Urban Green Spaces, Health, and Wellbeing: Social Value Estimation of a Community Garden in Slovakia

A ículos
U ban G een Spaces, Heal h, and Wellbeing: Social Value Es ima ion o a
Communi y Ga den in Slo akia
Espacios e des u banos, salud y bienes a : es imación del alo social de un hue o comuni a io en Eslo aquia *
Espaços e des u banos, saúde e bem-es a : uma es ima i a do alo social de uma ho a comuni á ia em Eslo áquia
I ana Vačko á a
Slo ak Uni e si y o Ag icul u e in Ni a, Eslo aquia
x acko [email protected]
ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0001-2630-7049
Lukáš Va echa
Slo ak Uni e si y o Ag icul u e in Ni a, Eslo aquia
ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-5343-170X
Ka a ína Melicho á
Slo ak Uni e si y o Ag icul u e in Ni a, Eslo aquia
ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0010-7476
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.11144/Ja e iana.c u18.e us
Recei ed: 31 janua y 2025
Accep ed: 06 may 2025
Published: 18 sep embe 2025
Abs ac :
is s udy es ima es he social alue o communi y ga den solu ions co-designed and co-deployed in Ni a, Slo akia, unde he IN-
HABIT p ojec , ocusing on heal h and well-being. An ex ended social e u n on in es men (SROI) amewo k was es ed wi h
communi y ga den use s, olun ee s, and p ojec implemen e s. A s akeholde -in o med p ocess de eloped a heo y o change,
iden i ying key ou comes, including imp o ed heal h, psychological well-being, and en i onmen al awa eness. Two alua ion
app oaches a e compa ed: one in ol ing di ec s akeholde inpu h ough con ingen alua ion and Schol en’s Value Game,
yielding an SROI o 2.15 Eu os pe Eu o in es ed. e second app oach, based on nancial p oxies, esul ed in a highe a io o 4.27
Eu os, emphasizing he impo ance o local con ex in alua ion. Findings sugges ha in es men s in pa icipa o y g een space
can yield subs an ial and du able social alue, pa icula ly in enhancing communi y esilience, men al heal h, and en i onmen al
awa eness. e esul s highligh he signican social, en i onmen al, and communi y-building bene s o pa icipa o y g een
in as uc u e, pa icula ly in unde se ed u ban a eas.
Keywo ds: Communi y Ga den, Con ingen Valua ion, Heal h and Wellbeing, Social Re u n on In es men , Value Game.
Resumen:
Es e es udio es ima el alo social de las soluciones de hue os comuni a ios codiseñados y codesa ollados en Ni a, Eslo aquia,
en el ma co del p oyec o IN-HABIT, cen ándose en la salud y el bienes a . Se p obó un ma co ampliado de en abilidad social
de la in e sión (SROI) con usua ios de hue os comuni a ios, olun a ios y ejecu o es de p oyec os. Median e un p oceso en el
que pa icipa on las pa es in e esadas, se desa olló una eo ía de cambio en la que se iden ica on los siguien es esul ados: la
mejo a de la salud, el bienes a psicológico y la concienciación medioambien al. Se compa a on dos en oques de alo ación: el
p ime o implicó la apo ación di ec a de las pa es in e esadas a a és de la alo ación con ingen e y el Juego del Valo de Schol en,
que a ojó un SROI de 2,15 € po eu o in e ido. El segundo en oque, basado en ap oximaciones nancie as, a ojó una a io
supe io de 4,27 €, lo que sub aya la impo ancia del con ex o local en la alo ación. Los esul ados sugie en que las in e siones
en espacios pa icipa i os e des pueden gene a un alo social sus ancial y du ade o, sob e odo en la mejo a de la esiliencia
de la comunidad, la salud men al y la concienciación medioambien al. Los esul ados ponen de elie e los impo an es benecios
sociales, medioambien ales y comuni a ios de la in aes uc u a e de pa icipa i a, especialmen e en zonas u banas desa endidas.
Palab as cla e: hue o comuni a io, juego de alo es, en abilidad social de la in e sión, salud y bienes a , alo ación con ingen e.
Resumo:
Es e es udo es ima o alo social das soluções de ho as comuni á ias co-desenhadas e co-implan adas em Ni a, na Eslo áquia, no
âmbi o do p oje o IN-HABIT, cen ando-se na saúde e no bem-es a . Um quad o ala gado de e o no social sob e o in es imen o
(SROI) oi es ado com u ilizado es de ho as comuni á ias, olun á ios e implemen ado es de p ojec os. Um p ocesso in o mado
pelas pa es in e essadas desen ol eu uma eo ia da mudança, iden icando os p incipais esul ados, incluindo a melho ia da
Au ho no es
a Au o a de co espondencia / Co espondence au ho . Co eo elec ónico / E-mail: x acko [email protected]
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saúde, o bem-es a psicológico e a consciencialização ambien al. São compa adas duas abo dagens de a aliação: uma que en ol e
o con ibu o di e o das pa es in e essadas a a és de uma a aliação con ingen e e do Jogo de Valo de Schol en, p oduzindo um
SROI de 2.15 Eu os po Eu o in es ido. A segunda abo dagem, baseada em indicado es nancei os, esul ou num ácio mais
ele ado de 4.27 Eu os, sublinhando a impo ância do con ex o local na a aliação. Os esul ados suge em que os in es imen os em
espaços e des pa icipa i os podem p oduzi um alo social subs ancial e du adou o, pa icula men e no aumen o da esiliência da
comunidade, da saúde men al e da consciência ambien al. Os esul ados des acam os bene ícios sociais, ambien ais e de cons ução
de comunidade signica i os da in aes u u a e de pa icipa i a, pa icula men e em á eas u banas ca en es.
Pala as-cha e: aliação con ingen e, ho a comuni á ia, jogo do alo , e o no social do in es imen o, saúde e bem-es a .
In oduc ion
Mode n u banisa ion is cha ac e ised by apid popula ion g ow h, inc easing spa ial densi y, and
en i onmen al p essu es ha pose challenges o social cohesion, public heal h, and ecological sus ainabili y
(Pi acha & Chaudha y, 2022; Ra hnayke & Amo ah, 2023). Ni a, Slo akia’s h la ges ci y, eec s
u banisa ion challenges ypical o pos -socialis ci ies, shaped by indus ial g ow h, subu banisa ion, and
socio-economic change (Eliaš e al., 2021). e legacy o socialis -e a planning and ecen indus ial
expansion has con ibu ed o u ban sp awl, affic, and declining g een spaces (Ha di e al., 2020).
U banisa ion and subu banisa ion also had se ious social impac s, s aining housing, se ices, and social
in eg a ion o new u ban dwelle s (Falťan, 2019). e loss o pe meable su aces and insufficien g een
in as uc u e limi s access o ec ea ional and social spaces, u he educing oppo uni ies o in eg a ion
and communi y-building, pa icula ly o ulne able g oups (Ha di e al., 2020).
Funded unde he Ho izon 2020 mechanism, he IN-HABIT p ojec add esses some o hese challenges
by in eg a ing cul u al, digi al, na u al and social inno a ions in o he co-design, co-de elopmen and
co-managemen o u ban public spaces. In Ni a, he pilo a ea encompasses public and semi-public
g een spaces, including a communi y ga den, KOZA. Es ablished in 2010 as a pa o he cul u al and
communi y cen e Hidepa k, he ini ial in en ion was o c ea e a space ha would coun e balance he
challenges he ci y expe iences in ela ion o he a ailabili y and quali y o g een spaces. IN-HABIT
in e en ions in he communi y ga den we e co-designed and co-deployed, p ima ily in ol ing he Slo ak
Uni e si y o Ag icul u e esea che s, Hidepa k cen e employees and olun ee s, CUKETA NGO membe s
and indi idual ga dene s, wi h o he expe s and p ac i ione s. Landscaping was conduc ed, he ga den
was expanded wi h new unc ional and ec ea ional elemen s, while communi y e en s and educa ional
wo kshops we e co-o ganised.
Implemen ing hese solu ions in ended o b ing a ious social and en i onmen al bene s, p ima ily
ocused on inclusi e heal h and wellbeing, and impac mul iple s akeholde s. E alua ing hese effec s is
c ucial o ully cap u e he b oade socie al impac o such u ban in e en ions and can guide he decision-
making p ocess on u u e in e en ions. Howe e , despi e he ecognised bene s o u ban g een spaces,
quan i ying he social impac emains a me hodological challenge. As hese impac s do no ha e a nancial
cha ac e , hey equi e a specic app oach o hei assessmen . Gi en he co-design, co-de elopmen , and
co-managemen dimensions o hese solu ions, including indi idual s akeholde s in he impac e alua ion
p ocess and cap u ing hei bene s and cos s, is in eg al. Howe e , de eloping and applying a comp ehensi e
amewo k in ol ing s akeholde s is challenging (Papas e giou e al., 2023).
is s udy ocuses on assessing he social alue gene a ed by he IN-HABIT p ojec ’s in e en ions in
a communi y ga den in Ni a, u ilising he social e u n on in es men (SROI) amewo k. e SROI
amewo k cap u es he b oade impac s o in e en ions by linking inpu s o ou comes h ough a heo y o
change. Adap ed om he adi ional e u n on in es men (ROI), SROI quan ies effec i eness h ough a
a io o mone ised social ou comes o in es men s (Banke-omas e al., 2015; Edwa ds & Law ence, 2021;
Nielsen e al., 2021). e analysis uses wo alua ion s a egies: di ec s akeholde alua ion and a p oxy-based
I ana Va#ko á, e al. U ban G een Spaces, Heal h, and Wellbeing: Social Value Es ima ion o ...
app oach. In he  s app oach, we apply con ingen alua ion, eec ing a signican b anch o u ban g een
spaces alua ion me hods (Papas e giou e al., 2023). e second app oach eec s effo s o s anda dise and
make social alue compa able in SROI analyses. Social alue da abases such as he HACT Social Value Bank
o he Aus alian Social Value Bank p o ide me hodologically consis en social alues o a wide ange o
ou comes and hus enable ime and human esou ces o be sa ed in es ima ing social alue (F ij e s e al.,
2024; Papas e giou e al., 2023). As a social alue da abase is no a ailable in he Slo akian con ex , we use
he Danish OSVB (202x) based on he WELLBY indica o (F ij e s e al., 2024), ep esen ing a spa ially
close and accessible op ion.
e a icle is o ganized as ollows: in he heo e ical backg ound we discuss he bene s o communi y
ga dens, he use o non-ma ke alua ion me hods in his con ex and he social e u n on in es men (SROI)
amewo k, in he me hodology sec ion we desc ibe how he SROI amewo k was applied o es ima e he
social e u n on in es men o a communi y ga den in Ni a, in he nex sec ion he esul s
eo e ical Backg ound
U ban g een spaces, such as pa ks and communi y ga dens, a e i al o ci y li e and con ibu e o imp o ed
quali y o li e (Co ke y, 2019). ey suppo biodi e si y, lowe u ban empe a u es, enhance ai quali y,
and p omo e well-being. As design inuences men al heal h, planne s mus conside esiden s’ socio-
psychological needs (Enssle & Kabisch, 2020; Solo ey & Ko ale a, 2017). Poo men al heal h, closely linked
o po e y and exclusion, affec s indi iduals, amilies, and socie y (Vic o & Yang, 2012). Loneliness, a
signican public heal h issue, can wo sen men al heal h ou comes (Mel ze e al., 2013; Vic o & Yang,
2012). Communi y ga dens a e g een spaces wi h nume ous heal h bene s (Aus in, 2014, p. 19).  ough
sha ed main enance, hey os e social in e ac ion, a sense o belonging, and ci ic pa icipa ion (Aus in,
2014, p. 22). Mo i a ions o communi y ga dening include imp o ing neighbou hood aes he ics and sa e y
(Glo e , 2003), lo e o na u e, en i onmen al e hics (I ine e al., 1999), building ela ionships, and physical
ac i i y (A ms ong, 2000). ey enhance access o heal hy ood, p omo e be e ea ing habi s, and help
p e en obesi y h ough inc eased physical ac i i y (Al-Delaimy & Webb, 2017). In e es in communi y
ga dens, a o m o u ban ag icul u e, is g owing (Laycock Pede sen e al., 2023).
Public and en i onmen al goods p o ided by u ban g een spaces oen lack ma ke p ices, ye hei impac s
mus s ill be assessed in planning and policy e alua ions. O e he pas decades, a ious non-ma ke alua ion
me hods ha e been de eloped o assess hei alue. Among hese, con ingen alua ion has eme ged as he
dominan app oach due o i s abili y o es ima e he o al economic alue, cap u ing bo h use and non-use
alues unde hypo he ical u u e scena ios. I s popula i y s ems om i s ease o applica ion, ela i ely low cos ,
and exibili y ac oss a ious ypes o ecosys ems and en i onmen al se ices (Dinda & Ghosh, 2021; Halkos
e al., 2022; Papas e giou e al., 2023). In con as , he choice expe imen me hod has gained ac ion in ecen
yea s as a mo e sophis ica ed s a ed p e e ence app oach by e alua ing p e e ences by enabling esponden s o
make ade-offs be ween diffe en ea u es o non-ma ke goods, hus mimicking eal-wo ld decision-making
(Van Oijs aeijen e al., 2022). O he commonly used me hods include he a el cos me hod, which in e s
alue based on expendi u es o access u ban g een spaces, and bene ans e , which adap s alues om
exis ing s udies o new con ex s (Papas e giou e al., 2023).
A key challenge in impac assessmen is c ea ing a decision-making amewo k ha eec s p e e ences o
he ci izens o guide whe e and how g een space de elopmen should occu . e e is a need o ake a socie al
pe spec i e in he assessmen , conside diffe en popula ion subg oups, and use locally ele an da a. is can
shi he ocus o he social e u n on in es men (SROI) amewo k, u ilising a holis ic app oach (Edwa ds
& Law ence, 2021). SROI was  s de eloped in 1996 by he Robe s En e p ise De elopmen Fund (Co o
e al., 2022). e goal was o go beyond adi ional nancial e u ns and measu e he ac ual impac o
Cuade nos de Vi ienda y U banismo, 2025, ol. 18, ISSN: 2027-2103 / 2145-0226
in e en ions on people’s li es. is led o he c ea ion o a amewo k ha measu es he social, economic,
and en i onmen al impac s o in es men s, commonly e e ed o as he iple bo om line (No man &
MacDonald, 2004). A i s co e, SROI calcula es a a io o bene s o in es men s, ansla ing non-mone a y
social ou comes in o mone a y e ms (Co o e al., 2022). Edwa ds & Law ence (2021) ecommend using
he SROI amewo k when in e en ions impac he local en i onmen and specic s akeholde g oups. As
a bo om-up, locally ocused me hod, SROI emphasises indi idual pa icipan s and denes impac s h ough
di ec s akeholde engagemen . Howe e , he p ocess is s akeholde -in ol ed a he han s akeholde -led
(Banke-omas e al., 2015; Edwa ds & Law ence, 2021; Kadel e al., 2022).
e SROI amewo k is guided by eigh co e p inciples (Social Value UK, 2024). ese include:
in ol ing all s akeholde s affec ed by an in e en ion, conside ing bo h in ended and unin ended
ou comes, ecognising s akeholde alues, ocusing on ma e ial ou comes, a oiding o e -claiming, ensu ing
anspa ency, alida ing ou comes, and applying accu a e and imely alua ion and epo ing. ese p inciples
in o m he six-s ep SROI p ocess (Nicholls e al, 2012). S ep one iden ies he objec i es and s akeholde s
o he in e en ion. S ep wo maps he heo y o change, ou lining inpu s, ou pu s, and ou comes. S ep h ee
selec s indica o s o measu e esul s. S ep ou assesses socio-economic impac s using alua ion me hods.
S ep  e mone izes bene s using a ibu ion, deadweigh , and d op-off. S ep six calcula es he SROI a io,
ollowed by a sensi i i y analysis and communica ion o esul s o s akeholde s.
Al hough mos analyses a e no pee - e iewed, he SROI amewo k has been widely applied in a eas such
as physical and ma e nal heal h, men al heal h (including a s, na u e-based, and ho icul u al ac i i ies),
public spaces, communi y heal h, cul u al ac i i ies, digi al inclusion, and o he communi y-based ini ia i es
(Alomo o e al., 2024; Banke-omas e al., 2015; Ha el e al., 2023; Hun e e al., 2022; Kadel e al.,
2022; Robinson, 2020; Vasiliu e al., 2024). Howe e , limi a ions include poo compa abili y o SROI a ios,
limi ed s akeholde in ol emen , lack o s anda dised models, weak impac cha ac e isa ion, o e looked
oppo uni y cos s, and challenges in applying obus alua ion me hods and coun e ac uals like deadweigh
o a ibu ion (Banke-omas e al., 2015; Edwa ds & Law ence, 2021; Le ie i e al., 2021, p. 263; Kadel
e al., 2022; ).
e alua ion o social bene s in SROI case s udies oen elies on nancial p oxies de i ed om
seconda y sou ces, including social alue banks such as he Open Social Value Bank, UK Social Value Bank,
Aus alian Social Value Bank, and Sime ica-Jacobs Social Value Bank. Howe e , access o hese da abases is
oen paid, and hei alues a e con ex -dependen , which may limi hei applicabili y o specic s akeholde
g oups. Ano he common app oach is he use o he con ingen alua ion me hod, which assesses willingness
o pay o social o en i onmen al goods (Boa dman e al., 2018, p. 433; Fe ei a & Ma ques, 2015; Szo &
Mo amed, 2023, p. 17). In addi ion, Schol en’s Value Game is oen used as an in e ac i e, low-cos me hod
o es ima e he mone a y alue o social bene s based on s akeholde pe cep ions.  ough ocus g oups o
in e iews, pa icipan s iden i y key bene s, compa e hem o ma ke goods, and ank hem on a e e ence
scale, enhancing unde s anding o s akeholde alues and suppo ing in e en ion design (Schol en, 2019,
p. 6).
e aim o he pape is o es ima e he social alue o he communi y ga den in Ni a and he solu ions
deployed unde he IN-HABIT p ojec o p omo e se e al dimensions o heal h and well-being. e applied
app oach ep esen s he es ing o a eplicable social e u n on in es men amewo k. e SROI amewo k
is ex ended by es ima ing bene s o he di e se ac o s in ol ed in he co-c ea ion, co-design, and co-
managemen p ocesses, and conside ing he oppo uni y cos o ime. By pe o ming wo alua ion s a egies,
wo dis inc app oaches o es ima ing social alue a e es ed and compa ed.
I ana Va#ko á, e al. U ban G een Spaces, Heal h, and Wellbeing: Social Value Es ima ion o ...
Me hodology
In his s udy, we es ima e he social alue o he communi y ga den and ela ed implemen ed solu ions using
he Social Re u n on In es men (SROI) amewo k, seeking o answe he ollowing esea ch ques ions:
• Wha a e he key social ou comes he communi y ga den gene a es, pa icula ly ega ding heal h and
well-being?
• Wha is he communi y ga den’s social alue and social e u n on in es men ?
• How sensi i e a e he esul s o he choice o alua ion s a egy?
To es ima e he social alue, he s anda dised six-s ep SROI me hodology (Figu e 1) was applied: (1)
Es ablishing scope and iden i ying s akeholde s – including ga dene s, olun ee s, CUKETA NGO, and he
p ojec eam, co e ing 2022–2024 (wi h impac s om 2023); (2) Mapping ou comes – iden i ying inpu s,
ou pu s, and ou comes using nancial da a and s akeholde inpu , and de eloping a heo y o change; (3)
E idencing ou comes and gi ing hem a alue – using con ingen alua ion and Schol en’s Value Game,
alongside alues om he Danish Open Social Value Bank, weigh ed by su ey da a; (4) Es ablishing impac
– adjus ing o deadweigh , a ibu ion, and d op-off based on in e iews, wi h u u e alue discoun ed; (5)
Calcula ing he SROI – es ima ing e u n pe eu o in es ed, including sensi i i y analysis wi h Mon e Ca lo
simula ions; and (6) Repo ing, using and embedding – p esen ing esul s and limi a ions.
FIGURE 1.
e SROI p ocess and da a sou ces used
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
e case s udy a ea is in Ni a, Slo akia, on he ou ski s o he ci y’s u ban neighbou hoods. Since he
beginning o he IN-HABIT p ojec , he implemen e s ha e egula ly me wi h ga dene s and olun ee s o
plan he ede elopmen and expansion o he ga den. Ha d (physical in e en ions) and so (ac i i ies and
e en s) we e co-designed du ing 2 wo kshops wi h communi y membe s, wi h he in ol emen o expe s
in design, landscape a chi ec u e, dend ology and pe macul u e. 2 addi ional p ac ical co-design wo kshops
we e o ganised wi h 3 women expe s om Slo ak School o Pe macul u e o co- alida e he solu ions.
ese we e ollowed by 18 addi ional wo kshops, wi h educa ional elemen s and physical implemen a ion
o he p oposed solu ions. A ga e o he ga den was cons uc ed, a chicken sanc ua y was buil , ga den plo s
we e dema ca ed, edible, honey-bea ing and medicinal he bs we e plan ed along he walkways, and a shel
o su plus sha ing was buil . A new ga den wo kshop was ins alled, and an old ga den pe gola o hos ing
communi y e en s and lec u es was ebuil . 3 new ga den sec ions we e c ea ed, one o ga dening, one o
educa ion and one o elaxa ion pu poses. A new wa e ea u e was in oduced – a pond buil showcasing
a ious aqua ic plan s and wa e ga den ecosys ems. e communi y ga den expanded om he o iginal
411m2 by a o al o 575m2. In he co-deploymen o hese solu ions, was e ma e ials we e mos ly used. e
inclusion o demons a ion plo s and an educa ional and ec ea ional a ea aimed o showcase sus ainable

Cuade nos de Vi ienda y U banismo, 2025, ol. 18, ISSN: 2027-2103 / 2145-0226
ga dening p ac ices, p o ide hands-on lea ning oppo uni ies, and os e communi y engagemen in u ban
ag icul u e.
Mul iple seconda y and p ima y da a sou ces we e inpu in o he analysis. e use o each p ima y and
seconda y sou ce a each s age o he analysis is shown in gu e 1. Da a on nancial inpu s, implemen ed
ac i i ies and ou pu s we e ob ained om he eco ds o he IN-HABIT p ojec eam and CUKETA NGO
(a ci ic associa ion co-managing he ga den wi h se e al o he g oups). Wi hin he nancial inpu s, all inpu s
o he IN-HABIT p ojec we e included, and o he inpu s spen by iden ied s akeholde s. In addi ion o
nancial inpu s, we also accoun ed o he oppo uni y cos o ime. By con en ion, he oppo uni y cos o
benecia ies’ ime was no conside ed (Nicholls e al, 2012, p. 32).
Reec ing he SROI amewo k’s emphasis on s akeholde engagemen in he e alua ion p ocess, we
pe o med an in-dep h s uc u ed in e iew wi h a ep esen a i e o CUKETA NGO, s uc u ed in e iews
wi h ga dene s (n=16, 25.4 % o all ga dene s), and a mo e b oadly-based ques ionnai e su ey o use s o
he IN-HABIT p ojec solu ions (n=29). ei unc ion was mainly o iden i y key ou comes and socie al
bene s o he communi y ga den, as well as o es ima e social alue. e in e iew wi h he ep esen a i e
o CUKETA NGO was conduc ed in Ma ch 2024 and helped cla i y he space’s unc ioning, dene he
s akeholde s, and iden i y he bene s om he o ganiza ion’s pe spec i e. Pe sonal s uc u ed in e iews
wi h ga dene s we e conduc ed be ween Ma ch and Ap il 2024. e in e iews ocused on iden i ying and
desc ibing he pe cei ed bene s o he communi y ga den and e alua ing hese bene s. Complemen a y
ques ions we e asked o ob ain in o ma ion o es ima e a ibu ion and deadweigh in he impac calcula ion
phase, as well as abou he cha ac e is ics o he in e iewees. e esponses o he ga dene s helped o cla i y
how he diffe en ac i i ies implemen ed led o he iden ied esul s. A mo e quan i a i e app oach was
applied using esponses o a ques ionnai e su ey o use s o IN-HABIT solu ions conduc ed be ween May
and July 2024. On a scale o 0 o 5, esponden s ma ked he ex en o which he ac i i ies and wo kshops
con ibu ed o diffe en elemen s o well-being and li e sa is ac ion, quali y o leisu e ime and heal hy
li es yle, and social and spa ial well-being. Based on esponses om indi iduals who s a ed ha hey had
pa icipa ed in ac i i ies in he communi y ga den an a e age sco e was c ea ed o each elemen . ese
sou ces we e combined o cla i y social alue c ea ion in he con ex o he implemen ed ac i i ies.
Two alua ion s a egies we e u ilised and es ed o quan i y he social bene s. e  s app oach used
p ima y s a ed p e e ence me hods in he o m o con ingen alua ion willingness o pay scena io (in eg a ed
in ga dene in e iews) and Schol en’s Value game (Schol en, 2019) in he case o CUKETA NGO and
olun ee s. e p esence o a paymen mechanism o communi y membe s and he possibili y o es ablishing
a hypo he ical scena io wi h a low cogni i e bu den o med sui able condi ions o he use o con ingen
alua ion. Du ing he in e iew, ga dene s we e p esen ed wi h a hypo he ical scena io in ol ing hypo he ical
paymen o a eld en al a a communi y ga den desc ibed o eec he KOZA communi y ga den and he
ac i i ies ca ied ou du ing he 2023 season as closely as possible. e WTP ques ion was o mula ed as an
open-ended ques ion. e in e iew also included ques ions speci ying he coun e ac ual (deadweigh and
a ibu ion). In he case o CUKETA NGO, he alue game was ealized du ing he in e iew. In he case o
olun ee s, a ocus g oup was ca ied ou wi h he pa icipa ion o h ee indi iduals. Fi s ly, he pa icipan s
had o dene a se o ma ke goods o which hey a ibu ed alue and wi h which hey would like o be
endowed. ey hen had o o m a scale ou o hese goods based on hei pe cei ed alue, highes o lowes .
en pa icipan s we e asked o place he annual bene s o he communi y ga den on his scale. Social alue
was es ima ed as he mean alue o he ma ke goods be ween which he bene s o he communi y ga den
we e loca ed on he scale.
To sa e analy ical capaci y in he u u e while le e aging s anda dised da a, social alues ob ained om a
social alue bank we e es ed in he second alua ion s a egy. e Danish Open Social Value Bank (OSVB)
(2023) was selec ed as he ela i ely closes since a social bank c ea ed o he Slo ak o e en Cen al
Eu opean con ex is no a ailable. OSVB con ains a da abase o indica o s and associa ed social alues.
I ana Va#ko á, e al. U ban G een Spaces, Heal h, and Wellbeing: Social Value Es ima ion o ...
F om he indica o s con ained in he OSVB, he indica o bes ma ching one o he key communi y ga den
bene s iden ied in he ‘ heo y o change’ amewo k was selec ed o each s akeholde . Gi en ha he
dened OSVB p oxy indica o s imply a change in he quali y o heal h and wellbeing, i was necessa y o
app op ia ely ‘weigh’ he numbe o pa icipa ing ga dene s and olun ee s o ealis ically eec he ac ha
such a change occu ed in only a p opo ion o hem. In he case o ga dene s, we used he ques ionnai e
esul s o use s o IN-HABIT solu ions. e ques ionnai e esponses allowed us o es ima e he numbe o
cases whe e a communi y membe expe ienced gi en ou comes.
Resul s
S akeholde s and Inpu s
Six s akeholde g oups we e iden ied: ga den use s, olun ee s, CUKETA NGO, HIDEPARK NGO,
lec u e s, and he Slo ak Uni e si y o Ag icul u e (SUA). Ga den use s, he p ima y benecia ies, inc eased
om 40 o 63 by 2023–2024, o ming a b oade communi y o abou 110 people. ey also a ended
wo kshops in he ga den. Volun ee s (8–26 pa icipan s annually) suppo ed he si e’s upkeep and ac i i ies,
mainly h ough “KOZA B igades.” CUKETA NGO, composed o  e membe s, led he o ganiza ion
o wo kshops and ga den ope a ions. HIDEPARK NGO co-o ganised e en s, supplied ma e ials, and
coo dina ed olun ee s. Lec u e s p o ided expe ise o wo kshops on sus ainable ag icul u e. SUA co-
o ganized ac i i ies and con ibu ed esou ces, in as uc u e, and equipmen (Table 1).
Cuade nos de Vi ienda y U banismo, 2025, ol. 18, ISSN: 2027-2103 / 2145-0226
TABLE 1.
S akeholde s and inpu s
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion based on CUKETA NGO in e iew, CUKETA NGO and SUA IN-HABIT P ojec eam eco ds.
Rega ding he inpu s, CUKETA NGO p ima ily in es ed ime, con ibu ing ideas, solu ions, and suppo
o communi y membe s, along wi h nancial esou ces o en ing he ga den plo , ools, and ope a ional
cos s. Ga dene s paid €5/mon h (Ma ch–No embe ) o en plo s and con ibu ed ime o main enance,
knowledge sha ing, and pa icipa ing in ac i i ies. Volun ee s mainly in es ed hei ime. HIDEPARK NGO
p o ided unds o wo kshop ma e ials and lec u e hono a ia and o ganised e en s. Wo kshop lec u e s
con ibu ed ime and expe ise. e SUA p ojec eam co e ed ma e ial cos s and unded an office con aine
epu posed as a ga den wo kshop. A summa y o he nancial inpu s is shown in able 2.
I ana Va#ko á, e al. U ban G een Spaces, Heal h, and Wellbeing: Social Value Es ima ion o ...
TABLE 2.
Summa y o nancial inpu s
Sou ce: CUKETA NGO and SUA IN-HABIT P ojec eam eco ds.
Gi en he signican ime inpu s by s akeholde s, oppo uni y cos s o ime we e included o CUKETA
NGO membe s and olun ee s. Due o hei hypo he ical na u e, hese we e calcula ed a hal he hou ly
wage o equi alen job oles. Based on in e iews, he CUKETA NGO leade spen 55 hou s/mon h in-
season and 8 hou s/mon h off-season, while o he membe s a e aged 14 hou s/mon h in-season. Using
he p ojec manage wage (€11.16/hou ), he o al oppo uni y cos was €8,894.52. Fo olun ee s, a
ga dene ’s wage (€6.31/hou ) was used, o alling €1,211.52. Lec u e s we e excluded as hey we e nancially
compensa ed.
eo y o Change
To quan i y he social bene s, i was necessa y o iden i y he ou comes o each s akeholde . In a
s akeholde -in o med p ocess, a heo y o change comp ising affec ed g oups, ealised ac i i ies, and a
chain o ou comes was p oduced. is p ocess cla ied he c ea ion o social alue in he con ex o he
implemen ed ac i i ies. e esul ing heo y o change ela ed o heal h and well-being is shown in gu e 2.
e ou pu s and ou comes a e summa ised in able 3.
FIGURE 2.
Communi y Ga den solu ions heo y o change ela ed o heal h and well-being
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
Cuade nos de Vi ienda y U banismo, 2025, ol. 18, ISSN: 2027-2103 / 2145-0226
TABLE 7.
SROI a ios
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
A p obabilis ic sensi i i y analysis was conduc ed o es he obus ness o he SROI esul s (Figu e 4). I
included oppo uni y cos s o ime and es ima ed s akeholde bene s. T iangula dis ibu ions we e used o
model unce ain y, wi h obse ed alues as he mos likely, 0 % as he minimum, and 150 % as he maximum.
Deadweigh , a ibu ion, and d op-off we e modelled using Be a dis ibu ions o eec hei p opo ional
na u e. e analysis an 10,000 i e a ions o bo h alua ion s a egies. Resul s show s ong obus ness: he
SROI a io ell below 1 in only 2.78 % o cases o he  s s a egy, and 1.37 % o he second.
FIGURE 4.
P obabilis ic sensi i i y analysis
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
e analysis o he IN-HABIT communi y ga den p ojec in Ni a e eals an in e en ion wi h a clea
and meaning ul impac on heal h, well-being, social cohesion, and en i onmen al awa eness. e social
alue gene a ed by he p ojec s ems om he engagemen o h ee p ima y s akeholde g oups communi y
ga den use s, olun ee s, and he CUKETA NGO. e mos subs an ial ou comes we e iden ied among
communi y ga den use s, as eec ed in he heo y o change. Ga dene s epo ed signican imp o emen s
in li e sa is ac ion, psychological well-being, and communi y engagemen . ese ou comes we e linked o
mul iple aspec s o hei pa icipa ion: cul i a ing hei own ood, a ending pe macul u e and sus ainabili y
wo kshops, and co-designing he ga den space. A s ong sense o social connec edness eme ged as a ecu ing
heme, wi h esponden s emphasising ha he ga den p o ided no jus a physical space o g owing ood bu a
i al a ena o building ela ionships, exchanging knowledge, and coping wi h s ess and illness. e ela i ely

I ana Va#ko á, e al. U ban G een Spaces, Heal h, and Wellbeing: Social Value Es ima ion o ...
high es ima ed social alue backs hese ndings. Volun ee s, who assis ed p ima ily wi h main enance and
e en o ganiza ion h ough he “KOZA b igades,” expe ienced mo e modes bu s ill ele an bene s. ese
included an enhanced sense o belonging, imp o ed eamwo k and physical well-being, and he de elopmen
o p ac ical skills. Howe e , hei ole was la gely suppo i e a he han de elopmen al. CUKETA NGO
con ibu ed no only o he ope a ional success o he ga den bu also o wide ou comes ela ed o
communi y-building, skill acquisi ion, and en i onmen al awa eness. e esul ing alua ion unde lines he
scale and dep h o i s impac .
In he case o alua ion amewo k, ndings highligh signican disc epancies be ween he wo s a egies
and inconsis encies in p ojec ed social alue ac oss s akeholde s. Es ima ing social alue o olun ee s shows
he impo ance o conside ing he local con ex and including affec ed pa ies in he analysis. Including ou -
o -con ex nancial p oxies ina ed he es ima ed social alue, dis ega ding he ac ual pe cei ed bene s o
olun ee s. Fo he second alua ion s a egy, he p ojec ed alue is also signican ly highe o ga dene s.
Con e sely, his app oach did no allow he inclusion o a alue o CUKETA NGO as i does no ha e he
posi ion o a benecia y o he in e en ion.
Conclusion
is pape assessed he social alue o heal h and well-being in e en ions implemen ed h ough he IN-
HABIT p ojec in Ni a’s communi y ga den, using an ex ended SROI amewo k. A s akeholde -in o med
heo y o change e ealed key ou comes, including enhanced psychological well-being, communi y cohesion,
en i onmen al awa eness, and knowledge sha ing. Two app oaches o es ima ing he social alue o a
communi y ga den we e compa ed. Unde he  s alua ion s a egy, engaged g oups we e di ec ly in ol ed
in u ilising con ingen alua ion and Schol en’s Value game. Findings indica e ha each Eu o in es ed yields
2.15 Eu os in social bene s. I only he in es men s o he IN-HABIT p ojec a e accoun ed o , social
bene s inc eased o 2.42 Eu os. e second s a egy, based on nancial p oxies om seconda y sou ces, led
o signican ly highe es ima ed alues. Unde his app oach, each Eu o in es ed is p ojec ed o yield 4.27
Eu os in social bene s, ising o 4.80 Eu os when conside ing only IN-HABIT’s in es men s.
e analysis was limi ed by he scope o he pe iods unde s udy. Some long- e m bene s may only
become appa en in he la e pe iod. Rega ding da a collec ion, he numbe o in e iews and esponden s
may limi he ep esen a i eness o he ndings, al hough he s udy sough b oad s akeholde in ol emen
and used many da a sou ces. e e a e also limi a ions inhe en o SROI amewo k and he analysis
unde sco es he impo ance o ening he social alue es ima ion p ocess. Al hough he s akeholde -
in o med alua ion s a egy ensu es con ex ual ele ance, i is inhe en ly subjec i e, and he alue could
be o e - o unde es ima ed. Fu he mo e, he usage o Social Value Bank da a may esul in ina ion o
mis ep esen a ion o alue i he p oxy used does no ully align wi h he local con ex o in ensi y o he
bene , as shown in he case o he olun ee s.
Fu he esea ch should include he de elopmen o a comp ehensi e amewo k o assessing he social
alue o inno a i e solu ions wi hin inclusi e and g een public spaces in ci ies, in ol ing a wide ange o
engaged g oups, specic a ge g oups bu also p ojec implemen e s and o he ac o s in ol ed in co-design,
co-c ea ion, and co-managemen gi en he uzzy posi ion o hose in ol ed. Schol en’s Value Game could be
u he ex ended as a ool o es ima ing social alue wi h low cogni i e bu den; i could be used o show
diffe ences in he pe cei ed alue gene a ed by diffe en s akeholde s and he unin ol ed public, and i s
abili y o wi hs and biases in diffe en con ex s should be es ed.
Cuade nos de Vi ienda y U banismo, 2025, ol. 18, ISSN: 2027-2103 / 2145-0226
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No es
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