was pe o med o ano he eason (inciden al nodules); al hough he as majo i y o lung nodules a e no
LC, i is impo an o ha e e idence‐based, s anda dized app oaches o he e alua ion and managemen o a
lung nodule; he p ima y aims o lung nodule managemen a e o diagnose LC while i is s ill in an ea ly s age
and o a oid unnecessa y p ocedu es and o he ha ms.
In Kazakhs an, me hods o imp o ing he ea ly diagnosis o such a o midable disease as LC a e also
being ac i ely de eloped. Including his me hod [10]. The aim o his s udy was o p esen he baseline esul s
o a pilo p ojec conduc ed o e alua e he e ec i eness o LC sc eening using LDCT in egions wi h exces-
si e adon le els in he Republic o Kazakhs an. In o al, 3671 pa icipan s we e sc eened by low-dose ches
CT. Cu en , o me , and ne e -smoke s who esided in egions wi h ele a ed le els o adon in d inking wa e
sou ces and indoo ai , aged be ween 40 and 75 wi h no his o y o any cance , and weighing less han 140 kg
we e included in he s udy. All lung nodules we e ca ego ized acco ding o he Ame ican College o Radiology
Lung Imaging Repo ing and Da a Sys em (Lung-RADS 1.0). O e all, 614 (16.7%) pa icipan s had posi i e
baseline CT indings (Lung-RADS ca ego ies 3 and 4). Se en y- ou cance s we e de ec ed, yielding an o e all
cance de ec ion a e o 2.0%, wi h 10.8% (8/74) s age I and a p edominance o s age III (59.4%; 44/74).
Women ne e -smoke s and men cu en smoke s had he highes cance de ec ion a es, a 2.9% (12/412) and
6.1% (12/196), espec i ely. Compa ed o ne e -smoke s, highe odds a ios (OR) o LC de ec ion we e ound
in smoke s (OR,2.48; 95% con idence in e al [CI], 1.52 o 4.05, p<0.001) and o me smoke s (OR, 2.32;
95% CI, 1.06 o 5.06, p=0.003). The mos common his ologic ype o cance was adenoca cinoma (58.1%).
Ning J. e al. [11] in hei s udy p o ide da a showing ha he p ognosis o pa ien s wi h LC a di e en
clinical s ages di e s signi ican ly. The i e-yea su i al a e o s age IA g oups can exceed 90%, while
pa ien s wi h s age IV can be less han 10%. The e o e, ea ly diagnosis is ex emely impo an o LC pa ien s.
This esea ch ocused on a ious diagnosis me hods o ea ly LC, including imaging sc eening, b onchoscopy,
and eme ging po en ial liquid biopsies, as well as ola ile o ganic compounds, au oan ibodies, aiming o im-
p o e he ea ly diagnosis a e and explo e easible and e ec i e ea ly diagnosis s a egies. Le us dwell in mo e
de ail on endoscopic me hods o diagnosing LC o e i ica ion o a malignan umo . Nowadays, pa hological
diagnosis has been ega ded as gold s anda d o diagnosing cance . The e a e se e al me hods o ob aining
his ological specimens, including b onchoscopy, ul asound o CT-guided pe cu aneous lung biopsy. Among
hem, b onchoscopy has been de eloped apidly and widely ecognized in ecen yea s. I no only expands he
ield o ision o diagnosis, bu also imp o es he e iciency o diagnosis. So, he ollowing ypes o endo-
scopic diagnos ics o LC a e dis inguished:
1. Whi e ligh b onchoscopy (WLB). I is mainly used o ea ly de ec ion and diagnosis o cen al LC,
and he diagnosis a e can each mo e han 95% in de ec ing high-g ade dysplasia o wo se. Howe e , o some
mucosal, submucosal ea ly lesions and p eneoplas ic lesions, he diagnosis a e is e y low.
2. Au o luo escence b onchoscopy (AFB). The ope a ing p inciple o AFB is ha di e en spec um
eme ge in no mal issues, dysplasia and ca cinoma in si u. As an impo an means o ea ly de ec ion o b on-
chial p emalignan lesions, some s udies ha e p oposed ha compa ed wi h spu um cy ology, he sensi i i y
o AFB o de ec hype plasia and me aplasia was highe . Rega dless o he esul s o spu um cy ology, AFB
can be ecommended o high- isk pa ien s. Mo eo e , when combined wi h spi al CT, spu um examina ion o
WLB, AFB can ob iously enhance he diagnosis a e o p emalignan lesions and ca cinoma in si u.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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3. Na ow band imaging (NBI). NBI is an imaging echnique ha can isualize ascula mo phology
and mucosal s uc u e. Analysis indica ed ha NBI has highe sensi i i y (80%), speci ici y (84%), and diag-
nos ic odds a io (31.49%) han AFB when de ec ing p emalignan ai way lesions; NBI was also supe io o
WLB in de ec ing ea ly and in asi e LC, isual d awing o poin blood essel isual pa e n highly suppo ed
adenoca cinoma his ology o LC and o uous essels a o ed squamous cell cance . The e o e, when exam-
ining lung-occupying lesions wi h NBI, no only can he diagnosis a e be imp o ed, bu also he pa hological
ype can be e alua ed ini ially. So, in he de ec ion o ea ly LC, NBI can be used as an e ec i e me hod.
4. Endo-b onchial ul asound (EBUS). EBUS combined wi h a special aspi a ion biopsy needle can be
used o eal- ime ul asound guided ansb onchial needle aspi a ion biopsy, namely EBUS-TNAB. Compa ed
wi h adi ional diagnosis s a egies, EBUS-TNAB can sho en he ime o ea men decisions and may im-
p o e he su i al o LC pa ien s wi hou inc easing cos s.
Now, ega ding his pa hology in ou coun y a he epublican le el. The incidence o LC in he Repub-
lic o Kazakhs an in 2023 was 19.5 (30.6 - men; 8.8 - women) pe 100 housand popula ion (20.1 - in 2022),
which in absolu e numbe s amoun ed o 3873 people (3925 cases - a yea ea lie ), aking he 2nd ank place in
he gene al popula ion, second, o cou se, only o b eas cance . The p opo ion o cases wi h a diagnosis
es ablished o he i s ime in li e, eco ded by oncological o ganiza ions was 10.5% (11.2% - in 2022). A
he same ime, 2974 men ell ill (p opo ion - 18.4%, 1 ank place), women - 899 (p opo ion - 4.3%, 9 ank
place) [12]. The LC le el is abo e he na ional a e age in 9 egions o he coun y: No h Kazakhs an - 42.3
( he highes le el); Ka aganda - 36.5; Eas Kazakhs an - 34.6; Akmola - 32.6; Pa loda - 32.5; Kos anay - 30.9;
Wes Kazakhs an - 27.1; Abay - 24.3; Ak obe - 21.7. This indica o is below he na ional a e age in 11 egions:
Tu kes an - 8.4; ( he lowes le el); Mangis au - 9.5; he ci y o Shymken - 10.6; Zhambyl - 11.5; Alma y -
13.6; Kyzylo da - 14.7; he ci y o Alma y - 15.1; Zhe ysu - 15.9; he ci y o As ana - 16.4; A y au - 17.6;
Uly au - 18.1 egions pe 100 housand popula ion. Mo ali y om his pa hology was 10.3 (men - 16.7; women
- 4.1) pe 100 housand popula ion. In he s uc u e o causes o dea h o pe sons o bo h sexes in 2023, his
pa hology con inues o occupy a leading posi ion (1s ank place), bo h in men, amoun ing o 23.7% (1626
people), and in he gene al popula ion, amoun ing o 15.8% (2046 people). Fo women, his igu e was 6.9%
and 4 h ank place.
The egions wi h he mo ali y a e om LC abo e he na ional a e age (10.3 pe 100,000 popula ion)
a e: Eas Kazakhs an - 22.4 (maximum le el); Abay - 19.5; Pa loda - 18.2; No h Kazakhs an - 16.0; Ka a-
ganda - 15.5; Akmola and Wes Kazakhs an - 14.6; Kos anay - 11.6. The lowes a es we e eco ded in Tu ke-
s an - 4.0 (minimum le el); Mangis au - 5.7; he ci y o Shymken - 6.5; A y au - 6.7; Kyzylo da - 7.0; Alma y
- 8.0; Ak obe - 8.4; Zhambyl - 8.9; Zhe ysu - 9.2; in he ci y o Alma y - 9.4; Uly au - 9.5; in he ci y o As ana
- 10.1 egions pe 100 housand popula ion [12].
The numbe o dea hs om LC, no egis e ed wi h oncological o ganiza ions and diagnosed pos hu-
mously in he Republic o Kazakhs an in 2023 amoun ed o 83 people; a he same ime, he speci ic weigh
was 2.1% and his is he 5 h ank place, as in he p e ious yea .
A he same ime, he one-yea le hali y a e was 37.2%, aking he 6 h ank place among all nosological
o ms o malignan neoplasms. A he same ime, he a io be ween one-yea le hali y and neglec (s age IV)
was, as in 2022, 1.4. A he same ime, we ecall ha he a hes om "1" is he wo s a io be ween he
indica o s o one-yea le hali y and neglec .
Now, ega ding p e en i e examina ions. I should be no ed ha du ing la ge-scale p e en i e exami-
na ions o he popula ion in 2023, signi ican ly mo e pa ien s wi h malignan neoplasms we e ac i ely iden i-
ied han in 2022. This is 25,193 pa ien s e sus 23,623 pa ien s iden i ied in 2022, i.e. +6.6%. This is due o
he u he aba emen o he epidemiological si ua ion wi h co ona i us and he inc eased a ailabili y o p e-
en i e ca e o he popula ion. The p opo ion o pa ien s iden i ied du ing p e en i e examina ions inc eased
om 62.0% o 62.4% o he o al numbe o pa ien s iden i ied pe yea .
As o LC, he ea ly de ec ion o his pa hology du ing p e en i e examina ions inc eased om 33.6 o
35.2%. The numbe o newly diagnosed LC pa ien s egis e ed wi h oncology o ganiza ions was 3,754 pa ien s
(3,821 pa ien s in 2022). A he same ime, he absolu e numbe o LC pa ien s iden i ied du ing p e en i e
examina ions was 2,213 people (2,088 a yea ea lie ), and he p opo ion was 59.0% and 54.6%, espec i ely.
779 people ou o 2,213 a e pa ien s wi h s ages I and II (in 2022 - 702 pa ien s ou o 2,088). The p opo ion
o LC pa ien s iden i ied a ea ly s ages, as indica ed abo e, was 35.2% e sus 33.6 a yea ea lie .
O cou se, when analyzing he epidemiological si ua ion, ea ly diagnosis indica o s a e e y impo an
issues. The egions whe e he p opo ion o pa ien s wi h ea ly s age I o he pa hology in ques ion is abo e
he na ional a e age (9.5% - 8 h place among he wo s indica o s oge he wi h malignan lymphomas) include
he ollowing: No h Kazakhs an - 27.5% ( he bes indica o ); Ka aganda - 19.3%; Akmola - 13.4%; Uly au -
12.5%; As ana ci y - 11.7%; Kyzylo da - 11.4%. Wes Kazakhs an egion is on pa wi h he na ional a e age.
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The lowes indica o s o ea ly diagnosis we e eco ded in Zhambyl and No h Kazakhs an - only 2.2%; A y au
- 2.4%; Ak obe - 3.0%; Abay - 4.2%; Mangis au - 5.5%; Alma y ci y - 5.6%; Kos anay - 6.0%; Alma y - 6.4%;
Shymken ci y - 7.1%; Pa loda - 7.5%; Eas Kazakhs an - 8.2% and Zhe ysu - 8.3% egions o he coun y
[12]. Un o una ely, o a numbe o easons, which include objec i e easons, only e e y ou h pa ien wi h
LC is de ec ed in he ea ly (I-II) s ages o his pa hology.
The egions whe e he p opo ion o pa ien s wi h LC de ec ed a s ages I-II is abo e he na ional a e age
(28.0% - 6 h ank place " om he bo om") include he ollowing egions. The uncon es ed leade is he No h
Kazakhs an egion, whe e e e y second pa ien wi h his o midable disease is de ec ed in he ea ly s ages
(50.0%). Nex come: Akmola - 36.2%; Ak obe - 35.1%; Kyzylo da - 35.0%; Zhe ysu - 34.3%; Alma y ci y -
30.5%; Wes Kazakhs an - 29.1%; As ana ci y - 29.0% and Kos anay - 28.6% egions. Low a es o ea ly
diagnosis we e eco ded in Mangis au - 13.7% ( he wo s esul in he coun y); Alma y - 15.8%; Tu kes an -
16.2%; Eas Kazakhs an - 19.8%; Abay - 21.0%; Uly au - 22.5%; Pa loda - 24.7%; Ka aganda - 25.2%;
Shymken ci y – 26.0%; A y au - 26.8% and Zhambyl - 27.3% egions [12].
As is clea ly seen om he abo e da a, he e is a e y la ge sp ead in ea ly diagnos ic a es ac oss he
coun y, om e y good o dismal. O cou se, i is necessa y o ake in o accoun mig a ion p ocesses and o he
ac o s ha a ec ea ly diagnos ic a es, bu ne e heless, he esul s ob ained gi e eason no o s op he e,
bo h o oncologis s and pulmonologis s, gene al p ac i ione s, since imp o ing he a es o ea ly diagnos ics
o malignan umo s, as one o he main pos ula es and one o he main asks o medicine in gene al, con inues
o be ele an oday. The p opo ion o s age IV LC among all nosological o ms o malignan neoplasms was
26.5%. Un o una ely, in his indica o , LC is highe han all o he localiza ions, second only o panc ea ic
cance . A he same ime, as was said abo e, he p opo ion o pa ien s wi h LC de ec ed a s ages I-II was
28.0%, which indica es ha he o e whelming majo i y o pa ien s wi h LC we e de ec ed a locally ad anced
wi h loco- egional lesions - s age III o he disease. This s age was 45.5%, i.e. almos hal o all pa ien s, and
we know wha agg essi e, o en complex ea men is used o such a sp ead o he oncological p ocess and
wha a disappoin ing p ognosis is o hese pa ien s.
As o he a e age epublican indica o o he p opo ion o s age IV (26.5%), agains his backg ound,
Tu kes an - 46.4%; Abay - 43.4% and Uly au - 40.0% egions s and ou . They a e ollowed by: Akmola -
35.0%; Ka aganda - 33.8%; he ci y o As ana - 33.2%; Zhe ysu - 32.4%; Kos anay - 31.9% and o he egions.
The lowes p opo ion o s age IV LC was no ed in he No h Kazakhs an egion, whe e his igu e was 12.6%
[12]. The mo phological e i ica ion a e o he disease in he coun y was 77.2%. The leade s in his aspec
wi h a 100% a e a e Zhambyl and Uly au egions; hen come Alma y (92.6%), A y au (90.2%), he ci y o
Shymken (87.4%), he ci y o As ana (84.6%), Ka aganda (84.5%), Tu kes an (84.4%), Abay (83.2%), Kos a-
nay (83.1%), Eas Kazakhs an (78.0%) egions. Ak obe egion is on pa wi h he na ional a e age. This indi-
ca o is below he na ional a e age in he ollowing egions: Kyzylo da (37.4% - he wo s indica o in he
epublic), he ci y o Alma y (54.8%), Pa loda (65.7%), Akmola (68.3%), Mangis au (71.2%), No h Kazakh-
s an (74.8%), Zhe ysu (75.0%) and Wes Kazakhs an (76.0%) egions [12].
The o al numbe o pa ien s wi h malignan neoplasms egis e ed wi h specialized oncology o ganiza-
ions o he epublic con inued o g ow and by he end o 2023 amoun ed o 218,186 people, wi h an inc ease
o 6.0% compa ed o he le el o he p e ious yea (2022 - 205,822, +5.8%). The o e all incidence a e o
malignan neoplasms inc eased by 3.9%, om 1055.3 o 1096.4 pe 100 housand people. The g ow h o his
indica o is due o bo h he inc ease in he incidence and de ec ion o pa hology, and he inc ease in he su i al
a e o cance pa ien s. In addi ion, s a is ical da a on pa ien s diagnosed wi h malignan neoplasms, who ha e
been unde obse a ion o 5 yea s o mo e and con inue o be obse ed in 2023, showed ha he numbe o
pa ien s unde obse a ion by oncological o ganiza ions in Kazakhs an o o e i e yea s con inued o g ow
and a he end o he epo ing yea amoun ed o 117,616 people, wi h an inc ease o 6.2% (2022 - 110,790
people, +6.6%) ( o m No. 7).
One canno igno e such an impo an clinical aspec as he co e age in he Republic o Kazakhs an o
special ea men o pa ien s diagnosed wi h LC o he i s ime in hei li es. In 2023, he numbe o hospi-
aliza ions o all nosological o ms o malignan umo s in oncological o ganiza ions o he coun y amoun ed
o 108,252 cases (2022 - 101,095), wi h an inc ease o 7.1% compa ed o he p e ious yea , which is associa ed
wi h a cons an inc ease in he numbe o cance pa ien s, imp o emen o he s anda diza ion o oncological
ca e, and he de elopmen o pallia i e and es o a i e se ices. A he end o 2023, he absolu e numbe o
pa ien s wi h LC who comple ed specialized ea men was 1,448 people, con inuing ea men - 1,102 pa ien s.
In pe cen age e ms, he ollowing esul s we e ob ained by me hods and ypes o ea men . Only 21.3% o
pa ien s ecei ed su gical ea men , only adia ion - 4.6%, only d ug ea men - 25.0%, combined - 3.2%,
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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complex - 38.0% and chemo- adia ion - 5.6%.
Fu he , ega ding he i e-yea su i al a e o pa ien s. As o LC, a he end o 2023, 7,119 people o
35.8 pe 100 housand o he popula ion we e egis e ed wi h he dispensa y. A he end o 2022, he e we e
6,702 pa ien s o 34.4 pe 100 housand o he popula ion, espec i ely.
A he same ime, he mo ali y a e o he obse ed con ingen s in 2023 dec eased compa ed o he
p e ious yea and amoun ed o 28.7% in 2023 (31.6% in 2022).
The i e-yea su i al a e o pa ien s wi h LC was 55.4% in 2023 and 55.3% in 2022 [12].
Summa izing he abo e, we can conclude ha LC, along wi h b eas cance , con inues o i mly occupy
a leading place om yea o yea among all exis ing malignan umo s o o he localiza ions. A he same ime,
aking in o accoun a numbe o ac o s, he indica o s o ea ly diagnosis do no allow oncologis s o "sleep
peace ully", since he locally ad anced s age III, which signi ican ly p e ails o e all s ages, in addi ion o he
p e alence i sel , gi es a la ge numbe o complica ions due o he loca ion o i al cen e s and issue s uc u es
nea he p ima y ocus and loco egional me as ases. Va iabili y and eiling o symp oms, hei simila i y wi h
a ious non-co e p ocesses, leads o neglec o he disease. All his equi es bo h oncologis s and, i s o all,
p ima y heal h ca e wo ke s and, o cou se, pulmonologis s, ph hisiologis s o inc ease he le el o oncological
ale ness, in o m he popula ion abou ea ly symp oms ha may indica e his pa hology o he onse o p oli -
e a i e changes and conduc high- ech diagnos ic measu es, including o he pu pose o di e en ial diagnosis
and, as a esul , imely ea men . People om he isk g oup a e ecommended o isi a pulmonologis annu-
ally and, i necessa y, unde go an examina ion. Epidemiological assessmen o he si ua ion wi h LC in ou
coun y sugges s ha he e a e some imes signi ican di e ences in he egions no only in incidence a es, bu
also in he pa ame e s o ea ly diagnosis and mo ali y om his pa hology. In connec ion wi h he abo e, his
pa hology con inues o be a se ious p oblem o mode n clinical oncology.
Re e ences
1 Klinicheskij p o okol diagnos iki i lechenija aka legkogo - Odob en Ob#edinennoj komissiej po
kaches u medicinskih uslug Minis e s a zd a ooh anenija Respubliki Kazahs an o 01 ijulja 2022 goda. –
P o okol №164. – 54 s (In Russ.).
2 Noo eldeen R., Bach H. Cu en and Fu u e De elopmen in Lung Cance Diagnosis. In J Mol Sci.
2021 Aug 12;22(16):8661. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168661.
3 Sha ma R. Mapping o global, egional and na ional incidence, mo ali y and mo ali y- o-incidence
a io o lung cance in 2020 and 2050. In J Clin Oncol. 2022 Jan 12;27(4):665–675. doi: 10.1007/s10147-021-
02108-2
4 Sung H., Fe lay J., Siegel R.L., La e sanne M., Soe joma a am I., Jemal A., B ay F. Global Cance
S a is ics 2020: GLOBOCAN Es ima es o Incidence and Mo ali y Wo ldwide o 36 Cance s in 185 Coun-
ies. CA Cance J Clin. 2021 May;71(3):209-249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660.
5 Fe lay J., Colombe M., Soe joma a am I., Pa kin D.M., Piñe os M., Znao A., B ay F. Cance s a is-
ics o he yea 2020: An o e iew. In J Cance . 2021 Ap 5. doi: 10.1002/ijc.33588.
6 de G oo P.M., Wu C.C., Ca e B.W., Munden R.F. The epidemiology o lung cance . T ansl Lung
Cance Res. 2018 Jun;7(3):220-233. doi: 10.21037/ lc .2018.05.06.
7 Salle J.J., Boyle T.A. Molecula Pa hology o Lung Cance . Cold Sp ing Ha b Pe spec Med. 2022
Ma 1;12(3):a037812. doi: 10.1101/cshpe spec .a037812.
8 Lam S., Bai C., Baldwin D.R., Chen Y., Connolly C., de Koning H., Heu elmans M.A., Hu P.,
Kaze ooni E.A., Lancas e H.L., Langs G., McWilliams A., Osa ogiagbon R.U., Oudke k M., Pe e s M., Rob-
bins H.A., Saha L., Smi h R.A., T iphu ide N., Field J. Cu en and Fu u e Pe spec i es on Compu ed To-
mog aphy Sc eening o Lung Cance : A Roadmap F om 2023 o 2027 F om he In e na ional Associa ion o
he S udy o Lung Cance . J Tho ac Oncol. 2024 Jan;19(1):36-51. doi: 10.1016/j.j ho.2023.07.019.
9 Ba a J.A., Fa jah F., Thomson C.C., Dye D.S., Wiene R.S., Sla o e C.G., Smi h-Bindman R., Rosen-
hal L.S., Sil es i G.A., Smi h R.A., Gould M.K. The Ame ican Cance Socie y Na ional Lung Cance
Round able s a egic plan: Op imizing s a egies o lung nodule e alua ion and managemen . Cance . 2024
Dec 15;130(24):4177-4187. doi: 10.1002/cnc .35181.
10 Panina A., Kaida o a D., Zholdybay Zh., Ainakulo a A., Amankulo J., Toleshbaye D., Zhakeno a
Zh., Khozhaye A. Lung Cance Sc eening Wi h low-dose ches compu ed omog aphy: expe ience om a-
don-con amina ed egions in Kazakhs an. Jou nal o P e en i e Medicine and Public Heal h 2022;55(3):273-
279. doi: h ps://doi.o g/10.3961/jpmph.21.600
11 Ning J., Ge T., Jiang M., Jia K., Wang L., Li W., Chen B., Liu Y., Wang H., Zhao S., He Y. Ea ly
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doi: 10.18632/aging.202504.
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12 Kaida o a D.R., Sha ko skaya O.V., Onga baye B.T., Zhylkaida o a A.Zh., Seisenbaye a G.T.,
La en ye a I.K., Sagi M.S. Indica o s o he oncology se ice o he Republic o Kazakhs an, 2023: s a is ical
and analy ical ma e ials – Alma y: KIOR JSC, 2024. – 410 p.

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Pedagogical sciences
TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AIMED AT THE FORMATION OF PRO-
FESSIONAL AND SPEECH COMPETENCE OF CADETS OF THE AVIATION FACULTY
A edyan Vlada Le ono na
Ye e an S a e Medical Uni e si y a e Mkhi a He a si
ОБУЧЕНИЕ РУССКОМУ КАК ИНОСТРАННОМУ ЯЗЫКУ, НАЦЕЛЕННОЕ НА
ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНО-РЕЧЕВОЙ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ КУРСАНТОВ
АВИАЦИОННОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА
Аведян Влада Левоновна
Ереванский государственный медицинский университет им. Мхитара Гераци
Abs ac
Teaching RCT in he con ex o he o ma ion o p o essional and speech compe ence is an u gen ask
o mode n language educa ion, as well as one o he key elemen s o an e ec i e lea ning sys em. A p o es-
sionally o ien ed app oach o eaching RFL is an e ec i e me hod ha in ol es p epa ing s uden s o suc-
cess ul p o essional ac i i ies. I p o ides p ac ical applica ion o he language being s udied in he con ex o
p o essional asks, which con ibu es o be e lea ning o he ma e ial and inc eases he mo i a ion o s uden s.
The modeling o p o essional ac i i y and he use o p o essional ocabula y in he educa ional p ocess con-
ibu e o deepe language acquisi ion and i s applica ion in eal si ua ions.
Аннотация
Обучение РКИ в контексте формирования профессионально-речевой компетенции – актуальная
задача современного языкового образования, а также один из ключевых элементов эффективной
системы обучения. Профессионально-ориентированный подход в обучении РКИ представляет собой
эффективный метод, предполагающий подготовку учащихся к успешной профессиональной
деятельности. Он обеспечивает практическое применение изучаемого языка в контексте
профессиональных задач, что способствует лучшему усвоению материала и повышению мотивации
учащихся. Моделирование профессиональной деятельности и использование профессиональной
лексики в учебном процессе способствуют более глубокому усвоению языка и его применению в
реальных ситуациях.
Keywo ds: p o essionally o ien ed aining, RFL, modeling o p o essional ac i i y, mo i a ion, p o-
essional and speech compe ence.
Ключевые слова: профессионально-ориентированное обучение, РКИ, моделирование
профессиональной деятельности, мотивация, профессионально-речевая компетенция.
Обучение РКИ в контексте формирования профессионально-речевой компетенции – актуальная
задача современного языкового образования, а также один из ключевых элементов эффективной
системы обучения. Здесь предполагается не только разработка дизайна обучения, но и целевой охват
отдельно взятых знаний и навыков, а также способности адекватного, корректного и гибкого их
использования в коммуникации. Немаловажную роль в обучении РКИ в рассматриваемом нами
аспекте играет контекстное обучение [4]. Модель контекстного обучения, среди прочего, предполагает
моделирование предметного и социального содержания осваиваемой обучающимися профессии, а
также будущей профессиональной деятельности. На современном этапе необходимо разработать
инновационную парадигму образовательного процесса [5].
Профессионально-речевая компетенция строится на основе общих и специфичных навыков,
необходимых для успешной коммуникации в профессиональной среде и включает работу не только на
лексическом уровне языковой системы (знание специализированных лексических единиц), но и
формирование широкого диапазона умений, позволяющих адаптировать язык под конкретные
профессиональные и коммуникативные контексты. Наряду со знанием профессиональной
терминологии и эффективным использованием языка в профессиональной деятельности здесь
предполагается также корректное применение грамматических конструкций (невозможное без
предварительных знаний, касающихся основных алгоритмов идиоматичной лексической и
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грамматической сочетаемости, или знаний, затрагивающих не только синтаксическую, но и
микросинтаксическую систему языка), умение вести коммуникацию в рамках тех или иных
профессиональных ситуаций, умение составлять деловые документы (рапорт, объяснительная и т.д.).
Конечным итогом профессионально-ориентированного обучения представляется овладение
коммуникативной компетенцией на русском языке.
С учетом всего вышесказанного преподавание РКИ, нацеленное на формирование и развитие
профессионально-речевой компетенции, предъявляет определенные требования к преподавателю:
- глубокое знание типологических особенностей текстов по специальности;
- умение эффективно использовать эти знания при составлении учебных материалов (отборе
учебных и аутентичных текстов, составлению системы упражнений, презентаций и пр.);
- обязательное владение релевантными методами преподавания;
- способность правильно интерпретировать и трансформировать информацию, а также
умение применять языковые знания в разных контекстах.
Эта компетенция тесно связана с теми умениями преподавателя, которые необходимы для
управления учебным процессом и его адаптации к индивидуальным особенностям учащихся. Так,
умение преподавателя правильно формулировать цели и задачи урока, а также корректно
интерпретировать ответ студентов, существенно влияет на эффективность и, как следствие, качество
обучения.
Обучение русскому языку как иностранному (РКИ), наряду с владением знаний о типологии
специальных текстов, требует интеграции различных методологических подходов. Данное требование
тем более актуально в случае, когда речь идет о развитии профессионально-речевой компетенции.
Существует несколько методологических подходов к обучению РКИ, направленных на развитие
профессионально-речевой компетенции. Представим основные подходы, используемые нами в
процессе разработки дизайна уроков для курсантов авиационного факультета.
1. Коммуникативно-ориентированный подход
2. Ориентированность на общение
3. Акцент на речевые функции
4. Использование аутентичных материалов: В целях создания максимально приближенной к
реальности языковой среды используются аутентичные материалы: новости, статьи, деловая переписка
и т.д. Это помогает студентам лучше понимать язык в его естественном контексте.
5. Интерактивные методы обучения.
6. Профессионально-ориентированный подход
Профессионально-ориентированный подход (ПОП) в обучении русскому языку как
иностранному нацелен на подготовку учащихся к эффективному использованию языка в их
профессиональной деятельности. В центре внимания данного подхода – специфика той
профессиональной сферы, в которой предполагается использование языка. Сообразно этому ключевую
роль здесь играет формирование навыков, соответствующих требованиям той или иной
профессиональной сферы.
Основными принципами ПОП являются:
Адаптация учебного материала к профессиональной сфере
Формирование специализированных навыков
Моделирование профессиональных ситуаций
Интеграция культурных аспектов
Из всего вышесказанного следует, что профессионально-ориентированный подход в обучении
РКИ представляет собой эффективный метод, предполагающий подготовку учащихся к успешной
профессиональной деятельности. Он обеспечивает практическое применение изучаемого языка в
контексте профессиональных задач, что способствует лучшему усвоению материала и повышению
мотивации учащихся. Моделирование профессиональной деятельности и использование
профессиональной лексики в учебном процессе способствуют более глубокому усвоению языка и его
применению в реальных ситуациях.
Эффективное обучение русского языка как иностранного базируется на:
- теории проблемного обучения М.И. Махмутова [6], согласно которой обучающийся строит
гипотезы, воспринимаемые в качестве познавательных моделей, представляющих собой «<…> при-
надлежность проектно-технологического типа организационной культуры».
- теории проективного образования [7]. Проективное обучение рассматривается как обуче-
ние и развитие самоопределяющейся личности с проективным взглядом на мир и способностью со-
трудничать с другими людьми.
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- теории контекстного обучения [4], согласно которой процесс обучения нацелен на форми-
рование предметного и социального содержания будущей профессиональной деятельности;
- компетентностном подходе, который нацелен на формирование социальных, коммуникатив-
ных, профессиональных и других качеств личности студента, которые позволят ему полноценно реа-
лизовать себя в современных социально-экономических условиях [8,9].
В целом, успешное развитие профессионально-речевой компетенции в обучении РКИ возможно
только при применении комплексного подхода, включающего элементы коммуникативной,
профессионально-ориентированной, контекстной и технологической методологии. Следует помнить
при этом, что данные концепции необходимо сочетать, они должны применяться комплексно,
взаимодополняя и взаимобогащая, а не исключая друг друга. Немаловажен также учет мотивационного
фактора.
Обучение русскому языку курсантов авиационного факультета военной академии им В. Саргсяна
МО РА является важной составляющей подготовки будущих специалистов. Перед преподавателем
стоит задача не только обучить курсанта языку профессиональной деятельности, но и сформировать
личностные качества будущего военного, способствуя, таким образом, личностному развитию: «В
содержании обучения превалирует формирование научных представлений, понятий, законов, теорий,
специальных общеучебных умений и навыков. Этот процесс одновременно содействует решению
задач воспитания и развития, формируя диалектико-материалистическое мировоззрение обучаемых. В
содержании воспитания превалирует формирование убеждений, норм, правил, идеалов, социально
значимых отношений, установок, мотивов, способов и правил общественно ценного поведения идейно-
политического, нравственного, трудового, эстетического и гигиенического характера. Процесс
воспитания одновременно влияет и на образованность личности, служит непосредственным фактором
стимулирования активности школьников в учении» [2]. Преподаватель военного вуза также выступает
в роли воспитателя, прививая курсантам чувство патриотизма, любви к родине и нелегкому военному
делу. Фактически «… обучение является не только условием, но и основой и средством психического
и в целом личностного развития человека …» [1]. Необходимо отметить, что, если обучение направлено
на овладение опытом в виде знаний, умений и т.д., то воспитание еще охватывает и «верхний этаж»
структуры личности – формирование направленности личности: ее убеждений, мировоззрений,
идеалов, стремлений, интересов и желаний. Что касается обучения русскому языку в военном вузе, то
основной целью является формирование профессионально-речевой компетенции, необходимой для
успешного выполнения профессиональных задач, эффективного и корректного использования языка в
специфических профессиональных ситуациях: управление военно-воздушным судном,
взаимодействие с экипажем, с командно-диспетчерским пунктом, надлежащее выполнение
регламентных и ремонтных работ в технико-эксплуатационной части и т.д. Все это требует не только
общего владения языком, но и глубокого понимания терминологии, ситуативных речевых шаблонов –
все это позволяет курсантам применять приобретенные навыки в профессиональной деятельности (уже
со II семестра II курса курсанты-летчики начинают тренировочные полеты).
Не менее важную роль в процессе обучения и обеспечения максимальной его эффективности
играют специализированные учебные материалы и программы, адаптированные под конкретные
потребности курсантов.
В рамках современной образовательной системы обучение русскому как иностранному языку
курсантов военных вузов заключается в том, чтобы подготовить будущих специалистов к
использованию профессиональной литературы и формированию собственного профессионального
общения на русском языке. Не менее важным аспектом является развитие навыков межкультурной
коммуникации. Формирование и развитие таких умений и навыков осуществляется посредством
работы со специализированной научно-технической литературой, поскольку «… научный текст –
центральная единица научного стиля речи, абсолютный приоритет практической работы по языкам
специальности, главный объект рецептивной и продуктивной деятельности преподавателя и студента»
[3].
Учитывая специфику организации учебного процесса в военной академии (курсанты загружены
деятельностью военного характера) и сложности, с которыми курсанты могут столкнуться на
лексическом и грамматическом уровнях при работе с текстами, для развития профессионально-речевой
компетенции необходима интенсивная и упорядоченная работа. Для работы в аудитории мы
используем профильные тексты, поскольку данные тексты не только содержат достаточное количество
терминов по авиации, но и представляют собой ценный материал с точки зрения наличия тех базовых
синтаксических и грамматических конструкций, знание которых позволяет обеспечить эффективную
коммуникацию в профессиональной среде. Тексты снабжены лексико-грамматическими
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упражнениями для закрепления вышеупомянутых конструкций, необходимых для дальнейшего
использования русского языка в профессиональной сфере.
Целью преподавания русского языка в военном вузе, в частности на авиационном факультете,
помимо всего прочего, является подготовка курсантов к последующему изучению предметов по
специальности, которые преподаются на русском языке. Курсанты начинают проходить русский язык
с 1 года обучения. Курс дисциплины «Русский язык» рассчитан на 3/4/6 семестров, то есть I/II/III
курсы, в зависимости от специализации группы.
Наиболее серьезным вызовом в данном случае является отсутствие характеризующихся
профессиональной направленностью учебных пособий по русскому языку. С этой точки зрения
предложенное нами пособие текстов по специальности для курсантов авиационного факультета
является первым и, на данный момент, единственным подобным учебным пособием.
Следует отметить, что преподаватели русского языка в какой-то мере начинают дублировать
функции преподавателей специальных предметов, поскольку, как уже отмечалось выше, перед
преподавателем стоит задача развития профессионально-речевой компетенции, формирования
определенных предметных знаний, в связи с чем в учебный материал включены тексты, термины,
словосочетания и конструкции по специальности, необходимые курсанту в его дальнейшей
деятельности. В целях обеспечения максимально эффективной организации учебного процесса
преподаватели русского языка находятся в постоянном взаимодействии с преподавателями-
предметниками. От успешного освоения курса русского языка зависит в том числе и эффективность
формирования профессиональных знаний курсантов.
Re e ences
1. Zimnaya I.A. Pedagogical psychology: Tex book. Ros o -on-Don: Phoenix Publishing House, 1997
[Отпечатано на русском].
2. Pedagogy. S udy guide. Edi ed by Yu.K. Babansky. Moscow: P os eshchenie, 1983 [Отпечатано на
русском].
3. Fundamen als o scien i ic speech: Tex book o s uden s. The nephil. highe . s udies. ins i u ions /
N.A. Bu e, M.V. Bys ykh, S.A. Vishnyako a e al.; edi ed by V.V. Khimik, L.B. Volko a. – S . Pe e sbu g:
Facul y o Philology o S . Pe e sbu g S a e Uni e si y; Moscow: Publishing Cen e "Academy", 2003. – 272
p. [Отпечатано на русском].
4. Ve bi sky A.A., Ac i e lea ning in highe educa ion: a con ex ual app oach. – Moscow: Highe
School, 1991 [Отпечатано на русском].
5. No iko a M.L. The inno a i e pa adigm o he educa ional p ocess and i s ole in he uni ica ion and
imp o emen o he eaching p ocess //Bulle in o he RUDN Uni e si y. The se ies "Ques ions o educa ion.
Languages and special y". – 2012. – No. 3. – pp. 165-173., p.167 [Отпечатано на русском].
6. Makhmu o M.I. P oblem–based lea ning. Moscow, 1975 [Отпечатано на русском].
7. Ilyin G.L. Philosophy o educa ion. Moscow: Vuzo skaya kniga, 2002 [Отпечатано на русском].
8. Ba anniko A.V. Con en o gene al educa ion /Compe ence app oach. Moscow, 2002 [Отпечатано
на русском].
9. E molenko V.A. Func ional li e acy in a mode n con ex . – Moscow, 2002 [Отпечатано на русском].
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Philological sciences
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S LITERARY CONTRIBUTION AND DRAMATIC THEORY
Abdullaye a Gunay Allah e di
ASPU, CIL, English eache
Baku, Republic o Aze baijan
Abs ac
William Shakespea e, o en hailed as he g ea es playw igh in he English language, has le an indel-
ible ma k on wo ld li e a u e. His as body o wo k, including agedies, comedies, and his o ies, con inues
o cap i a e audiences and inspi e schola s mo e han ou cen u ies a e his dea h. Bo n in 1564 in S a o d-
upon-A on, Shakespea e w o e du ing he Elizabe han and Jacobean e as—a ime o g ea cul u al, poli ical,
and a is ic ans o ma ion in England. His plays no only e lec he complexi ies o human na u e bu also
explo e imeless hemes such as lo e, powe , jealousy, be ayal, and ambi ion.
Keywo ds: inspi e, li e a u e, gen e, hea e, lo e, me apho s.
In oduc ion: The pu pose o his pape is o explo e Shakespea e’s li e a y con ibu ions and d ama ic
heo y, analyzing he elemen s ha make his wo k uni e sally ele an . F om he psychological dep h o Ham-
le o he des uc i e ambi ion in Macbe h, Shakespea e c ea ed cha ac e s ha anscend hei ime. His mas-
e y o language, use o poe ic de ices, and s uc u al inno a ion in d ama ha e had a p o ound impac on
English li e a u e and hea e . This s udy will examine his li e and con ex , majo wo ks and hemes, s ylis ic
ea u es, and long-s anding in luence, highligh ing why Shakespea e emains a cen al igu e in li e a y dis-
cou se.
Shakespea e’s Li e and His o ical Con ex . William Shakespea e was bo n in 1564 in he own o S a -
o d-upon-A on, England. Al hough many aspec s o his ea ly li e emain unce ain, his o ical eco ds con i m
his bap ism on Ap il 26, 1564. He ma ied Anne Ha haway a he age o 18 and had h ee child en. In he la e
1580s o ea ly 1590s, Shakespea e mo ed o London, whe e he began his ca ee as an ac o and playw igh .
Shakespea e’s li e ime coincided wi h he eign o Queen Elizabe h I and la e King James I—an e a o en
e e ed o as he English Renaissance. This pe iod was ma ked by a lou ishing o li e a u e, a s, and explo-
a ion. The poli ical s abili y unde Elizabe h I, combined wi h he ise o humanism and he in luence o
classical ex s, c ea ed a e ile en i onmen o d ama ic exp ession. Thea es such as The Globe became
cul u al hubs whe e he g owing middle class could engage wi h complex mo al and social issues p esen ed
h ough d ama. Religious ensions, shi ing powe s uc u es, and philosophical deba es abou a e and ee
will ound hei way in o Shakespea e’s plays. Fo example, he anxie y o e succession in Elizabe h’s la e
yea s is echoed in he powe s uggles o "Macbe h" and "King Lea ". His wo ks cap u ed he spi i o he
age—b idging medie al ideas wi h eme ging mode n consciousness.
Majo Wo ks and Themes: Shakespea e's li e a y legacy includes 39 plays, 154 sonne s, and se e al
na a i e poems. His wo ks a e adi ionally ca ego ized in o h ee main gen es: agedies, comedies, and his-
o ies. Each gen e o e s unique insigh s in o human beha io , socie y, and uni e sal u hs.
The w i ing s yle o Shakespea e is cha ac e ized by a mas e ul command o language, employing a
ich ocabula y, s iking image y, and a a ie y o li e a y de ices ha con ibu e o he endu ing powe o his
plays and sonne s. His wo ks ea u e deeply complex, lawed, and ela able cha ac e s who g apple wi h uni-
e sal hemes like lo e, ambi ion, e enge, mo ali y, and iden i y, making his s o ies imeless and esonan .
Shakespea e e ec i ely used d ama ic echniques, such as soliloquies (inne hough s spoken aloud), mono-
logues (speeches o o he cha ac e s), and a ied ones and moods o engage audiences and explo e he inne
li es o his cha ac e s. Th ough his plays, poems, and sonne s, Shakespea e le an indelible ma k on he Eng-
lish language and li e a u e, in luencing coun less w i e s and con inuing o be pe o med and s udied cen u ies
la e . The w i ing s yle o Shakespea e combines c ea i i y, in elligence, and emo ion in ways ha ew w i e s
ha e e e ma ched. He had a way o using language o exp ess complex ideas, c ea e memo able cha ac e s,
and ell s o ies ha connec wi h people on a deep le el. Whe he i ’s he agedy o Hamle , he omance o
Romeo and Julie , o he humo in A Midsumme Nigh ’s D eam, his wo ks co e a wide ange o emo ions
and hemes. Shakespea e’s ca ee las ed o e wo decades, and his wo ks le an indelible ma k on English
li e a u e. His abili y o cap u e he human expe ience wi h such dep h and c ea i i y is why his plays and
poems a e s ill widely ead, pe o med, and s udied. Shakespea e s udied classic G eek and Roman books. He

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lo ed au ho s like O id and Vi gil. This helped him w i e abou imeless hemes like lo e, be ayal, and how
hings change, jus like in s o ies we ell oday. Shakespea e w o e plays abou eal English kings and queens,
like “Hen y IV” and “Richa d III.” These plays en e ained people and also alked abou impo an hings like
good leade ship and wha ’s igh and w ong.
Shakespea e was b illian a unde s anding how people eally eel. His cha ac e s, like he jealous
O hello and he ambi ious Macbe h, eel eal because hey ha e he same emo ions we all expe ience. Shake-
spea e lea ned om o he alen ed w i e s o his ime, like Ch is ophe Ma lowe and Geo ey Chauce . The
compe i ion wi h o he playw igh s in London pushed him o be e en mo e c ea i e. Religion was e y im-
po an in Shakespea e’s ime. The Bible in luenced many o his plays, like “Hamle ,” by explo ing ideas abou
sin, o gi eness, and wha ’s mo ally igh . One o he mos ema kable aspec s o William Shakespea e’s wo k
is his mas e y o language. His abili y o play wi h wo ds, c ea e new ones, and use hem in powe ul ways has
cemen ed his epu a ion as one o he g ea es w i e s in he English language. Shakespea e w o e o e e yone,
om kings and queens o egula people. He used ancy, poe ic language o ich cha ac e s and simple, unny
language o e e yday cha ac e s. This made his plays enjoyable o e e yone in he audience, whe he hey
we e educa ed o no . William Shakespea e’s w i ing is amous o i s inc edible ocabula y. He had an un-
ma ched abili y o ind he pe ec wo d o cap u e a momen , exp ess a eeling, o desc ibe a cha ac e . His
ex ensi e ocabula y no only added beau y and dep h o his wo ks bu also en iched he English language as
a whole. William Shakespea e was a mas e o igu a i e language—using li e a y de ices such as similes,
me apho s, pe soni ica ion, and hype bole o en ich his w i ing. These ools added beau y, dep h, and laye s
o meaning o his wo ks, making hem i id and emo ionally compelling. Shakespea e equen ly used similes
and me apho s o d aw compa isons and make abs ac ideas mo e ela able. William Shakespea e’s plays a e
enowned o hei abili y o e oke a wide ange o emo ions. He skill ully shi ed one and mood wi hin and
ac oss his wo ks o keep audiences engaged, con ey complex hemes, and mi o he emo ional jou neys o
his cha ac e s. Shakespea e mas e ully adjus ed bo h one and mood o sui di e en momen s, c ea ing a
dynamic and engaging expe ience. He o en jux aposed ligh hea ed scenes wi h da ke , mo e se ious ones o
c ea e con as and balance. This in e play made his wo ks mo e engaging and e lec i e o li e’s complexi ies.
Shakespea e used many li e a y de ices– below a e he mos impo an ones, mos cen al o his wo k.
1. Allusion. This is a e e ence o a pe son, place, o e en , usually wi hou explici iden i ica ion. Allusions
can be e e ences o my hology, he bible, his o ical e en s, geog aphy, legends, o o he li e a y wo ks. Au-
ho s o en use allusion o es ablish a one, c ea e an implied associa ion, con as wo objec s o people, make
an unusual jux aposi ion o e e ences, o b ing he eade in o a wo ld o expe ience ou side he limi a ions o
he s o y i sel . Biblical e e ences a e common in li e a y wo ks o all pe iods. 2. D ama ic De ice. D ama ic
de ices we e no in en ed by Shakespea e, as a d ama would no hold up wi hou hem: he plays o Shake-
spea e’s p edecesso s and con empo a ies used hem, bu one o he easons ha Shakespea e’s plays a e so
g ipping and suspense ul is ha he was a mas e o he d ama ic de ice. 3. D ama ic I ony- is a si ua ion in
which he eade knows some hing abou p esen o u u e ci cums ances ha he cha ac e does no know. Fo
example, in Macbe h, when Duncan’s mu de ed body is ound, Macbe h beha es as hough he’s ang y wi h
he supposed mu de e s bu he audience knows ha he is, in ac , he mu de e . Tha ’s d ama ic i ony. 4.
Monologue- a long, unin e up ed speech ha is spoken in he p esence o o he cha ac e s. Unlike a soliloquy,
a monologue is hea d by o he cha ac e s. 5. Soliloquy- A speech in which a cha ac e , who is usually alone
on he s age, exp esses his o he hough s aloud. I is a e y use ul de ice, as i allows he w i e o con ey a
cha ac e ’s mos in ima e hough s and eelings di ec ly o he audience. The con en ion is ha he audience is
allowed o hea he cha ac e ’s hough s. He o she is no alking, bu hinking. Shakespea e uses soliloquies
libe ally, and some o his ines pieces o w i ing a e in his o m, o example, he ‘To be o no o be’ soliloquy
in Hamle . 6. Symbolism- Shakespea e’s use o symbolism is one o his s onges , mos dis inguishing cha -
ac e is ics. I is he equen use o wo ds, places, cha ac e s, o objec s ha mean some hing beyond wha hey
a e on a li e al le el. I , o example, a w i e uses he wo d ‘blood’ once, i s meaning will be con ined o ha
ins ance in which i is used. Bu i he wo d is used epea edly, as i is in plays like Macbe h and Romeo and
Julie , i exp esses some p o ound ideas. T agedies: Among his mos acclaimed wo ks a e he agedies "Ham-
le ", "Macbe h", "O hello", and "King Lea ". These plays del e deep in o he human psyche, explo ing com-
plex hemes such as ambi ion, e enge, jealousy, be ayal, madness, and mo ali y. In "Hamle ", Shakespea e
p esen s he in e nal con lic o a p ince o n be ween ac ion and hesi a ion. "Macbe h" showcases how un-
checked ambi ion can lead o mo al des uc ion, while "O hello" e eals he des uc i e powe o jealousy.
"King Lea " explo es he agili y o au ho i y and he pain o be ayal wi hin amilies.
Comedies: Shakespea e’s comedies, such as "A Midsumme Nigh ’s D eam", "Twel h Nigh ", and
"Much Ado Abou No hing", o en ea u e mis aken iden i ies, oman ic en anglemen s, and humo ous misun-
de s andings. Howe e , benea h he humo lies se ious commen a y on gende oles, class, and he na u e o
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lo e. In "Twel h Nigh ", Shakespea e ques ions he limi s o iden i y and gende , while "Much Ado Abou
No hing" challenges socie al expec a ions in ela ionships. "His o ies:" His his o ical plays, including "Richa d
III", "Hen y IV" (Pa s 1 & 2), and "Hen y V", d ama ize he li es o English kings and he consequences o
poli ical ambi ion and ci il wa . These wo ks p o ide no only en e ainmen bu also mo al and na ional e-
lec ion, ein o cing he hemes o leade ship, legi imacy, and powe .
"Uni e sal Themes:" A de ining ea u e o Shakespea e’s wo k is he imelessness o his hemes.
Whe he depic ing lo e, dea h, powe , co up ion, o edemp ion, his cha ac e s e lec eal human emo ions
and dilemmas. He unde s ood and po ayed he complexi ies o he human condi ion wi h unma ched insigh ,
making his wo ks ela able ac oss cul u es and cen u ies.
"D ama ic S yle and Li e a y Theo y" Shakespea e's d ama ic s yle e olu ionized English hea e. Un-
like ea lie playw igh s who adhe ed s ic ly o classical uni ies o ime, place, and ac ion, Shakespea e o en
de ied hese con en ions. His plays could span mul iple loca ions and ime ames, making hem mo e dynamic
and engaging. One o his g ea es s eng hs was cha ac e de elopmen . Shakespea e c ea ed psychologically
complex cha ac e s wi h inne con lic s and e ol ing mo i a ions. Cha ac e s like Hamle , Lady Macbe h, and
Iago emain some o he mos analyzed igu es in li e a u e o hei dep h and ambigui y. He mas e ully
blended p ose and e se—using blank e se (un hymed iambic pen ame e ) o noble o se ious cha ac e s,
and p ose o comedic o common ones. This a ia ion helped es ablish one and hie a chy. His use o solilo-
quies (as in Hamle ’s “To be o no o be”) allowed cha ac e s o oice in e nal s uggles di ec ly o he audi-
ence, making his plays emo ionally imme si e. Shakespea e’s wo k is also ich in li e a y de ices: me apho s,
similes, puns, i ony, and wo dplay. His language is poe ic ye accessible, con ibu ing o he hy hm and powe
o he dialogue. F om a heo e ical pe spec i e, Shakespea e con ibu ed o Renaissance humanism—a philos-
ophy ha emphasized human po en ial, eason, and indi idual agency. His agedies o en explo e ee will
e sus a e, mo al esponsibili y, and he agic laws (hama ia) o p o agonis s, aligning wi h A is o elian
d ama ic heo y. --- *Shakespea e’s In luence on Li e a u e and Cul u e*
Shakespea e’s in luence on global li e a u e and cul u e is unma ched. His wo ks ha e been ansla ed
in o e e y majo language and pe o med in e e y co ne o he wo ld. He expanded he exp essi e po en ial
o he English language, coining coun less wo ds and ph ases s ill in use oday (“b eak he ice,” “hea o gold,”
“wild-goose chase”). In li e a u e, coun less au ho s— om Cha les Dickens o James Joyce and mode n play-
w igh s—ha e d awn on Shakespea e’s hemes, cha ac e s, and s uc u es. His agic he oes laid he ounda-
ion o mode n psychological d ama, while his comic elemen s shaped oman ic and sa i ical comedy. In
educa ion, Shakespea e is cen al o li e a y s udies wo ldwide, wi h his wo ks used o each na a i e s uc u e,
cha ac e de elopmen , and poe ic language. His plays a e also equen ly adap ed in ilm, ele ision, and
hea e, p o ing hei las ing ele ance. Cul u ally, Shakespea e emains a symbol o a is ic excellence. His
po ayals o lo e, powe , injus ice, and humani y esona e ac oss ime, making his wo k a sha ed global he -
i age. Conclusion
William Shakespea e’s li e a y genius lies in his abili y o cap u e he ull ange o human emo ion and
expe ience. His wo ks anscend ime, cul u e, and language, o e ing insigh s in o he uni e sal u hs o ex-
is ence. F om complex cha ac e s o poe ic b illiance, Shakespea e se he s anda d o d ama ic w i ing and
na a i e a . Th ough his agedies, comedies, and his o ies, he examined he mo al, psychological, and soci-
e al dimensions o li e. His in luence con inues no only in li e a u e bu in how we unde s and s o y elling,
emo ion, and human na u e. Shakespea e's legacy is no simply a ma e o his o y—i is a li ing p esence in
mode n cul u e and li e a u e.
Re e ences
1. G eenbla , S ephen. Will in he Wo ld: How Shakespea e Became Shakespea e.
W.W. No on, 2004.
2. Bloom, Ha old. Shakespea e: The In en ion o he Human.
Ri e head Books, 1998.
3. McDonald, Russ. The Bed o d Companion o Shakespea e: An In oduc ion wi h Documen s. Bed-
o d/S . Ma in’s, 2001.
4. B adley, A.C. Shakespea ean T agedy. Macmillan, 1904.
5. Wells, S anley. Shakespea e & Co. Penguin Books, 2006.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
66
THE ROLE OF LITERARY CRITICISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN AZERBAIJAN
LITERATURE
Ga an il Rzaye a
Senio Lec u e
Agjabadi B anch o Aze baijan S a e Pedagogical Uni e si y, Aze baijan
Abs ac
The apid de elopmen o li e a y c i icism and li e a y s udies, as in o he gen es, coincides wi h he
hi ies o he 20 h cen u y. A his s age, he issue o he hegemonic in luence o he socialis ealism me hod
on he en i e li e a y p ocess began o make i sel el in i s en i e y.
Aze baijani li e a y c i icism was ac i e in hose yea s, s i ing o a m i sel wi h he ad anced ideas o
he ime, new aes he ics, ma e ialis heo y o cogni ion, and in many cases comple ely mas e ing hem. Some
o hem we e c i ics and li e a y schola s who wo ked mo e p oduc i ely in ha decade, analyzing wo ks o
a om he pe spec i e o a new wo ld iew. Salman Mum az, Ali Nazim, Ruhulla Akhundo , A ababa Mu-
saxanli, Hana i Zeynalli, Mammadkazim Alakba li, Ja a Khandan, Mi Jalal, Feyzulla Gasimzade, Mikayil
Ra ili, Muba iz Alizade, Akba Agaye , and p ominen w i e s, along wi h p o essional c i ics, we e also en-
gaged in issues o heo y and c i icism.
A la ge a my o c i ics g ew up in Aze baijani li e a y c i icism, which was ac i ely ac i e in hose
yea s, s i ing o a m i sel wi h he ad anced ideas o he ime, new aes he ics, ma e ialis heo y o cogni ion,
and in many cases comple ely mas e ing hem. Some o hem we e c i ics and li e a y schola s who wo ked
mo e p oduc i ely in ha decade, analyzing wo ks o a om he pe spec i e o a new wo ld iew.
Keywo ds: li e a y c i icism, li e a y s udies, li e a y gen es, apid de elopmen , socialis ealism
me hod, li e a y p ocess, e c.
Li e a y c i icism and li e a y c i icism, as well as o he gen es, expe ienced a apid de elopmen in he
hi ies o he 20 h cen u y. A his s age, he issue o he hegemonic in luence o he socialis ealism me hod
on he en i e li e a y p ocess began o make i sel el in i s en i e y.
Despi e i s ce ain sho comings, li e a y c i icism gained in luence in hese yea s, and i s wo ks o a
became he c i e ion o e alua ion. The “li e a u e o he new socie y”, which was ele an o ha pe iod,
eached he deep laye s o he wo king masses and began o become he p ope y o he whole people. This
li e a u e inc easingly “seeked he in e es s o he people, became an a is ic exp ession o hei desi es and
aspi a ions”.
In hese yea s, li e a u e became close o he li e o he people, he popula and ealis ic essence o
li e a u e, i s in e na ional appeal g adually inc eased, and i s scope and b ead h began o g ow. In his ega d,
he scope o li e a y c i icism and li e a y c i icism also expanded, and mos impo an ly, new li e a y schola s,
c i ics, and new o ces engaged in aes he ics we e g owing. One o he main and main p oblems o he pe iod
was o s and on he side o he wo king people in he in e p e a ion o ideological-con en issues, o subs an ia e
hei poin o iew. When he ideology o classes clashed in he ield o ideology, which had ex emely speci ic
cha ac e is ics, i was no enough o s and on he p ole a ian wo ld iew posi ion and be loyal o i . I was an
u gen ask o ac i ely igh o his success. I was impossible o weaken he s uggle o he o iginali y and
mode ni y o li e a u e o a single momen . Because he in luence o ic ion on consciousness, hough s, as
well as as es and eelings, was ac i e and dynamic in hese yea s, as always. (1, p.187)
The new li e a u e, which ga e a is ic exp ession o he u h, and he new ype o c i icism ha s ood
gua d o e i , analyzed and e alua ed wo ks o a om he pe spec i e o he e a, he a i ude o ime, and he
posi ion o ci izenship.
Li e a y c i icism analyzed he e lec ion o he pa hos, ends, main and main endencies o he e a in
li e a y wo ks. I was obliged o ensu e he low o he li e a y p ocess in he con empo a y li e a y scene.
The e o e, li e a y c i icism had o de elop a comple e, holis ic, sys ema ic ealis ic me hod, p o ec all i s
equi emen s and p inciples, and in e p e i ex ensi ely.
A la ge a my o c i ics g ew up in Aze baijani li e a y c i icism, which was ac i ely wo king in hose
yea s, s i ing o a m i sel wi h he ad anced ideas o he e a, new aes he ics, ma e ialis heo y o cogni ion,
and in many cases comple ely mas e ing hem. Some o hem we e c i ics and li e a y schola s who wo ked
mo e p oduc i ely in ha decade, analyzing li e a y wo ks om he pe spec i e o a new wo ld iew. Salman
Mum az, Ali Nazim, Ruhulla Akhundo , A ababa Musaxanli, Hana i Zeynalli, Mammadkazim Alakba li,
Ja a Khandan, Mi Jalal, Feyzulla Gasimzade, Mikayil Ra ili, Muba iz Alizade, Akba Aghaye , as well as
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p ominen w i e s such as Abdulla Shaig, Ja a Jabba li, Huseyn Ja id, S. Vu gun, Mi za Ib ahimo , and o h-
e s, we e also engaged in issues o heo y and c i icism.
The p oblems ha hese c i ics deal wi h he mos we e mainly heo e ical. They explained p oblems
such as idealism, mode ni y, olk, ele ance, his o ici y, a is ic c a smanship, a is y, heme, a is ic lan-
guage, posi i e he o, e c. in li e a u e di ec ly in ela ion o he p inciples o c ea i i y. They conside ed he
u h o li e o be he main equi emen o he e a and, he e o e, did no o ge abou oman icism.
Aze baijani c i ics o ha ime ook his posi ion when analyzing he wo ks o a c ea ed in he hi ies.
In connec ion wi h he c i icism o hese issues, he concep s o ealism, u h and hones y we e aken in o
accoun in he a is ic e lec ion o li e, whe he in p ose, d ama u gy o poe y. The a icles o ou c i ics J.
Ja a o “On he S o ies o S. Rahman” and M.K. Alakba li “Gene al No es on Li e a u e and Ou C i icism”
a e in e es ing om his poin o iew. (2, p.214)
In J. Ja a o ’s a icle, he w o e ha ins ead o showing he eal li e o he illage, ich in a ious ac s
and e en s, i s posi i e and nega i e aspec s, he w i e admi es, loses measu e, closes his eyes and plunges
in o d eams and pain s and deco a es he illage so much ha he e is no hing le o be desi ed. In his eyes,
e e y hing has been imp o ed, all he sho comings ha e been emo ed, people ha e eached he inal s age
o happiness. J. Ja a o showed ha we do no need dis o ion, o ge y, insince i y, and any kind o colo ing
o ou exis ence. The main s eng h o ou c i icism lies p ecisely in elling he u h, he u h openly, as i is,
o he people. Tha is why ou li e a u e is inc easingly a ac ing he a en ion o all hones people o he
mode n wo ld. The e o e, since he aes he ic ideal i sel comple ely co esponds o he dimensions and laws
o li e, he e is no need o o he means.
Fashionable c i icism conside ed wo ks w i en on his o ical opics, he issue o his o ici y, and in gen-
e al, he issue o classical he i age as i s main and main ask.
I can also be no ed ha , as a comple ely na u al phenomenon, i paid special a en ion o he c ea ion o
epic, ly ical and d ama ic wo ks on pu ely his o ical, semi-his o ical, semi-legenda y, o pu ely olklo e mo i s
in hese yea s. The no es and conside a ions o li e a y c i icism abou li e a u e, which a e nou ished by hese
h ee ich sou ces o mode n hema ics, we e inc easingly appea ing in a mo e sys ema ic manne .
M.S. O dubadi's no els "The Figh ing Ci y" and "Sec e Baku", "The Wo ld is Changing" can also be
included he e. In each o hese no els, he speci ic pages o Baku's his o ical and e olu iona y s uggle a e
e i ed in an ex emely poe ic language.
Al hough his o y is somewha sh ouded in legend and ad en u e in hese no els, in any case, he pic u e
o speci ic his o ical pe iods, poli ical and social e en s a e shown accu a ely, and speci ic his o ical igu es
pa icipa ed he e wi h hei names and add esses.
O cou se, he opinion o he w i e 's wo ks "Sec e Baku" and "The Wo ld is Changing" in he c i icism
o he 30s was no en i ely posi i e. Howe e , he c i icism o hese wo ks should be conside ed, in gene al,
co ec and use ul. This can be a ibu ed, in pa icula , o he w i e 's somewha ee a i ude o his o y, his
a emp o change i as he wan ed, and he p oblem o a agmen a y, chao ic desc ip ion o e y se ious, as
well as agic his o ical changes and u ning poin s. (3, p.96)
In he 30s, li e a y c i icism also co ec ly and posi i ely assessed Mi Jalal's no el "The Resu ec ed
Man". He e, he excep ion is only he c i icism o J. Ja a o . Acco ding o he c i ic, in he wo k he e olu-
iona y mo emen is "b ough om he ci y o he illage on ho seback", he au ho was somewha has y in
sol ing his issue.
The s uggle o he simplici y o he documen can be included in he p oblems o c a smanship ha
occupied he li e a y c i icism o ha pe iod. In wo ks ha lack simplici y and cla i y, bo h he con en and he
a is ic componen s o he idea seem abs ac , hazy, and ambiguous. M. Huseyn w o e abou his in one o his
a icles: “A s ong endency owa ds ingenious simplici y should awaken in ou mode n a . We should lea n
such simplici y om he ich li e a u e, poe y and epics c ea ed by ou people o e he cen u ies. Fo example,
he simplici y o Vagi , his e ses bubbling like a c ys al oun ain, did no dep i e his wo ks o he beau y
inhe en in his wo k. O he simplici y o he e ses o “Dede Go gud” did no weaken he ingenious meaning
in hem.
The e has been a sho bu ull his o y o jou nalism in ou li e a u e. We ind i s i s examples in M.F.
Akhundo , H.B. Za dabi and N.B. Vezi o . Du ing he e olu iona y pe iod o 1905 and hen in J.
Mammadguluzadeh, N. Na imano , F.B. Kocha i, on he e e o he Oc obe Re olu ion, M.S. O dubadi, Seyid
Pishe a i, T. Shahbazi and o he s we e poli ical c ea ed beau i ul examples o ou jou nalism.
Du ing he G ea Pa io ic Wa , jou nalism de eloped u he in ou li e a u e, i s mili ancy and a is y
inc eased signi ican ly. In he wo ks o ic ion, poems, s o ies, no ellas, ocheks, euille ons, na a i es and
d amas, as well as in wo ks o li e a y c i icism and li e a y c i icism c ea ed du ing his pe iod, he elemen s
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o jou nalism we e e y s ong. In he pages o he p ess "Communis ", "Li e a y Newspape ", "Fo he Mo h-
e land", "Figh ing A my" and o he s, jou nalis ic a icles played a leading ole. This was due o he demands
o he ime.
Analyzing indi idual examples o Aze baijani poe y c ea ed du ing he wa , Mehdi Huseyn came o
he co ec conclusion ha he plague- ascism o he 20 h cen u y o e shadowed all he a oci ies ha had
occu ed in his o y. I ga e ise o endless ha ed and ange owa ds i sel in poe y, which is one o he highes
mani es a ions o human consciousness:
Publicism ound a wide pa h o li e a y c i icism and became i s in eg al pa . Mammad Ja a 's 1945
The philosophical ea ise "Un i led Le e " published in he magazine "Fo he Fa he land" in 1991 can be
called he bes example o his.
Du ing he wa yea s, c i icism, jou nalism and li e a y s udies di ec ly me ged wi h he li e a y p ocess
and became i s companions. In hese yea s, li e a y c i icism expanded i s scope o s udy and analysis and,
h ough he analysis o wo ks o a , educa ed people in such cha ac e is ics as pa io ism, igh ing spi i , and
u hlessness owa ds he enemy. Du ing his pe iod, li e a y c i icism, in addi ion o eaching li e, also ook on
he ask o c ea ing exci emen and emo ion. These cha ac e is ics can be seen in M.J. Ja a o 's "Ou Poe y in
he Se ice o he Pa io ic Wa ", M. A i 's "New Du ies o C i icism", "Ou Poe y in he Days o he Pa io ic
Wa ", A. Agaye 's "S o ies o He oism" and o he wo ks. Thus, in he wo ks o Sh. While c i ical sho s o ies,
essays, and jou nalism we e pa icula ly popula , poe s and p ose w i e s also had a s ong passion o a icles,
e iews, and li e a y c i icism in gene al, which was a mo ing aes he ic. (4, p. 278)
This can be explained by he equen appeal o li e a y c i icism by li e a y c i ics who a e no sys em-
a ically and consis en ly engaged in li e a y c i icism, and hei connec ion o pu ely li e a y his o ical p ob-
lems wi h mode n li e, wa and peace issues. I is no coincidence ha in he i s yea o he wa , a collec ion
o a icles “Fascism des oys human cul u e” was published. The heme o all jou nalis ic, c i ical and li e a y
wo ks was di ec ed owa ds one p oblem: wa and peace. S. Vu gun's Aze baijani w i e s in wa ime!” (1942),
“Fo he sake o he high wo ks o ou ime” (1943), “The Pa io ic Wa and ou li e a u e” (1943), “Le e s o
he C i icism Con e ence” (1944), M. Huseyn's “Li e a y le e s!” (1945), M. A i 's "The Image o a Wa io
in Ou Li e a u e" (1942), J. Ja a o 's "Wa and Li e a u e" (1943), e c., examine he issues o peace, wa , as
well as hei a is ic e lec ion in wo ks o a , he c ea ion o he cha ac e o ha dwo king, sel less people o
he on and ea on s, make ce ain gene alizing heo e ical conside a ions, and analyze speci ic a is ic
ma e ials.
Academician H. Huseyno , combining he pen o a philosophe wi h he hinking o a c i ic and li e a y
c i ic, published a numbe o li e a y-philosophical, a is ic-publicis ic a icles dedica ed o he exposu e o
ascism du ing hese yea s. His books "Fascism is ine i able" (1943), "Li e a y no es" (1945), a e he p oduc s
o hese yea s. "Ab idged His o y o Aze baijani Li e a u e" (1943), i s wo olumes, also played a signi ican
ole in he de elopmen o ou pos -wa li e a y c i icism science du ing his pe iod. Along wi h he c i ic-
scien is s, S. Vu gun, Mib ahimo , M. Huseyn and o he w i e s had g ea me i s. Samad Vu gun's heo e ical
a icles published in he cen al p ess, which caused se ious s uggle and dispu es, and his epo on So ie
poe y a he II Cong ess o So ie W i e s should be conside ed among he achie emen s o li e a y c i icism.
S. Vu gun du ing his pe iod "sol ed he mode n heo e ical p oblems o no only na ional li e a u e, bu
also o So ie li e a u e in gene al" (L. A agon). In his a icles, epo s and speeches, he illumina ed he main
issues o li e a u e such as idealism, olklo ism, mode ni y, i ali y, and a he same ime waged an i econcil-
able wa agains o eign ends - o malism, nihilism, na u alism. The poe opposed hose who sough mo e
shady aspec s in mode n li e, demanded o w i e mo e posi i e quali ies and b igh sides by exposing he
sho comings in he i e o sa i e. His s uggle o omance was especially in e es ing.
S. Vu gun called omance o him because he s ubbo nly de ends ha some wan ed o dep i e li e a u e
o his s ong wing and educe i o domes ici y. The issues o a posi i e he o, a posi i e ideal, and a i ude o
he classical he i age always made S. Vu gun hink. His a icles “C ea ing beau i ul wo ks o ou child en”,
“Agains o malism and na u alism in a ”, e c. a e de o ed o his issue.
In he a icles w i en by Mi za Ib ahimo abou ou classics and con empo a y w i e s, co ec scien i ic
and heo e ical conside a ions a e pu o wa d abou he de elopmen o Aze baijani li e a u e and hei indi-
idual pe sonali ies. When he alks abou he a is ic c ea i i y and wo ld iews o Fuzuli, J. Mammadguluzade,
Sabi and o he classics, he s ic ly adhe es o he p inciple o his o ici y.
In his a icle “Some issues o d ama u gy”(1953), Mi za Ib ahimo showed wi h speci ic examples he
ha m caused by he heo y o non-con lic in li e a u e. This no o ious heo y c ea ed con usion and con usion
in people's minds o a long ime. Acco ding o his heo y, con lic supposedly occu s be ween he good and
he bes . can gi e. Some w i e s, unde he in luence o his ic i ious heo y, we e busy co e ing up he u h.
Ins ead o going in o he dep hs o exis ence and complex li e p ocesses, hey ollowed an easy, schema ic,

XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
69
and s e eo ypical pa h, simpli ying and alsi ying he u h, making i ex ao dina y, sha p con lic , and se ious
d ama. Some c i ics and li e a y schola s, when analyzing his o ha wo k, based hei analysis no on he
le el o e lec ion o li e, mode ni y, bu on he opicali y o he subjec . (5, p. 208)
I is clea ha denying con lic in d ama u gy mean denying a i sel . Con lic is he soul o d ama ic
li e a u e. Wi hou sha p d ama ic con lic s and collisions, i is impossible o p esen li e in all i s eali y and
complexi y, and co e ing hem up and glossing o e he u h is no he way o li e a u e.
Mehdi Huseyn's li e a y and c i ical ac i i y in his ega d is pa icula ly a ac i e o he heo y. The
a icles collec ed in he book "Li e a y Quanda y" (1947) we e bo n om he w i e 's hough s abou he pas ,
p esen and u u e o Aze baijani li e a u e. As he p oudly spoke abou he pas o Aze baijani li e a u e, he
also spoke abou i s cu en s a e and u u e wi h all his hea . In his book, we also see Mehdi Huseyn's de-
manding and ca ing a i ude owa ds young w i e s who we e jus coming o ou li e a u e a ha ime. He alks
passiona ely abou li e a y you h, men ions he posi i e quali ies he obse ed in he wo k o indi idual w i e s,
as well as he sho comings, and shows conc e e ways o elimina e hem.
In a se ies o a icles w i en by Mehdi Huseyn be ween 1945 and 1953, he aised e y impo an heo-
e ical issues ha occupied li e a y s udies and li e a y c i icism, and public opinion in gene al. He ough o
he pu i y o ideas and high c a smanship o ou li e a u e, and de eloped his own opinions in his di ec ion.
“Li e a y Le e s”, “C ea i e P oblems o Aze baijani Li e a u e” (a se ies o a icles), “Fo he sake o g ea
a ”, No es on he Swo d and Pen”, “Fo he sake o heo e ical pu i y o ou li e a y c i icism”, e c. a e among
he wo ks o deep con en , p incipled, heo e ically high le el w i en by he w i e du ing hese yea s. These
wo ks con ain deep scien i ic and heo e ical gene aliza ions on he main issues o bo h a is ic c ea i i y and
li e a y c i icism. (6, p. 39)
In he pos -wa pe iod, M.A i , H.A asli, M.Ra ili, M.J.Ja a o , Ja a Khandan, Mi Jalal, M.Rzagulu-
zadeh, F.Gasimzadeh, M.Guluzadeh, A.Sha i , J.Ja a o , Aagaye , O.Hasano and o he s we e ac i e in he
ield o c i icism and li e a y c i icism, wo ked e y p oduc i ely, some o hem we e c i ical, some we e
li e a y c i icism, and some we e bo h. wo ked.
Academician Mammad A i c ea ed aluable wo ks on Aze baijani w i e s Ja a Jabba li, S. Vu gun, S.
Rahimo , Russian li e a u e, issues o a is ic li e a u e, a is ic language, c ea i i y, a is ic ansla ion, e c.
His a icles “Mehman” s o y and he issue o posi i e conno a ion”, “A is ic language and s yle”, “Ly ics in
Aze baijani So ie poe y”, “A is ic issues in Aze baijani So ie d ama u gy” and o he a icles played a ce -
ain ole in he de elopmen o ou science o c i icism and li e a y c i icism (7, p.368). Mammad A i also
w o e scien i ic wo ks on Aze baijani and Russian classical li e a u e in hese yea s and exp essed in e es ing
heo e ical ideas.
As can be seen om he abo e, he mode n s age o ou li e a u e, especially he li e a y c i icism and
li e a y c i icism o he 30s-60s, despi e some sho comings, has gene ally de eloped in a co ec way based
on a sound me hodology.
Li e a u e
1. Vagi Sul anli.. Aze baijani li e a y c i icism, Baku, “Nu la ” publishing house, 2019, 312 p.
2. Abid Amin. His o y o he Li e a u e o he Aze baijani Tu ks, Baku: "Science and Educa ion" Pub-
lishing House, 2016, 240 p.
3. Aghaoglu Ahmed. Th ee Cul u es, Baku: "Mü e cim" Publishing House, 2006, 160 p.
4. Aghaoglu Ahmed. Selec ed Wo ks, Baku: "Sha q-Qa b" Publishing House, 2007, 392 p.
5. Aghaye Akba . Hymn o he Cen u y, Baku: "Yazichi" Publishing House, 1980, 232 p.
6. Aghaye Fa had. Ismayil Hikme and Aze baijani Li e a u e, Baku: "Nu lan" Publishing House,
2004, 132 p.
7. Akhudlu Ya uz. Li e a y Relay, Baku: "Adiloglu" Publishing House, 2013, 559 p.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
70
Sociological sciences
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS FOR CLASSIFYING PROFES-
SIONS AND DIFFERENTIATING SOCIAL GUARANTEES DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Raikhan Meii Se ikuly
Mas e o Economics, Senio Resea che , Cen e o S anda diza ion and Labou No ming,
Republican Resea ch Ins i u e o Occupa ional Sa e y o he Minis y o Labou and Social P o ec ion o he
Popula ion o he Republic o Kazakhs an, As ana, Republic o Kazakhs an
ORCID: 0009-0009-7500-4931.
Ina a Yelsha o na Sa ybaye a
Mas e o Economics, Doc o al S uden , L. N. Gumilyo Eu asian Na ional Uni e si y, As ana,
Republic o Kazakhs an
ORCID: 0000-0003-3046-6111
Abs ac
The a icle p esen s a comp ehensi e compa a i e analysis o in e na ional sys ems o classi ying
p o essions and di e en ia ing social gua an ees ac oss a ious economic sec o s. I explo es he
me hodologies used by indi idual coun ies and in e na ional o ganisa ions o e alua e and ank p o essions
based on a ange o c i e ia, including he complexi y o job unc ions, he le el o equi ed quali ica ions, and
he deg ee o social and economic signi icance a ibu ed o speci ic occupa ions.
A pa icula ocus is placed on he p o ision o social gua an ees — such as pensions, heal h insu ance,
paid lea e, and a ious o ms o compensa ion — and he ex en o which hese gua an ees a y depending on
he economic sec o , ype o employmen , and le el o occupa ional isk. The s udy iden i ies bo h con e ging
ends and key na ional dis inc ions in app oaches o p o essional classi ica ion and labou p o ec ion policies.
Th ough he use o de ailed ables and isual diag ams, he a icle illus a es how classi ica ion sys ems
no only se e adminis a i e and s a is ical unc ions bu also di ec ly a ec he dis ibu ion o social
p o ec ion measu es. These insigh s p o ide a aluable ounda ion o policymake s seeking o adap and
ha monise na ional p ac ices wi h in e na ional s anda ds.
The indings con ibu e o he de elopmen o p ac ical ecommenda ions aimed a imp o ing he
consis ency o employmen classi ica ion sys ems and enhancing he ai ness and adequacy o social
gua an ees, pa icula ly in high- isk and unde p o ec ed sec o s o he labou ma ke .
Keywo ds: social gua an ees, ypes o economic ac i i y, highe wages, classi ica ion o p o essions,
sa e wo king condi ions, occupa ional sa e y, in e na ional compa ison.
INTRODUCTION
In mos coun ies a ound he wo ld, he e is a consis en di e en ia ion in he le el o social gua an ees
be ween sec o s wi h a high p opo ion o public sec o employmen (heal hca e, educa ion, public adminis a-
ion) and sec o s wi h low social p o ec ion (cons uc ion, ag icul u e, he in o mal sec o , he gig economy).
The public sec o o en p o ides an ex ensi e package o bene i s: pensions, annual paid lea e, ma e ni y lea e,
heal h insu ance bene i s, e c. The p i a e sec o , especially in de eloping coun ies, is cha ac e ised by a high
le el o in o mali y and, as a esul , limi ed access o wo ke s o he o mal social p o ec ion sys em [1].
In addi ion o exis ing s udies, ecen wo k emphasizes he impo ance o adap ing occupa ional
classi ica ion sys ems o he changing eali ies o he labo ma ke . Fo example, an OECD s udy highligh s
he de elopmen o lexible occupa ional and educa ional s anda ds o ensu e ha skills align wi h labo ma ke
demands [2].
Social secu i y models a e shaped by ins i u ional cha ac e is ics and employmen s uc u es. Fo exam-
ple: - In EU coun ies, he e is a sys em o collec i e ag eemen s, whe e indus y unions nego ia e he le el
o social secu i y depending on he speci ics o he ac i i y (No dic Model) [3].
- In he Uni ed S a es, social gua an ees a e o en p o ided h ough p i a e insu ance mechanisms, and
hei a ailabili y depends di ec ly on he employe and indus y.
- China has a cen alised sys em wi h e i o ial and indus y di e en ia ion o con ibu ions and pay-
men s (especially in he a eas o pension insu ance and heal hca e) [4].
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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- In Russia, di e en ia ed insu ance con ibu ion a es a e se depending on he class o occupa ional
isk, which is de e mined by he ype o economic ac i i y.
The classi ica ion o occupa ions is a key ool o analysing he labou ma ke and de eloping e ec i e
social policy. The in e na ionally ecognised s anda d in his a ea is he In e na ional S anda d Classi ica ion
o Occupa ions (ISCO), de eloped by he In e na ional Labou O ganisa ion (ILO). The cu en e sion, ISCO-
08, s uc u es all ypes o wo k ac i i ies in o a ou -le el hie a chy comp ising 10 main g oups, 43 sub-g oups,
130 mino g oups and de ailed occupa ional uni s. This sys em is widely used o in e na ional compa isons o
s a is ical da a on employmen and he occupa ional s uc u e o he wo k o ce [5].
Despi e he uni e sali y o ISCO-08, mos coun ies de elop and apply na ional classi ie s adap ed o
he speci ic ea u es o hei economic s uc u e and labo ma ke . Fo example, he Uni ed S a es uses he
S anda d Occupa ional Classi ica ion (SOC), which includes 23 main g oups and 867 de ailed occupa ional
i les. The SOC sys em is designed o mee he needs o go e nmen s a is ical accoun ing and employmen
analysis [6].
The Uni ed Kingdom uses he SOC 2020 classi ica ion, which ocuses on he le el o skills and special-
iza ion in p o essional ac i i ies. The Canadian Na ional Occupa ional Classi ica ion (NOC) is concep ually
aligned wi h ISCO, bu in eg a es na ional cha ac e is ics, including indus y speci ics and cu en labo ma ke
equi emen s [7].
The Russian Fede a ion uses he All-Russian Classi ica ion o Occupa ions (ARCO), de eloped on he
basis o ISCO-08. This sys em allows he wo k o ce o be classi ied by ype o p o essional ac i i y and le el
o quali ica ion (e.g., specialis s, skilled wo ke s, employees, e c.), which ensu es compa ibili y wi h in e na-
ional s anda ds while p ese ing na ional speci ici y [8].
Thus, a compa a i e analysis o na ional occupa ional classi ica ions makes i possible o iden i y bo h
common app oaches d i en by global s anda ds and di e ences ha e lec he speci ic ea u es o economic
de elopmen and social policy in indi idual coun ies.
This s udy is de o ed o he analysis o in e na ional p ac ices in he anking o occupa ions, wi h a ocus
on he di e en ia ion o gua an ees (social, wage- ela ed, and compensa o y) depending on sec o al
cha ac e is ics. The e m "gua an ees" e e s o paymen s and bene i s p o ided by legisla ion and collec i e
ag eemen s (e.g., allowances o haza dous o s enuous wo king condi ions, sec o al wage a es, wo king ime
s anda ds, e c.), which a e o en de e mined based on occupa ional classi ica ion and ype o economic ac i i y.
In di e en coun ies, such gua an ees may be linked ei he o a speci ic posi ion o o he sec o al con ex .
The aim o he s udy is o compa e he me hods and s uc u es o occupa ional classi ica ion ac oss
coun ies, o iden i y how hey ake in o accoun sec o s and ypes o ac i i ies, and o analyze how his
in luences he o ma ion o di e en ia ed gua an ees.
Occupa ional classi ica ion is add essed in s a is ical and me hodological publica ions. The In e na ional
Labou O ganiza ion (ILO) emphasizes ha ISCO-08 p o ides a amewo k o o ganizing in o ma ion on
occupa ions a he in e na ional le el by g ouping hem acco ding o he na u e o he main asks and he
equi ed quali ica ions. ISCO-08 main ains a ou - ie ed s uc u e (majo , sub-majo , mino , and uni g oups)
and ocuses on he simila i y o asks pe o med and he skills equi ed.
A he same ime, he in e na ional s anda d allows o some sec o al dis inc ions: o example, ISCO
includes sepa a e g oups o ag icul u e (G oup 6) and he mining indus y (wi hin G oup 7). Howe e , ISCO
was o iginally designed o be independen o na ional sec o s — i s p ima y objec i e was o enable coun ies
o compa e occupa ional da a ega dless o hei economic s uc u es.
The s udy and compa ison o hese app oaches help o unde s and he impac o sec o al s uc u e on he
di e en ia ion o labo gua an ees. Fo example, in coun ies wi h a s ong indus ial sec o (such as Canada
and Ge many) and a well-de eloped sys em o social pa ne ship, occupa ional classi ica ion is o en closely
linked o sec o al wage ag eemen s. In con as , in mo e lexible labo ma ke s (such as he Uni ed S a es), he
ocus is placed on uni e sal skill-based c i e ia, while speci ic sec o al bene i s (e.g., occupa ional sa e y,
p o ec i e clo hing) a e egula ed h ough sepa a e laws.
In e na ional s udies (by he WHO, ILO) indica e ha es ablishing di ec equi alence be ween na ional
classi ie s is o en challenging: e en whe e o mally “simila ” ca ego ies exis , ull co espondence o
occupa ions occu s in only 60–70% o cases. This sugges s ha gua an ee sys ems based on occupa ional
classi ica ions may yield di e en ou comes ac oss coun ies.
Thus, he li e a u e e iew highligh s he di e si y o in e na ional sys ems. While in e na ional
me hodology ecommends using ISCO as a ounda ion, na ional sys ems such as (SOC, NOC, ARCO) and
o he s in oduce hei own speci ic ea u es—mos o en ela ed o he sec o al s uc u e o he economy and
he educa ion sys em.
XIX in e na ional scien i ic con e ence. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025
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An impo an un esol ed issue emains: how o s anda dize occupa ional gua an ees unde di e en
classi ica ion amewo ks. This s udy aims o add ess his gap by compa ing classi ica ion sys ems and he
associa ed gua an ee mechanisms.
MAIN PART
Me hodology
This s udy employed me hods o compa a i e sys ema ic analysis and documen a y syn hesis o o icial
publica ions and egula o y documen s conce ning occupa ional classi ica ion in a ious coun ies. The
ounda ion o he analysis was he in e na ional s anda d ISCO-08, de eloped by he In e na ional Labou
O ganiza ion (ILO), whose guidelines and p esen a ions on he ou -le el hie a chy s uc u e (majo , sub-
majo , mino , and uni g oups) se ed as he basis o compa ison.
To ep esen U.S. p ac ices, documen s om he Bu eau o Labo S a is ics on he S anda d
Occupa ional Classi ica ion (SOC 2018) we e used, whe e 23 majo g oups a e u he de ailed in o 867
occupa ions. The B i ish model was analyzed using SOC-2020 ma e ials p o ided by he O ice o Na ional
S a is ics, which emphasize ou le els o skills and job specializa ion. The Canadian app oach was examined
h ough me hodological guidelines om S a is ics Canada on he Na ional Occupa ional Classi ica ion (NOC
2021), no able o inco po a ing B oad Occupa ional Ca ego ies alongside skill le els.
The Russian sys em, he ARCO, ha monized wi h ISCO-08, was analyzed based on o icial documen s
om Ross anda and me hodological ecommenda ions, which classi y wo ke s in o en g oups wi h a clea
linkage o he ag icul u al, indus ial, and se ice sec o s [5-9].
When analyzing me hodological app oaches o he classi ica ion o occupa ions, i is impo an o
conside no only o icial documen s bu also academic s udies ha c i ically examine hese sys ems. Fo
example, a s udy published in Na u e Communica ions analyzes he impac o occupa ional licensing on he
labo ma ke , using new da a on egula o y es ic ions ac oss a ious s a es and p o essions om 2017 o 2022
[10]. In pa allel, he si ua ion in Kazakhs an was also examined. The analysis co e ed he Na ional
Classi ica ion o Occupa ions o he Republic o Kazakhs an, app o ed by he Minis y o Labou and Social
P o ec ion o he Popula ion, as well as he Law "On Employmen o he Popula ion in he Republic o
Kazakhs an" and da a om he Commi ee on S a is ics o he Minis y o Na ional Economy
(h ps://s a .go .kz). Me hodological ma e ials om he Agency o S a egic Planning and Re o ms o he
Republic o Kazakhs an we e used o cla i y he sec o al s uc u e o employmen and align i wi h in e na ional
s anda ds.
The compa ison o all he abo e-men ioned classi ica ion sys ems was ca ied ou acco ding o he
ollowing pa ame e s: he numbe and hie a chy o le els (numbe o majo and mino g oups), g ouping
c i e ia (main asks, equi ed skills, quali ica ion le el, and sec o al a ilia ion), and quan i a i e cha ac e is ics
( o al numbe o occupa ions and hei dis ibu ion ac oss key economic sec o s). To ob ain s a is ical da a on
employmen ac oss di e en sec o s, publica ions om he BLS, ONS, S a Can, Ross a , and he Commi ee
on S a is ics o Kazakhs an we e u ilized, as well as epo s om ILOSTAT and he Wo ld Bank.
Resul s and Discussion
The key indings o he compa a i e analysis o occupa ional classi ica ion sys ems in di e en coun ies
a e p esen ed below.
Table 1 p esen s an o e iew o he s uc u e and main cha ac e is ics o he selec ed classi ica ion
sys ems ( he compa ison is based on open sou ces and o icial publica ions). I can be obse ed ha ISCO-08,
SOC, NOC, and ARCO sha e a simila hie a chical s uc u e consis ing o 3 o 4 le els (majo g oups, sub-
majo g oups, mino g oups, and uni g oups). A he same ime, he numbe o base-le el g oups a ies: o
example, he Uni ed S a es iden i ies 23 majo g oups, while o he sys ems ypically include a ound 9 o 10.
Table 1
S uc u e o occupa ional classi ica ion sys ems[5-9,11]
Sys em
Le els o S uc u e
Numbe o Main G oups
G ouping C i e ia
Indus y Aspec
NCO RK
(Kazakhs an)
4 le els
10
Type o ac i i y,
quali ica ion, skills
Weakly exp essed
ISCO-08
4 le els
10
Skills, asks
Weakly exp essed
SOC (USA)
4 le els
23
Skills, unc ions
Almos absen
SOC (UK)
3 le els
9
Skill, specializa ion
Mode a ely exp essed
NOC (Canada)
4 le els
10
Skill, indus y
P onounced
ARCO (Russia)
4 le els
10
Skill, indus y
Clea ly exp essed
As ollows om he able, he NCO RK (Na ional Classi ica ion o Occupa ions o he Republic o
Kazakhs an) in e ms o s uc u e closely mi o s ISCO-08 and he Russian ARCO, p o iding ou le els o
de ail and en majo g oups. The g ouping c i e ia a e simila : ype o ac i i y, equi ed quali ica ions, and a