MAMMALIAN SPECIES
No.
191,
pp.
1-3, 4
igs.
Myo is au iculus. By
Richa d
M.
Wa ne
Published
23
No embe
1982 by
The
Ame ican
Socie y o Mammalogis s
Myo is
au iculus
Bake
and
S ains,
1955
Sou hwes e n
Myo is
Myo is e o is au iculus
Bake
and
S ains,
1955:83.
Type
locali y
10 mi W
and
2 mi S
Pied a,
1,200 ,
Sie a
de
Tamaulipas,
Tamaulipas,
Mexico.
Myo is au iculus, Genoways
and
Jones,
1969:8.
Fi s
use
o
cu -
en
name
combina ion.
CONTEXT AND CONTENT.
O de
Chi op e a,
Subo de
Mic ochi op e a, Family Vespe ilionidae, Sub amily Vespe il-
ioninae, Genus Myo is,
and
Subgenus Myo is. Findley (1972) placed
M. au iculus in
he
e o is
species
g oup which also includes M.
e o is, M. keenii,
and
M. sep en ionalis (see Van Zyll
de
Jong,
1979). Two
subspecies
a e
cu en ly
ecognized.
M. a. au iculus
Bake
and
S ains,
1955:83,
see
abo e.
M. a. apache
Ho meis e
and
K u zsch,
1955:1. Type locali y
Snow Fla , 8,750 ,
G aham
Moun ains,
G aham
Coun y,
A izona.
DIAGNOSIS. Myo is au iculus is a medium-sized
membe
o
he
genus
wi h long, b ownish
ea s
(Fig.
1).
The
leng h
o
he
ea s
(>
17
mm)
sepa a es
his
species
om all
o he
No h Ame -
ican
species
o Myo is
excep
M. hysanodes, M. mille i,
and
o he
membe s
o
he
e o is
species
g oup (see
CONTEXT
AND
CONTENT).
M. sep en ionalis
and
M. keenii
a e
bo h smalle
han
M. au iculus.
The
o me wo
species
usually ha e a o ea m
leng h
less
han
36
mm,
ea s
less
han
19
mm,
and
g ea es
leng h
o skull
less
han
15.6 mm.
These
same
h ee
measu emen s
o
M. au iculus
a e
gene ally
g ea e
han
37, 19,
and
15. 7
mm,
espec i ely. Addi ionally,
nei he
M. keenii
no
M. sep en ion-
alis
occu
wi hin
he
ange
o
M. au iculus (compa e Fig. 2 o
Fig. 2
in
Fi ch
and
Shump,
1979).
F om
M. mille i his
species
also di e s in size, M. au iculus being
la ge
o all skull
and
ex e nal
measu emen s
o he
han
ea
heigh .
Fo
example, in
M. mille i o ea m
leng h
is usually
less
han
37
mm
and
g ea es
leng h
o skull is
less
han
15.5
mm,
which
can
be
compa ed
wi h
he
alues o M. au iculus gi en abo e. Quali a i ely, M. au i-
culus di e s om M. mille i in ha ing a mo e in la ed skull, in
possessing a
dis inc
sagi al
c es
(absen
in M. mille i),
and
in
lacking
a dis inc mic oscopic inge
o
hai s on
he
pos e io
ma gin o
he
u opa agium
(p esen
in M. mille i). M. au iculus
can
be
dis inguished om M. hysanodes by
he
lack
o a
dis inc
mac oscopic inge
o
hai s on
he
pos e io ma gin o
he
u o-
pa agium.
The
ollowing
can
be
used
o dis inguish M. au iculus
om M. e o is:
lack
o a dis inc mic oscopic inge
o
hai s on
he
ee
bo de
o
he
u opa agium; b ownish
a he
han
blackish
ea s;
ea s
sho e ,
usually less
han
21
mm
om
he
no ch
as
opposed
o no mally
g ea e
han
21
mm
in M. e o is; ligh mem-
b anes
ligh e
colo ed; do sal hai s b own basally
a he
han
black;
mo e in la ed on al egion o
he
skull;
median
pos pala al
p ocess
long,
b oad,
and
ounded
(see Fig.
3)
no sho
and
poin -
ed; ela i ely longe
den a y,
usually mo e
han
82.5% o
he
condylobasal leng h.
The
abo e is mainly
a e
Findley (1960)
and
Genoways
and
Jones
(1969).
GENERAL CHARACTERS. A e ages
and
ex emes
o
measu emen s
(in mm) o i e emale M. a. au iculus a e: o al
leng h, 93.2
(86
o 97); ail leng h, 42.0 (39 o 45);
leng h
o hind-
oo , 9.3
(8
o 10);
leng h
o
ea
om no ch, 19.6
(18
o 20); o ea m
leng h, 38.5
(37
.3 o 40.2);
g ea es
leng h
o skull, 16.1 (15.8 o
16.4); condylobasal leng h, 15.4 (15.0 o 15.6);
leng h
o maxilla y
oo h ow, 6.6 (6.5 o 6.
7)
(Bake
and
S ains, 1955). A e ages o
he
same
measu emen s
o ou M. a. apache (sex no speci ied)
a e: 94; 46; 10.5; 19.4; 38.5; 15.8; 15.1; 6.4 (Ho meis e
and
K u zsch,
1955).
Means,
plus o minus
he
s anda d
e o s
o
he
means,
o
ou
mensu al
cha ac e s
om samples o 30 adul
emale
and
30
adul
male,
espec i ely,
M. a.
apache
a e:
head
and
body
leng h,
53.4 ± 0.58, 52. 7 ± 0.47; o ea m leng h,
37 .20 ± 0.191, 36.
77
± 0.206; condylocanine leng h, 14.30 ±
0.045, 14.19 ± 0.040;
and
leng h
o
he
maxilla y oo h ow, 6.42 ±
0.021, 6.36 ± 0.022 (Williams
and
Findley, 1979). Williams
and
Findley ound no e idence
o
sexual dimo phism in size in his
species.
Addi ional
measu emen s
can
be
ound in
Bake
and
S ains
(1955)
and
Genoways
and
Jones
(1969).
Do sal colo a ion is a dull b own wi h
he
hai s
possessing
a
da ke
basal
band.
The
en al pelage is hu y.
The
ligh mem-
b anes
a e
b own
and
he e
is no ob ious o mic oscopic inge
o
hai s on
h
pos e io ma gin
o
he
in e emo al
memb ane.
The
long, b ownish
ea s
(Fig.
1)
a e
pa icula ly dis inc i e.
The
nomina e
subspecies
is
da ke
o e all
han
M. a. apache.
The
skull
is
cha ac e ized
by i s ela i ely la ge size,
he
in la ed on al egion,
and
he
long,
ounded
median
pos pala al
p ocess
(Fig. 3).
Pho og aphs
o
he
skull, as well as
pho og aphs
o li ing
specimens,
we e
published
in
Ba bou
and
Da is (1969).
Illus a ions o
he
skull,
uppe
mola i o m
ee h,
and
a
baculum
we e
p esen ed
in Genoways
and
Jones
(1969).
DISTRIBUTION. Myo is au iculus is a
ba
o
he
sou h-
wes e n
Uni ed
S a es
and
no he n
Mexico (Fig. 2).
The
nomi-
na e
subspecies
has
been
epo ed
om
he
Mexican
s a es
o
Nue o
Leon,
Tamaulipas,
and
Ve ac uz.
M. a. apache is
mo e
widely dis ibu ed, occu ing om no h-cen al A izona
and
no h-
cen al
New Mexico sou h o
he
Mexican
s a e
o Jalisco.
Dis ibu ions o
he
subspecies
a e
shown in Fig. 2.
Reco ds
o
occu ence
a e
a ailable in
Eas e la
and
Baccus
(1973),
Findley e al. (1975), Ga dne (1965), Jones
e
al. (1970), Ma son
and
Pa en
(1975),
and
Wa ne
and
Czaplewski (1981). Al i udinal ange
is om 366 m o
a
leas
2,226 m. Ecological
ange
is om
dese
sc ub
o pine- i o es
and
may a y seasonally (Ho meis e ,
1970).
FORM AND FUNCTION.
The
baculum
o M. au iculus is
saddle-shaped
wi h a la ge dis al knob (Fig.
4).
Genoways
and
Jones
(1969) ound
he
baculum
o
M. au iculus o
be
smalle
and
less
complex
han
hose
o M. e o is
and
M. keenii sep en ionalis
( =M. sep en ionalis
).
Indi idual a ia ion in
bacula
size
and
ine
s uc u al
de ail
a e
o
be
expec ed
(Genoways
and
Jones,
1969;
K u zsch
and
Vaughan,
1955).
Allen (1895)
poin ed
ou
he
occu ence
o
abe an
agi in
an
indi idual collec ed in A izona.
He
sugges ed
ha
he
abno -
mally small
and
blun
agi
we e
he
esul
o
an
inju y. Koopman
(1963)
sugges ed
ha
inju y was
an
unlikely
cause
as bo h agi
we e
simila ly de o med.
The
u ine-concen a ing
abili y o M. au iculus is a e age
ela i e o
o he
insec i o ous
ba s
(Geluso, 1978, 1980).
The
u -
ine osmolali y o eigh M. au iculus
es ed
unde
wa e -denied
condi ions
anged
om 2,300 o 3,700 mosmol/kg wi h a
mean
o
2,950 ± 66 mosmol/kg.
The
u ine
concen a ing
abili y
o
his
species
ela i e o
o he
insec i o ous
ba s
is e lec ed in
he
FIGURE
1. Adul male Myo is au iculus om A izona.
2
FIGURE
2. Dis ibu ion o M. a. au iculus (s ippling)
and
M. a.
apache
(oblique ha ching).
Scale
ep esen s
1,000 km.
compa a i e
de elopmen
o
he
enal
medulla as
measu ed
by
a
numbe
o indices (Geluso, 1978, 1980). Geluso sugges ed
ha
he
ela i e u ine
concen a ing
abili ies
and
co ela ed
enal
mo phology o M. au iculus
we e
e lec ions o
he
mesic en i-
onmen s
i inhabi s.
ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION. A single young is
usually bo n
in
June
o ea ly July.
Ba bou
and
Da is (1969)
s a -
ed,
wi h li le suppo i e
e idence,
ha
pa u i ion
appa en ly
occu s
la e
in
a eas
sou h
o
A izona. This is undoub edly
an
o e simpli ica ion.
The
iming
o
pa u i ion is p obably a ec ed
by
clima ic ac o s
and
can
be
expec ed
o show
conside able
spa ial
and
empo al
a iabili y.
Myo is au iculus is known o li e a
minimum
o 3
yea s,
2
mon hs
based
on
he
ecap u e
o
banded
indi iduals (Cock um,
1973).
ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR. In A izona
and
New Mex-
ico M. au iculus is p ima ily ound in
ponde osa
pine (Pinus
pon-
de osa) o es s (Findley
e
al., 1975;
Jones,
1965;
Wa ne
and
Czaplewski, 1981).
Ba bou
and
Da is (1969)
conside ed
his
species
o
be
an
inhabi an
o
"a id
woodlands
and
dese
sc ub."
Seasonal
mig a ions may
esul
in his
species
selec ing di e en
habi a s
du ing
di e en
seasons
(see Ho meis e , 1970).
JonPs (1965) ound his
species
o
be
ac i e p ima ily om
1.5 o 2.0 h a e1·
sunse
and
a
emp a u es
o
11° o l9°C. A
imodal ac i i y
pa e n
was
p esen ed
in
Cock um
and
C oss
(1964) wi h a majo pe iod o ac i i y
be ween
30
and
89
min
a e
sunse
and
mino
pe iods om 120 o 149
and
180 o 209 min
a e
sunse .
Seasonally,
Jones
(1965)
cap u ed
his
species
om
Ap il o
ea ly
Sep embe
in New Mexico.
Black
(1974)
and
Husa
(1976) ound
ha
M. au iculus
a e
mos ly mo hs. Males
a e
signi ican ly mo e
mo hs
han
emales
(Husa ,
1976).
Fen on
and
Bell (1979)
obse ed
sou hwes e n
my-
o is gleaning
insec s,
p ima ily
mo hs
wi h
30
o 40
mm
wing-
spans,
om buildings
and
ee
unks.
They
obse ed
ha
he
ba
would
land
b ie ly on
he
subs a e
while picking
he
insec
o o
he
su ace.
A
gleane
o aging
s a egy
was p e iously
p edic ed
o his
species
on
he
basis o mo phological
e idence
(Findley, 1972)
and
b ain
olume ela i e o body weigh (Eisen-
be g
and
Wilson, 1978).
Sonag ams
and
desc ip ions
o echoloca ion calls we e pub-
lished
in
Fen on
and
Bell (1979).
The
FM signal, wi h a
peculia
ini ial
upsweep,
has
mos o
he
ene gy
a
60 kHz.
The
call is
sho
and
o
low in ensi y in compa ison wi h
hose
o
congene s
s udied.
While
engaged
in gleaning
beha io
no dis inc eeding
buzz is
p oduced,
he
epe i ion
a e
emaining essen ially con-
s an
du ing
app oach
and
cap u e
phases.
The
mean
es ima ed
ligh
speed
o ou M. au iculus
a-
e sing a 30.8 m
cou se
was 12.9 km/h (Haywa d
and
Da is,
1964).
GENETICS. Bo h
s anda d
(Bake
and
Jo dan,
1970;
Bake
and
Pa on,
1967)
and
G-banded
(Bickham, 1979) ka yo ypes o
M. au iculus ha e
been
desc ibed.
The
ollowing desc ip ion ol-
MAMMALIAN
SPECIES
191
FIGURE
3. Do sal, en al,
and
la e al
iews
o
c anium
and
la e al
iew
o
mandible
o
an
adul
male
M. a. apache (NAU
3941).
Scale
ep esen s
5 mm.
lows
Bickham's
e minology.
The
diploid
numbe
is 44, in com-
mon wi h all
membe s
o
he
genus
s udied
hus
a ,
bu
he
numbe
o au osomal
a ms
(FN) is 52,
no
50
as
ound in
mos
species
o Myo is.
The
highe
undamen al
numbe
is
due
o ch o-
mosome 25 being
bia med
a he
han
ac ocen ic,
as is usually
ound in
membe s
o his genus.
The
Y
ch omosome
is
la ge
han
ha
ound in
mos
Myo is
species;
i is nea ly
he
size
o
ch omosome
23
a he
han
app oxima ely
he
size o
he
smalles
ch omosome
(numbe
25),
as
is commonly ound in his
genus.
FIGURE
4.
La e al
(le )
and
do sal ( igh ) iews o
baculum
o
M. a.
apache
(NAU 3941).
Scale
ep esen s
0.5 mm.
MAMMALIAN
SPECIES
191
Bickham
(1979)
conside ed
he
addi ional
a m
and
he
la ge
Y
ch omosome
in M. au iculus o
be
de i ed
cha ac e s.
REMARKS. Myo is au iculus
and
M. e o is
a e
appa en ly
pa apa ically
dis ibu ed
wi h a na ow zone
o
o e lap in A i-
zona
and
New Mexico. Allen (1897) may ha e
been
he
i s o
disce n
ha
he
sou he n
o m o long-ea ed Myo is (au iculus)
di e ed om
he
no he n
o m (e o is
).
In
his monog aph
he
included,
in
Pla e
II,
diag ams o
he
u opa agium o bo h o ms.
The
no he n
example
( om Wyoming)
had
a dis inc mic oscopic
inge
o
hai s on
he
pos e io ma gin;
his
inge was lacking on
he
illus a ion o
he
sou he n
o m ( om Ve ac uz). M.
au i-
culus has
had
a
a he
complex axonomic his o y, which was
e iewed
by
Genoways
and
Jones
(1969).
The
gene ic
name,
Myo is,
means
mouse-ea ed.
The
speci ic
epi he
e e s
o
he
long
ex e nal
ea
pinnae
o his species.
The
subspeci ic
name
apache
e e s o
he
Apachian
bio ic p o ince
in which his
subspecies
occu s.
LITERATURE CITED
Allen, G. S. 1897. Re ision o
he
No h
Ame ican
ba s
o
he
amily Vespe ilionidae. N. Ame .
Fauna,
13:1-135.
Allen, J. A. 1895.
On
a collec ion o
mammals
om A izona
and
New Mexico,
made
by M .
W.W.
P ice,
wi h ield no es
by
he
collec o . Bull. Ame . Mus.
Na .
His .,
7:193-258.
Bake ,
R.H.,
and
H.J.
S ains. 1955. A new long-ea ed Myo is
(Myo is e o is) om no heas e n Mexico. Uni . Kansas
Puhl.,
Mus.
Na .
His .,
9:81--&i.
Bake ,
R.
J.,
and
R. G.
Jo dan.
1970. Ch omosomal
s udies
o
some
Neo opical
ba s
o
he
amilies Emballonu idae,
Noc ilionidae, Na alidae,
and
Vespe ilionidae. Ca yologia,
23:595--604.
Bake ,
R.
J.,
and
J.
L.
Pa on.
1967. Ka yo ypes
and
ka yo-
ypic a ia ion
o
No h
Ame ican
espe ilionid
ba s.
J.
Mamm.,
48:270-286.
Ba bou ,
R.
W.,
and
W.
H.
Da is. 1969.
Ba s
o
Ame ica.
Uni .
P ess
o
Ken ucky,
Lexing on, 286 pp.
Bickham,
J.
W. 1979.
Banded
ka yo ypes
o
11
species
o
Ame ican
ba s
(genus Myo is). Cy ologia, 44:789-797.
Black, H. L. 1974. A
no h
empe a e
ba
communi y: s uc-
u e
and
p ey
popula ions. J.
Mamm.,
55:138-157.
Cock um,
E. L. 1973. Addi ional longe i y
eco ds
o Ame -
ican
ba s.
J. A izona Acad. Sci., 8:108-110.
Cock um,
E. L.,
and
S.
P.
C oss. 1964.
Time
o
ba
ac i i y
o e
wa e
holes.
J.
Mamm.,
45:635--636
and
46:356.
Eas e la,
D.
A.,
and
J.
Baccus.
1973. A collec ion o
ba s
om
he
F on e iza
Moun ains, Coahuila, Mexico. Sou h-
wes e n
Na .,
17:424-427.
Eisenbe g,
J.
F.,
and
D. E. Wilson. 1978. Rela i e
b ain
size
and
eeding
s a egies
in
he
Chi op e a.
E olu ion, 32:740-
751.
Fen on,
M.
B.,
and
G.
P.
Bell. 1979. Echoloca ion
and
eeding
in ou
species
o Myo is (Chi op e a).
Canadian
J. Zoo!., 57:
1271-1277.
Findley, J. S. 1960.
Iden i y
o
he
long-ea ed Myo is
o
he
sou hwes
and
Mexico. J.
Mamm.,
41:16-20.
1972.
Phene ic
ela ionships among
ba s
o
he
genus
My-
o is. Sys . Zoo!., 21:31-52.
Findley,
J.
S.,
A.
H.
Ha is,
D.
E.
Wilson,
and
C.
Jones.
1975. Mammals
o
New
Mexico. Uni .
New
Mex-
ico
P ess,
Albuque que,
360 pp.
3
Fi ch, J. H.,
and
K.
A.
Shump, J . 1979. Myo is keenii. Mamm.
Species,
121:1-3.
Ga dne ,
A. L. 1965. New
ba
eco ds
om
he
Mexican
s a e
o Du ango.
P oc.
Wes e n
Found.
Ve . Zoo!., 1:101-106.
Genoways, H.
H.,
and
J.
K.
Jones,
J .
1969. Taxonomic
s a us
o
ce ain
long-ea ed
ba s
(genus Myo is) om
he
sou h-
wes e n
Uni ed
S a es
and
Mexico.
Sou hwes e n
Na .,
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Edi o s o his
accoun
we e
DANIEL
F.
WILLIAMS
and
SYDNEY
ANDERSON.
Managing edi o was
TIMOTHY
E.
LAWLOR.
R. M.
WARNER,
DEPARTMENT
OF
BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES,
C.U.
5640,
NORTHERN
ARIZONA
UNIVERSITY,
FLAGSTAFF,
86011.
PRESENT
ADDRESS:
MUSEUM
OF
VERTEBRATE
ZOOLOGY,
2593
LIFE
SCIENCES,
UNIVERSITY
OF
CALIFORNIA,
BERKELEY
94720.
