EFCF 2025: Low-Temp. Fuel Cells, Elec olyse s & H2 P ocessing 1 – 4 July 2025, Luce ne Swi ze land
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17244135 A1118 Page 1/9
A1118
A PEM Elec olysis Cell o In Ope ando NMR and MRI
In es iga ions o MEA Deg ada ion
Michael Scha z* (1), S en Jo ano ic (1), Julian Bo owec (1,2),
Rüdige -A. Eichel (1,2,3), Flo ian Hausen (1,2), Jose G anweh (1,4)
(1) Fo schungszen um Jülich GmbH, IET-1, Jülich/Ge many;
(2) RWTH Aachen Uni e si y, IPC, Aachen/Ge many;
(3) RWTH Aachen Uni e si y, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, Aachen/Ge many;
(4) RWTH Aachen Uni e si y, ITMC, Aachen/Ge many;
*Con ac co esponding au ho s: www.EFCF.com/Con ac Reques
Abs ac
P o on exchange memb ane (PEM) elec olysis is a p omising p ocess o sus ainable
hyd ogen p oduc ion, bu i s comme cializa ion is delayed by high cos s and elusi e
deg ada ion o memb ane elec ode assemblies (MEAs) [1]. In ope ando Nuclea Magne ic
Resonance (NMR) and Magne ic Resonance Imaging (MRI) o e he po en ial o in es iga e
deg ada ion mechanisms du ing elec olysis, and hus, p o ide highly ele an insigh s o
enhanced pe o mance [2,3].
In a i s pa o his con ibu ion, a cus om-designed minia u e PEM elec olysis cell is
p esen ed, i ing he spa ial cons ain s o a 1H coil o a comme cially a ailable imaging
p obe. In con as o ailo -made p obes [2,3], his app oach allows o a b oade ange o
NMR expe imen s – including no only 1H spec oscopy and T1 and T2 elaxome y, bu also
he i s MRI and di usion measu emen s on ope a ing PEM elec olysis cells. The key
design ea u e was a sealing concep wi hou sc ews, u ilizing O- ings in combina ion wi h
p ecise comp ession geome y. Uni o m elec ical con ac ing minimizing me al con en in he
NMR-sensi i e olume was alida ed ia mic oelec ode ol age mapping. The inle wa e
empe a u e was con olled be ween 60 and 80 °C using a non-magne ic hea ube.
The unc ionali y o he newly de eloped NMR cell is demons a ed by elec ochemical and
NMR expe imen s in he second pa o he con ibu ion. The 1H signal- o-noise a io and
esolu ion allowed chemical shi analysis, while T1/T2 con as enabled di e en ia ion
be ween MEA and wa e signals. MRI e ealed wa e and gas bubble dis ibu ion du ing
ope a ion. Impedance spec oscopy and cyclic ol amme y esul s we e consis en wi h lab-
scale PEM elec olysis.
This no el in ope ando NMR cell p o ides an e ec i e me hod o in es iga ing deg ada ion
phenomena du ing long- e m PEM elec olysis expe imen s, le e aging he wide a ie y o
expe imen s a ailable wi h comme cial p obes.
Re e ences
[1] Q. Feng e al., Jou nal o Powe Sou ces 366, 33 (2017)
[2] A. S. Ca aneo e al., Ene gy & En i onmen al Science 8, 2383 (2015)
[3] C. M ad e al., Jou nal o Memb ane Science 688, 122111 (2023)
EFCF 2025: Low-Temp. Fuel Cells, Elec olyse s & H2 P ocessing 1 – 4 July 2025, Luce ne Swi ze land
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17244135 A1118 Page 2/9
In oduc ion
The p oduc ion o hyd ogen h ough elec olysis has long been hinde ed by he high cos o
elec ici y. Howe e , wi h he inc easing a ailabili y o enewable ene gy sou ces, elec ici y
p ices a e expec ed o dec ease, making elec olysis a mo e economically iable op ion o
hyd ogen p oduc ion. Mo eo e , elec olysis can help mi iga e he in e mi ency o
enewable ene gy sou ces by p o iding a solu ion o ene gy s o age [1-3]. P o on Exchange
Memb ane (PEM) elec olysis is a p omising echnology o hyd ogen p oduc ion, o e ing
he ad an age o lexible ope a ion a a ying cu en loads.
Despi e i s po en ial, he comme cializa ion o PEM elec olysis is slowed down by he high
cos s associa ed wi h he deg ada ion o memb ane elec ode assemblies (MEAs) [4].
P e ious s udies ha e demons a ed pos - es Nuclea Magne ic Resonance (NMR)
in es iga ions o be capable o iden i ying deg ada ion phenomena. NMR signals o wa e
and unc ional g oups in he memb ane a e highly sensi i e o hei chemical en i onmen ,
p o iding aluable insigh s in o deg ada ion mechanisms [5,6].
Howe e , in ope ando NMR in es iga ions, which can p o ide in o ma ion on hese
deg ada ion p ocesses, a e sca ce. Mos exis ing s udies demons a ed cus omized p obes
ailo ed o speci ic geome ies o PEM elec olysis cells, p ima ily ocusing on wa e con en
in he memb ane and wa e dis ibu ion wi hin he cell [7-12]. In con as , his s udy p esen s
a no el app oach, whe e he elec ochemical cell is designed o i a s anda d Magne ic
Resonance Imaging (MRI) p obe, as inspi ed by ou p e ious s udies [13-15]. This design
enables he use o a b oade ange o s anda d NMR and MRI expe imen s, including 1H
spec oscopy, T1 and T2 elaxome y, MRI, and di usion measu emen s. By le e aging he
capabili ies o comme cial MRI p obes, his s udy aims o p o ide a new me hod o
in es iga ing deg ada ion mechanisms o MEAs in PEM elec olysis.
1. Scien i ic App oach
The design o he in ope ando NMR cell was ailo ed o he B uke MIC-WB imaging p obe,
which ea u es a 25 mm 1H coil ha de ines he adial spa ial cons ain . The p obe's
sensi i e olume ex ended app oxima ely 30 mm in he axial di ec ion. Tubing and elec ical
connec o s we e posi ioned ou side o his egion. To acili a e easie access and minimize
he isk o p obe damage, all connec ions we e implemen ed om he op o he p obe.
The p ima y challenge in designing he cell was inding a balance be ween maximizing he
ac i e MEA a ea and achie ing a leak-p oo sealing and uni o m elec ical con ac ing.
Con en ional lab-scale elec olyse s ypically employ e lon (PTFE) shee s p essed oge he
by sc ews o sealing, wi h elec ical con ac ing implemen ed ia s ainless s eel housing and
a po ous conduc i e s uc u e (po ous anspo laye ; PTL) ha is pe used by wa e and in
con ac wi h he ac i e MEA laye . Howe e , hese app oaches a e no easible o an in
ope ando NMR cell due o he limi ed cons uc ion space and he need o minimize
conduc i e ma e ial con en in he NMR ac i e egion [16]. To add ess hese challenges, a
no el sealing concep was de eloped ha elimina es he need o sc ews. Ins ead, a p ecise
comp ession mechanism is used o apply o ce on O- ings, ensu ing a eliable seal.
The cell design is depic ed in Figu e 1. Two hal cells, c . Figu e 1a, wi h g oo es o O- ings,
a low ield, and bo es o wa e inle and ou le a e placed on ei he side o a MEA. This
assembly is hen p essed in o a cell holde , c . Figu e 1b, ha is manu ac u ed om
polylac ic acid (PLA) ilamen using a Fused Deposi ion Modeling (FDM) 3D p in e (P usa
i3 MK2). The hal cells a e designed o be mechanically manu ac u able om polye he e he
ke one (PEEK), while apid i e a ion s eps we e acili a ed by using a s e eoli hog aphy (SLA)
esin p in e (S a asys Connex 350) o p o o yping.
EFCF 2025: Low-Temp. Fuel Cells, Elec olyse s & H2 P ocessing 1 – 4 July 2025, Luce ne Swi ze land
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17244135 A1118 Page 3/9
Fo elec ical con ac ing, a Cu wi e wi h 0.24 mm diame e was placed in an addi ional
g oo e in he hal cell, su ounding he low ield. The uni o mi y o he con ac ing was
e alua ed by mapping he po en ials ac oss he elec ode using mic oelec odes [17].
Figu e 1c shows he ubing o wa e inle and ou le , as well as coaxial SMA connec o s o
con ac ing he anode and ca hode. The assembled cell can be inse ed in o he p obe,
c . Figu e 1d, connec ed o ubing and wi es, and hen inse ed in o he magne .
Tempe a u e con ol is achie ed using a hea ing ube posi ioned along app oxima ely 2 m
o he inle ubing, jus p io o he cell inle , enabling p ecise egula ion o he cell's ope a ing
condi ions.
Figu e 1: CAD d awing o a) 3D-p in ed hal cell wi h low ield and g oo es o O- ing ( ed)
and con ac ing wi e (g een); b) assembled cell, consis ing o wo hal cells, inse ed in o
holde . Pho o o c) cell assembly wi h ubing and elec ical connec o s; d) cell inse ed in
NMR p obe.
2. Expe imen s
The expe imen al se up o in ope ando NMR expe imen s is illus a ed in Figu e 2. A
pe is al ic pump was employed o ci cula e deionized (DI) wa e a oom empe a u e om
a ese oi loca ed app oxima ely 2 m below he uppe opening o he magne bo e. The
wa e was anspo ed h ough wo sepa a e 1/16” pe luo oalkoxy alkane (PFA) ubes, one
supplying he anode and he o he he ca hode sides o he PEM elec olysis cell. The ubes
we e ou ed in o he magne om abo e, equi ing he wa e o be pumped agains a heigh
di e ence o app oxima ely 2 m. Addi ional ubes o he wa e ou le lead ou o he op o
he magne , allowing o con inuous ci cula ion o wa e du ing ope a ion.
To con ol he empe a u e o he wa e en e ing he cell, he inle ubes we e inse ed in o a
sel - egula ing hea ing hose o e he las 2 m be o e eaching he cell inle . The hea ing
hose main ained a empe a u e o 90 °C, ensu ing ha he wa e was p ehea ed o a
consis en empe a u e be o e en e ing he cell. This se up enabled p ecise con ol o e he
ope a ing condi ions o he PEM elec olysis cell, allowing o in-dep h in es iga ions o he
deg ada ion mechanisms unde a ious condi ions.
EFCF 2025: Low-Temp. Fuel Cells, Elec olyse s & H2 P ocessing 1 – 4 July 2025, Luce ne Swi ze land
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17244135 A1118 Page 4/9
Figu e 2: Expe imen al se up o in ope ando NMR expe imen s including ubes o inle
and ou le , as well as elec ical wi ing wi h il e s, shielding and g ounding.
To ensu e he cell's leak-p oo ness and es he inle empe a u e, he elec olysis was
ini ially pe o med ou side he magne . Any leakage o wa e could be easily de ec ed
h ough an opening a he bo om o he cell holde , allowing o p omp iden i ica ion o
any issues. Addi ionally, he open design o he p obe ini ially designed o small animal
expe imen s p e en s majo damage in he case o small leakage du ing low cell
ope a ion. The empe a u e a he inle was measu ed using a minia u e empe a u e
senso (Honeywell HEL-705-U-0-12-00) ins alled in o a h ee-way ube i ing, p o iding
he empe a u e be o e cell en y.
Fo in ope ando measu emen s, he cell was inse ed in o he p obe, c . Figu e 1d. The
p obe was hen ca e ully posi ioned unde nea h he magne , and he ubing and cables
we e inse ed h ough he op o he magne and connec ed o he cell. A his poin , he
cell's leak-p oo ness was eassessed. The p obe was hen inse ed in o he magne ,
while a second pe son ca e ully pulled he ubes and cables om he op o minimize
o ces ac ing on p obe and cell, wi hou pulling he cell ou o he p obe.
The elec ochemical pe o mance o he PEM elec olysis cell was cha ac e ized using
elec ochemical impedance spec oscopy (EIS), cyclic ol amme y (CV), and
ch onoampe ome y (CA) a bo h oom empe a u e and ele a ed empe a u e o assess
he unc ionali y o empe a u e con ol.
To e alua e he uni o mi y o he elec ical con ac ing, po en ial mapping was pe o med
using mic oelec odes. The cell was modi ied o include a window ha allows access o
a mic oelec ode obo . A hyd a ed MEA sample (Ion Powe HYDRion) was inse ed
be ween a egula hal cell (c . Figu e 1a) and he modi ied hal cell wi h a window
(c . Figu e 3a). The hal cell wi hou window was illed wi h DI wa e o keep he MEA
hyd a ed du ing he expe imen . The anode side o he MEA was posi ioned owa ds he
opening o he window. A bipo en ios a was used o apply a cons an po en ial o 1.8 V
ac oss he MEA using he wi e con ac ing, while he po en ial was measu ed be ween
he coun e elec ode and he mic oelec ode a a ious posi ions on he wo king
elec ode. Two di e en ypes o con ac ing we e es ed: a wi e comple ely su ounding
he ac i e a ea, and con ac ing only om he op side o he cell, c . Figu e 3b and 3c,
espec i ely. The po en ial was mapped along wo lines in he wo dimensions o he
ac i e laye plane, c . Figu e 3a, p o iding a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he
elec ical con ac ing uni o mi y.
EFCF 2025: Low-Temp. Fuel Cells, Elec olyse s & H2 P ocessing 1 – 4 July 2025, Luce ne Swi ze land
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17244135 A1118 Page 5/9
Figu e 3: a) Adjus ed cell design o po en ial mapping. One hal cell includes a window
h ough which he MEA is accessible by mic oelec odes. The di ec ion o x- and y- axis
a e de ined he e; hal cell wi h b) su ounding con ac ing and c) one-sided con ac ing;
he indica ed wi e segmen s we e connec ed a he backside o he hal cell, o ming a
single con inuous wi e pa h ou ed o he op o he cell. d) Ske ch o mic oelec ode
po en ial measu emen ; he a ow indica es he mic oelec ode ip ha can be
posi ioned eely wi hin he window o he anode.
The sui abili y o NMR measu emen s o dis inguishing be ween he di e en componen s
in he PEM elec olysis cell was e alua ed by assessing whe he hey p o ided su icien
con as . This is a c ucial equi emen o in-dep h analysis o he cell's beha iou and
deg ada ion mechanisms. Fi s ly, 1H 90° pulse expe imen s we e pe o med o dis inguish
be ween he MEA signal, backg ound signals, and wa e signal on he chemical shi axis.
Nex , T1 measu emen s we e ca ied ou using sa u a ion eco e y and in e sion eco e y
sequences [18], as well as he Ca -Pu cell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence [19] o T2
e alua ion.
Magne ic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measu emen s we e pe o med using he FLASH pulse
sequence [20] o isualize he wa e dis ibu ion wi hin he cell. Finally, he i s in ope ando
expe imen s we e conduc ed o es he long- e m leak-p oo ness o he cell and e alua e i
NMR signals we e comp omised by ex e nal noise o in e e ence.
3. Resul s
The po en ial mapping expe imen s a e p esen ed in Figu e 4. A compa ison o he wo
con ac ing me hods e ealed signi ican di e ences in he po en ial dis ibu ion ac oss he
MEA ac i e laye , e en hough he same po en ial o 1.8 V was applied. Along he x-axis,
he su ounding con ac ing me hod ensu ed a mo e s able po en ial, wi h alues anging
om 0.65 V o 0.7 V, whe eas he one-sided con ac ing me hod esul ed in a signi ican ly
lowe po en ial ha dec eased wi h inc easing dis ance o he con ac ing wi es om 0.13 V
o 0.08 V. Along he y-axis, he po en ial dec eased owa ds he edges in he su ounding
con ac case, wi h a ange o 0.5 V o 0.68 V and s ayed cons an a ca. 0.085 V in he one-
sided con ac ing case.
No ably, he po en ial dis ibu ion in bo h cases sugges s ha he s ess on he MEA would
no be uni o m, as he po en ial can locally be lowe han he ac i a ion po en ial. This is also
exp essed in he compa ison o CVs o he wo scena ios in Figu e 4c, whe e he onse o
OER is a lowe po en ial and o e all ac i i y is inc eased o he su ounding con ac ing in
compa ison wi h one-sided con ac ing. In he case o one-sided con ac ing, he po en ial was
ound o be signi ican ly lowe ac oss he en i e ac i e a ea, indica ing ha no elec olysis
would occu . Fo he su ounding con ac ing case, he applied po en ial o 1.8 V is a he
EFCF 2025: Low-Temp. Fuel Cells, Elec olyse s & H2 P ocessing 1 – 4 July 2025, Luce ne Swi ze land
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17244135 A1118 Page 6/9
edge o OER ac i a ion. The measu ed local po en ial di e ences o ca. 150 mV imply ha
only pa s o he cell ac i ely pa icipa ed in he elec olysis p ocess. Fu he mo e, he esul s
o su ounding con ac ing indica e ha he s ess would be highes in he middle o he
ac i e a ea, compa ed o he edges.
Fo in ope ando measu emen s, wo key objec i es we e iden i ied: 1) ensu ing a po en ial
ha is high enough o ac i a e he en i e ac i e a ea, and 2) minimizing he po en ial
di e ence be ween middle and edges o he cell. In ou case, he po en ial di e ence along
he y-axis on he o de o 100 mV was conside ed low, bu i s implica ions should be aken
in o accoun when e alua ing long- e m measu emen s and local deg ada ion pa e ns. The
po en ial di e ence along x-axis could howe e be neglec ed o he su ounding con ac
scena io.
Gi en he supe io pe o mance o he su ounding con ac ing me hod, only his app oach
was conside ed o u he in es iga ion.
Figu e 4: Po en ial measu ed s. ip posi ion o mic oelec ode along a) x-axis and b) y-
axis o he cases o su ounding (blue) and one-sided con ac (g een). c) Cyclic
ol ammog am o su ounding (blue) and one-sided con ac (g een).
The esul s o EIS and CV showed compa able pe o mance o lab-scale elec olyse s
[1,21,22], hough highe cell po en ial had o be applied, indica ing ha he cell design and
cons uc ion did no comp omise i s elec ochemical beha iou , bu inc eased he cell
esis ance. In CV expe imen s, 43 mA/cm² was measu ed o a cell po en ial o 4 V. CA
expe imen s a lowe applied po en ial o 1.8 V showed an ac i i y o app oxima ely
0.68 mA/cm². A compa ison o he cell pe o mance a oom empe a u e e sus ele a ed
empe a u e o 60 °C showed a signi ican inc ease in ac i i y o he empe a u e- egula ed
expe imen s, c . Figu e 5. This enhancemen in ac i i y a ele a ed empe a u e is consis en
wi h expec a ions [21,22] and con i ms he unc ionali y o empe a u e egula ion.
EFCF 2025: Low-Temp. Fuel Cells, Elec olyse s & H2 P ocessing 1 – 4 July 2025, Luce ne Swi ze land
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17244135 A1118 Page 7/9
Figu e 5: a) CV and b) EIS measu emen s on he cell ope a ed wi h wa e a 20°C
(blue) and a ele a ed empe a u e o 60°C (g een).
A compa ison o he 1H NMR signals o he a ious componen s is p esen ed in Figu e 6.
The backg ound signal, which consis s o signals om p obe, cell housing and holde , was
signi ican , esul ing in a b oad signal, bu he MEA signal could be di e en ia ed om he
es due o i s inc eased chemical shi by ca. 5 ppm ela i e o he backg ound esonance,
as well as a linewid h ha is app oxima ely en imes na owe wi h ca. 400 Hz. Howe e ,
upon addi ion o wa e , he spec al esolu ion is comp omised, making i challenging o
dis inguish be ween he di e en componen s solely based on hei chemical shi s. As an
addi ional sou ce o con as , T1 and T2 may be u ilized o di e en ia e be ween he signal
componen in he p esence o wa e .
As a e e ence, he T1 and T2 elaxa ion imes o he MEA signal we e measu ed in a sample
wi hou backg ound om cell housing and holde , i.e. in a 25 mm NMR ube. The esul ing
alues we e 0.01 s and 0.005 s o T1 and T2, espec i ely. In con as , he T1 alues o he
backg ound componen s we e ound o be in he ange o 1-2 s, p o iding good con as and
ensu ing sepa abili y o he signals. Howe e , he T2 alues o he backg ound componen s
we e in he same ange as he MEA signals, albei sligh ly lowe on he o de o 0.001 s. In
he assembled cell wi hou wa e , he T1 alues o he MEA could be easily dis inguished
om he backg ound using In e se Laplace T ans o m (ILT) e alua ion [23], c . Figu e 6b.
The T2 alues o he MEA and backg ound could also be dis inguished using ILT, c . Figu e
6c, al hough some componen s could no be assigned o a speci ic cell componen o
species in he MEA. Upon addi ion o wa e o he low ield o he cell, he s ong signal o
wa e in oduced new challenges o he ILT e alua ion, such as a dominan signal
o e lapping wi h a much weake signal, o exchange be ween he di e en wa e ese oi s.
Mi iga ion s a egies allowing a sepa a ion o he di e en con ibu ions a e cu en ly unde
de elopmen .
Figu e 6: a) 1H NMR spec um o ull cell wi h hyd a ed MEA. Backg ound signal can be
dis inguished om MEA signal. b) 1H NMR spec um o backg ound componen s. The
p obe backg ound signal is p esen in all spec a. O- ing, cell housing and PLA holde
we e measu ed in a 25 mm NMR ube. In e se Laplace T ans o m o b) T1 and c) T2
measu emen s, ep esen ing chemical shi esol ed T1 and T2 elaxa ion imes.
MRI images o he wa e dis ibu ion wi hin he cell, as p esen ed in Figu e 7, e eal he
p esence o gas bubbles and incomple e wa e illing o he cell. Bo h sagi al and axial c oss-
sec ional iews exhibi consis en spa ial pa e ns, con i ming he eliabili y o he obse ed
ea u es.
EFCF 2025: Low-Temp. Fuel Cells, Elec olyse s & H2 P ocessing 1 – 4 July 2025, Luce ne Swi ze land
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17244135 A1118 Page 8/9
Figu e 7: a) One longi udinal and b) – c) wo axial MRI sec ions h ough he PEM-NMR
cell ep esen ing wa e dis ibu ion and gas bubble posi ion; d) posi ion o he wo axial
sec ional iews ela i e o he longi udinal sec ion.
In ope ando expe imen s could be conduc ed wi hou issues ela ed o ex e nal noise, and
he elec ochemical ope a ion emained s able unde cons an po en ial. Du ing a 2 h
measu emen , no signi ican changes in he T1 and T2 elaxa ion imes we e obse ed.
These indings sugges s able measu emen condi ions; howe e , long- e m es ing will be
necessa y o assess po en ial empo al changes and deg ada ion e ec s.
4. Conclusion
The sealing and empe a u e con ol s a egy o he space-con ined PEM elec olysis cell
was alida ed h ough ex si u es ing. The i e a i e p o o yping p ocess ul ima ely p o ided
a leak-p oo PEM elec olysis cell design. Addi ionally, he empe a u e con ol sys em was
ound o be e ec i e in main aining a s able empe a u e o 60 °C a he inle , when he
empe a u e in he hea ing ube was con olled o 90 °C.
Elec ical con ac ia a su ounding wi e was demons a ed o be e ec i e; howe e , local
po en ial a ia ions ac oss he MEA mus be conside ed when e alua ing long- e m
expe imen s. I is essen ial o apply a cell po en ial ha ensu es uni o m elec ochemical
ac i i y ac oss he en i e ac i e a ea. The po en ial mapping me hod showed capable o
de e mining he equi ed applied cell po en ial.
Po en ial in e e ence in mic oelec ode measu emen s due o he p esence o liquid wa e
on he MEA su ace was iden i ied. To mi iga e his, he use o an elec ically isola ing ip is
ecommended.
The obse ed con as in chemical shi , as well as in T1 and T2 elaxa ion imes, appea s
su icien o dis inguishing ele an signals. None heless, supp ession o backg ound
signals, pa icula ly he dominan wa e signal, emains a challenge. App oaches such as
backg ound sub ac ion o signal il e ing by di e en pulse p og ams should be conside ed.
In u u e in ope ando MRI measu emen s, he o ma ion and dynamics o gas bubbles could
be obse able. This could enable co ela ing bubble o ma ion wi h deg ada ion phenomena
occu ing wi hin he cell.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s g a e ully acknowledge he inancial suppo by he Ge man Fede al Minis y o
Educa ion and Resea ch (BMBF) wi hin he H2Giga p ojec DERIEL (g an numbe
03HY122C). The au ho s hank Mike Ha e ko n o 3D p in ing o he p o o ype cell, as well
as Tobias O e manns and Ch is oph König o assis ing in cell design and manu ac u ing.
EFCF 2025: Low-Temp. Fuel Cells, Elec olyse s & H2 P ocessing 1 – 4 July 2025, Luce ne Swi ze land
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17244135 A1118 Page 9/9
Re e ences
[1] Ca mo, M. e al., In . J. Hyd ogen Ene gy 38, 4901 (2013)
[2] Ka l, A. e al., Elec ochem. Sci. Ad . 5, e202400041 (2025)
[3] Ja ed, A. e al., In . J. Hyd ogen Ene gy 98, 280 (2025)
[4] Q. Feng e al., J. Powe Sou ces 366, 33 (2017)
[5] Ghassemzadeh, L. e al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 8181 (2013)
[6] Tang, H. e al., J. Powe Sou ces 170, 85 (2007)
[7] A. S. Ca aneo e al., Ene gy En i on. Sci. 8, 2383 (2015)
[8] C. M ad e al., J. Memb . Sci. 688, 122111 (2023)
[9] Luo, R. e al., J. Magn. Reson. 361, 107666 (2024)
[10] Tsushima, S. e al., J. Elec ochem. Soc. 157, B1814 (2010)
[11] Wang, M. e al., J. Powe Sou ces 195, 7316 (2010)
[12] Zhang, Z. e al., J. Magn. Reson. 193, 259 (2008)
[13] Scha z, M. e al., J. Phys. Chem. C 127, 18986 (2023)
[14] Jo ano ic, S. e al., Commun. Chem. 6, 268 (2023)
[15] Niemölle , A. e al., J. Magn. Reson. 269, 157 (2016)
[16] Scha z, M. e al., Magn. Reson. 5, 167 (2024)
[17] Kishimo o, T. e al., ACS Omega 7 , 39437 (2022)
[18] Li, Z. e al., Magn. Reson. Chem. 54, 1041 (2016)
[19] Meiboom, S. e al., Re . Sci. Ins um. 29, 688 (1958)
[20] Haase, A. e al., J. Magn. Reson. 67, 258 (1986)
[21] Noo Azam, A. e al., Polyme s 15, (2023)
[22] Maie , M. e al., In . J. Hyd ogen Ene gy 47, 30 (2022)
[23] G anweh , J. e al., J. Chem. Theo y Compu . 8, 3473 (2012)
Keywo ds: EFCF2025, H2, LowTemp. Fuel Cells & Elec olyse s, PEM, MEA deg ada ion,
NMR, MRI, Ope ando
Rema k: This wo k is licensed unde C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional
