148
EMU
Vol.
94.
1994
Gill,
F.B.
1990.
O ni hology.
F eeman,
New
Yo k.
Hu chinson,
J.N.
1971.
Aus alian
Bi d
Calls.
Se ies
1
( ape
eco dings
o
50
species,
including
Whi e-plumed
Honeyea e ).
Balingup,
Wes e n
Aus alia.
Klump,
G.M.,
K e zschma ,
E.
&
Cu io,
E.
1986.
The
hea -
ing
o
an
a ian
p eda o
and
i s
a ian
p ey.
Beha io al
Ecology
and
Sociobiology
18,
317-323.
Ma le ,
P.
1955.
Cha ac e is ics
o
some
animal
calls.
Na u e
176,
6-8.
Ma le ,
P.
1957.
Speci ic
dis inc i eness
in
he
communica-
ion
signals
o
bi ds.
Beha iou
11,13-39.
Ma en,
K.
&
Ma le ,
P.
1977.
Sound
ansmission
and
i s
signi icance
o
animal
ocalisa ions
1.
Tempe a e
habi-
a s.
Beha io al
Ecology
and
Sociobiology
2,
271-290.
Mo on,
E.S.
1975.
Ecological
sou ces
o
selec ion
on
a ian
sounds.
Ame ican
Na u alis 109,
17-34.
No ebohm,
F.
1975.
Vocal
beha io
in
bi ds.
Pp.
287-332
in
A ian
Biology,
Vol
5.
Eds
D.S.
Fame
&
J.R.
King.
Academic
P ess,
New
Yo k.
O'B ien,
P.H.
&
Dow,
D.D.
1979.
Vocalisa ions
o
nes ling
Noisy
Mine s
Mano ina
melanocephala.
Emu
79,
63-70.
Pe i o ,
R.A.
1990.
The
e ec s
o
a ian
mobbing
on
a
po-
en ial
p eda o ,
he
Eu opean
Kes el,
Falco
innun-
culus.
Animal
Beha iou
39,
821-827.
Pizzey,
G.
1980.
A
Field
Guide
o
he
Bi ds
o
Aus alia.
Collins,
Sydney.
Rooke,
I.J.
1972.
The
ocal
epe oi e
o
he
Whi e-plumed
Honeyea e .
B.Sc.
(Hons)
Thesis,
Monash
Uni e si y,
Melbou ne.
Rooke,
I.J.
&
Knigh ,
T.A.
1977.
Ala m
calls
o
honeyea e s
wi h
e e ence
o
loca ing
sou ces
o
sound.
Emu 77,
193-198.
Simpson,
K.
&
Day,
N.
1988.
Field
Guide
o
he
Bi ds
o
Aus alia.
Viking
O'Neil,
Melbou ne.
Sla e ,
P.,
Sla e ,
P.
&
Sla e ,
R.
1986.
The
Sla e
Field
Guide
o
Aus alian
Bi ds.
Rigby,
Sydney.
S e anski,
R.A.
&
Falls,
J.B.
1972a.
A
s udy
o
dis ess
calls
o
Song,
Swamp
and
Whi e- h oa ed
Spa ows
(A es:
F ingillidae).
1.
In aspeci ic
esponses
and
unc ions.
Canadian
Jou nal
o
Zoology
50,
1501-1512.
S e anski,
R.A.
&
Falls,
J.B.
1972b.
A
s udy
o
dis ess
calls
o
Song,
Swamp,
and
Whi e- h oa ed
Spa ows
(A es:
F ingillidae).
2.
In e speci ic
esponses
and
p ope ies
used
in
ecogni ion.
Canadian
Jou nal
o
Zoology
50.
1513-1525.
Whi mo e,
M.J.
&
Elle ,
C.M.
1983.
Obse a ions
a
a
nes
o
Pain ed
Honeyea e s.
Emu
83,
199-202.
EMU
Vol.
94,
149-155,
1994
©
Royal
Aus alasian
O ni hologis s
Union
1994
0158-4197/94/03149
+
6
Recei ed
13-8-1992,
accep ed
16-4-1993
Size
and
Age
Pa ame e s
o
Nes
T ees
Use£
by
Fou
Species
o
Pa o
and
One
Spec.es
o
Cocka oo
in
Sou h-wes
Aus alia
P.R.
Mawson1
and
J.L.
Long2
C„„^c ipld
W
A.
6058
1
Ag icul u e
P o ec ion
Boa d
o
Wes e n
Aus alia,
Bougain llea
A enue,
2
47
Buckingham
Road,
Kelmsco ,
W.A.
6111
Summa y:
The
size
and
heal h
o
hollow-bea ing
eucalyp s
success ully
used
by
ou
species
o
pa o
and
one
species
o
cocka oo
in
he
sou h-wes
o
Wes e n
Aus alia
a e
de-
sc ibed.
The
es ima ed
age
o
hese
nes
ees
based
on
known
g ow h
a es
is
gi en
and
anged
om
73
yea s
o
o e
1300
yea s.
The
lowes
a e age
es ima ed
age
o
ne
ees
eco ded
o
any
o
he
pa o
species
was
2
yea s,
and
446
yea s
o
he
cocka oo
species.
In
iew
o
cu en
imbe
p oduc ion
s a egies
and
managemen
policies
o
emnan s
o
nes
hollows
may
be
in
^^dsupp)
qws
nea
u u e.
To
ensu e
a
con inued
sqjW
0
imbe
o
pa o s
i
will
be
nece^uy
»
™d *
e
o
p oduc ion
s a egies
in
,
esea ch
in o
he
managemen
o
small
emnan s
o
na e
ege al,on.
Hollows
in
eucalyp
ees
a e
used
as
nes
chambe s
by
some
50
species
o
Aus alian
pa o s
and
cocka oos
(Fo shaw
1981).
A
u he
21
bi d
species
use
hollows
in
ees
o
shel e
o
as
nes s
(Saunde s
e
al
1982),
and
mos
possums
and
glide s
(Inions
e
al.
,
Mackowski
1984;
Lindenmaye
e
al.
1990),
ba s
(lay-
lo
&
Sa a
1988;
Lunney
e
al.
1988)
and
some
dasyu ids
(Cu le
1982)
shel e
in
hem.
The
p ocess
by
which
hollows
a e
o med
in
euca-
lyp s
is
ypically
ini ia ed
by
wood
ungi,
wi h
e mi es
con ibu ing
o
he
p ocess
some
ime
a e
hey
ha e
become
well
es ablished
(Saunde s
1979;
Mackowski
1984).
When
wa e
o
mois u e
en e s
he
decaying
wood
he
deb is
d ain
down
he
inside
o
he
unk
o
b anch,
o
emp ies
ou
o
he
ee
h ough
issu es
o
c acks.
The
esul
is
a
ca i y
in
he
ee.
When
b anches
o
s ems
b eak,
he
emaining
sec ion
p o ides
a
hollow
which
bi ds
and
mammals
can
use
as
a shel e
o
a
nes
chambe .
Small
holes
o
c acks
in
b anches
and
s ems
can
also
be
enla ged
by
pa o s
and
cocka oos
al hough
hese
modi ica ions
ne e
amoun
o
exca a ions
o
limbs.
Once
hollows
ha e
been
o med
hey
may
be
en-
la ged
du ing
high
in ensi y
i es,
o
comple ely
de-
s oyed
(Inions
e
al.
1989).
Ho
i es
may
also
di ec ly
c ea e
new
hollows
by
bu ning h ough
he
ou e
wood
and
in o
he
o ed
cen e
o
he
b anch
o
unk.
De elopmen
o
modi ica ion
o
land
once
co e ed
wi h
eucalyp
ees
o
ag icul u e,
u ban
de elopmen
and
mining
in a iably
emo es
he
ee
co e .
Manage-
me i
o
s a e
o es
o
imbe
p oduc ion
and
i e
con-
ol
al e s
he
cha ac e is ics
o
he
lo es
s.
o es a ion
p og ams
eplace
^
wa s
wi h
he
same
species
o
a
he
same
den.
seldom
i
e e
a e
new
plan ings
le
o
long
eno
g
o m
hollows
be o e
hey
a e
ha es ed
This
pape
desc ibes
he
size
and
age
o
ee
spec
ha
con ain
hol ows
sui able
o
nes ing
by
^
Pa o
Poly elis
anlhopeplus.
RedpcaPP®d
us
nu eicepha us
spu ius.
Wes e n
Rosella
Pla yce cus
iceois on
Lincoln
R.ngneck
Ba na d,us
,ona ,us
mid
he
Wes e n
Long-billed
Co e,la
C*~a,
pas-
o
pas ina o .
We
discuss
he
implica ions
o
he
cu
en
land
managemen
p ac ices
wi h
ega d
o
hei
e ec
on
ou
species
o
small
pa o
and
one
cocka o
and
o he
hollow
use s which
inhabi
he
sou h-wes
o
Wes e n
Aus alia.
Me hods
Obse a ions
and
measu emen s
o
Bees
in
which
he
paiTo l
and
cocka oo
nes ed
we e
aken
oppo un s -
ically
o e
a
ou -yea
pe iod,
1989-92.
Tbe
nes
s;
o
Regen
Pa o s,
Po
Lincoln
R ngnecks
and
Wes e n
Rosellas
a
Wickepin
and
Po
Lincoln
R ngnecks
and
Red-capped
Pa o s
a
By o d
we e
known
o
ha e
con-
ained
success ul
clu ches
(Long
«h
ThenesB^o
,
Pa o s.
Po
Lincoln
R ngnecks,
Wes e n
Rosel-
150
EMU
Vol.
94,
1994
las
and
Red-capped
Pa o s
a
Woodanilling
and
Bosca-
bel
and
he
Long-billed
Co ellas
a
Lake
Mui -Tone
B idge
we e
obse ed
only
om
he
g ound.
Based
on
he
beha iou
o
adul
bi ds
and
he
appea ance
o
ledgling
young
in
some
o
he
hollows
hese
nes s
we e
conside ed
o
ha e
been
success ul.
The
diame e
a
b eas
heigh ,
ou side
he
ba k
(DBHOB),
o
each
ee
con aining
a
success ul
nes
hollow
was measu ed
and
eco ded.
The
gene al
heal h
o
he
ees
was
no ed
and
he
condi ion
o
he
s and
in
which
hey
occu ed
was
assessed,
in
pa icula
he
p esence
o
seedling
and
sapling
ees.
The
nes s
we e loca ed
a
se e al
locali ies
in
he
sou h-wes
o
Wes e n
Aus alia.
Da a
we e
collec ed
on
nes s
o
Regen
Pa o s,
Po
Lincoln
Ringnecks
and
Wes e n
Rosellas
in
Salmon
Gum
Eucalyp us
salmon-
ophloia
and
Wandoo
E.
wandoo
woodland
nea
Wicke-
pin
(200
km
SSE
o
Pe h)
and
a
Woodanilling
(230
km
SE
o
Pe h).
Nes s
o
Red-capped
Pa o s
and
Wes e n
Rosellas
in
Ja ah
E.
ma gina a
and
Wandoo
Table
1
Age
and
size
(DBHOB)
o
ees
used
by
ou
species
o
pa o
and
one
species
o
cocka oo
o
nes ing
in
he
sou h-wes
o
Wes e n
Aus alia.
Values
a e
means
±
s anda d
de ia ions,
wi h
anges
in
i alics.
Sample
sizes
(n)
as
indica ed.
Eucalyp us Eucalyp us Eucalyp us Eucalyp us Eucalyp us
ma gina a
calophylla
salmonophloia
wandoo
udis
Long-billed
Co ella
Age
(y s)
Diam.
(mm)
Regen Pa o
Age
(y s)
Diam.
(mm)
Po
Lincoln
Ringneck
Age
(y s)
Diam.
(mm)
n
Wes e n
Rosella
Age
(y s)
Diam.
(mm)
Red-capped
Pa o
Age
(y s)
Diam.
(mm)
1061
±
194
680-1333
1061
±193
680-1333
16
862
862
1
600
600
1
806
±
259
520-1435
806
±
259
520-1435
446
±
222
167-931
12831251
880-1719
15
436
±
33
121-629
793
±
203
207-1069
17
275
468
346
±
221
122-921
6921156
460-1010
21
429
1
455
73-1935
696
1
238
325-1260
35
2901214
73-921
6251194
325-1010
23
285
1
202
73-475
6171259
325-820
?
?
893
1
97
795-990
2
?
?
995
1
168
748-1474
Mawson
&
Long:
Pa o
and
Cocka oo
Nes
T ees
we e
loca ed
nea
Boscabel
(225
km
SE
o
Pe h).
Da a
on
Red-capped
Pa o
and
Po
Lincoln
Ringneck
nes s
in
Flooded Gum
E.
udis
s ands
we e
collec ed
nea
By o d
(35
km
S
o
Pe h).
The
da a
on
Long-billed
Co ella
nes s
in
Ja ah
and
Ma i
E. calophylla
we e
collec ed
in
emnan
o es ,
oad
e ges
and
p i a e
p ope y
nea
Tone
B idge
(265
km
SE
ol
Pe h).
Fo
each
species
o
nes
ee
measu ed,
he
age
ol
indi idual
ees
was
calcula ed
using
published
igu es
o
g ow h
a es,
whe e known
(£.
ma gina a,
Abbo
&
Lone agan
1983;
E.
salmonophloia,
Keally
1989)
an
unpublished
da a
(£.
calophylla
and
E.
wandoo,
M.
Rayne
pe s.
comm.).
No
g ow h
a es
we e
a ailable
o
E.
udis
bu
DBHOB
measu emen s
eco ded
o
his
species
o
ee
a e
included
o
compa ison.
The
g ow h
a es
used
o
calcula e
he
age
ol
Wan-
doo
a e
based
on
only
12
specimens
and
may
no
be
as
accu a e
as
he
a es
o
o he
species.
The
g ow h
a es
o
Salmon
Gum
a e
based
on
measu emen s
o
only
one
eg ow h
s and
( o al
156
ees)
and
a e
unlikely
o
be
ypical
o
g ow h
a es
o his
species
in
all
ain all
zones.
Howe e ,
o
he
pu pose
o
his
pape
hey
p o-
ide
a
use ul
guide
o
he
age
o
ees
used
by
pa o s
and
cocka oos
o
nes
hollows.
In
si ua ions
whe e
mo e
han
one
g ow h
a e
is
a ailable
o
a
species
g owing
in
a eas
o
di e ing
ain all,
he
a e
app op i-
a e
o
he
loca ion
o
he
nes
ee
was
used.
Resul s
This
s udy
showed
ha
he
ees
used
by
he
Long-
billed
Co ella
and
he
ou
species
o
pa o
we e
in-
a iably
e y
la ge
and
e y
old
(Table
1).
The
mini-
mum
es ima ed
age
eco ded
o
any
ee
wi h
a
nes ing
hollow
used
by
he pa o s
was
73
yea s
and
167
yea s
o
he
Long-billed
Co ella.
The
lowes
a e age
age
eco ded
o
any
species
o
ee
wi h
a
nes
hollow
sui -
able
o
pa o s
was
275
yea s
(E.
salmonophloia).
Long-billed
Co ella
Nes
hollows
o
Long-billed
Co ellas
we e
all
loca ed
in
he
Lake
Mui —Tone
B idge
a ea
and
all
we e
in e y
la ge
ees
ha
we e
ei he
ma u e,
o
o e -ma u e
and
dying.
Typically,
he
c owns
o
hese
ees
had
dead
limbs
and
a
e y
open
canopy.
No
nes
hollows
we e
eco ded
in
ees
wi h
dense,
heal hy
canopies.
All
o
he
ees
wi h
Long-billed
Co ella
nes ing
hollows
we e
loca ed
in
clea ed
pas u e
(whe e
hey
se ed
as
shade
ees
o
s ock),
on
oadside
e ges
o
we e
in
emnan
ege a ion
adjacen
o
a ms
o
pine
plan a ions.
Few,
i
o es .
Regen
Pa o
^unPubl"
biology
o
his
species
(Long
1989).
in
hese'we e
heal hy
o
had
ew
dead
b anches
in
he
c owns
By
1990,
only
54%
o
hem
we e
in
he
same
condi ion^and
7%
had'died
and/on
allen
o e
Moso
hese
Salmon
Gums
we e
si ua ed
on
a
oadside
e ge
o
a
s and
in
an
adjoining
paddock
hai
by
sheep,
bu n
and
was
showing
signs
o
bec°™
g
sal
a ec ed.
No
saplings
o
seedlings
we e
p esen
dica ing
ha
his
s and
o
ees
will
cease
o
exis
i
no
eplacemen
ees
a e
plan ed.
The
Salmon
Gum^nd
Wandoo
a
Woodanilling
which
con ain
Rcgen Pam
nes s
a e
all
heal hy.
Howe e ,
he
s ands
ha e
been
subjec ed
o
g azing
by
sheep
and
abbi s
and
al hou®
sheep
ha e
been
excluded
om
one
o
hese
s a"ds
12
yea s,
he e
is
no
e idence
o
seedling
ees
and
y
a
ew
small
sapling
Wandoo
a e
egene a ing
om
ligno ube s.
Po
Lincoln
Ringnecks,
Wes e n
Rosellas
and
Red-capped
Pa o s
Nea ly
all
Wandoo
ees
used
as
nes
ees
by
Po
Lin-
coln
Ringnecks
and
Wes e n
Rosellas
we e
heal hy,
bu
he e
we e
e y
ew
saplings
and
no
seedlings
g owing
a
ei he
Wickipin
o
Woodanilling.
Mos
o
he
Red-capped
Pa o
and
Wes e n
Rosella
nes s
loca ed
in
he
mixed
Ja ah-Wandoo
s and
a
Boscabel
we e
in
heal hy
ees.
The
s and
was
logged
in
he
1950s
o
comme cial
g ade
imbe
lea ing
lew
la ge,
quali y
ees.
The
s and
was
p o ec ed
by
he
landowne s
se e al
yea s
ago
when
hey
became
con-
ce ned
a
he damage
being
caused
o
he
unde s o ey
om
g azing
by
sheep.
Howe e ,
he e
a e
now
ew
i
any
saplings
o
seedlings
p esen .
All
nes ing
hollows
o
Red-capped
Pa o s
eco ded
in
Flooded
Gum
a
By o d
we e
loca ed
in
g azed
pad-
docks.
These
ees
ha e
declined
in
heal h
only
sligh ly
since
1974
and
he
majo i y
a e
s ill
in
good
heal h.
Flooded
Gums
in
his
s and
a e
la ge
han
any
g owing
along
he
na ow
oad
e ges
nea by.
No
seedlings
a e
p esen
in
he
paddocks,
which
a e
g azed
by
ca le,
bu
he e
a e
nume ous
ad anced
saplings
p esen .
152
EMU
Vol.
94,
1994
Compe i ion
o
nes ing
hollows
om
Galahs
and
e al
bees
Du ing
his
s udy
i
was
no ed
ha
se e al
hollows
which
had
o me ly
been
used
by
pa o s
had
been
aken
o e
by
ei he
Galahs
Caca ua
oseicapilla
o
e al
bees
Apis
melli e a.
Galahs
ha e
been expanding
hei
ange
sou h
in o
he
sou h-wes
come
o
he
s a e
since
he
ea ly
1950s
(Rowley
1990),
as
a
esul
o
he
clea ing
o
o es ed
a eas
o
ag icul u e.
The
majo i y
o
Galah
nes s
we e
loca ed
in
hollows
in
Salmon
Gums.
Se e al
o
hese
hollows
we e
known
o
ha e
been
occupied
by
Regen
Pa o s
in
he
ecen
pas .
Hollows
occupied
by
e al
bees
we e
eco ded
in
Salmon
Gums,
Wandoo,
Ja ah
and
Flooded
Gum.
A
ew
o
hese
hollows
we e
known
o
ha e
been
used
by
pa o s
in
he
pas .
Discussion
The
ime equi ed
o
hollows
o
o m
in
any
species
o
eucalyp
is
go e ned
pa ly
by
na u al
p ocesses
and
pa ly
by
he
g ow h
a e
o
he
ee, nei he
o
which
can
be
has ened.
I
he e
is
insu icien
ime
o
ees
o
each
he
minimum
size
a
which
hollows
o m
be o e
he
ees
a e
cu
down
hen
a
some
ime
in
he
u u e
no
sui able
nes
hollows
will
be
a ailable
o
pa o s
and
cocka oos.
How
a
in o
he
u u e
nes s
will
cease
o
be
a ailable depends
on
se e al
ac o s.
Comme cial
imbe
ha es ing
o
saw
logs
and
wood
chips
is
he
majo
ac o
in
he
Ja ah-Ma i
o es s
o
he
sou h-
wes
(see
Saunde s
e
al.
1985).
In
he
whea bel ,
clea -
ing
o
ag icul u e,
oad
de elopmen
and
he
sui e
o
lesse
elemen s
ha
cons i u e
u al
dieback
(Landsbu g
e
al.
1990)
a e
he
main
ac o s.
The
esul s
p esen ed
in
Table
1
indica e
ha
e en
small
species
o pa o
equi e
la ge,
old
ees
o
nes
in.
A
medium-sized
cocka oo
such
as
he
Long-billed
Co ella
equi es
la ge
and
ex emely
old
ees.
The
a e age
diame e
o
nes
ees
used
by
he
pa o s
is
e y
simila
ega dless
o
he
species
o
eucalyp
in ol ed.
Compa able
da a
on
ees
wi h
nes
hollows
ha e
been
epo ed
by
Saunde s
e
al.
(1982)
o
pa o s
and
cocka oos
in
he
whea bel
a eas
no h-eas
o
Pe h
(al-
mos
all
om
Salmon
Gum),
co ellas
in
he
cen al
whea bel
(Smi h
1991)
and
om
eas e n
Aus alia
o
he
Supe b
Pa o
Poly elis
swainsonii
(Webs e
1989)
and
he
a e
Vic o ian
subspecies
o
he
Red- ailed
Black-Cocka oo
Calyp o hynchus
banksii
g ap ogyne
(Joseph
e
al.
1991),
he
la e
wo
species
nes ing
p e-
dominan ly
in
Ri e
Red
Gum
E.
camaldulensis.
A
p esen
Ja ah
and
Ma i
a e
ha es ed
comme -
cially
o
imbe
and
woodchips.
In
gene al
he
la ge
Ja ah
a e
selec ed
p e e en ially
as
hey
p o ide
he
bes
imbe ,
while
he
la ges
Ma i
p o ide
he
g ea es
olume
o
woodchips
o
pape
pulp.
The
ha es
o
Ja ah
is
cu en ly
on
a
100-yea
o a ion;
he e
is
no
se
pe iod
be ween
ha es s
o
Ma i.
The
cu en
imbe
s a egy
conside s
la ge
old
ees
unsui able
o
elling,
as
elemen s
ha
inhibi
eg ow h
de elopmen
and
which
should
be
emo ed
(Anon.
1987).
No
signi ican
a eas
o
o iginal
o es
which
ha e
no
been
cu
o
im-
be
emain,
excep
in
na ional
pa ks
o
conse a ion
e-
se es.
In
a eas
o
o es
designa ed
o
'mul iple
use
managemen '
imbe
p oduc ion
and
p ese a ion
o
old
g ow h
i gin
o es
a e
incompa ible
(Anon.
1987).
As
such,
conse a ion
o
hollows
( o
pa o s,
cocka oos
and
o he
ca i y
dwelling
auna)
and
imbe
p oduc ion
mus
be
ega ded
as
incompa ible.
Ag icul u al
de elopmen
is
now
limi ed
in
Wes e n
Aus alia and
no
mo e
c own
land
is
o
be
eleased
o
de elopmen .
The e
a e
also
es ic ions
on
he
clea ing
o
any
a eas
o
na i e
ege a ion,
including
eg ow h,
emaining
on
p i a e
land.
Howe e ,
he
la ge
shade
ees
seen
in
paddocks
oday
a e
slowly
being
los
due
o
damage
by
s ock,
exposu e
and
he
combined
ele-
men s
o
u al
dieback
(sal ,
wa e
s ess,
he bicides
and
insec
a ack).
Because
many
o
ou
coun y
oads
a e
con inually
upg aded
and
widened
o
accomoda e
la ge
ehicles
and
olumes
o
a ic, he
emaining
s ands
o
ees
on
oadside
e ges
a e
g adually
being
los
o
de-
ple ed.
F equen
bu ning
o
oadside
e ges
has
also
p e en ed
seedlings
om
es ablishing
and
p o iding
e-
placemen s
o
ma u e
ees.
In
some
emnan s
a
com-
ple e
absence
o
i e may
also
be
p e en ing
ge mina-
ion
and
seedling
es ablishmen .
How
he
p esen
decline
in
a ailabile
ees
wi h
nes
hollows
a ec s
a ious
popula ions
o
pa o s
and
cock-
a oos
is
unknown.
Fo
mos
species
i
does
no
appea
o
be
ha ing
any
immedia e
o
ob ious
in luence.
This
is
no
unexpec ed
gi en
ha
hollow
a ailabili y
has
been
shown
o
exceed
popula ion
equi emen s
in
some
a eas
(see
Saunde s
e
al.
1982;
Saunde s
&
Ing am
1987;
Long
1989).
Howe e ,
he
Long-billed
Co ella
is
now
lis ed
as
Ra e
and
Endange ed
(Go e nmen
Gaze e,
No embe
1990)
and
he
Lake
Mui
popula ion
may
be
less
han
1500
bi ds
(Massam
&
Long
1992).
A
subs an ial
educ ion
in
sui able
nes
ees
could
se i-
Mawson
&
Long:
Pa o
and
Cocka oo
Nes
T ees
ously
a ec
he
chance
o
su i al
o
his
and
o he
°® a^be
add essed_ o
some
deg ee*
,0l TuSe
o
nes ing
con inue
o
he
los
a
he
cu en
a e,
i s ly
he
la ge
cocka oos
will
be
a ec ed
man
»
(ed
managemen
o
he
small
emnan
o
as
he
la ges
and
oldes
ees
a e
emo ed,
hen
he
e a ion
sca e ed
h oughou
hc
whca beh
i
small
pa o s
which
ha e
mo e
special
equu-emen s
™
d
go e nmen
au ho i ies
a ely
ha e
he
e-
(e.g.
pa icula
die
equi emen s
and
p oximi y
o
eed-
needed.
;
necessa y
o
eadily
manage
ag
a eas
o
nes
ees).
The
g ea es
p oblem
assoc.a
ed
^
pa ches
o
na i e
ege a ion
wi h
his
slow
loss
o
sui able
nes ing
ees
is
ha
.
o
managemen
o
such
em
may
well
go
unno iced
o
a
long
ime.
Many
pa o s
and
he e
is
a
S^..^
and
cocka oos
a e
long-li ed
and
may
well
su i e
^
|and
managemen
p ac ices
change
o
many
yea s
al hough
he e
a e
no
nes ing
hollows
o
Bu^
cocka oos
in
some
a eas
may
b eeding.
We
will
see hem
lying aound.
bu
only
™mow,
som
panm
^
^
^
when
he
coho
o
old bi ds
dies
will
we
no ice
ha
be
wi hou
eno
^
^
^
b Q e
a
new
he e
has
been
no
ec ui men
and
ha
he
popula io
u in
.
P
ob iously
oo
long
a
pe iod
o
has
unde gone
a
sudden
decline.
By
his
.me
,
will
"es
hoi
owsjomis
is
^
p obably
be
oo
la e
o
e e se
he
p ocess.
an>
p
a i icial
nes
hollows.
Li le
wo k
The
Red- ailed
Black
Cocka oo
Calyp o hynchus
on
he
alue
o
ai i i-
banksii
naso
and
Baudin's
Cocka oo
C.
baudinn
bo h
has
been
^duc ed
^
mammals
(B eck.
nes
in
hollows
in
la ge ma u e
ees.
The
o me
nes
s
Cia
neshollows o
na
]989;
Menkho s
in
Ma i
and
possibily
Ja ah
ees
while
he la e
nes
wold
,
99Q)
This
is
an
a ea
which
in
Ma i
and
Ka i
E.
di e sicolo,
Red- ailedBlack
1984a^
^
Jhe
im oduc ion
o
Cocka oos
will be
subjec
o
g ea e
p essu es
om
o -
should
be
*dd
de2 aded
habi a
o
egene -
es
managemen
p ac ices
han
o he
species
a
u
a i
lcia
nes
d d
e
ca chmen s,
is
a
ask
Ja ah
and
Ma ,
o
b eeding
because
i
a ed
a eas
by
membe s
o
local
la ges
nes ing
hollows
(see
Saunde s
e
al.
1982
Saum
which
can
be
y
Us
o ni hologis s
o
de s
e
al.
1985).
Baudin's
Cocka oo
mus
con end
wi h
communi ies
ama eu ^^^
^
^
^
he
loss
o
he
la ge
Ma i
ees
o
woodchipping
a
in e es ed
com
y
.
p og ams
designed
o
he
cu en
policy
o
clea - elling
and
ash-bed
egene
a-
eady
con ibu ed
^^^^(Saundc s
1990).
ion
used
o
Ka i
(Bo g
e
al.
1987).
The
logging
o a-
add ess
and
cocka oo
species
ion
o
Ka i
is
100
yea s
and
i
is
es ima ed
ha
he e
The
u u e
o
he
^
P^
^
because
will
be
no
i gin
Ka i
o es
ou side
na ional
pa
.
y
in
some
a eas
•
nes ing,
cou-
he
yea
2035
(Anon.
1987).
o he
size
and
age
o
he
ees
mea
es
While
p ima y
p oduc s
de i ed
om
o es y
and
pled
wl h
,he
conune c al
mbe
^
^
ag icul u e
a e
i al
o
ou
economy
he
Pon es
and
(100
ma ons
andUhe
o
, ees
me hods
employed
o
ob ain
hem
a e
in
ques ion.
Cu
-
,ings
and
seedlings
n
many
mnman
^
^
en ly
he
dominanl
s a egy
in
o es
managemen
is
Ac ion
can
be
aken
oday
o:slow
an
^
^
^
^
one
o
zoning
he
o es
es a e
in o
ca ego ies,
ei he
o
con inued
loss
o
exls l"S
Q
be
don£
i
wood
u ilisa ion
o
conse a ion,
wi h
only
limi edle i-
he e
1S
a
g ea
dealimo
^
size
and
dence
o
show
ha
he
wo
ca ego ies
a e
no
mu ually
u u e
ees
a e
o
ge mina e
and
g
exclusi e
(Da ey
&
No on
1990).
In
Wes e n
Aus alia
ag£
equi ed
o
o m
hollows,
o es
managemen
policies
a e
no
as
ye
well
de e
-
oped
(B adshaw
e
al.
1991).
Li le
esea ch
has
gone
cknowledgemen S
in o
al e na i e
managemen
sys ems
such
as
hose
u
D o ided
by
Ray
Ga s one
and
Wayne
cussed
by
Reche
(1985),
Reche
e
al.
(1987)
and
The
gene ous
help
P ™deddy
y
j
ees
a
woodan-
Da ey (1989)
whe e
i
was
sugges ed
ha
logging
be
Zadow
m
showing
u
hejai o
We
would
ca ied
ou
in
such
a
way
ha
ese es,
unsui able:
im-
d
mg
md
®^*Uu5lan
MeCaw
o
he
Depa men
o
be
and
d ainage
lines
emain
[inked
by
unogge
Conse a ion
and
Land
Managemen
o
access
o
unpub-
154
EMU
Vol.
94.
1994
Ma ion
Massam
(Ag icul u e
P o ec ion
Boa d)
in
loca ing
and
measu ing
he
Long-billed
Co ella
nes
ees
is
also
g a e ully
acknowledged.
We
a e
g a e ul
o
a
numbe
o
people
o
commen ing
on
d a s
o
his
pape
including
Ron
Johns one
and
Ray
Ga s one,
and
pa icula ly
Denis
Saun-
de s
and
G aeme
Smi h
o
hei
ad ice
and
c i icism.
Re e ences
Abbo ,
I.
&
Lone agan,
O.
1983.
G ow h
a e
and
long- e m
popula ion
dynamics
o
Ja ah
(Eucalyp us
ma gina a
Donn
ex
Sm.)
egene a ion
in
Wes e n
Aus alian
o es .
Aus alian
Jou nal
o
Bo any
32,
353-362.
Anon.
1987.
Timbe
p oduc ion
in
Wes e n
Aus alia:
A
s a egy
o
ake
W.A.'s
sou h-wes
o es s
in o
he
21s
cen u y.
Depa men
o
Conse a ion
and
Land
Manage-
men ,
Wes e n
Aus alia.
Anon.
1992.
Managemen
S a egies o
he
Sou h-wes
Fo es s
o
Wes e n
Aus alia:
A
Re iew.
D a
o
public
commen .
Feb ua y
1992.
Depa men
o
Conse a ion
and
Land
Managemen .
Bo g,
H.,
S oneman,
G.L.
&
Wa d,
C.G.
1987.
S eam
and
g ound
wa e
esponse
o
logging
and
subsequen
egen-
e a ion
in
he
sou he n
o es
o
Wes e n
Aus alia.
De-
pa men
o
Conse a ion
and
Land
Managemen
W.A.
Technical
epo
No.16.
B adshaw,
F.J.,
Adams,
R.,
Sneeuwjag ,
R.,
Low,
K.,
Ha el,
J.J.,
Ba le,
J.R.
&
S oneman,
G.L.
1991.
The
Ja ah
o -
es :
A
case
s udy
in
mul iple
use.
Pp.
1-21
in
Fo es
Managemen
in
Aus alia.
Eds
F.H.
McKinnell,
E.R.
Hopkins
&
J.E.D.
Fox.
Su ey
Bea y,
Sydney.
B eckwold ,
R.
1983.
Wildli e
in
he
Home
Paddock:
Na u e
Conse a ion
o
Aus alian
Fa me s.
Angus
&
Robe -
son,
Sydney.
Cu le,
P.
1982.
A
p elimina y
epo
on
aspec s
o
he
be-
ha iou
o
he
dasyu id
ma supial
Phascogale
lapaola a
Pp.
325-332
in
Ca ni o ous
Ma supials.
Ed.
M.
A che .
Royal
Zoological
Socie y
New
Sou h
Wales,
Sydney.
Da ey,
S.M.
1989.
Though s
owa ds
a
o es
wildli e
man-
agemen
s a egy.
Aus alian
Fo es y
52,
56-67.
Da ey,
S.M.
&
No on,
T.W.
1990.
S a e
o es s
in
Aus alia
and
hei
ole
in
wildli e
conse a ion.
P oceedings
o
he
Ecological
Socie y
o
Aus alia
16,
323-45.
Fo shaw,
J.M.
1981.
Aus alian
Pa o s.
Lansdowne,
Mel-
bou ne.
Hicks,
J.
&
G eenwood.
D.
1989.
Rescuing
No olk
Island's
Pa o .
Bi ds
In e na ional
1(4);
34-47.
Inions,
G.B.,
Tan on.
M.T.
&
Da ey,
S.M.
1989.
E ec
o
i e
on
he
a ailablili y
o
hollows
in
ees
used
by
he
Common
B ush ail
Possum,
T ichosu us
ulpecula
Ke .
1792.
and
he
Ring ail
Possum,
Pseudochei us
pe eg i-
nus
Boddae s,
1785.
Aus alian
Wildli e
Resea ch
16,
449-458.
Joseph,
L.,
Emison,
W.B.
&
B en,
W.M.
1991.
C i ical
as-
sessmen
o
he
conse a ion
s a us
o
Red- ailed
Black-
Cocka oos
in
sou h-eas e n
Aus alia
wi h
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T
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.988,
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1,
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Sou he n
Hemisphe e
O ni hological
Cong ess
P o essional
and
ama eu
o ni hologis s
a e
ad ^^
will
be
an
in e na ional
con e ence
ha
has
been
sche
Aus alasian
O ni hologis s
Union.
Al hough
he
conduc ed
in
Wes e n
Aus alia
and
o ganised
he
Roy
habi a s,
delega es
who
wish
ha
has
been
planned
o
29
Sep embe
o
4
Oc obe
j
ce ain
o
be
a
majo
egional
cen e
Loca ion:
The
enue
has
no
ye
been
.nahsed
•al houg^
^
^
wi hin
easy
each
o
Pe h,
Wes e n
Aus alia.
Exce
e
^
^
pos -con e ence
ou s
ha
accommoda ion
anging
om
basic
o
luxu y
p
A SQ p n
Aus alia
o e ed
o
delega es,
demons a e
he
magni icen
na u al
his o y
o
sou
-
Ame ica
An a c ica
and
on
Majo
heme:
Bi ds
and
hei
habi a s
in
Aus alasia,
A ica,
Sou h
Ame ica,
A
suban a c ic
islands.
.
n os
bi ds
Sub- hemes:
(1)
Conse a ion
and
managemen
o
and
zone
and
o es
Di a
.
(2)
Impac
o
habi a
agmen a ion
on
bi d
communi ies.
(3)
S udies
o
mig a o y
seabi ds
and
wade s.
(4)
B eeding
biology
and
ma ing
sys ems
o
sou he n
hemisphe e
bi
d
.
(5)
Abundance
and
dis ibu ion
o
bi ds.
(6)
Plan -animal
in e ac ions
and
pollina ion.
(7)
Fo aging
beha iou
in
e es ial
bi d
communi ies.
Fu he
in o ma ion:
Pe sons
seeking
addi ional
in o ma ion
shoulc»
co ac
he
(
^
P esiden
o
he
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