OCCASIONAL PAPERS
THE MUSEUM
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
NUMBER 100 18 MARCH 1986
SYSTEMATICS OF MILLER S LONG-TONGUED BAT,
GLOSSOPHAGA LONGIROSTRIS,
WITH DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SUBSPECIES
Wm. Da id Webs e and Cha les O. Handley, J .
Glossophaga longi os is is a common nec a - eeding ba ha
occu s in no he n Sou h Ame ica and on some Ca ibbean
islands as well. Despi e i s ela i ely wide dis ibu ion, ew scien¬
i ic collec ions con ain a su icien numbe o specimens om
h oughou i s geog aphic ange o pe mi an adequa e e alua ion
o he a iabili y in his species. Mille (19136) examined 204
specimens o G. longi os is in his e ision o he genus; he
di ided wha he ecognized as he “longi os is-g oup” in o G. /.
longi os is om coas al Colombia and Venezuela, G. I, os a a
om G enada and he G enadines, and G. elonga a om
Cu asao. Mo e ecen ly, Goodwin (1958) named and desc ibed G.
majo om T inidad, bu Koopman (1958) subsequen ly ecog¬
nized i as a subspecies o G. longi os is and also a anged indi¬
iduals om he Ne he lands An illes as G. longi os is elonga a.
Specimens om Boque on de San F ancisco (ca. Bogo a), Colom¬
bia, o iginally desc ibed by J. A. Allen (1916) as Glossophaga
apolinan and lis ed by Cab e a (1958) as Glossophaga longi os is
apolina i, ac ually ep esen Anou a geo oyi acco ding o San¬
bo n (1933) and ou own obse a ions, and hey a e no discussed
beyond. Fou subspecies o Glossophaga longi os is cu en ly a e
ecognized (Jones and Ca e , 1976): G. 1. longi os is om no h¬
e n Colombia and Venezuela; G. /. elonga a om A uba, Cu asao,
and Bonai e; G. /. majo om T inidad and Tobago; and G. 1.
2OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
os a a in he sou he n Lesse An illes, om G enada no hwa d
o S . Vincen .
A signi ican numbe o specimens o G. longi os ns ha e been
collec ed in he yea s since Mille ’s e ision, he mos no ewo hy
addi ions examined by us being hose o he Smi hsonian Vene¬
zuelan P ojec (SVP) (Handley, 1976) and he small bu c i ical
collec ion o O. P. Pea son om Huila, Colombia (deposi ed in
he Museum o Ve eb a e Zoology). These specimens allow us o
assess he ex en o geog aphic and nongeog aphic a ia ion in
Glossophaga longi os is, and o de ine be e ce ain aspec s o
he biology ha a e poo ly known in he species. This e ision is
based on he examina ion o 1188 specimens o G. longi os is,
mos o which a e con en ional skins accompanied by skulls;
howe e , some consis ed o skulls and pos c anial skele ons, skulls
wi hou accompanying skins, o specimens p ese ed in luid
( om some o which he skulls had been ex ac ed). All da a on
labels associa ed wi h specimens we e eco ded. Mol pa e ns
we e mapped o each indi idual ound o ha e been in he p o¬
cess o mol . Measu emen s used in he mo phome ic analyses
we e aken om adul s (comple ely used phalangeal epiphyses
and well-ossi ied c anial su u es) wi h dial calipe s in millime e s;
o de ini ions o c anial measu emen s see Handley (1959). Pelage
colo a ion was assessed om indi iduals o Glossophaga longi os¬
is deposi ed in he Na ional Museum o Na u al His o y unde
and Exam-O-Li e; colo e minology om Ridgway (1912).
Glossophaga longi os is
Mille ’s Long- ongued Ba
Glossophaga longi os is is known om no he n Sou h Ame ¬
ica (Colombia eas wa d o Guyana) and se e al o he Ca ibbean
islands immedia ely adjacen o he mainland, including he
Ne he lands An illes (A uba, Cu asao, and Bonai e), he con inen¬
al islands o Ma ga i a, T inidad, and Tobago, and he sou he n
Lesse An illes (G enada, he G enadines, and S . Vincen ).
Hummelinck (1940) epo ed G. so icina om he Tes ugos and
se e al o he islands men ioned abo e. Some o all o hese ba s
may ep esen G. longi os is (see Koopman, 1958), bu Handley
examined specimens o G. so icina om Isla Ma ga i a in he
SVP collec ions (Handley, 1976), G enada (BMNH 67.5.4.5), and
Bequia, G enadines (BMNH 91.5.15.9).
WEBSTER AND HANDLEY—GLOSSOPHAGA LONGIROSTRIS 3
Diagnosis
La ges membe o he genus in mos ex e nal and c anial mea¬
su emen s; uppe inciso s no iceably and equally p ocumben , 12
equal o II in bulk (occlusal iew); P4 wi h educed lingual cin-
gula shel ; Ml na ow; pa as yle o Ml usually absen o , i p es¬
en , minu e and di ec ed pos e olabially om pa acone; mesos yle
o Ml educed, con inuous wi h labial ou line o oo h; ou h
commissu e o Ml long, well de eloped, and always longe han
hi d; M2 simila o Ml excep pa as yle be e de eloped, di ec ed
labially; lowe inciso s la ge and usually in con ac , sub iangula
in occlusal iew, equal in bulk; p4 na ow, simila o p2 and p3
in bulk; p emaxillae elonga e an e io ly; p e ygoid "wings”
absen ; p esphenoid idge usually high and comple e h oughou ;
mandibula symphyseal idge absen , chin o mandible eceding
a a 45° angle; pelage bicolo ed, he ips o he indi idual hai s
da ke han he pale bases, Wood B own o Fuscous do sally,
A ellaneous o Clo e B own en ally; weigh a e aging 13.25
(10.3-16.0) g ams in males, 12.81 (9.8-14.3) in nonp egnan emales
om h oughou he ange o he species.
Compa isons
The mo phology o he an e io egion o he c anium and
mandible in i e species o Glossophaga is shown in Fig. 1. Glos-
sophaga longi os is can be dis inguished om G. commissa isi
by i s la ge size in mos ex e nal and c anial measu emen s. In
addi ion, in G. longi os is he uppe inciso s a e no iceably p o¬
cumben ; he ou h uppe p emola has a educed lingual cingu-
la shel ; he pa as yle o Ml is absen o g ea ly educed; he
lowe inciso s a e la ge, sub iangula in occlusal iew, and usu¬
ally in con ac ; he p esphenoid idge is high and comple e
h oughou ; he slope o he os um is no ab up ; and he man¬
dibula symphyseal idge is absen . In G. commissa isi, he uppe
inciso s a e no no iceably p ocumben ; P4 has a dis inc pos e o-
lingual cingula shel ; pa as yle o Ml is well de eloped; lowe
inciso s a e educed in size and subci cula in occlusal iew, wi h
dis inc gaps be ween he ee h; p esphenoid idge is la ened sub-
e minally; slope o he os um is mo e ab up ; and mandibula
symphyseal idge is well de eloped.
Compa ed wi h G. longi os is, G. leachii is smalle in mos
ex e nal and c anial measu emen s. In addi ion, uppe inciso s a e
no iceably p ocumben in G. longi os is (no no iceably p ocum¬
ben in G. leachii), P4 has a educed lingual cingula shel (well
4OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Fig. I.—Inciso mo phology in i e species o Glossophaga. Oblique and do sal
iew o he an e io os al egion ( om op o bo om), and a do sal iew o he
an e io mandibula egion, in a ypical specimen o , om le o igh , G. com-
missa isi, G. leachii, G. longi os is, G. mexicana, and G. soncina.
WEBSTER AND HANDLEY—GLOSSOPHAGA LONGIROSTRIS 5
by he la ge dimensions o mos ex e nal and c anial measu e¬
men s. P e ygoid “wings” and mandibula symphyseal idge a e
absen in G. longi os is (well de eloped in G. so icina), uppe
inciso s a e simila in bulk in G. longi os is (12 smalle han II
in G. so icina), lingual cingula shel o P4 is educed in G. lon¬
gi os is (p ominen in G. so icina), pa as yle o Ml is absen in
G. longi os is (well de eloped and di ec ed an e olabially in G.
so icina), mesos yles o Ml and M2 a e poo ly de eloped in G.
longi os is (well de eloped in G. so icina), and p4 is na ow and
simila o p2 and p3 in bulk in G. longi os is (p4 wide han p2
and p3 in G. so icina). Tamsi and Valdi ieso (1963) epo ed he
noselea o G. longi os is o be smalle han ha o sympa ic G.
so icina in cen al Colombia. Specimens o bo h species ha we
examined om he sa annas o he Rupununi in Guyana and he
llanos o Venezuela show he opposi e ela ionship (specimens
om each locali y we e collec ed on he same day and p ese ed
in luids in iden ical manne )— he noselea o G. longi os is
a e ages 6.06 (5.7-6.4), whe eas ha o G. so icina a e ages 5.28
(4.6-5.7).
Taxonomic Conclusions
Pa e ns o geog aphic a ia ion (Table 1) and a agmen ed
geog aphic dis ibu ion indica e ha he e a e six subspecies o
Glossophaga longi os is. Ba s om he llanos o Venezuela and
om low ele a ion g asslands a ound he Kanuku Moun ains in
Guyana ep esen an undesc ibed ace ha is ela i ely small in
ex e nal and c anial dimensions, and has mode a ely la ge pos o ¬
bi al swellings. Specimens om A uba, Cu asao, and Bonai e, o
which he inomial Glossophaga longi os is elonga a Mille
applies, a e cha ac e ized by small measu emen s o he wing and
a mode a ely long c anium ha is na ow h oughou . Ba s om
no he n Colombia and no hwes e n Venezuela cons i u e
ano he dis inc ace, Glossophaga longi os is longi os is Mille ,
ha is mode a ely la ge in ex e nal and c anial dimensions, has
educed pos o bi al swellings, and a sligh ly dished acial p o ile.
Ano he subspecies, Glossophaga longi os is majo Goodwin,
occu s along he xe ic coas o Venezuela sou hwa d h ough he
High Llanos o Colombia and Venezuela, and eas wa d o T in¬
idad. This ace has a sho and high b aincase, dished acial p o¬
ile, and in la ed pos o bi al swellings. The disjunc popula ion
o ba s in he uppe Magdalena Ri e Valley ep esen s an unde¬
sc ibed subspecies ha is dis inguished by i s massi e size in
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
ex e nal and c anial measu emen s and well-de eloped pos pala al
p ocesses. The insula popula ions ha a e known om Tobago
and he Windwa d Islands om G enada no hwa d o S . Vin¬
cen ep esen ano he dis inc ace, Glossophaga longi os is os-
a a Mille , ha has a na ow os um, mode a ely educed pos ¬
o bi al swellings, a low and na ow b aincase, and zygoma a ha
con e ge an e io ly.
Glossophaga longi os is campes is, new subspecies
Holo ype. —Adul emale, skin and skull, no. 389033, U.S.
Na ional Museum o Na u al His o y; om Ha o San Jose, 20
km. W. Pa agua (=146 km. S, 7 km. E Ciudad Boli a ), Boli a
Venezuela, 300 m.; ob ained on 8 Ap il 1967 by N. Pe e son, D.
Peacock, and R. Peacock, Smi hsonian Venezuelan P ojec , o igi¬
nal no. SVP 12679.
Selec ed ex e nal and c anial measu emen s o he holo ype a e:
o al leng h, 72; leng h o ail, 8; leng h o hind oo (d y), 12;
leng h o ea om no ch, 15; leng h o o ea m (d y), 38.3; leng h
o ibia (d y), 14.3; leng h o calca (d y), 4.5; g ea es leng h o
skull, 22.2; zygoma ic b ead h, 9.6; b ead h o b aincase, 8.4; dep h
o b aincase, 6.9; pos o bi al b ead h, 4.6; leng h o maxilla y
oo h ow, 7.6; maxilla y b ead h, 5.9; b ead h ac oss canines, 4.0;
weigh , 11.7 g ams.
Dis ibu ion. —Llanos and Rio Ven ua i Basin o cen al Vene¬
zuela and sa anna-clad lowlands a ound he Kanuku Moun ains
in Guyana and adjacen B azil (Fig. 2); known al i udinal dis i¬
bu ion om 50 o 300 me e s.
Diagnosis. —Fo a Glossophaga longi os is, his subspecies is
small bo h ex e nally and c anially (Table 1). G. /. campes is is
a iable in c anial p opo ions, bu on a e age he os um is
sho and na ow, b aincase shallow and mode a ely low, acial
p o ile mode a ely dished, and pos o bi al swelling mode a ely
la ge.
Compa isons. —G. /. campes is can be dis inguished om o he
subspecies by i s small size and sho , low b aincase. In e g ada¬
ion be ween G. 1. majo and G. /. campes is is e iden in speci¬
mens om sou he n Gua ico and no he n Apu e, Venezuela. The
b aincase o hese ba s is deepe and mo e bulbous (simila o G.
1. majo ) han in ypical G. 1. campes is; howe e , hey esemble
he la e in ha ing a sho , na ow os um and in small o e all
size.
WEBSTER AND HANDLEY—GLOSSOPHAGA LONGIROSTRIS 9
Rema ks .—The isola ed popula ions a ound he Kanuku
Moun ains sugges s ha G. /. campes is may be dis ibu ed dis¬
con inuous^ in sui able habi a h oughou he G an Sabana,
especially along i e alleys. Howe e , i was no ound a Ica-
bu u a he sou he n edge o he G an Sabana in Venezuela. Spec¬
imens o G. 1. campes is ha e been collec ed om oos s in ock
c e ices, hollows o ees, and buildings. P egnan emales a e
known om Decembe , and ep oduc i ely inac i e emales ha e
been collec ed in Ap il, June, and Decembe .
The La in epi he campes is, o o pe aining o ields o g ass¬
lands, e e s o he p e e ed habi a o his ace o G. longi os is.
Specimens examined (292).— B azil. Ro aima: Luce ania Ranch, 8 (ROM).
Guyana. Rupunum: Achime iwau Mou h, 1 (ROM); “Bush Island,’’ Dadanawa, 2
(AMNH); Chipi a i Wau Mou h, 15 mi. E Dadanawa, 1 (ROM); Con an ib Island,
5 mi. abo e Dadanawa, 10 (ROM); 15 mi. ENE Dadanawa, 1 (ROM); 0-20 mi. E
Dadanawa, 18 (2 AMNH, 16 ROM); Illia Wau Ri e , 1 (ROM); Ka anambo, 1
(AMNH); Kui a o Ri e , 5 (ROM); M . Tawa awun, ca. 8 km. E Dadanawa, 3
(ROM); Ruawau Ri e , 30 mi. SW Dadanawa, 3 (ROM); Rock Ca e, ca. Sand
C eek Rese a ion, 5 (ROM); Sand C eek Village, 8 (ROM); “sou he n sa annas,’’
17 (USNM); uppe Sawa iwau Ri e , 7 (ROM); Wee Wee Tan, Makow Tan, 5
(ROM); We i Mo e, 4 (ROM). Venezuela. Apu e: Ha o Ca iben, La Villa, 60 km.
(=32 mi.) NE Pue o Paez, 76 m., 97 (USNM); Ha o “La Guano a,” 6 km. W San
Fe nando de Apu e, 100 m., 1 (TCWC); Rio Cina uco, 41 km. NW Pue o Paez, 24
(USNM); ca. 4 km. W San Fe nando de Apu e, 66 m., 2 (TCWC); San Ra ael de
A amaica, 45 km. S, 6 km. E San Fe nando de Apu e, 100 m., 7 (USNM). Boli a :
Ha o La Flo ida, 14 km. S, 45 km. E Caica a, 50 m., 10 (USNM); Ha o San Jose,
20 km. W La Pa agua (=146 km. S, 7 km. E Ciudad Boli a ), 300 m., 10 (USNM);
Isla de Cuba (Playa del Medio), Rio O inoco, 3 (UCV); Paso Ca uachi, Rio
Ca oni, 3 (UCV). T. F. Amazonas: Chapa i o, 9 km. SE Pue o Ayacucho, 119 m.,
6 (USNM); Co omo o, 25 km. SSE Pue o Ayacucho, 126 m., 1 (USNM); Guaya-
bal, 28 km. S Pue o Ayacucho, 135 m., 1 (USNM); Las Quese as, 12 km. SSE
Pue o Ayacucho, 135 m., 4 (USNM); Mo ocoy, 65 km. SSW Pue o Ayacucho, 161
m., 3 (USNM); Pa ia, 25 km. SSE Pue o Ayacucho, 114 m., 2 (USNM); Pue o
Ayacucho, 2 (UCV); 0.75 km. E San Juan, Rio Manapia e, 1 (USNM); ca. 4 km.
San Juan, Rio Manapia e, ca. 163 km. ESE Pue o Ayacucho, ca. 155 m., 13
(USNM); Tamanaco, 4 km. NE San Juan, Rio Manapia e, 155 m., 2 (USNM).
Glossophaga longi os is elonga a Mille
1900. Glossophaga elonga a Mille , P oc. Biol. Soc. Washing on, 13:124, 6 Ap il.
1958. Glossophaga longi os is elonga a, Koopman, E olu ion, 12:437, Decembe .
Holo ype .—Adul emale, skin ( om specimen in alcohol) and
skull, no. 101871, U.S. Na ional Museum o Na u al His o y;
om Willems ad, Cu asao; ob ained on 4 Decembe 1899 by J. L.
Gu h ie, no o iginal numbe .
Selec ed ex e nal and c anial measu emen s o he holo ype a e:
o al leng h, 65; leng h o ail, 6; leng h o hind oo (d y), 11;
16 OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
P egnan emales ha e been collec ed in June and July and a
lac a ing emale was aken in June. Two emales cap u ed in
No embe e inced no ep oduc i e ac i i y. Specimens in he
p ocess o mol ha e been cap u ed in No embe .
Al hough he holo ype was eco ded as no ha ing a ail, he
shea hlike po ion o he u opa agium ha enclosed he caudal
e eb a e is clea ly isible in ha specimen, and he ail leng h
a e ages 6.67 ( ange 4-10) in six o he specimens om he icini y
o he ype locali y.
The La in epi he eclusa, sepa a ed o emo ed, e e s o he
appa en ly disjunc na u e o his popula ion o ba s in he uppe
Magdalena Valley.
Specimens examined (25).—Colombia. Cundinima ca: 1 km. NE Gi ado , 3
(AMNH). Huila: 5 km. N Villa ieja, 1400 ., 4 (MVZ); 4-7.5 km. E Villa ieja, 1400
., 15 (MVZ); 17.5 km. SE Villa ieja, 1600 ., 3 (MVZ).
Reco ds o G. longnos is om wo locali ies in he uppe Magdalena Valley o
Cundinima ca (Mesi as del Colegio) and Tolima (Ma iqui a), as well as ano he in
Me a (Villa icencio) on he eas e n Andean slope, by Valdi ieso and Tamsi
(1962) we e no e e ed o in subsequen publica ions by he same au ho s (Tam¬
si and Valdi ieso, 1963; Valdi ieso, 1964).
Glossophaga longi os is os a a Mille
1913. Glossophaga os a a Mille , P oc. Biol. Soc. Washing on, 26:32, 8 Feb ua y.
1913. Glossophaga longi os is os a a Mille , P oc. U.S. Na . Mus., 46:423, 31
Decembe .
Holo ype .—O iginal desc ip ion based on a specimen assumed
o be an adul male (see below), skin and skull, no. 111500, U.S.
Na ional Museum o Na u al His o y, om Wes e hall Es a e,
G enada; da e o cap u e unknown (“1900”), ob ained by P. Gel-
lineau, o iginal no. 29.
Selec ed c anial measu emen s o he holo ype a e: g ea es
leng h o skull, 22.6; zygoma ic b ead h, 9.8; b ead h o b aincase,
8.8; dep h o b aincase, 7.1; pos o bi al b ead h, 4.8; leng h o
maxilla y oo h ow, 8.0; maxilla y b ead h, 5.7; b ead h ac oss
canines, 4.1.
Dis ibu ion .—Lesse An illes om S . Vincen sou hwa d o
G enada (excep Ba bados), and Tobago (Fig. 2); known al i udi¬
nal dis ibu ion om sea le el o app oxima ely 625 me e s.
Diagnosis .—Ex e nal and c anial dimensions a e age in he
middle o he ange o he species (Table 1); la ge o e all on
Tobago, smalle on S . Vincen . The os um is na ow, and he
pos o bi al swellings a e mode a ely educed. The acial p o ile is
mode a ely dished and he zygoma a con e ge an e io ly.
WEBSTER AND HANDLEY— GLOSSOPHAGA LONGIROSTRIS 17
Compa isons. — G. 1. os a a is dis inguished om o he aces
by i s na ow os um and educed pos o bi al swellings. The
b aincase is clea ly less bulbous han ha o G. 1. majo om
T inidad and no heas e n Venezuela.
Rema ks .—Handley and Webs e (1985) a gued ha he holo-
ype, selec ed by Mille om among he 14 specimens collec ed by
P. Gellineau on G enada in 1900, consis s o a misma ched skin
(a male) and skull (a emale). They, he e o e, es ic ed he holo-
ype designa ion o he emale skull, he male skin becoming a
pa a ype. Fu he mo e, hey no ed ha he pu po ed da e o col¬
lec ion, in ac , was he da e ha Gellineau mailed he specimens
o he USNM, no he ac ual da e o cap u e.
Specimens o G. 1. os a a ha e been aken om hollow ees
in G enada. They we e ound oos ing wi h Pe op e yx mac o-
is, Mic onyc e is megalo is, Phyllos omus has a us, and Ca ollia
pe spicilla a on Tobago (Goodwin and G eenhall, 1961). P eg¬
nan emales ha e been cap u ed in Augus and Decembe , and
lac a ing emales a e known om Ma ch, June, and Augus . Indi¬
iduals in he p ocess o mol ha e been collec ed in Augus and
Sep embe .
Specimens examined (151).— Lesse An illes. G enada: G and E ang, 2000 .,
5 (1 AMNH, 4 MCZ); G enada, 1 (BMNH); G en ille Vale, 5 (AMNH); Poin e
Saline, 3 (AMNH); 0-3.5 mi. NE S . Geo ge, 16 (6 KU, 9 MCZ, I TTU); S . Pauls,
4 (TTU); T ue Blue, 3 (AMNH); 0.5 mi. E Vendome, 1000 ., 7 (1 KU, 6 TTU);
Wes e hall Es a e, 14 (USNM); no locali y, 7 (ROM). G enadines: Ca iacou, 23 (17
MCZ, 6 TTU); Mus ique, 1 (BMNH); Union Island, 1 (MCZ). S . Vincen :
B igh on, 8 (AMNH); Cli on Hill, 400 ., 22 (KU); G and Sable Es a e, 7 (MCZ);
Mesopa amia, 300 ., 2 (KU); no locali y, 4 (2 BMNH, 2 ROM). Tobago. Li le
Tobago: 2 (AMNH). S . And ews: O ange Hill Rd., 3 (AMNH); Sca bo ough
Go e nmen House, 3 (AMNH). S . Da id: G a on, ca. Plymou h, 1 (LSU). S .
John: 1 km. N Speyside, 5 (USNM). S . Ma y: Pemb oke, Gold Bo ough Es a e, 1
(AMNH). S . Pa ick: 1 km. SW C own Poin Ai po , 3 (USNM).
Addi ional dis ibu ional eco ds o G. /. os a a om G enada a e in G. M.
Allen (1911) and om Tobago a e in Husson (1954).
Biological Obse a ions
Ecology. — Glossophaga longi os ns is a denizen o nume ous
lowland opical and sub opical habi a s in no he n Sou h
Ame ica, including a id ho n o es s, deciduous and e e g een
o es s, and sa annas. In Venezuela (Handley, 1976), 837 indi idu¬
als we e collec ed wi hin he ollowing ecological pa ame e s: si e
mois u e—mos equen ly in d y a eas (65 pe cen ) o nea
s eams and o he mois a eas (35 pe cen ); habi a ype— ho n
o es (49 pe cen ), sa annas and o he open a eas (43 pe cen ),
18 OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
50 22 12 6 48 96 38 14 23 14 14 46
Mon h
Fig. 3.—Rep oduc i e ac i i y in Glossophaga longi os ns. The his og am
ep esen s he pe cen o 383 emales e incing p egnancy (open) o lac a ion
(s ippled) each mon h; he ac ual numbe o p egnan and lac a ing emales is
shown in he his og am, and he o al numbe o emales examined is below each
mon h.
and mois o es s (eigh pe cen ); ege a i e li e zone— opical
d y o es (43 pe cen ), opical ho n o es (35 pe cen ), opical
e y d y o es (17 pe cen ), o he d y zones (one pe cen ), and
mois zones ( ou pe cen ). Day ime oos s include ca es, unnels,
cul e s, c e ices in ocks, hollow ees, and houses and o he
buildings. Specimens ha e been cap u ed om sea le el o
app oxima ely 650 me e s, bu mos a e om less han 500 me e s.
O he ba s known o sha e day ime oos s wi h G. longi os is
include Pe op e yx mac o is, Mic onyc e is megalo is, Phyllos o-
mus has a us, Glossophaga so icina, and Ca ollia pe spicilla a.
Rep oduc ion. —The ep oduc i e condi ion o 383 emales om
h oughou he geog aphic dis ibu ion o Glossophaga longi os-
WEBSTER AND HANDLEY-GLOSSOPHAGA LONGIROSTRIS 19
Table 2.— Timing o mol in Glossophaga longi os is based on he examina ion
o 144 adul specimens.
Mon h
is was used o de e mine he pe cen age o p egnan and lac a -
ing emales o each mon h (Fig. 3). Two pe iods o p egnancy
a e e iden —one ex ending om Decembe o Ap il and ano he
om June o Oc obe . Lac a ing emales ha e been collec ed in
e e y mon h excep Feb ua y. Thus, he ep oduc i e s a egy o
G. longi os is appea s o be ha o mono ocous polyes y wi h a
bimodal cycle.
Mol . —Mol in adul G. longi os is occu s om June o
No embe (Table 2), and appea s o occu annually. The iming
o mol is a iable among specimens collec ed om he same
place and a he same ime and is no highly synch onized. A
emale om Isla Ma ga i a (KU 118110) was p egnan while in
he p ocess o mol ; he e o e mol may no be delayed in ep o-
duc i ely ac i e emales in his opical species as was ound in
Ep esicus uscus in empe a e No h Ame ica (Jones and Geno-
ways, 1967).
The sequence o mol in Glossophaga longi os is is simila o
ha o G. so icina (Jones e al., 1973). Mol begins as a g ow h o
new hai unde he old. Then a e he new u has g own o hal
i s no mal leng h, he wo n hai d ops ou in i egula pa ches
a he han in symme ical ashion. Gene ally, he hai on he
head and shoulde s is los ini ially, bu in some specimens hai
on he back is eplaced i s .
Acknowledgmen s
We hank hose in cha ge o he ollowing collec ions o allowing us access o
specimens in hei ca e: Ame ican Museum o Na u al His o y (AMNH); B i ish
Museum (Na u al His o y) (BMNH); Ca negie Museum o Na u al His o y
20 OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
(CMNH); Field Museum o Na u al His o y (FMNH); Museum o Na u al His¬
o y, Uni e si y o Kansas (KU); Los Angeles Coun y Museum o Na u al His o y
(LACM); Museum o Zoology, Louisiana S a e Uni e si y (LSU); Museum o
Compa a i e Zoology, Ha a d Uni e si y (MCZ); Museum o Ve eb a e Zoology,
Uni e si y o Cali o nia a Be keley (MVZ); S o all Museum o Science and His¬
o y, Uni e si y o Oklahoma (OU); Royal On a io Museum (ROM); Texas Coop¬
e a i e Wildli e Collec ion, Texas A&M Uni e si y (TCWC); The Museum, Texas
Tech Uni e si y (TTU); Uni e sidad Cen al de Venezuela (UCV); Museum o
Zoology, Uni e si y o Michigan (UMMZ); and he U.S. Na ional Museum o Na ¬
u al His o y (USNM). We a e g a e ul o Smi hsonian Venezuelan P ojec (SVP)
pe sonnel who collec ed specimens and na u al his o y da a, Jenny Banne and
Penny Nelson, who helped measu e SVP skulls, and Da ylen Handley who com¬
pu ed he s a is ics.
This esea ch was suppo ed in pa by g an s o Webs e by he Ins i u e o
Museum Resea ch, Texas Tech Uni e si y, and he Theodo e Roose el Memo ial
Fund, Ame ican Museum o Na u al His o y. Handley’s Smi hsonian Venezuelan
P ojec was suppo ed by he Smi hsonian Ins i u ion and by a con ac (DA-49-
MD-2788) o he Medical Resea ch and De elopmen Command, O ice o he Su ¬
geon Gene al, U.S. A my.
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Qui o, Ecuado , xii + 285 pp.
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Genoways, H. H., and S. L. Williams. 1979. No es on ba s (Mammalia: Chi-
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and Tobago. Bull. Ame . Mus. Na . His ., 122:187-301.
Handley, C. O., J . 1959. A e ision o Ame ican ba s o he gene a Eude ma
and Pleco us. P oc. U.S. Na . Mus., 110:95-246.
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Handley, C. O., J ., and W. D. Webs e . 1986. The supposed occu ence o
Glossophaga longi os is Mille on Dominica and p oblems wi h he ype
se ies o G. os a a Mille . J. Mamm., in p ess.
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and he Venezuelan Islands, 1:1-130.
WEBSTER AND HANDLEY—GLOSSOPHAGA LONGIROSTRIS 21
Husson, A. M. 1954. On Vampy odes ca acciolae (Thomas) and some o he ba s
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pelijke We kg oep Nede landse An illen, Cu asao, 170 pp.
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Sou h Dako a. T ans, Kansas Acad. Sci., 70:184-196.
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Pape s Mus., Texas Tech Uni ., 13:1-31.
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-. 1900 l. Th ee new ba s om he island o Cu asao. P oc. Biol. Soc.
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-. 1913a. Fi e new mammals om opical Ame ica. P oc. Biol. Soc.
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D.C., p i a ely p in ed, 43 pp.
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Sanbo n, C. C. 1933. Ba s o he gene a Anou a and Lonchoglossa. Field Mus.
Na . His ., Zool. Se ., 20:23-27.
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22 OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Webs e , W. D., and J. K. Jones, J . 1980. Taxonomic and nomencla o ial
no es on ba s o he genus Glossophaga in No h Ame ica, wi h desc ip¬
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Add esses o au ho s: W. D. Webs e , Depa men o Biological Sciences and
The Museum, Texas Tech Uni e si y, Lubbock, Texas 79409; C. O. Handley, J .,
Di ision o Mammals, Smi hsonian Ins i u ion, Washing on, D.C. 20560; P esen
add ess o Webs e , Depa men o Biological Sciences, Uni e si y o No h Ca o¬
lina a Wilming on, Wilming on, No h Ca olina 28403. Recei ed 7 Sep embe
1983, accep ed 19 No embe 1984.
