Gene al No es
Au ho (s): William L. Jellison, A. I. Roes , R. M. S o m, P. C. Dumas, Cha les O.
Handley, J ., E. P. Wheele , 2nd, Vic o B. Sche e , Richa d G. an Gelde , Te y A.
Vaughan, Ho ace F. Quick, Wa en M. Pulich, A. W. Scho ge , William H. Ru he o d,
Ke y B. S e ling, Allen H. Ben on, W. Robe Eadie, Claude W. Hibba d, Philip H.
K u zsch, Raymond E. Ryckman, Ches e C. Lind , Lloyd G. Ingles, B. G. High owe , V.
W. Lehman and R. B ...
Sou ce:
Jou nal o Mammalogy
, May, 1953, Vol. 34, No. 2 (May, 1953), pp. 249-271
Published by: Ame ican Socie y o Mammalogis s
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Jou nal o Mammalogy
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GENERAL NOTES GENERAL NOTES
SCHEFFER, V. B. 1949. No es on h ee beaked whales om he Aleu ian Islands. Pac.
Science, 3:353.
SCHEFFER, V. B. AND J. W. SLIPP. 1948. The whales and dolphins o Washing on S a e
wi h a key o he ce aceans o he wes coas o No h Ame ica. Ame . Midl. Na .,
39: 257-337.
TRUE, F. W. 1885. Con ibu ions o he his o y o he Commande Islands. No. 5. De-
sc ip ion o a new species o Mesoplodon, M. s ejnege i, ob ained by D . Leona d
S ejnege , in Be ing Island. P oc. U. S. Na . Mus., 8: 584-585.
1910. An accoun o he beaked whales o he amily Ziphiidae in he collec ion
o he Uni ed S a es Na ional Museum, wi h ema ks on some specimens in o he
Ame ican museums. Bul. U. S. Na . Mus., no. 73. 89 p.
Cali o nia Academy o Sciences, San F ancisco. Recei ed Ap il 11, 1952.
GENERAL NOTES
A BEAKED WHALE, MESOPLODON SP., FROM THE PRIBILOFS
Du ing he summe o 1951, he w i e had he a e oppo uni y o spend a mon h on S .
Paul Island, one o he Fu Seal Rooke y Islands o he P ibilo g oup in he Be ing Sea,
and o s udy pa asi es and diseases o he u seals a he in i a ion o he U. S. Fish and
Wildli e Se ice. This isi ga e he oppo uni y o wo k on a s anded whale. G ea was
my su p ise o ind ha i was a ai ly comple e specimen o Mesoplodon, one o he a e
beaked whales.
On Sep embe 7, wo d eached me ha M . Maussey, who ends he pumping sys em o
he Island's wa e supply, had ound a s ange animal s anded on he beach nea his s a ion
on S ony Poin along he eas side o he Island, and had sa ed om i a single oo h.
Niki e Mand igan, na i e o eman on S . Paul Island, sugges ed ha M . Maussey show
he single oo h o me. I was a hea y la ened oo h, abou 12 inch hick, iangula in
shape, 23 inches on a side, wi h only he op Y inch ha ing been exposed in he jaw. I
did no esemble any sha k oo h ha I had e e seen no did i esemble any hing wi h
which I was amilia . We hen hiked abou a mile o he beach o see his s ange animal.
The beach pa y included Don Knudsen, pho og aphe om Ancho age, and F ank Shaw,
Assis an Di ec o , Uni e sal-In e na ional Pic u es, om Hollywood, who we e on S .
Paul o ake mo ies o a Rex Beach ilm, hen unde p oduc ion.
Ka l Kenyon, Cla ence Jo dan, and Fo d Wilke, Fish and Wildli e Se ice Biologis s,
had le ins uc ions pos ed in hei labo a o y as o wha o do in hei absence i a whale o
big ish we e ound s anded on he Island. These ins uc ions had been e iewed. Upon
a i al a S ony Poin we ound he ca cass jus abo e high ide and in a good s a e o
p ese a ion. Pho og aphs we e aken and he animal was measu ed a 14 ee , 6 inches in
leng h. The head o he animal was closes o he wa e and appa en ly subme ged a high
ide because i was qui e ee o lesh, hough s ill a ached o he body. The lowe mandible
was sepa a ed om he skull and only one-hal o i emained; his had al eady been b oken
o ob ain he single oo h b ough in by M . Maussey. The skull and b oken lowe jaw we e
aken o he labo a o y o be u he cleaned and d ied. The skull was no ecognized by
any o he Island esiden s who saw i . S ill I was no awa e ha i was any hing unusual.
A ew nigh s la e a sea ch in he limi ed scien i ic lib a y on he Island e ealed a copy o
"Field Book o Gian Fishes" by No man and F ase , which indica ed ha ou s anded
animal was a specimen o Mesoplodon, one o he a es o he whale gene a. This demanded
ha a mo e comple e specimen be p ese ed and ha a s enuous e o be made o sal age
he emainde o he skele on. Wi h wo Aleu helpe s we e u ned o he whale on Sep em-
be 12 o ind i in a mo e decomposed s a e, bu a b isk wind a o ed ou leshing ope a-
ions. Some o he e eb ae we e al eady eed om he ca cass and washed clean; possibly
SCHEFFER, V. B. 1949. No es on h ee beaked whales om he Aleu ian Islands. Pac.
Science, 3:353.
SCHEFFER, V. B. AND J. W. SLIPP. 1948. The whales and dolphins o Washing on S a e
wi h a key o he ce aceans o he wes coas o No h Ame ica. Ame . Midl. Na .,
39: 257-337.
TRUE, F. W. 1885. Con ibu ions o he his o y o he Commande Islands. No. 5. De-
sc ip ion o a new species o Mesoplodon, M. s ejnege i, ob ained by D . Leona d
S ejnege , in Be ing Island. P oc. U. S. Na . Mus., 8: 584-585.
1910. An accoun o he beaked whales o he amily Ziphiidae in he collec ion
o he Uni ed S a es Na ional Museum, wi h ema ks on some specimens in o he
Ame ican museums. Bul. U. S. Na . Mus., no. 73. 89 p.
Cali o nia Academy o Sciences, San F ancisco. Recei ed Ap il 11, 1952.
GENERAL NOTES
A BEAKED WHALE, MESOPLODON SP., FROM THE PRIBILOFS
Du ing he summe o 1951, he w i e had he a e oppo uni y o spend a mon h on S .
Paul Island, one o he Fu Seal Rooke y Islands o he P ibilo g oup in he Be ing Sea,
and o s udy pa asi es and diseases o he u seals a he in i a ion o he U. S. Fish and
Wildli e Se ice. This isi ga e he oppo uni y o wo k on a s anded whale. G ea was
my su p ise o ind ha i was a ai ly comple e specimen o Mesoplodon, one o he a e
beaked whales.
On Sep embe 7, wo d eached me ha M . Maussey, who ends he pumping sys em o
he Island's wa e supply, had ound a s ange animal s anded on he beach nea his s a ion
on S ony Poin along he eas side o he Island, and had sa ed om i a single oo h.
Niki e Mand igan, na i e o eman on S . Paul Island, sugges ed ha M . Maussey show
he single oo h o me. I was a hea y la ened oo h, abou 12 inch hick, iangula in
shape, 23 inches on a side, wi h only he op Y inch ha ing been exposed in he jaw. I
did no esemble any sha k oo h ha I had e e seen no did i esemble any hing wi h
which I was amilia . We hen hiked abou a mile o he beach o see his s ange animal.
The beach pa y included Don Knudsen, pho og aphe om Ancho age, and F ank Shaw,
Assis an Di ec o , Uni e sal-In e na ional Pic u es, om Hollywood, who we e on S .
Paul o ake mo ies o a Rex Beach ilm, hen unde p oduc ion.
Ka l Kenyon, Cla ence Jo dan, and Fo d Wilke, Fish and Wildli e Se ice Biologis s,
had le ins uc ions pos ed in hei labo a o y as o wha o do in hei absence i a whale o
big ish we e ound s anded on he Island. These ins uc ions had been e iewed. Upon
a i al a S ony Poin we ound he ca cass jus abo e high ide and in a good s a e o
p ese a ion. Pho og aphs we e aken and he animal was measu ed a 14 ee , 6 inches in
leng h. The head o he animal was closes o he wa e and appa en ly subme ged a high
ide because i was qui e ee o lesh, hough s ill a ached o he body. The lowe mandible
was sepa a ed om he skull and only one-hal o i emained; his had al eady been b oken
o ob ain he single oo h b ough in by M . Maussey. The skull and b oken lowe jaw we e
aken o he labo a o y o be u he cleaned and d ied. The skull was no ecognized by
any o he Island esiden s who saw i . S ill I was no awa e ha i was any hing unusual.
A ew nigh s la e a sea ch in he limi ed scien i ic lib a y on he Island e ealed a copy o
"Field Book o Gian Fishes" by No man and F ase , which indica ed ha ou s anded
animal was a specimen o Mesoplodon, one o he a es o he whale gene a. This demanded
ha a mo e comple e specimen be p ese ed and ha a s enuous e o be made o sal age
he emainde o he skele on. Wi h wo Aleu helpe s we e u ned o he whale on Sep em-
be 12 o ind i in a mo e decomposed s a e, bu a b isk wind a o ed ou leshing ope a-
ions. Some o he e eb ae we e al eady eed om he ca cass and washed clean; possibly
249 249
May, 1953 May, 1953
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JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY
PLATE I
(TOP) Ven al iew; no e ypical gula g oo es. (CENTER) Flukes and do sal su ace;
no e shallow ail no ch, double sca s, and ligh g ay colo an e io o do sal in. (BOTTOM
LEFT) De ail o jaws, showing ee h. S ick a angle o jaw o p op mou h open. (BOTTOM
RIGHT) Too h om le side, showing in e io su ace; an e io o he igh .
250 Vol. 34, No. 2
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GENERAL NOTES
se e al we e missing. The o he e eb ae we e oughed ou and, whe e possible, s ung on
wi es in p ope o de , o numbe ed wi h ags. The pec o al bones on one side we e sa ed.
Se e al small bones hough o be om he pel is we e also ound. Mos o he bones we e
aken o he labo a o y whe e hey we e u he cleaned and d ied. Some we e so o ensi e
ha hey we e s o ed in one o he smoke houses p e iously used o cu ing seal mea o
ox ood. These a e o be eco e ed nex sp ing by he biologis s.
The skull and pa o he skele on we e b ough o Sea le on he U. S. Coas
and Geode ic Su ey boa , he Pa h inde , whe e hey we e u ned o e o D . Vic o B.
Sche e o he U. S. Fish and Wildli e Se ice.
The single oo h, he mos impo an axonomic cha ac e o he animal, has been
bo owed om M . Knudsen, pho og aphed, and cas in plas e a he Na ional Museum.
When he o he skele al pa s le on S . Paul Island a e ecei ed, a mo e ho ough s udy
will be made o his specimen. This appea s o be an addi ional ma ine mammal eco d o
he P ibilo Islands and adds skele al ma e ial o he s udy o his a e genus o whales.-
WILLIAM L. JELLISON, Rocky Moun ain Labo a o y, Hamil on, Mon ana, Recei ed May 6
1952. [F om he Fede al Secu i y Agency, Public Heal h Se ice, Na ional Ins i u es o
Heal h, Na ional Mic obiological Ins i u e]
CUVIER'S BEAKED WHALE (ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS) FROM OREGON
On Feb ua y 21, 1952, an adul male Cu ie 's beaked whale (Ziphius ca i os is) was
cas up on he beach a Road's End, jus no h o Oceanlake, Lincoln Coun y, O egon. A
pho og aph o he animal, lying on i s igh side, appea ed in he O egonian newspape o
Feb ua y 23, 1952, aken by Les Ful z, o Oceanlake. The au ho s se ou o in es iga e he
animal (misiden i ied as a po poise in he newspape accoun ) ha a e noon.
TABLE 1.-Measu emen s o O egon specimen o Ziphiu4s ca i os is
Leng h, snou o base o ail (no ch) 559 cm. (18 . 4 in.)
Maximum wid h o ail lukes 169 (5 . 2 in.)
Snou o ip o do sal in 380
Do sal in o base o ail (no ch) 178
Snou o inse ion o lippe 123
Snou o co ne o mou h 28.5
Snou o cen e o eye 67.5
Snou o sli o blowhole 63
P ojec ion o lowe jaw beyond snou 1.8
Axilla y wid h o lippe 26
Leng h o lippe 56
Heigh o do sal in 23
Maximum wid h o blowhole 19
Dimensions o eye opening 5.2 x 2.8
Tail no ch o cen e o anus 170
Anus o back o u ogeni al opening 39
Anus o on o u ogeni al opening 63
Leng h o penis exposed 32
On a i al i was lea ned ha he whale had been mo ed om i s o iginal posi ion by he
ide on he nigh o he wen y- i s , and was now lying on i s le side, no a om he
o iginal loca ion. Much o he pigmen ed epide mis had been sc aped o du ing he mo e,
bu enough emained o de e mine he o iginal colo ing o e mos o he animal wi hou
much di icul y. Decomposi ion was jus beginning, a sligh odo being no iceable a e y
close qua e s. Dea h was appa en ly due o a la ge gash beginning jus below he angle o
May, 1953 251
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JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY
he jaw on he le side, cu ing up and a ound o end jus below he on edge o he le
lippe . This showed plainly in he newspape pho o, and he edges can be seen in he ac-
companying iew o he en al su ace. Such a gash migh be he esul o con ac wi h a
ship's p opelle . Bo h lippe s we e b oken a hei inse ions, appa en ly du ing he mo ing
on he nigh o he wen y- i s , as he newspape pho o shows he le lippe , a leas ,
undamaged.
The measu emen s in Table 1 we e aken in cen ime e s, using a wo me e s eel ape;
all measu emen s we e made as nea ly as possible in a s aigh line, and no along he
cu ed body o he animal, and consequen ly a sligh e o may be no ed in he la ge
dimensions.
The blowhole was in he shape o a c escen , he ho ns poin ing o wa d. The measu e-
men om he snou o he sli o he blowhole was made o he cen e o he c escen .
O e he en al su ace and lowe hal o he sides he p edominan colo was e y da k
g ay, app oaching black. Nume ous oundish o o al whi e sca s we e concen a ed in he
pe ineal egion, and long, double sca s occu ed along he sides. These la e we e possibly
due o igh s wi h o he whales, appa en ly being caused by he pai ed ee h a he end o
he lowe jaw o his species. The head was di y whi e, g ading in o a ligh g ay along he
back nea ly o he do sal in, which was blackish like he unde su ace and lukes. In a eas
whe e he epide mis had been ubbed o , especially along he lanks, subsu ace blood om
decomposing issues ga e a osy hue o he o he wise pu e whi e de mis.
The lowe jaw con ained a he end he wo ee h ypical o Ziphius. The igh oo h was
b oken lush wi h he gum. The le oo h, unb oken, was emo ed o aid in iden i ica ion,
and was appa en ly a ached o he su ace o he jaw a he han in a de ini e socke , being
held in place la gely by he gum issue su ounding i o mos o i s leng h. The g ea es
dimensions o his oo h we e: leng h, 65.5 mm.; wid h, 21.0 mm.; hickness, 17.3 mm. I
shows signs o wea .
This epo cons i u es he hi d eco d o Ziphius ca i os is om he Paci ic coas o
he Uni ed S a es, wo o he s ha ing been ound wi hin ecen yea s in Cali o nia (Hubbs,
Jou . Mamm., 27: 242-255, 1946, and O , ibid., 29: 420-421, 1948). A ou h specimen om
Baja Cali o nia (Hubbs, Jou . Mamm., 32: 365-366, 1951), wo om Vancou e Island,
B. C. (Cowan, Mu ele , 21: 9, 1940 and Jou . Mamm., 26: 93-94, 1945), and one om Kiska
Ha bo , Alaska (T ue, U.S.N.M. Bul., 73, 1910), comp ise he emaining eco ds o he
coas o wes e n No h Ame ica.-A. I. ROEST, R. M. STORM, AND P. C. DUMAS, Depa -
men o Zoology, O egon S a e College, Co allis, O e. Recei ed Ma ch 24, 1952.
MARINE MAMMALS IN MICHIGAN PLEISTOCENE BEACHES
A numbe o bones o ma ine mammals ha e been ound in he Pleis ocene lake beaches o
Michigan. Mos o hese ha e come om he lowe peninsula, om beaches anging in age
om A kona o Nipissing. Obscu e men ion has been made o se e al o he inds in li e -
a u e, bu hey a e no gene ally known o mammalogis s.
Unce ain y o he ue o igin o he bones has led o an unde s andable e icence o gi e
hem se ious conside a ion. I is well known ha whale bones a e commonly ca ied o
inland locali ies by cu io collec ing human beings. This was possibly as ue o he Indians
in p e-Columbian imes as i is o whi es oday. Mos inland eco ds o whale emains can
be assigned wi hou hesi a ion o his agency. Howe e , some o he Michigan inds a e
unique. They we e no picked up on he su ace o loca ed in ma ine sedimen s, bu we e
ound bu ied, some a conside able dep hs, in Pleis ocene lake beaches. The ques ion aised is:
Did hese ma ine mammals each he Michigan beaches na u ally o by human anspo ?
I shall be he i s o concede ha e y conside able obs acles s and in he way o imagining
a Pleis ocene ma ine auna in he G ea Lakes, bu I do no wan o a gue ha poin he e.
The pu pose in w i ing his no e is o pu he ac s on eco d, wi h he hope ha hey may
has en a conclusi e answe o he ques ion ha is he e aised.
Winchell (Fi s Biennial Rep . Geol. Su . Michigan, 1861: 133) is appa en ly he
i s o ha e made men ion o Michigan whales, bu his e e ence is ague and may ha e
ela ed o a su ace ind: ". . . a la ge e eb a was disco e ed in he wes e n pa o he
a e which was ecognized a he ime as he caudal e eb a o a whale, by P o . Sage ,
252 Vol. 34, No. 2
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GENERAL NOTES
hen S a e Zoologis ." Acco ding o E. C. Case, o me Di ec o , Museum o Paleon ology,
Uni e si y o Michigan, his specimen was subsequen ly los , and has been ne e eloca ed.
Hinsdale (Uni . Mus., Uni . Michigan, Mich. Handbook Se ies, 1: P1. 37, Fig. 2, 1925)
igu ed a wal us (Odobenus) baculum wi h cul u al objec s om S andish, Michigan. Co -
ec da a o his specimen indica es ha i was disco e ed in O sego Coun y by Ez a
Smi h, who w o e: "I ound he bone when hauling g a el ou o a pi 7 miles NW o Gay-
lo d, Michigan in 1914. O he pieces o bone we e mixed wi h he g a el bu hey did no
a ac pa icula a en ion." This specimen, bea ing no. 490, is p ese ed in he Museum
o An h opology and A cheology o he Uni e si y o Michigan.
In 1930, Hussey (Sci. [N.S.], 72 [1871]: xi ) epo ed b ie ly on h ee se s o whale bones
which had come in o he possession o he Uni e si y o Michigan Museum o Paleon ology.
I ha e ecen ly examined hese specimens. They a e well p ese ed and show no e idence o
human mu ila ion:
No. 14101, a single ib o a in whale, Balaenop e a, was ound du ing exca a ion o a
cella on he p ope y o William Hummell on Genessee Road, 10 miles NE o M . Mo is
(nea Thed o d Cen e , jus sou h o he coun y line), Genessee Coun y. I was s anding
e ically in loose sand o a beach o A kona age.
No. 14102 consis s o a lumba e eb a and wo ibs o a spe m whale, Physe e , aken
om a swamp in he NE co ne o Lewaunee Coun y in 1928. Beach deposi s o his a ea a e
o Whi lesey age, bu since his specimen was no accompanied by de ailed no es, i s age
may be ques ioned.
No. 11008, a single ib, is p obably o a bowhead whale, Balaena. I was disco e ed in 1928
du ing exca a ion a he SW co ne o he schoolhouse a Oscoda, Iosco Coun y. The ib
was i e ee below he su ace in sands o he Nipissing beach. Iden i y o his bone is no
ce ain, o i was no compa ed di ec ly wi h Balaena. Howe e , i closely esembles
Eubalaena, wi h which i was compa ed, and ag ees wi h desc ip ions and igu es o Balaena
in li e a u e.
Ano he ind, no p e iously epo ed, is he an e io po ion o a wal us skull, which is
p ese ed in he Old Fo Mackinac Museum. R. C. Hussey o he Depa men o Geology,
Uni e si y o Michigan, was old ha he skull had been ound many yea s ago in a beach
deposi (Algonquin o Nipissing) on Mackinac Island. The o iginal da a was los in a i e.
The usks a e missing, bu ha e p obably been emo ed since he disco e y o he skull, o
hei al eoli a e well p ese ed. O in e es in his specimen is a se ies o sho pa allel
g oo es on he an e o-la e al ace o he os um. They may be he esul o human ca ing,
bu he e is no way o de e mine whe he hey came on o he bone be o e o subsequen o
i s ecen disco e y.
O he e e ences which ha e a bea ing on his p oblem a e a pape by Came on (Ann.
Rep . Na . Mus. Canada, 1949-1950, Bul. 123: 116-119, 1951) eco ding a Balaena om a
Pleis ocene deposi on he sou h sho e o he Gul o S . Law ence, and a pape by S e n-
be g (ibid.: 259-261, 1951) eco ding Delphinap e us, Phocoena, and Phoca g oenlandica
om he Pleis ocene o he O awa Valley o On a io. Close sc u iny o Michigan's Pleis-
ocene beaches o e eb a e ossils may p o e ui ul.-CHARLES 0. HANDLEY, JR.,
U. S. Na ional Museum, Washing on, D. C. Recei ed May 15, 1952.
NOTES ON PINNIPEDIA
The ollowing no es a e based on nume ous jou neys in no he n Lab ado since 1926.
Du ing many o hem seals we e impo an as ood. I lea ned o iden i y hem om he
Eskimos, whose me hods seem as eliable, i no as o hodox as hose o he scien is . Ex-
cep whe e no ed, he conclusions abou seal beha io a e no in con lic wi h he opinions
o Eskimos, and hey a e keen obse e s, a leas in ma e s o na u al his o y ha a e as
i al o hem as he habi s o seals.
Taxonomy.-Dou (Annals Ca negie Mus., A . 4: 80, 1942) has sugges ed he e a e
g ounds o ques ioning he sepa a ion o he gene a E igna hus and Phoca. This implies
ha he classi ica ion o he pinnipeds is no beyond ques ion, and p omp s he ollowing
obse a ions.
May, 1953 253
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When he inged seal, Phoca hispida, comes o he su ace o b ea he, he body is su -
icien ly ho izon al so ha he head and back ise abo e he su ace, making wo sepa a e
lumps on he wa e . In his espec i esembles he bea ded seal, E igna hus ba ba us, and
he wal us, Odobenus osma us. The ha p seal, Phoca g oenlandica, ises in a qui e di e en
manne , wi h he body much mo e nea ly e ical. I o en sugges s a pa ly ull, loa ing
bo le, and is eadily iden i ied because o his, e en a a conside able dis ance.
Such di e en beha io sugges s a physiological dis inc ion, bu e en i i has some o he
cause, he e is a leas one obse able physiological di e ence. The ou e laye o he inged
seal's in es ines can be sepa a ed om he lining qui e easily. This is also ue o he bea ded
seal. The ou e laye is egula ly emo ed om he in es ines o his species, and ea en aw
as a delicacy by he Eskimos. An e o o peel i om he in es ines o a pa ly g own,
possibly wo-yea old, ha p seal was unsuccess ul.
These obse a ions sugges ha he e may be a close ela ionship be ween he inged
seal and he bea ded seal han be ween he o me and he ha p seal.
Beha io .-Dunba (Fishe ies Res. Bd. Canada, Bul. 85: 10, 1949) commen s ha in-
o ma ion on ood habi s o he ha bo seal, Phoca i ulina, in he no h is sca ce. As a
no h as Okhakh Bay (La . 57? 30' N.) he e is a leas indi ec e idence ha hey ollow he
sea ou , Sal elinus alpinus, up he i e s in he summe . Abou i e miles up om he
mou h o Umiako ik B ook, a he head o Okhakh Bay, Augus 7, 1932, when sea ou
we e unning up he b ook, I saw ou seals a one ime. Du ing he day I could ca ch sea
ou in a gill ne , bu he e would be no hing bu holes in i in he mo ning, indica ing ha
he seals we e obbing he ne a nigh . Augus 12, I killed a ha bo seal less han wo miles
below he ou le o Umiako ik Lake, oughly 15 miles abo e he mou h o he b ook. I
seems sa e o conclude ha he o he seals seen in he b ook we e he same species. I did no
examine he s omach con en s o co obo a e my conclusions abou hei die . In he la e
summe o o he yea s I ha e seen seals, p esumably his species, in Tesse soakh Lake
(La . 56? 38 N., Long. 62? 50 W.), Khingughu ik B ook (La . 56? 51 N., Long. 62? 34' W.),
and he lake a he head o Webb B ook, (La . 56? 58' N., Long. 62? 01' W.), hough his las
b ook is sca cely la ge enough o canoe na iga ion.
Occasionally du ing he summe in his egion a seal may be seen basking on a boulde
p ojec ing abo e he su ace o he wa e in he ide wash. The only specimen I ha e e e
killed unde hese ci cums ances was a ha bo seal.
Dunba (loc. ci .) aises a ques ion as o whe he he inged seal equen s bay heads
because o he ice he e, o because o eeding condi ions. A he end o Sep embe , 1950,
inged seals we e equen ly o be seen a ound he head o Tessiuyakh Bay (La . 57? 16' N.).
On one occasion se e al su aced epea edly in a e y small a ea, and nume ous ho e ing
gulls indica ed hey we e eeding he e. Since no ice had o med as ye a ound he head o
he bay, whe e only a small b ook en e s, eeding condi ions appea o ha e been he con-
olling ac o in his case. La e , when he i s ice de eloped he e, wo seals we e seen
basking on he small a ea while wo o he s s uck hei heads up h ough holes
in i . I seemed a he c owded o seals as soli a y as he inged seal appea s o be, bu i
would be di icul o say whe he he o ma ion o ice had caused an inc ease in he densi y
o popula ion a he head o he bay.
Two inged seals and a pa ly g own ha p seal we e killed in he uppe pa o he bay
du ing Oc obe and No embe . All had emp y s omachs hough he e we e nume ous
occasions when sc eaming gulls ho e ing and di ing o e seals indica ed ha he la e
we e ge ing ood in he bay. Vibe (Meddelelse om G 0nland, 150: 71, 1950) epo s ha all
inged seals killed by him while hey we e sleeping on he ice in he sp ing had emp y s om-
achs. This aises an in e es ing ques ion as o wha inged seals do a e ea ing.
Immedia ely a e Tessiuyakh Bay oze o e a he beginning o Decembe , snow and
mild wea he caused he ice o ounde so badly ha e en oxes had occasional ouble
nego ia ing he slush. Soon a e he ice became secu e enough o a el, I ound a dead,
inged seal ozen in o i . The e was a ench indica ing i had a eled some dis ance o e
he slush. Possibly i had los he hole by which i had come up on o he ice. I seems e y
unlikely ha he hole could ha e ozen o e while he slush was s ill so so ha he seal
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made a ench in i . A he end o he ench he e was a la ge ci cula a ea o chu ned up,
blood-s ained, ozen slush in which he ca cass lay, wi h mos o he skin and mea gnawed
om he undamaged skull, and se e al holes in he skin whe e a ens had been pecking.
The e was e y li le hai on he hide excep in he dep essions a ound he on lippe s.
A ox ack app oached along he ench, and he e we e many ozen acks in he chu ned
up a ea. Possibly he ox had killed he seal. Eskimos wi h whom I discussed he ques ion
hough i was unlikely ha a ox could kill a heal hy inged seal, claiming ha his seal is a
ma ch o a sled dog. I he seal had been wounded and c awled up on he ice o die, i is
likely ha he e would ha e been some sign o blood along he ench. The hai less con-
di ion o he skin may ha e indica ed disease, which had weakened he animal, o possibly
i had esul ed om cha ing du ing p og ess along he ench.
In he egion om Nain (La . 56? 33' N.) o Heb on (La . 58? 12' N.) inged seals s a
basking on he land- as ice among he ou e islands as ea ly as he beginning o May. Ye
in he sp ing o 1951 none we e seen in Tessiuyakh Bay un il June 3, when he ice was
ge ing o en in he bay. On June 12, 15 we e coun ed in a 4.5 squa e mile a ea o he uppe
bay, and hey con inued he e as long as he e was any d y ice o c awl ou on. Appa en ly
hey mo ed in o he bay, when he ice began o o , un il an abno mally high popula ion
densi y had de eloped. The e was no lack o ice ou side he bay o accoun o hei mo ing
in. None we e no ed du ing se e al days spen a ound he bay a e open wa e a he
beginning o July, sugges ing ha he popula ion densi y had d opped sha ply, bu no
special wa ch o seals was being kep a ha ime.
Eskimo Names.-Dunba (loc. ci .) poin s ou ha he Canadian Eskimo name o he
ha p seal is kyolik while he G eenland name is a ak, wi h he commen ha he knows o no
explana ion o he ma ked di e ence. In Lab ado qai olik, in addi ion o being he name
o he bi ch, Be ula papy i e a, is he gene al name o he ha p seal. A big, old ha p is called
ak oq, which is no a om he G eenland name gi en by Dunba . I ha e ne e hea d he
wo d applied o any o he animal han he ha p seal, hough Bou quin (GRAMMATIK DER
ESKIMO-SPRACHE: 368, 1891) indica es ha i also applies o la ge indi iduals o some o he
species.
The o he Eskimo names gi en by Dunba a e close enough o he o ms used in Lab ado
so ha hey a e eadily ecognizable.-E. P. WHEELER, 2ND., 820 Uni e si y A enue, I haca,
N. Y. Recei ed June 2, 1952.
OTTERS DIVING TO A DEPTH OF SIXTY FEET
M s. Go man Fox o Si ka, Alaska, w o e us a le e on Janua y 31, 1952, desc ibing he
cap u e by he husband o an o e , Lu a canadensis, in a c ab po se in Fish Bay in ea ly
Ap il, 1949. A a la e , unspeci ied, da e M . Fox ook wo o e s in Deep Bay a he same
ime and in he same po . "He igu es he dep h o he po s a abou 10 a homs,-jus
beyond he d op o . He igu es he dep h by buoy lines. The unnel-eyes on he po s a e
32 x 8 inches so he o e s mus ha e eally wan ed o ge in. We bai wi h clams, and he e
we e no c abs in he po s....The o e s do a lo o eeding a ound ou canne y and hey
go down and b ing up bullheads [ ish, Co idae]. The wa e is 7 a homs."
This ecalls a s a emen by Leslie C. Cox (Field, 1947, . 190, p. 638) "... an o -sho e
ishe man, Eli Collins by name, on h ee di e en occasions caugh o e s in his lobs e
po s [on he English coas ]. On each occasion when he hauled his po s he ound he o e
d owned, ha ing appa en ly go in a e he bai ."-VIcTOR B. SCHEFFER, U. S. Fish and
Wildli e Se ice, Sea le, Washing on. Recei ed May 13, 1952.
THE EGG-OPENING TECHNIQUE OF A SPOTTED SKUNK
Spo ed skunks (Spilogale) equen ly ha e been accused o ea ing chicken eggs. How-
e e , he smalle subspecies o Spilogale, which occu in he sou he n po ions o he ange,
appa en ly canno open hei mou hs su icien ly wide o ob ain a i m enough g asp o open
a medium o la ge hen's egg. The ollowing obse a ion may indica e he manne in which
hese small animals open la ge eggs.
A cap i e adul emale spo ed skunk (Spilogale pu o ius amba alis) om Hend y
May, 1953 255
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Coun y, Flo ida, was gi en a la ge hen's egg, o he i s ime o he bes o he w i e 's
knowledge. The egg was s addled, held agains he lowe abdomen, and kep om olling o
ei he side by p essu e om he o elegs. A emp s we e made o nea ly i e minu es o
open he egg by bi ing, and hen a new echnique was ab up ly a emp ed. The egg was
pushed backwa ds by he o elegs, and gi en a quick kick o he ea by one hind leg as he
egg passed benea h he hind end o he animal. A he ime o his obse a ion, he skunk
was housed in a ba h ub, and he e was a maximum dis ance o h ee ee o clea space o
he a hes side o he ub. The p opelled egg a eled his dis ance su p isingly apidly.
The skunk did no seem o "aim" he egg, bu p opelled i in wha e e di ec ion happened
o be behind he when she had go en in o he p ope posi ion o kick he egg. On he i h
kick he egg s uck he wall wi h su icien o ce o c ack i , and he skunk p oceeded o open
a small hole and lap ou he con en s. La e she de ou ed some o he shell as well. The
skunk has been gi en eggs se e al imes since, and she has epea ed he p ocedu e- i s
a emp ing o bi e he egg open, and hen kicking i backwa ds un il i b eaks.
A somewha simila me hod was employed by young Mephi is acco ding o Do is C.
King (Reade s' Diges , 1944, 44 (266): 85). The ac ion was desc ibed as being simila o a
oo ball cen e passing he ball be ween his legs, which is he i s imp ession one ge s in
he case o Spilogale un il he ac ion is ca e ully obse ed.-RICHARD G. VAN GELDER,
Museum o Na u al His o y, Uni e si y o Illinois, U bana, Illinois. Recei ed No embe 19,
1952.
UNUSUAL CONCENTRATION OF HOARY BATS
On May 25,1951, while collec ing ba s a a pond in he San Gab iel Moun ains o Sou he n
Cali o nia, I obse ed a a he unusual concen a ion o hoa y ba s (Lasiu us cine eus
cine eus). The pond was in San An onio Canyon a abou 2800 ee ele a ion, and was
bo de ed by alde s and su ounded by s eep, d y, chapa al-clo hed slopes.
Th oughou ea ly May I had been collec ing ba s a ce ain ponds in San An onio Canyon
by using Bo ell's me hod o s e ching wi es jus abo e he su ace o he wa e whe e ba s
come o d ink (Jou . Mamm., 18: 478-480, 1937). Hoa y ba s we e aken qui e egula ly, bu
gene ally only wo o h ee we e caugh du ing an e ening's collec ing, which usually ex-
ended om sundown o abou 11:00 P.M. On May 25, he i s hoa y ba dipped down o
d ink a 8:21 P.M. and was cap u ed. F om his ime un il abou 10:30 P.M., when I s opped
collec ing, hese ba s came in la ge numbe s. Du ing his ime, wen y- wo hoa y ba s we e
collec ed and p obably an equal numbe we e obse ed. All bu wo o he cap u ed ba s
we e eleased, whe eupon mos o hem li in he nea by alde s o es and d y hei we u .
Se e al imes du ing he e ening wo o mo e hoa y ba s we e cou sing o e he pond a he
same ime. This same e ening he o he common species o ba s-Pipis ellus hespe us
me iami, Myo is cali o nicus cali o nicus, Myo is e o is e o is, and Ep esicus uscus
be na dinus-we e aken in usual numbe s.
May 25 was he i s eally ho day o sp ing. The ho wea he may ha e s a ed he
no hwa d mig a ion o he hoa y ba s, wi h a ending concen a ions o his species a
ce ain ele a ional bel s. Though he wea he emained wa m, collec ing o se e al nigh s
ollowing May 25 p oduced only ou hoa y ba s, and none we e no ed o collec ed on May
26. All he hoa y ba s examined du ing he collec ing in May we e males, indica ing a seg e-
ga ion o sexes a his ime o he yea .-TERRY A. VAUGHAN, Depa men o Zoology,
Cla emon G adua e School, Cla emon , Cali o nia. Recei ed Ma ch 28, 1952.
OCCURRENCE OF PORCUPINE QUILLS IN CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS
A collec ion o abou 500 mammals was made du ing he apping seasons o 1947, 1948,
and 1949, in he icini y o Fo Nelson, B i ish Columbia. This egion is ypical o he
ex ensi e wilde ness which bo de s he iso he mic line ma king he zone o pe ma os .
I is a densely imbe ed egion a he no he n edge o he G ea Bo eal Fo es (Ha e,
Geog aphical Re iew, Oc obe : 615, 1950) wi h in e spe sed a eas o aiga and und a.
The egion o abou 20,000 squa e miles om which he collec ions we e made p oduces a
a ie y o u animal species ha is p obably no exceeded anywhe e on he No h Ame ican
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basal po ions o he hai s a e Pale Neu al G ay (capi alized colo e ms om Ridgway,
1912, COLOR STANDARDS AND COLOR NOMENCLATURE) a he han Sla e Colo as is seen in
no mal indi iduals, and he hai ips on he do sum a e Ligh Vinaceous-Cinnamon a he
han b own. The belly is nea ly whi e. The e is no black in he pelage. No hing unusual
abou eye colo was no ed a he ime o cap u e.
The o he Na ional Museum specimen (USNM 293682) was collec ed a Hu icane,
Wise Coun y, Vi ginia, on Decembe 31, 1941. I s hai s a e da ke basally han no mal and
he ips o he do sal hai s a e such a da k, ich shade o b own ha he mass e ec is nea ly
black. Dis inc ion in colo be ween base and ip o hai is appa en only upon close in-
spec ion. The belly, ee , and ail a e co espondingly da k.
Nume ous o he no mal-colo ed indi iduals ha e been collec ed a each o hese local-
i ies.-CHARLES O. HANDLEY, JR., U. S. Na ional Museum, Washing on, D. C. Recei ed
May 6, 1952.
RESPONSE OF MICROTUS TO VEGETATIVE COVER
I has long been obse ed ha meadow oles, Mic o us pennsyl anicus, seem o be mo e
abundan in he hea ie co e o an a ea. I is common expe ience ha unways a e mo e
abundan he e han in he ligh e co e and ha mo e mice a e aken in aps loca ed
TABLE 1.-Numbe o bai placemen s and accep ances on each quad an o a qua e -ac e plo
QUADRANT NO. OF PLACEMENTS EACH DATE NO. ACCEPTED OCT. 14 NO. ACCEPTED NOV. 8
1 25 3 3
2 25 12 7
3 25 16 13
4 25 15 15
To als 100 46 38
in he hea ie co e . In he cou se o expe imen s on he o aging habi s o Mic o us (Eadie,
Co nell Uni . Exp. S a. Bul. 856, 1950), an oppo uni y occu ed o measu e quan i a i ely
his esponse o co e , in a limi ed expe imen .
A qua e -ac e quad a was ma ked ou in a ou -ac e, uncu imo hy hay plo , and i e
lines o bai placemen s we e es ablished ac oss i wi h 20 ee be ween lines. Two oa
g ains we e placed a each bai spo , which we e i e ee apa in he lines. Runways we e
a oided in making hese placemen s, which we e le o e nigh and checked o accep ance
he ollowing mo ning. The Mic o us popula ion was o mode a e densi y on he a ea du ing
he s udy, and no o he small mammals we e aken on he a ea in subsequen apping.
The accep ance o he bai placemen s was plo ed, and i was obse ed ha one segmen
o he quad a seemed o be a oided by he mice, since a low accep ance a e was eco ded
o i in con as o he gene al pa e n o accep ance in he emainde o he quad a .
The expe imen was epea ed h ee weeks la e on he same quad a wi h essen ially simila
esul s (Table 1).
The low a e o accep ance on one segmen o he plo was signi ican each ime when
compa ed o he a e o accep ance o he quad a as a whole (co ec ed xs = 10.2 and
6.1). Inspec ion o he quad a indica ed a somewha ligh e ege a i e co e on he a ea o
low accep ance and, al hough his seemed ample o ai Mic o us habi a , a quan i a i e
measu emen was made o he di e ence in he amoun o co e on he a eas o high and
low accep ance.
A ci cula , wi e hoop, 12 inches in diame e , was d opped a andom on h ee di e en
spo s in each o he a eas. The ege a ion wi hin he hoop a each spo was emo ed down
o he ba e g ound. These sepa a e samples we e ai -d ied in he labo a o y and weighed,
wi h he esul s shown in Table 2.
May, 1953
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The di e ence in he amoun o ege a i e co e as indica ed by hese samples was
highly signi ican . The a ea o high accep ance had almos wice as much ege a i e co e
as he a ea o low accep ance.
TABLE 2.-Weigh s o ai -d ied ege a i e samples om a eas o low and high bai accep ance
SAMPLE NO. PROM LOW ACCEPTANCE AREA FROM HIGH ACCEPTANCE AREA
1 28.5 g ams 72.5 g ams
2 38.3 g ams 56.5 g ams
3 40.5 g ams 64.4 g ams
Mean 35.8 g ams 64.5 g ams
-d = 28.7 g ams s = 7.2 g ams
This limi ed expe imen seems o hin a a a he di ec esponse o Mic o us o meas-
u able di e ences in he amoun o ege a i e co e wi hin i s local habi a . This esponse
has a p ac ical applica ion in Mic o us con ol in o cha ds, since i suppo s he alue o
he p ac ice o making epea ed mowings and emo ing su ace ege a ion om he sod
o cha d loo o make he a ea less habi able o mice. I also suppo s o some ex en he
p ac ice o c ea ing ege a ion- ee a eas su ounding ee bases.-W. ROBERT EADIE,
Depa men o Conse a ion, Co nell Uni e si y, I haca, N. Y. Recei ed May 5, 1952.
A NEW SOUTH DAKOTA LOCALITY FOR THE KANGAROO RAT, DIPODOMYS
The p esen eas e n limi o dis ibu ion o he kanga oo a , Dipodomys, in Sou h
Dako a, Neb aska, and Kansas, appea s o be i y o one hund ed miles wes o he Mis-
sou i Ri e (Se ze , Uni . Kans. Publ. Mus. Na . His ., 1: 535, 1949). Tha i s ange ex-
ended a he eas in sub-Recen imes is indica ed by he disco e y o a pai o audi o y
bullae, no di e ing in size o de ail om hose o Dipodomys o di lu eolus Goldman, in an
Indian illage si e on he wes bank o he Missou i Ri e , 6.3 i e miles no hwes o
Pie e, Sou h Dako a. The age o his si e, he Dodd Si e, is no de ini ely known, bu
acco ding o F. H. H. Robe s, J ., Bu eau o Ame ican E hnology, i was p obably oc-
cupied in e y la e p e-con ac imes. The specimen (USNM 293799) was collec ed du ing
he Missou i Ri e Basin Su eys o he Bu eau o Ame ican E hnology by Donald J.
Lehme . The si e was in he line o he app oach channel o he Oahe Dam, and has been
des oyed by cons uc ion wo k.-CHARLES 0. HANDLEY, JR., U. S. Na ional Museum,
Washing on, D. C. Recei ed May 6, 1952.
A CHANGE IN THE DEFINITION OF THE GENERIC CHARACTERS OF THE
GENUS DIPODOMYS GRAY
Coues (P oc. Acad. Na . Sci. Phila., pa 2:272-327,1875) unde he heading o , "Gene ic
Cha ac e s o Dipodomys," made he ollowing s a emen on page 306: "Mola s (1-')
simple, oo less." On page 316 unde he heading o , "Den al Cha ac e s o Dipodomys,"
he makes he ollowing ambiguous s a emen : "The den i ion o Dipodomys is simple.
O he ou mola ee h abo e and below, he an e io one is a p emola , being p eceded
by a deciduous oo h, which, howe e , is long pe sis en . This one is oo ed and wi h a
mo e complica ed c own han he es ; he mola s p ope a e oo less and pe ennial."
I is no known whe he his e e ence o "This one" e e s o he deciduous ou h
p emola o o he pe manen ou h p emola . His ollowing e e ence o "mola s p ope "
may indica e ha he may ha e conside ed he exp ession "This one" o e e o he pe ma-
nen ou h p emola .
Rega dless o how Coues in ended his s a emen , he has been quo ed by la e wo ke s as
ha ing said ha cheek ee h a e e e g owing o o pe sis en g ow h, and his cha ac e
has been conside ed as one o he diagnos ic cha ac e s o he genus Diopodomys.
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In he ew adul and old adul Recen specimens o Dipodomys o di ha I ha e dissec ed,
I ha e ound oo s p esen on bo h P4 and P4 in all specimens. On P4 he an e io and
pos e io oo s a e used and a e T-shaped in old adul s and V-shaped in young adul s.
The oo s on P4 a e used and o m a knob-like base.
In an adul specimen o Dipodomys me iami, he bases o he p emola s we e closed
and each possessed a well-de eloped single oo . No old adul specimen o Dipodomys
dese i was a ailable, bu an adul specimen had he base o P4 closed and he e was he
beginning o oo de elopmen . The base o P4 was nea ly closed. Many o he specimens,
and o he species, should be examined and close a en ion gi en o he bases o he i s
and second mola s in ex emely old adul specimens.
The gene ic cha ac e "e e g owing cheek ee h" should be changed o " he ou h
p emola oo ed o gene ally oo ed in adul specimens and oo ed in old adul specimens."
As a as known, he i s o hi d mola s a e "e e g owing."
I am mos g a e ul o D . W. H. Bu , and o D . Emme T. Hoope , o he Museum o
Zoology, o gene ously allowing he dissec ion o Recen skulls and jaws o Dipodomys
in he collec ion unde hei ca e.-CLAUDE W. HIBBARD, Museum o Paleon ology, Uni-
e si y o Michigan, Ann A bo , Michigan. Recei ed Ap il 4, 1952.
SUPERNUMERARY MOLARS IN THE JUMPING MOUSE (ZAPUS PRINCEPS)
Tee h in addi ion o hose no mal o a species may de elop a any place in he oo h
ow. Such ee h a y in size and shape bu usually ha e li le unc ional impo ance.
In mammals mos de ia ions om he no mal numbe o ee h esul om he p esence o
absence o ee h which a e in he p ocess o being los . Mo e a ely, de ia ions esul in
addi ions o he basic placen al o mula.
The supe nume a y ee h he e eco ded a e in an adul emale o he moun ain jumping
mouse, Zapus p inceps p inceps Allen (U. S. Biological Su ey Collec ion, No. 264388),
which was aken on July 15, 1931, a Go hic, Gunnison Coun y, Colo ado. The den i ion is
ully e up ed and shows mode a e wea . The usual ou cheek ee h (PM4, M', M2, and
M3) o he maxilla y ow and he h ee (M,1 M2, and ML) o he mandibula ow a e p esen
and no mal. A he pos e io end o each maxilla y ow is an ex a mola . The e a e no
supe nume a y ee h in he mandibula se ies.
The addi ional ee h a e only sligh ly smalle han he adjacen mola s, and he c owns
o he addi ional ee h a e a he same occlusal le el. The supe nume a y ee h we e unc-
ional since hey a e app oxima ely as wo n as a e he o he cheek ee h. The le oo h is
sligh ly la ge han he igh . The g ea es diame e o he c own o he le oo h, meas-
u ed ans e sely o he axis o he oo h ow, is 0.8 mm. and he an e opos e io diame e
is 0.7 mm., as compa ed wi h a ans e se diame e o 0.6 mm. and an an e opos e io
diame e o 0.7 mm. o he igh oo h. On each side o he uppe jaw, he mola im-
media ely p eceding he supe nume a y oo h measu es 1.0 mm. ans e sely and 0.8 mm.
an e opos e io ly. In occlusal iew, he c own o each supe nume a y oo h is shaped like
h ee qua e s o a ci cle and is unca e on he an e io side.
Johnson (Jou . Mamm., 33: 70, 1952), in epo ing a simila case o an Asia ic oden ,
specula ed as o he possible signi icance, in oden s, o an added oo h a he pos e io
end o he mola i o m se ies. He sugges ed wo explana ions: i s , " ha he h ee cheek
ee h o he no mal oo h ow in mu oid oden s [in Zapus he las h ee ee h] a e ue
mola s," in which case he added oo h mus be a ou h mola ; o , mo e p obably, " ha
he an e io oo h in he se ies is homologous wi h he ou h deciduous p emola o o he
mammals and ha he emaining wo ee h co espond o he i s and second mola s."
In he e en he la e specula ion is co ec , an addi ional oo h mus be a hi d mola ;
"An occasional es ige o he los hi d mola migh be expec ed o appea a he pos e io
end o he oo h ow" (Johnson, loc. ci .).
Ano he explana ion which seems mo e plausable o me is ha he supe nume a y
ee h migh ha e esul ed om bi u ca ion o he enamel o gans. I such we e he case,
he equali y o he wo pa s would depend upon when and whe e he spli occu ed.-
May, 1953 265
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PHILIP H. KRUTZSCH, Museum o Na u al His o y, Uni e si y o Kansas, Law ence, Kansas.
Recei ed May 19, 1952.
ABERRANT CITELLUS BEECHEYI SPECIMENS FROM ORANGE
COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
A s udy o ec opa asi es ound on Ci ellus beecheyi beecheyi (Richa dson) is being con-
duc ed in O ange Coun y, Cali o nia by he School o T opical and P e en i e Medicine.
An occasional golden g ound squi el was seen while apping o oden s i e miles no h-
wes o San Juan Capis ano. Fi y squi els we e cap u ed om a en-ac e pas u e a ea;
47 we e ypical C. beecheyi beecheyi and h ee, o six pe cen , we e golden abe an s. The
golden abe an o ms and he ypical da k squi els used he same bu ow sys ems.
The squi els we e apped by No. 1% size s eel aps. One specimen, while in he ap,
was pa ially ea en by a hawk; a second ( emale) was sho and a s udy-skin made; and he
hi d ( emale) has been ea ed o se en mon hs, No embe h ough May. The o me
squi el was cap u ed on No embe 4, and he la e wo on No embe 6, 1951.
The golden specimens men ioned abo e a e iden i ied om he ypical popula ion
p incipally by colo di e ences. The abe an o ms a e cha ac e ized by he ollowing colo
pa e n: Top o head, do sal neck, back, and ump a e golden b own wi h inconspicous
ligh golden mo ling a ia ions. Shoulde s ips a e golden; abdomen and unde pa s
a e ligh golden.
Measu emen s o he abe an s and ypical o ms a e as ollows: The abe an squi el
cap u ed and skinned No embe 6, 1951, measu ed 379-162-53-24; he squi el ea ed in
he labo a o y was anes he ized and measu ed in he labo a o y du ing Ma ch. Measu e-
men s ob ained hen we e 363-152-50-26. Nine da k emales we e apped du ing Ma ch
om he same a ea as he golden squi els. Thei measu emen s we e 423-170-54-26, 410-
157-52-24, and 384-136-50-18, maximum, mean and minimum espec i ely.
Beha io is indeed subjec i e o measu e, bu he single golden squi el unde obse a-
ion in he labo a o y appea s o be o a mo e e i ing na u e han da ke squi els. The
la e whis le and cha e u iously i dis u bed in hei cages, bu he golden animal
emains quie and " eezes" in a e i ing posi ion.
The s udy skin and skull we e deposi ed wi h he U. S. Na ional Museum. An a emp
is being made o ma e he emaining golden emale o a ypical da k male in he labo a o y.
The au ho s a e indeb ed o D . Kenne h S age , Los Angeles Coun y Museum, and
D . D. H. Johnson, U. S. Na ional Museum, o assis ance in compa ing s udy skins in he
abo e museums.-RAYMOND E. RYCKMAN AND CHESTER C. LINDT, Depa men o En o-
mology, School o T opical and P e en i e Medicine, Loma Linda, Cali o nia. Recei ed
Ap il 4, 1952.
OBSERVATIONS ON BARRO COLORADO ISLAND MAMMALS
The ollowing ield obse a ions on Ba o Colo ado Island mammals a e in ended as
supplemen a y o hose al eady eco ded by Goldman (Smi hsonian Misc. Colls., 69 (5):
1-309; 1920), Chapman (MY TROPICAL AIR CASTLE, 1933; LIFE IN AN AIR CASTLE, 1938), Ende s
(Bul. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78: 385-502, 1935), and Ca pen e (Comp. Psych. Mono., 10 (2),
1934). They we e made by he au ho in he d y season be ween Decembe 16, 1951 and
Ma ch 16, 1952.
Saccop e yx bilinea a. Whi e-lined ba .-Fou indi iduals o his ba we e daily obse ed
as hey occupied a oos ing place unde he ea es o a cabin. These ba s hold hei heads
highe han he le el o hei wings while oos ing. They a e e y ac i e in he day ime,
and equen ly change places e en i i means mo ing ou empo a ily in o he sunshine.
On especially sul y days hey would cling o he window sc een, appa en ly o ecei e a
g ea e ci cula ion o ai . One was cap u ed wi h an insec ne o measu emen s. When
eleased i e u ned o i s egula oos ing spo . On each o h ee isi s 47 o hese ba s
we e coun ed in he shaded ca i ies o med by he bu esses o he Van Tyne big ee
(Bombacopsis Fendle i). The e was always conside able shi ing and lu e ing o e es ing
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GENERAL NOTES
indi iduals du ing hese obse a ions. A he labo a o y clea ing hese ba s egula ly le
hei oos ea lie and e u ned o i la e han did o he species o ba s.
A ibeus wa soni. Wa son's ba .-Chapman (1933) was he i s o call a en ion o he
" en s" made p esumably by his ba , and de ini ely occupied by i , using he lea o he
palm, Geonoma decu ens. The au ho ound as many as h ee indi iduals occupying one
en made om a lea o his palm. Howe e ano he palm, Geonoma bine ia, seems o be
u ilized much mo e equen ly. Six en s examined on Feb ua y 5 be ween ma ke s 7 and
8 on he Shannon T ail con ained no ba s.
Cebus capucinus. Whi e- aced monkey.-A oop o hese monkeys was obse ed o un
on he g ound ac oss an open space o a s a apple ee (Ch ysophyllum panamensis) 50
me e s om he o es edge. A e a week o bai ing, using he s a apples, a ew indi iduals
we e induced o come down nea he o es loo o pho og aphic pu poses. Al hough he
came a and lash we e ipped wi h an elec ic con ol 50 ee long, he animals app oached
wi hin i e ee o he came a and showed e y li le conce n when i clicked and he pho o-
lash lamp wen o . On one occasion one indi idual ac ually lowe ed i sel by i s ail om
a limb di ec ly abo e he e lec o and began shaking i wi h i s hands. When s a apples,
almonds, peanu s, and ipe bananas we e placed in he bai bucke only he s a apples
we e ea en.
Coendou o hschildi. Po cupine.-A ma ke 4 on he Dona o T ail a po cupine was
disco e ed 10 ee abo e he g ound in he ca i y o med by he oo s o a s angle ig.
When an a emp o cap u e i ailed, i climbed wi h su p ising apidi y and c ossed o
a la ge ee on a liana 30 ee abo e he g ound. I was much as e and mo e agile han
he no he n po cupine (E e hizon do sa um).
Dasyp oc a punc a a. Agou i.-When b ead ui s om an in oduced B ead F ui T ee
(A oca pus communis) we e d opped by a coa i (Nasua na ica), he agou is would appea
immedia ely e en in b igh sunligh o ea any o he b ead ui s ha we e le . Some imes
hey would app oach wi hin 4 ee o he eas ing coa is wi hou being moles ed. As he
season ad anced and he b ead ui s became sca ce he agou is qui he a ea almos en-
i ely.
Mazman sa o i. B ocke dee .-A buck and a doe we e obse ed b owsing unde a la ge
ee nea ma ke 6 on he Ba bou T ail. The ca i ies o med by he la ge bu esses we e
co e ed wi h dee eces, indica ing hey had been used as es ing places by hese dee .
When lying down in one o hese spaces, which is pa i ioned om he o he s by high bu -
esses, a dee could be app oached by a p eda o only om he on . Two o hese dee
we e app oached and pho og aphed wi hin 50 ee wi hou appa en ly being awa e o he
pho og aphe 's p esence.
Tapi ella bai di. Bai d's api .-Two h ee-yea -old api s ha we e o me ly young
pe s a he labo a o y equen ly came in o he clea ing, and many obse a ions we e made
on hei beha io a close ange. Thei a o i e b owsing g ounds we e along he banks o
a small s eam ha sepa a ed he o es om he clea ing along he no h side o he la e .
Thei p e e ed oods we e he he bs and g asses o he clea ing and he so lea y oliage
ha o e -hung he s eam. In season hey spen conside able ime unde he b ead ui
and s a apple ees, ea ing hei allen ipe ui s. Occasionally hey we e seen ea ing he
s alks o in oduced suga cane.
One o hem would u e a high pi ched whis le and bol o he o es when app oached
by a whi e- ailed dee (Odocoileus o hschildi). On a ew occasions he dee was seen o chase
and s ike he leeing api wi h i s on ee .
On wo occasions one o hese animals was obse ed o walk in o he lake, subme ge
i sel , hen eme ge on a shallow place 40 ee away. Only he snou , eyes, and ea s we e
abo e wa e when he animal had i s ee on he bo om. De eca ion was he e obse ed
ou imes, and api eces loa ing in he wa e a o he imes indica ed ha hese animals
egula ly used he place o ha pu pose. Tapi eces we e also seen in he Wheele Es e o.
Such eces we e abou one oo long and ully 3 inches in diame e . They we e ligh g een
in colo .
May, 1953 267
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Ende s (loc ci .) men ions he belie , p e alen among he na i es, ha he api walks
on he bo oms o s eams, es os, e c. ins ead o swimming hem. The au ho and ano he
obse e wa ched a api en e he lake, walk ou un il subme ged, hen con inue ac oss
he bo om un il i eached he place used o de eca ion al eady desc ibed. The animal
wen di ec ly benea h bo h obse e s, and could be clea ly seen as i s i ed up he muddy
bo om unde abou i e ee o clea wa e . Whe he he animal was walking o swimming
along he bo om could no be de e mined. I did, howe e , go unde he wa e o a dis-
ance o 40 ee when measu ed o e he su ace.
Bo h animals we e always e y hea ily in es ed wi h la ge icks (Amblyoma cajennse)
a ound he ma gins o he ea s and be ween he hind legs. The male animal was equen ly
seen o u ina e as he walked along by shoo ing he u ine di ec ly backwa ds wi h a sudden
squi .
B adypus g iseus. Th ee- oed slo h.-Nea ma ke 8 on he Fai child T ail, wo male
slo hs we e obse ed o all 30 ee o he g ound om a palm ee. Al hough s ill ob iously
s unned, hey held on o each o he wi h hei hind ee . P e ious o he all he e had been
conside able sh ieking, which may ha e been caused by he slo hs ha we e p esumably
igh ing. A e abou 30 seconds, bo h animals eleased hei g ips on each o he and slowly
began o climb he lianas. Ende s (loc. ci .) eco ds one ha was killed by alling i e ee .
This species was occasionally seen a e sundown, hanging om he lea less b anches o
some ee silhoue ed agains he sky. Almos always i would be hanging wi h wo ee
and sc a ching o combing i s pelage wi h i s o he ee . A emale wi h a young one clinging
o he b eas was obse ed eeding on Janua y 4 in he swaying op o a cec opia ee
(Cec opia a achnoidea) in a mode a ely high wind a mid-day.
Cabassos cen alis. Cen al Ame ican a madillo.-This is he i s eco d o his species
on he island. Goldman (loc. ci .) w i es ha i is e y a e h oughou all Cen al Ame ica.
The animal was sigh ed one e ening abou sundown as i was swimming abou 50 me e s
o sho e nea he dock. I was pu sued in a cayuco, and cap u ed a e i eached he sho e
and an ac oss a li le clea ing owa d he woods. I was kep in a cage in he labo a o y
and was ed aw eggs and milk. Each day he animal was gi en i s libe y in he clea ing o
hun o i s ood. Du ing his ime i was closely ollowed and no es made on i s beha io .
Mos o he ime he a madillo sea ched o g ound-dwelling e mi es and an s by bu owing
h ough he li e and by digging holes, abou a oo deep, o some dead oo o s ump ha
con ained he insec s. I appa en ly loca ed hese wi h he sense o smell by placing i s
nose close o he g ound. The la ge sickle-like claw o his species is used o cu oo s up
o one- ou h inch in diame e as i digs a e i s p ey. The insec s a e ex ac ed om hei
unnels by he long ongue in he same manne and wi h he same acili y as ha employed
by he amandua (Tamandua e adac yla). On one occasion he animal en i ely bu ied i sel
(abou 18 inches) as i wo ked along an old oo in es ed wi h e mi es. I would s op digging
and become pe ec ly quie when a pe son app oached. I s eyesigh is appa en ly e y poo .
This a madillo is e y slow as compa ed wi h he nine-banded a madillo (Dasypus no em-
cinc us) also ound on he island. A wo kman, amilia wi h bo h species, epo ed ano he
indi idual swimming nea he same place whe e he o iginal one was cap u ed. The cap u ed
animal died a e one week, was p ese ed in o malin, and le a he labo a o y.-LLoYD
G. INGLES, F esno S a e College, F esno, Cali o nia. Recei ed Ma ch 27, 1952.
ECTOPARASITES FROM MAMMALS AND BIRDS ON A QUAIL PRESERVE
In he all o 1950, la ge numbe s o la al and nymphal abbi icks, Haemaphysalis
lepo is-palus is, we e no ed on quail om a game p ese e in Klebe g Coun y, Texas.
Fo y- h ee o 46 quail examined we e in es ed; 17 o hem had only 3 o 8 icks each, 12
had om 13 o 30 icks and 14 had om 65 o 123 icks. This ep esen ed he i s la ge-
scale quail ec opa asi e in es a ion seen by one o us (V.W.L.) in wen y yea s o con-
inuous ield wo k in Texas, al hough a e ins ances o hea ily pa asi ized indi idual bi ds
ha e been encoun e ed. Howe e , Bishopp and T embley (Jou . Pa asi ., 31: 1-54, 1946),
loca ion unspeci ied, epo quail and meadow la ks su e ing such se e e dep eda ions
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om he imma u e s ages o his common ick ha he bi ds, pa icula ly young ones, we e
ad e sely a ec ed o e en killed.
This ick si ua ion occasioned pa icula conce n since p olonged d ough condi ions in
sou h Texas had ende ed he bi ds unusually suscep ible o ick-induced anemia and
ula emia o o he bac e ial diseases. The possibili y o quail epizoo ics due o Pas eu ella
ula ensis has been o in e es o bo h game managemen and public heal h pe sonnel since
G een and Wade (P oc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 26: 626-627, 1929) epo ed na u al in-
ec ion in he quail. Pa ke (Publ. Heal h Rep s., 44: 999-1000, 1929) demons a ed ha
quail a e highly suscep ible o ula emia. Pa ke e al. (Publ. Heal h Rep s., 47: 479-487,
1932) indica ed ha hey may be he sou ce o human in ec ions.
In an e o o de e mine he ex en o which o he animals we e being pa asi ized and
o aid in de e mining he easibili y o a emp ing con ol measu es, an ec opa asi e su ey
was made o he game p ese e auna du ing Janua y and Feb ua y, 1951. One possibili y
unde conside a ion was ha he ick popula ion could be lowe ed by educing he numbe
o co on ails, Syl ilagus auduboni and jack abbi s, Lepus cali o nicus, in he a ea.
The quail we e aken in li e aps, while he o he bi ds and miscellaneous wild animals
we e sho , o he mos pa . A ew o he ca ni o es we e apped. The domes ic animals
we e examined o ec opa asi es in he ield. All Haemaphysalis lepo is-palus is we e
e ained ali e, a e emo al om hei hos s, o labo a o y animal inocula ion, since
Pa ke and Spence (Six h Biennial Rep . Mon ana S . Bd. Ex .: 30-41, 1925) ha e shown
ha his ick is he p incipal ec o o ula emia among abbi s.
The esul s o he su ey a e p esen ed he e. All o he icks om bi ds we e la ae o
nymphs.
BIRDS
Collec ed Jan. 9-12, 1951.-Quail, Colinus i ginianus, 8 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-
Echidnophaga gallinacea, 48. MALLOPHAGA-Colinicola numidiana, 8; Menacan hus sp., 3;
Oxylipeu us cla a us, 12; Goniodes o ygis, 18. DIPTERA-Mic olynchia pusilla, 4. ACARINA-
Haemaphysalis lepo is-palus is, 187; Amblyomma macula um, 4.
Wes e n meadow la k, S u nella neglec a, 3 examined: sIPHONAPTERA-Echidnophaga
gallinacea, 3. MALLOPHAGA-B uelia pic u a a, 2. ACARINA-Haemaphysalis lepo is-palus-
is, 50.
La k bun ing, Calamospiza melanoco ys, 3 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-Echidnophaga
gallinacea, 1. MALLOPHAGA-Philop e us sp., 2.
Eas e n espe spa ow, Pooece es g amineus, 3 examined: ACARINA-Haemaphysalis
lepo is-palus is, 12.
Sh ike, Lanius ludo icianus, 1 examined: ACARINA-Haema physa lis lepo is-palus is, 3.
Mockingbi d, Minus polyglo us, 1 examined: DIPTERA-Mic olynchia pusilla, 1. SIPHO-
NAPTERA-Echidnophgaa gallinacea, 2. ACARINA-Haemaphysalis lepo is-palus is, 16.
Road unne , Geococcyx cali o nianus, 3 examined: DIPTERA-Mic olynchia pusilla,
6. SIPHONAPTERA-Echidnophaga gallinacea, 5; Pulex i i ans, 1. ACARINA-Haemaphysalis
lepo is-palus is, 110.
Collec ed Feb. 18, 1951.-Wild u key, Meleag is gallopa o, 1 examined: MALLOPHAGA,
no coun ed--Oxylipeu us co pulen us, Oxylipeu us poly apezius, Chelopis es meleag idis,
Menacan hus sp.
Collec ed Feb. 13, 1951.-Quail, Colinus i ginianus, 12 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-
Echidnophaga gallinacea, 9. DIPTERA-Mic olynchia pusilla, 7. MALLOPHAGA-Goniodes
o ygis, 262; Oxylipeu us cla a us, 127; Colinicola numidiana, 143; Menacan hus sp., 114.
ACARINA-Haemaphysalis lepo is-palus is, 183; Amblyomma cajennense, 4.
MAMMALS
Collec ed Jan. 9-12, 1951.-Jack abbi , Lepus cali o nicus, 5 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-
Echidnophaga gallinacea, 60; Hoplopsyllus a inis, 3; Pulex i i ans, 1. ACARINA-Haema-
physalis lepo is-palus is, 142 (adul s and imma u e o ms).
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May, 1953
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Co on ail abbi , Syl ilagus auduboni, 2 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-Echidnophaga
gallinacea, 31; Hoplopsyllus a inis, 3; Pulex i i ans, 1. ACARINA-Haemaphysalis lepo is-
palus is, 7 (adul s and imma u e o ms).
Bai d wood a , Neo oma mic opus, 7 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-Echidnophaga gallinacea,
94. ACARINA-Bdellonyssus baco i, 24.
Whi e- ailed dee , Odocoileus i ginianus, 2 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-Jux apulex
po cinus, 16. MALLOPHAGA-T icholipeu us lipeu oides, 9.
Ja elina, Tayassu angula us, 7 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-Jux apulex po cinus, 22.
ACARINA-Amblyomma cajennense, 7 (adul s).
Coyo e, Canis la ans, 1 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-Pulex i i ans, 2; Echidnophaga
gallinacea, 19.
B oad-s iped skunk, Mephi is mephi is, 1 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-Pulex i i ans, 4;
Echidnophaga gallinacea, 2. MALLOPHAGA-Neo ichodec es mephi idis, 5. ACARINA-Haema-
physalis lepo is-palus is, 1.
Nine-banded a madillo, Dasypus no emcinc us, 1 examined: SIPHONAPTERA-Echid-
nophaga gallinacea, 1.
Domes ic goa , 12 examined: SIPHoNAPTERA-Echidnophaga gallinacea, 8. ANOPLURA-
Linogna hus a icanus, 12. MALLOPHAGA-Bo icola cap ae, 2. ACARINA-Haemaphysalis
lepo is-palus is, 6 (adul s and imma u e o ms).
Cow, 6 examined: ANOPLURA-Linogna hus i uli, 1.
I will be no ed om hese da a ha he e we e 23.4 imma u e Haemaphysalis lepo is-
palus is pe quail on he bi ds aken in Janua y and 15.3 imma u e icks on hose examined
in Feb ua y. Two o he g ound- equen ing bi ds, he wes e n meadow la k and he oad-
unne , showed 16.7 and 11 icks pe bi ds, espec i ely. The ac ha 16 la al and nymphal
abbi icks we e aken om a single mocking bi d was o in e es , al hough his hos has
been p e iously epo ed (Bishopp and T embley, loc. ci .). The only o he icks aken
om quail we e ou Amblyomma cajennense and ou A. macula um, all imma u e.
In he mammal s udy, 6 imma u e and adul H. lepo is-palus is we e aken om 12
goa s and a single imma u e specimen om he b oad-s iped skunk, in addi ion o he
usual hos animals, jack abbi s and co on ails. The abbi popula ion was ound o be
unusually low. Only i e jack abbi s and wo co on ails we e sho in se e al days hun ing.
The jack abbi s showed an in es a ion a e o 28.4 imma u e and adul H. lepo is-palus is
pe animal, and he e we e 3.5 pe animal on he co on ails.
The sca ci y o abbi s e u ed ou o iginal heo y ha he hea y ick in es a ions on
he bi ds migh be co ela ed wi h an unusual abundance o abbi s. A mo e likely explana-
ion is ha he ype o ange equen ed was a p edisposing ac o in he numbe o icks
pe bi d. G ass was spa se in semi-p ai ie due o he d ough , and bo h quail and abbi s
we e u ilizing he ew exis ing clumps o woody co e ex ensi ely. This p o ided an ex-
cellen oppo uni y o he exchange o ec opa asi es. Quail om b ushy ange whe e he
bi ds and abbi s we e no o ced in o such close associa ion we e no so hea ily in es ed
wi h icks.
T apping and examina ion o he quail con inued in o he sp ing and ea ly summe .
The numbe o imma u e abbi icks on he bi ds d opped sha ply a e Feb ua y, 1951,
and no icks we e ound by he ea ly summe mon hs. I was no belie ed ha he icks
we e he di ec cause o he unusually high quail mo ali y du ing he win e o 1950-51,
bu hey we e unques ionably a con ibu ing ac o .
No e idence o ula emia was ob ained in he quail, ei he in he bi ds apped ali e
o picked up dead o in a dying condi ion in he ield. The Haemaphysalis lepo is-palus is
icks which we e aken om he quail and inocula ed in o labo a o y animals we e also
nega i e. These nega i e esul s we e no su p ising since he incidence o ula emia in
Klebe g Coun y in humans is ex emely low. Jellison and Pa ke (1945) a e o he opinion
ha in No h Ame ica, co on ail abbi s, especially Syl ilagus lo idanus, a e he di ec
sou ce o o e 70 pe cen o ou human cases o ula emia. The hea ies incidence o he
disease occu s wi hin he ange o S. lo idanus. The common co on ail in Klebe g Coun y
270 Vol. $4, No. 2
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is S. auduboni. This species appea s o be o li le impo ance in he epidemiology o ula-
emia in Texas, since ew cases occu wi hin i s ange in he wes e n wo- hi ds o he s a e.
Du ing plague s udies in wes Texas in 1947-1949, 598 S. auduboni we e examined o e i-
dence o ula emia, wi h nega i e esul s. Simila esul s we e ob ained om he labo a o y
animal inocula ion o 10,000 De macen o pa umape is and 300 Haemaphysalis lepo is-
palus is icks om he co on ails.
Summa y.-A se e e in es a ion o bobwhi e quail in a sou h Texas game p ese e
by la al and nymphal abbi icks, Haemaphysalis lepo is-palus is, is epo ed. An
ec opa asi e su ey o he game p ese e auna was made o de e mine he ex en o which
o he animals we e being pa asi ized. Imma u e abbi icks we e aken om: wes e n
meadow la k, S u nella neglec a; eas e n espe spa ow, Pooece es g amineus; sh ike,
Lanius ludo icianus; mockingbi d, Mimus polyglo os; oad unne , Geococcyx cali o nianus;
jack abbi , Lepus cali o nicus; co on ail abbi , Syl ilagus auduboni; he domes ic goa ;
and skunk, Mephi is mephi is. Adul abbi icks we e collec ed om domes ic goa and
he wo species o abbi s p e iously lis ed. O he ec opa asi es om game p ese e ani-
mals a e lis ed.-B. G. HIGHTOWER, V. W. LEHMAN AND R. B. EADS, Bu eau o Labo a o ies,
S a e Dep . o Heal h, Aus in, Texas, and King Ranch, Kings ille, Texas. Recei ed May 8,
1962.
REVIEWS
Mille , Malcolm E. GUIDE TO THE DISSECTION OF THE DOG. 3 d Ed. Edwa ds B o he s,
Inc., Ann A bo , Michigan. xi + 369 pp.; igs., 229. 1952. P ice, $5.75 (li hop in ed).
Al hough he e a e a numbe o good ex s desc ibing he ana omy o he dog, hese do
no ul ill he need o he beginning s uden o a dissec ion guide. Wi h he publica ion
o his wo k, we a e p o ided wi h a book ha is no only an excellen guide o he dissec-
ion o he dog, bu is so de ailed and so well illus a ed ha i migh also se e as a ex -
book.
In he b ie in oduc ion one is p o ided wi h a discussion o he basis o nomencla u e,
de ini ions o he ana omical planes o he body, and de ini ions o posi ional and di ec ional
e ms so necessa y in desc ip i e ana omy. These de ini ions a e e y concise, bu adequa e.
The main body o he wo k is a combina ion o he egional and sys ema ic app oaches
o dissec ion. The i s wo majo sec ions a e de o ed o he skele al sys em and he muscu-
la sys em. The dissec o is hen led h ough a egional s udy o he blood essels, ne es,
and o gans o he ho ax, neck, and pec o al limb. A ou h sec ion simila ly ea s he
abdomen, pel is, and pel ic limb. Then comes a egional s udy o he head (including
muscles), a a he b ie bu ho ough sec ion on he cen al ne ous sys em, and inally a
sec ion on he a icula ions. The whole is suppo ed by equen ci a ions o a well-selec ed
bibliog aphy o ana omical wo ks.
All he sec ions a e illus a ed by excellen d awings, which p esen he essen ial ea u es
o he subjec in conside able de ail. These a e done, howe e , wi h an economy o lines
which gi es a e y pleasing e ec o he illus a ions. The a is s dese e much c edi o
hei con ibu ion o his guide.
The sec ion on he skele al sys em begins wi h a discussion o he gene al ypes, s uc-
u e, and physical p ope ies o bone. An in e es ing ea u e he e is he di ec ions o p e-
pa ing skele al ma e ial by hand as well as by use o he bee le, De mes es.
The indi idual bones a e desc ibed in conside able de ail. The discussion o he c anial
o amina alone would make his sec ion impo an o many ana omis s and mammalogis s
in gene al.
The dissec ion o he muscula sys em ollows an appa en ly ho oughly wo kable plan.
All muscles excep hose in insic o he head a e ea ed in his sec ion. The manne in
which he dissec ion p oceeds om egion o egion wi hou loss o con inui y is commend-
is S. auduboni. This species appea s o be o li le impo ance in he epidemiology o ula-
emia in Texas, since ew cases occu wi hin i s ange in he wes e n wo- hi ds o he s a e.
Du ing plague s udies in wes Texas in 1947-1949, 598 S. auduboni we e examined o e i-
dence o ula emia, wi h nega i e esul s. Simila esul s we e ob ained om he labo a o y
animal inocula ion o 10,000 De macen o pa umape is and 300 Haemaphysalis lepo is-
palus is icks om he co on ails.
Summa y.-A se e e in es a ion o bobwhi e quail in a sou h Texas game p ese e
by la al and nymphal abbi icks, Haemaphysalis lepo is-palus is, is epo ed. An
ec opa asi e su ey o he game p ese e auna was made o de e mine he ex en o which
o he animals we e being pa asi ized. Imma u e abbi icks we e aken om: wes e n
meadow la k, S u nella neglec a; eas e n espe spa ow, Pooece es g amineus; sh ike,
Lanius ludo icianus; mockingbi d, Mimus polyglo os; oad unne , Geococcyx cali o nianus;
jack abbi , Lepus cali o nicus; co on ail abbi , Syl ilagus auduboni; he domes ic goa ;
and skunk, Mephi is mephi is. Adul abbi icks we e collec ed om domes ic goa and
he wo species o abbi s p e iously lis ed. O he ec opa asi es om game p ese e ani-
mals a e lis ed.-B. G. HIGHTOWER, V. W. LEHMAN AND R. B. EADS, Bu eau o Labo a o ies,
S a e Dep . o Heal h, Aus in, Texas, and King Ranch, Kings ille, Texas. Recei ed May 8,
1962.
REVIEWS
Mille , Malcolm E. GUIDE TO THE DISSECTION OF THE DOG. 3 d Ed. Edwa ds B o he s,
Inc., Ann A bo , Michigan. xi + 369 pp.; igs., 229. 1952. P ice, $5.75 (li hop in ed).
Al hough he e a e a numbe o good ex s desc ibing he ana omy o he dog, hese do
no ul ill he need o he beginning s uden o a dissec ion guide. Wi h he publica ion
o his wo k, we a e p o ided wi h a book ha is no only an excellen guide o he dissec-
ion o he dog, bu is so de ailed and so well illus a ed ha i migh also se e as a ex -
book.
In he b ie in oduc ion one is p o ided wi h a discussion o he basis o nomencla u e,
de ini ions o he ana omical planes o he body, and de ini ions o posi ional and di ec ional
e ms so necessa y in desc ip i e ana omy. These de ini ions a e e y concise, bu adequa e.
The main body o he wo k is a combina ion o he egional and sys ema ic app oaches
o dissec ion. The i s wo majo sec ions a e de o ed o he skele al sys em and he muscu-
la sys em. The dissec o is hen led h ough a egional s udy o he blood essels, ne es,
and o gans o he ho ax, neck, and pec o al limb. A ou h sec ion simila ly ea s he
abdomen, pel is, and pel ic limb. Then comes a egional s udy o he head (including
muscles), a a he b ie bu ho ough sec ion on he cen al ne ous sys em, and inally a
sec ion on he a icula ions. The whole is suppo ed by equen ci a ions o a well-selec ed
bibliog aphy o ana omical wo ks.
All he sec ions a e illus a ed by excellen d awings, which p esen he essen ial ea u es
o he subjec in conside able de ail. These a e done, howe e , wi h an economy o lines
which gi es a e y pleasing e ec o he illus a ions. The a is s dese e much c edi o
hei con ibu ion o his guide.
The sec ion on he skele al sys em begins wi h a discussion o he gene al ypes, s uc-
u e, and physical p ope ies o bone. An in e es ing ea u e he e is he di ec ions o p e-
pa ing skele al ma e ial by hand as well as by use o he bee le, De mes es.
The indi idual bones a e desc ibed in conside able de ail. The discussion o he c anial
o amina alone would make his sec ion impo an o many ana omis s and mammalogis s
in gene al.
The dissec ion o he muscula sys em ollows an appa en ly ho oughly wo kable plan.
All muscles excep hose in insic o he head a e ea ed in his sec ion. The manne in
which he dissec ion p oceeds om egion o egion wi hou loss o con inui y is commend-
271 271
May, 1953 May, 1953
REVIEWS REVIEWS
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