Co esponding au ho : A melda Te a ORCID: 0000-0003-4257-9762
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Fi s aid knowledge among nu sing s uden s: A c oss-sec ional s udy
A melda Te a 1, *, Mi ilda Gugu 2, Gazmen Koduzi 3, Elona Gaxhja 1, Reza a S ena 2 and Sabina Tosuni 1
1 Nu sing Depa men , Facul y o Technical Medical Sciences, Uni e si y o Elbasan “Aleksandë Xhu ani”, Albania.
2 P eclinical Depa men , Facul y o Technical Medical Sciences, Uni e si y o Elbasan “Aleksandë Xhu ani”, Albania.
3 Medical Technical Special ies Depa men , Facul y o Technical Medical Sciencse, Uni e si y o Elbasan “Aleksandë
Xhu ani”, Albania.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 3778-3783
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 18 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 26 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 28 Ap il 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.1.1511
Abs ac
Aim o he s udy: This s udy aimed o measu e he le el o knowledge o nu sing s uden s abou i s aid and compa e
he di e ences be ween second-and- hi d yea s s uden s. Assessing his knowledge is c ucial o unde s anding he
e ec i eness o hei educa ion, and iden i ying a eas o imp o emen need.
Me hodology: A c oss-sec ional compa a i e s udy was conduc ed a he Facul y o Technical Medical Sciences,
Uni e si y o Elbasan, Albania. A s uc u ed ques ionnai e, adap ed c oss-cul u ally, was used o assess s uden s'
knowledge ela ed i s -aid. The da a we e analyzed using IBM SPSS S a is ics e sion 27.0.
Resul s: The indings indica e ha 93.5% o s uden s had p e iously hea d abou i s aid. We no iced a s a is ically
signi ican di e ence (p = 0.002) in sel - epo ed knowledge be ween second-yea (99%) and hi d-yea s uden s
(88%). F ac u e- ela ed i s aid was he opic wi h he highes co ec answe s a e, while he managemen o bi es
had he lowes co ec esponses a e. A signi ican co ela ion (p = 0.015) was ound be ween p io knowledge and
o e all i s -aid s uden compe ence. The majo i y o he s uden s showed mode a e i s -aid knowledge. The exposu e
o i s -aid in o ma ion was he key ac o o hei knowledge.
Conclusions: These esul s highligh he need o uni e si ies o in eg a e mo e comp ehensi e aining p og ams. To
explo e i s aid knowledge and a i udes among di e se educa ional and communi y se ings, u he s udy is equi ed.
Keywo ds: Educa ion; Fi s aid; Knowledge; Nu sing s uden s
1. In oduc ion
Fi s aid is de ined as he p ima y, immedia e, and empo a y ca e gi en o an inju ed o sick pe son in si ua ions ha
pu his li e a isk and consis s o aking some e ec i e ac ions o keep him ali e and in he bes possible condi ion o
he inju ed pe son un il eme gency medical se ice and ea men can be p o ided [1]. Fi s aid can be gi en by
e e yone in any si ua ion, as long as hey ha e acqui ed he basic knowledge on how o gi e i . Fi s aid educa ion should
be comp ehensi e, p omo ing li e-suppo ing beha io s [2]. The main objec i es o p o iding i s aid include
p ese ing li e, educing he le el o pain and su e ing, p e en ing u he inju y, and p omo ing healing [3].
The aining o ci izens in ou coun y is applied h ough he Fi s Aid P og am o ganized by he Albanian Red C oss
h ough se e al demons a ion ac i i ies o echniques in schools, kinde ga ens, uni e si ies, ins i u ions, and in he
communi y, wich is conside ed as a good s a egy o ci izens o acqui e basic knowledge [4]. The Albanian Red C oss
is a olun a y humani a ian associa ion ha comes o he aid o s a e bodies a he cen al and local le el o
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humani a ian issues h oughou he coun y, elying also on he law o he Republic o Albania. The i s aid p og am
aims o educa e communi ies on he impo ance o p o iding i s aid acco ding o he guidelines o he Global Re e ence
Cen e o Fi s Aid, hus p o iding up- o-da e, quali y, and p o essional in o ma ion o sa e as many li es as possible
[5].
The inclusion o a ious in o ma ion subjec s on i s aid and ca diopulmona y esusci a ion in he eaching p og ams
o medical science acul ies helps o inc ease s uden s' skills on how o manage di e en li e- h ea ening si ua ions [6,
7]. The impo an hing is ha ge ing in o ma ion abou i s aid in school can po en ially educa e a la ge pa o he
communi y [8]. E e yone should be awa e o he basic skills o i s aid in eme gencies, especially he s uden s o
medical sciences acul ies who will be u u e heal h ca e p o ide s [9].
Nu sing s uden s, as u u e heal hca e p o ide s, mus possess adequa e i s -aid skills o espond app op ia ely in
medical eme gencies. F om he li e a u e, we highligh ha mass educa ion o he popula ion on i s aid is implemen ed
all o e he wo ld, as i can b ing bene i s o he p e en ion and con ol o u he inju ies, he educ ion o acciden s,
he educ ion o he acciden a e, and he inc eased sa e y awa eness [10].
This s udy aimed o: a) de e mine he le el o knowledge o nu sing s uden s abou i s aid; b) compa e he le el o
knowledge be ween he second and hi d yea s o nu sing s uden s; and c) explo e and de e mine ac o s in luencing
he co esponding in o ma ion o hese s uden s.
2. Me hodology
2.1. S udy Design and Se ing
To ul ill he goals o his pape , a c oss-sec ional compa a i e s udy design was conduc ed a an Albanian Uni e si y
ha o e s cou ses in medical science. The second- and hi d-yea nu sing s udy p og am s uden s we e selec ed as pa
o he popula ion. In he Uni e si y o Elbasan, Facul y o Technical Medical Sciences, o e 600 s uden s a e en olled in
he nu sing p og am.
2.2. E hical Conside a ions
The s udy adhe ed o cu en e hical s anda ds, and i complied wi h he p o isions o he Decla a ion o Helsinki. Unde
Albanian law, e hical app o al was no equi ed o his non-in e en ional s udy. All pa icipan s p o ided w i en
in o med consen a e we explained he s udy's pu pose and assu ed hem ha con iden iali y and anonymi y would
be p ese ed. S uden s we e in o med ha hei decision no o pa icipa e o o wi hd aw om he s udy would no
esul in any academic epe cussions.
2.3. Sample Selec ion
A o al o 200 s uden s we e andomly selec ed using non-p obabili y sampling. F om each yea o he nu sing s udy
p og am, 100 s uden s we e andomly selec ed. The pa icipan s' ages anged om 18 o 30 yea s.
2.4. S udy ins umen
A alida ed ques ionnai e designed by S a was used, wi h pe mission om he main au ho [11]. The ques ionnai e
consis ed o wo pa s. The i s pa con ained ques ions on socio-demog aphic da a such as age, gende , place o
esidence, i s aid expe ience, sou ce o in o ma ion, aining, amily membe s who a e heal hca e p o essionals, and
eme gency numbe . The second pa was designed o p o ide in o ma ion abou he knowledge o s uden s on i s aid,
di ided in o ou sec ions: bu ns, bi es, ac u es, and ai way obs uc ion. The sessions a e buil wi h bina y-choice Yes
o No al e na i es.
2.5. C oss-cul u al adap a ion o he ques ionnai e
A e ob aining pe mission om he main au ho , he ques ionnai e was ansla ed in o Albanian and adjus ed o align
wi h he cul u al and linguis ic con ex . The c oss-cul u al adap a ion was made ollowing Bea on’s guidelines [12].
2.6. Da a collec ion
The ques ionnai e was dis ibu ed elec onically ia Google Fo ms o all s uden s. Da a collec ion ook place be ween
Decembe 2023 and Feb ua y 2024.
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2.7. Da a analysis
The s udy da a we e analyzed wi h he s a is ical p og am SPSS e sion 27, employing desc ip i e and in e en ial
s a is ical me hods. Desc ip i e da a analysis was pe o med o ca ego ical and con inuous a iables. Ca ego ical
a iables (gende , place o esidence, expe ience o i s aid, sou ce o in o ma ion, aining, amily membe s who a e
heal h ca e p o essionals) a e p esen ed in equency and pe cen age. The con inuous a iables (age and le el o
knowledge in each espec i e session) a e p esen ed as mean and s anda d de ia ion. Fo he compa ison o a iables
and he co ela ion o he le el o knowledge wi h he in luencing ac o s, he chi-squa e, P- alue, and - es we e
measu ed. S a is ical signi icance was de e mined a p ≤ 0.05.
Each co ec answe was assigned one poin , while an inco ec answe was alued o ze o poin s. The o al sco e anges
up o a maximum o 22 poin s pe indi idual. A new ca ego ical a iable was de eloped based on knowledge le el abou
i s aid: low (less han 14 poin s), mode a e (15-18 poin s), and high (abo e 18 poin s).
3. Resul s
Table 1 Socio-demog aphic pa icipan s’ cha ac e is ics
Demog aphic cha ac e is ics
Second yea
Thi d yea
Chi-
squa e
P*
F equency
Pe cen
F equency
Pe cen
Gende
Female
74
74%
80
80%
1.016
0.313
Male
26
26%
20
20%
Residency
U ban
53
53%
58
58%
0.506
0.477
Ru al
47
47%
42
42%
Ha e you hea d abou Fi s aid
No
1
1%
12
12%
9.955
0.002*
Yes
99
99%
88
88%
Sou ce o he i s aid in o ma ion
In e ne e
eading
70
70%
51
51%
13.1
0.004*
Media
4
4%
8
8%
T aining
25
25%
30
30%
No answe
1
1%
11
11%
Do you ha e heal hca e p o essional in
he amily
No
81
81%
79
79%
0.125
0.724
Yes
19
19%
21
21%
Pa icipa e in any wo kshop, aining o
semina abou i s aid
No
56
56%
63
63%
1.017
0.313
Yes
44
44%
37
37%
Eme gency call
No
22
22%
33
33%
0.120
0.711
Yes
78
78%
67
67%
A e age age (n = 200) (mean, SD)
20.13 ± 3.466
20.72 ± 1.985
* S a is ical signi icance p ≤ 0.05
The o e all socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he pa icipan s a e demons a ed in Table 1. The pa icipan s'
a e age ages we e 20.13 o he second yea (SD = 3.466) and 20.72 o he hi d yea (SD = 1.985). Mos o hem (74%
in he second yea and 80% in he hi d yea ) a e women. In bo h g oups included in he s udy, mo e han hal epo
ha hey ha e an u ban esidence, espec i ely (53%) in he second yea and (58%) in he hi d yea . We do no obse e
signi ican s a is ical di e ences be ween he wo g oups in bo h gende and esidence a iables. Acco ding o he
esponses, he majo i y o s uden s epo ed ha ing in o ma ion on i s aid (99% o he second yea and 88% o he
hi d yea ), wi h a s a is ically signi ican di e ence p = 0.002 be ween he wo g oups. In bo h g oups, i was epo ed
ha he highes pe cen age o he sou ce o in o ma ion on i s aid has been ob ained om he In e ne and eading
(second yea 70% and hi d yea 51%), wi h a s a is ically signi ican di e ence be ween he wo g oups (p = 0.004).
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F om Table 1, i can be obse ed ha 81% o second-yea pa icipan s and 79% o hi d-yea pa icipan s ha e
heal hca e p o essionals in hei amilies, wi hou a s a is ically signi ican di e ence. Fu he mo e, he majo i y o
s uden s (56% o second-yea s uden s and 63% o hi d-yea s uden s) had no pa icipa ed in any i s -aid aining,
wi h no s a is ically signi ican di e ence be ween he g oups.
The esul s o ou s udy showed ha 72.5% o he s uden pa icipan s could p ope ly iden i y he numbe o call in
case o an eme gency. This ou come demons a ed how well-known he ambulance se ice was in ou na ion.
The dis ibu ion and compa ison o i s aid knowledge be ween he wo g oups o each sec ion we e exp essed in
mean and s anda d de ia ion (Table 2). The s a is ical analysis shows ha he lowes a e age o answe s has he bi e
session in bo h g oups, he second yea a 3.32 and he hi d yea a 3.17, wi h a di e ence o 0.15 in a o o he second
yea . The highes knowledge is epo ed in he ac u e session, wi h he second yea ha ing 5.00 and he hi d yea
ha ing 5.08, wi h a di e ence in a o o he hi d yea wi h 0.08. No s a is ically signi ican di e ences we e obse ed
be ween he wo g oups. No signi ican di e ence was ound be ween he wo g oups o all i ems, including bu ns,
bi es, ac u es, and ai way obs uc ion (p = 0.311).
Table 2 Dis ibu ion and compa ison o i s aid knowledge be ween he wo g oups o each sec ion
Second yea
Thi d yea
Di e ence
P
Mean
S d. De ia ion
Mean
S d. De ia ion
Mean
S d. De ia ion
Bu n
4.04
0.963
4.29
0.946
-0.250
0.135
-1.852
0.066
Bi es
3.32
1.091
3.17
0.995
0.150
0.148
1.016
0.311
F ac u e
5.00
1.128
5.08
0.981
-0.080
0.150
-0.535
0.593
Ai way obs uc ion
4.17
0.842
4.30
0.870
-0.130
0.121
-1.074
0.284
To al
16.53
2.062
16.84
2.246
-0.310
0.305
-1.017
0.311
Table 3 shows he le el o s uden ’s knowledge and he compa ison be ween he wo g oups included in he s udy. The
pa icipan s we e di ided in o h ee g oups based on hei le el o knowledge abou i s aid: low knowledge (less han
14 poin s), mode a e knowledge (15-18 poin s), and high knowledge (o e 18 poin s). Bo h second-yea (67%) and
hi d-yea (65%) s uden s ha e a mode a e le el o i s -aid knowledge, wi h no s a is ically signi ican di e ence
be ween he g oups.
Table 3 Compa ison o he le el o knowledge be ween he wo g oups
Second yea
Thi d yea
Chi-squa e
P
F equency
Pe cen
F equency
Pe cen
Knowledge Le el
Low knowledge
13
13%
14
14%
0.092
0.95
Mode e e knowledge
67
67%
65
65%
High knowledge
20
20%
21
21%
Table 4 displays he co ela ion be ween he in o ma ion abou i s aid ha he s uden s had be o e he s udy and he
le el o knowledge de e mined by hei esponses. The in o ma ion hey possessed and hei deg ee o knowledge a e
signi ican ly co ela ed s a is ically, acco ding o he da a (p = 0.015). The Pea son co ela ion coe icien , = 0.172,
indica es a posi i e associa ion be ween hem. Thus, s uden s' deg ee o knowledge ises in andem wi h hei
inc easing in o ma ion on i s aid, and ice e sa (Table 4).
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Table 4 Co ela ion be ween i s aid in o ma ion and knowledge le el ca ego ized
Ha e you hea d abou Fi s aid?
Knowledge le el ca ego ized
Ha e you hea d
abou Fi s aid?
Pea son Co ela ion ( )
1
0.172*
Sig. (2- ailed)
0.015
N
200
200
* Co ela ion is signi ican a he 0.05 le el (2- ailed).
4. Discussion
In his s udy, 200 s uden s o he Facul y o Technical Medical Sciences in Elbasan ook pa , o whom 154 (77%) we e
emale. The indings a e ela i ely unequal ega ding he gende o he pa icipan s because he numbe o emale
s uden s in uni e si ies in he Albanian s a e is highe han ha o male s uden s. The esea ch pa icipan s' ages a y
om 18 o 30 yea s old, wi h an a e age age o abou 20.5 yea s.
The da a analysis e ealed ha 187 (93.5%) o he pa icipan s had p e iously hea d o i s aid. Thei p ima y sou ces
o knowledge we e he in e ne and he in o ma ion hey ecei ed a school. E en in p e ious esea ch on i s aid,
pa icipan s' p ima y sou ce o knowledge was he In e ne [13, 14]. Acco ding o he esul s, s uden s who knew abou
i s aid had he g ea es deg ee o knowledge, wi h a signi ican s a is ical co ela ion (p = 0.015). E en in he s udy o
Gok as e al., i was disco e ed ha s uden s who bene i ed om he in o ma ion om he medical school answe ed he
ques ions co ec ly and showed much g ea e le els o knowledge [15].
Based on ou indings, i u ned ou ha mos o he pa icipan s did no ake pa in aining on i s aid, and his did
no ha e a s a is ically signi ican impac on hei le el o knowledge. Ea lie esea ch has demons a ed a subs an ial
ela ionship be ween i s -aid aining expe ience and knowledge le el. Resea ch conduc ed in Jo dan highligh ed he
necessi y o engaging in s uden aining and ob aining expe ience in eme gency managemen , as opposed o ou s udy,
in which he majo i y o pa icipan s we e no ained, and his had no e ec on hei unde s anding [16]. Dahal and
Vaidya emphasize he impo ance o aining in boos ing pa icipan s' o e all knowledge [14].
The da a analysis disco e ed ha mo e co ec answe s we e ecei ed in he sec ion o ques ions on ac u es in bo h
g oups, and ewe co ec answe s we e ob ained in he bi es pa . This conclusion con as s wi h a simila s udy ha
used he same ques ionnai e on i s aid knowledge among uni e si y s uden s [11]. In ha esea ch, he ac u e
sec ion had he lowes a e age numbe o accu a e esponses.
In e ms o o e all pe o mance, hi d-yea s uden s ou pe o med second-yea s uden s. This migh be because hi d-
yea s uden s ha e had ele a ed exposu e o cu icula con aining i s -aid p og ams.
Ou indings e ealed ha he majo i y o Technical Medical Sciences s uden s (66%) had a mode a e le el o
knowledge. Paha udin and colleagues conduc ed a s udy a a Heal hca e Uni e si y College in Nege i Sembilan,
Malaysia, ha ma ched ou indings [17]. In his esea ch, he majo i y o esponden s (67.5%) had an in e media e
le el o knowledge o i s aid. This inding is also suppo ed by he esul s o a s udy conduc ed a he Uni e si y o
Kuan an in Malaysia, which e ealed ha he majo i y o pa icipan s (42.8%) had a mode a e le el o i s aid
knowledge, while 33.9% had a high le el o i s aid knowledge, and 81 pa icipan s (23.3%) had a low le el o
knowledge [18].
5. Conclusion
Based on he indings o his s udy, i was concluded ha mos o he s uden s o he Facul y o Technical Medical
Sciences, Elbasan, had a e age le els o knowledge abou i s aid. Mo e han hal o he s uden s s a ed ha hey did
no ake pa in in o ma i e aining on i s aid. The p ima y sou ce o in o ma ion was h ough he In e ne and wha
hey had ead in school cu icula. The e o e, he uni e si y should play an impo an ole in os e ing he de elopmen
o i s -aid knowledge and s uden abili ies. I is c i ical o p o ide in o ma i e and aining p og ams o s uden s on
i s aid and eme gency in e en ion p ocedu es. Fu he s udy should be conduc ed o de e mine he knowledge and
a i udes abou i s aid among a ious communi ies in he na ion.
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Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s would like o exp ess hei since e g a i ude o D . Sa wa A i S a o his kind coope a ion and o g an ing
pe mission o use he i s aid ques ionnai e. They also ex end hei app ecia ion o all he s uden s who willingly
pa icipa ed in his s udy
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
S a emen o in o med consen
In o med consen was ob ained om all indi idual pa icipan s included in he s udy.
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