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Jou nal Ti le: Ba esea ch news
Volume:
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Issue:
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A icle Ti le: No es on a colony o Pe op e yx
leucop e a (Emballonu idae) in B azil
A icle Au ho :
Penn S a e ILL
RAPIDA icle
ILLiad TN: 2671664
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QL737.C5B328 .38-40 1997-99
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In P ocess:
Summe 1999 Ba Resea ch News 37
No es on a Colony o Pe op e yx leucop e a (Emballonu idae) in B azil
En ico Be na d
Biological Dynamics o Fo es F agmen s P 0Jec --INPNSI. Caixa Pos al 478,
Manaus, Amazonas 69011-970. B azil [email p o ec ed]
The whi e-winged ba . Pe op e ys: leucop e a. is one o only h ee species in he e nballonu id genus
Pe op e yx. P. leucop e a is con ined o he Amazon Basin in eas e n Colombia. Venezuela, he Guianas.
eas e n Pe u, and B azil (Koopman. 1993). Species o
Pe op e yx
a e exclusi ely insec i o ous. Handley
(1976) epo s cap u ing some Pe op e yx (bu no P. leucop e as in o es s. swamps. sa annas. and
cul i a ed a eas and s a es ha oos s o Pe op e x include shallow ca es, ock c e ices. human
cons uc ions. and dead
ees.
On 6 May 1998. du ing a su ey o he ba auna o Al e do Chao. nea San a e n, Pa a S a e. B azil
(2'31'S, 55'OO'W), I ound a oos o P. leucop e a. Al e do Chao is in a ela i ely d y a ea domina ed by
Amazonian sa annas (Sanaio i, 1991). The d y season uns om July o No embe , and a e age annual
ain all is 2.200 m n. Sa anna ege a ion is domina ed by g asses and clumps o sh ubs composed mainly
o species o My aceae and Melas oma aceae (Mi anda. 1993). Small G;125 hal agmen s o opical o es
occu wi hin he sa annas. and I ound he colony o P. leucop e a in one o hose agmen s.
Twel e whi e-winged ba s ( able 1) we e oos ing in an uniden i ied. dead. hollow ee ha was lying on
he g ound in an 8-ha o es ed a ea. The unk o he ee was 10m long and ca. 1.5 m m diame e . The e
was one main en ance a he base o he allen ee and h ee smalle openings along he unk,
Age o each ba was es ima ed by closu e o phalangeal epiphyses. Those wi h open epiphyses we e
classi ied as young. and hose in an in e media e s age we e classi ied as subadul s, Nipples o emales we e
examined o lac a ion. and bellies we e palpa ed o de ec emb yos.
The colony consis ed o h ee adul emales (one ca ying a young). h ee adul males. and i e subadul s,
all g ouped oge he . This g ouping sugges s he lack o ha ems. and he p esence o se e al subadul s, as
well as p egnan emales, may indica e ha he colony was a ma e ni y oos . Simmons and Voss (1998)
epo g oups o 2-8 P. leucop e a in p ima y o es s o F ench Guiana. S udies on P. kapple i in Cos a
Rica indica e colonies o 1-6 indi iduals. wi h se e al adul s o each sex p esen (B adbu y and Veh encamp.
1977). sugges ing a lack o ha ems in P. kapple i as well. Howe e . Willig (1983). wo king in eas -cen al
B azil. ound agg ega ions o P.
mac o is
con aining up
o
10 indi iduals, wi h only a single adul male in
each g oup, which sugges s he main enance o ha ems.
The p esence o wo p egnan emales and subadul s (Table 1) sugges s ha bi hs began 2-3 mon hs
ea lie . This is in acco dance wi h ep oduc i e da a o P. mac o is; p egnan emales o ha species we e
cap u ed in Ap il in Mexico. Feb ua y-Ap il in Gua emala. July in Colombia, and Augus in Pe u (Nowak,
1994). Two o he subadul s cap u ed by me had da ke u han he o he s, possibly indica ing changes in
colo a ion wi h age.
Cha les
0,
Handley and s a a he Uni ed S a es Na ional Museum o Na u al His o y. Washing on. D.
c..
helped iden i y he ba s. Wo k in Al e do Chao was possible due o g an s om CNPq and INPA PPJ
o
W. E. Magnusson. A. Albe naz p o ided logis ical suppo . and E, Fa ias helped wi h ield collec ions.
Li e a u e Ci ed
B adbu y, J. W. and S.
L.
Veh encamp. 1977. Social o ganiza ion and o aging in emballonu id ba s.
I.
Field s udies. Beha io al Ecology and Sociobiology, 1:337-81.
Handley.
C.
0..
J . 1976. Mammals o he Smi hsonian Venezuelan P ojec . B igham Young Uni e si y,
Science Bulle in. Biological Se ies, 20: 1-89.
Koopman.
K.
F.
1993. Chi op e a. Pp. 137-241. in Mammalian species o he wo ld (D. E. Wilson and
D. M. Reede , eds.). Smi hsonian Ins i u ion P ess. Washing on. D.
C.
Mi anda,
I.
1993. Es u u a do es a o a b6 eo do ce ado amazonico em Al e do Chao, Pa a, B asil.
Re is a B asilei a de Bo anica, 16:143-150.
Nowak, R. M. 1994. Walke 's Ba s o he Wo ld. The John Hopkins Uni e si y P ess. Bal imo e,
Ma yland.
Sanaio i. T. M. 1991. Ecologia de Paisagens: sa anas amazonicas.
Pp,
77-81, in Bases Cien i icas pa a
Es a egias de P ese acao e Desen ol imen o da Amazonia: a es e pe spec i as. Vol. I (Val e al.,
eds.). Manaus, B azil.
Simmons. N. B. and R. S. Voss. 1998. The mammals o Pa acou, F ench Guiana: a neo opicallowland
ain o es auna. Pa
1.
ba s. Bulle in o he Ame ican Museum o Na u al His o y, 237:28-36.
Willig. M. R. 1983. Composi ion. mic ogeog aphic a ia ion. and sexual dimo phism in caa ingas and
ce ado ba communi ies om no heas B azil. Bulle in o he Ca negie Museum o Na u al His o y.
23:1-131. Be na d con inued ..
38
Ba Resea ch News Volume 40: No.
:2
Be na d con inued ...
Table 1. Cha ac e is ics o 12 Pe op e yx leucop e a cap u ed in a o es agmen in Al e do Chilo, B azil.
Sex Body mass
Fo ea m
Age
(g) leng h (mm)
F847 adul
F945 adul
F10 45 adul
M6 36 young
M7 43 subadul
M7 45 subadul
M845 subadul
M845 subadul
M8 45 adul
M 8 45 adul
M 8 45 adul
M8 46 adul
* .. ..
*
*
Rep oduc i e condi ion
lac a ing
p egnan
p egnan
non ep oduc i e
non ep oduc i e
non ep oduc i e
non ep oduc i e
non ep oduc i e
non ep oduc i e
non ep oduc i e
non ep oduc i e
non ep oduc i e
A Sa e and E ec i e Me hod o Remo e Ba s F om Abandoned Wa e Wells
Daniel R. England
I
and Da id A. Saugey-
'Depa men o Biology, Sou he n A kansas Uni e si y, Magnolia, AR 71753 and
2Uni ed S a es Fo es Se ice, Ouachi a Na ional Fo es , Jessie ille, AR 71949
Abandoned wa e wells and cis e ns may cons i u e pi - all dange s o humans and animals, pa icula ly
i he uppe mos po ion o he well's casing is a o nea g ound le el. This po en ial dange , along wi h
an inc eased p opensi y o lawsui s and ocus on landowne liabili y, has inc eased he a e o illing and
closu e o wells. In addi ion. s a e and ede al en i onmen al agencies conce ned wi h con amina ion o
g ound wa e ha e s epped up e o s o close abandoned wells. This end is un o una e o ba s because a
numbe o species use hese o simila manmade s uc u es du ing he hibe na ion pe iod (Saugey e aI.,
1993: Sch nidly, 1991; Tumlison e al., 1992), and wells and cis e ns may cons i u e c i ical win e habi a
in a eas de oid o ca es o mines.
The echnique desc ibed he e was de eloped du ing a long- e m s udy o Ra inesque's big-ea ed ba
Co yno hinus a inesquii in he Gul Coas al Plain o sou he n A kansas. Wells used by ba s in ou s udy
anged in dep h up o 10 me e s, depending upon luc ua ing wa e le els, and p o ided an in e es ing
challenge in cap u ing and emo ing ba s. Inside diame e s o all wells ha we measu ed we e abou 1 m.
Wells mos likely o be used by ba s we e hose wi h casings cons uc ed o I-m- all conc e e iles s acked
on end o he desi ed heigh o hose o mo a and b ick. The inside su aces o hese ypes o casings we e
su icien ly ough o p o ide good oo ing o oos ing ba s. Wells wi h casings cons uc ed o smoo h-
walled. b own. ce amic ile ma e ial ne e ha bo ed ba s.
To emo e ba s om wells, we manu ac u ed a de ice om a s anda d umb ella
i ed
wi h wo con ol
co ds and wo ha dened edges. Modi ica ions o he umb ella included emo ing he lock-la ch no mally
used o main ain he umb ella in an "open" posi ion and co e ing he ips o he s u s ha suppo he
ab ic. Duc ape, w apped se e al laye s hick a ound hese lips, no only helped secu e he ab ic o s u s,
bu also helped he ips slide along he casing mo e easily. This g ea ly educed he po en ial o he
umb ella o become snagged on oughened a eas o he wall o in join s be ween iles.
Con ol co ds consis ed o hea y-du y wine o pa achu e co d a ached o he umb ella a one end and o
sho sec ions o wooden dowels o poly inylchlo ide (PVC) pipe a he o he , One con ol co d was i mly
a ached o he cen al sha o he umb ella, jus abo e he handle, and secu ed wi h se e al kno s and an
abundance o duc ape. This co d was used o aise and lowe he umb ella inside he well. A second co d
was a ached nea he ip o a ab ic-suppo s u . This co d was ied o he umb ella's ame whe e i could
no slip o he end o he s u and secu ed wi h duc ape. The unc ion o his co d was o o a e he
Summe 1999 Ba Resea ch News 39
umb ella o posi ioning one o wo, ha dened, collec ing edges benea h oos ing ba s. Con ol co ds we e
olled on o he dowel o pipe when no in use. The ha dened collec ing edges may be cons uc ed om
i ually any ma e ial ha will no abso b wa e o ha m ba s. We chose smoo h, lexible, plas ic ma e ial
ha is used o make signs ("Fo Sale," "No T espassing,"
e c.)
and a ailable a any ha dwa e s o e. An edge
was made om wo pieces o plas ic ha we e cu o
i
he ou side cu e o he umb ella. The wo pieces
we e placed on each side o he umb ella's ma e ial and as ened secu ely. sandwich s yle.
wi h
aluminum pop
i e s. The ou side edges o hese su aces we e iled smoo h and hen co e ed wi h se e al laye s o duc
ape. as we e i e s. o p e en sha p edges om ha ming ba s. Two o hese ha dened su aces we e needed.
and each ex ended abou 0.3 m along he edge o he umb ella, wi h membe s o he pai posi ioned opposi e
one ano he . This placemen was imponan because
i
p o ided balance and allowed o wo collec ing a eas;
i
one side o he ca ch basin was ull o ba s. he de ice could be o a ed and addi ional collec ions made
wi hou ha ing
o
emo e he umb ella om he well, Aweigh was secu ed on he ou side o he umb ella
basin. a he cen e poin o he sha . o p o ide s abili y and p e en excessi e ipping du ing collec ion.
Du ing use. he de ice is lowe ed in a collapsed posi ion un il i is loca ed below he le el o oos ing
ba s. Opening is accomplished by a ug on he cen al co d ha allows he ame o expand o he inside
diame e o he well. Once expanded, he second co d o a es he umb ella un il a ha dened edge is posi ioned
benea h indi iduals o a clus e o ba s. The cen al co d is hen used o aise he de ice. Ba s in o po a e
gen ly li ed away om he casing by he ha dened edge and all in o he ca ch basin o med by he so
ma e ial o he umb ella. The umb ella mus be aised slowly o p e en damage o oes and claws as he
edge emo es ba s om he casing's su ace. I ac i e ba s a e encoun e ed, he expanded umb ella e ec i ely
seals o downwa d escape and o ces ba s o ly owa d he su ace whe e hey may be cap u ed wi h hand
ne s o allowed o exi he well. A eil o ligh weigh bi d- ne ing d aped o e esea che s and he well
opening will educe he numbe o ba s ha escape.
To da e. we ha e emo ed o e 2.000 ba s om wells wi h ew inju ies o he ba 's ee . and we ha e
ne e obse ed b oken leg o wing bones as a esul o using his de ice. Ce ainly, use o his de ice du ing
he hibe na ion pe iod cons i u es a empo a y, and possibly signi ican . dis u bance o hibe na ing ba s,
especially in a eas whe e win e s a e ha sh and p o ac ed and ene gy s o es ypically ma ginal.
In
hose
a eas, his echnique p obably should be used only o sa e ba s om en ombmen pending closu e o a well
o emo al o indi iduals o es ablish iden i y.
Li e a u e Ci ed
Saugey, D. A., V. R. McDaniel, D. R. England, M. C. Rowe, L. R. Chandle -Mozisek. and B. G.
Coch an. 1993. A kansas ange ex ensions o he eas e n small- oo ed ba Myo is leibii and no he n
long-ea ed ba Myo is
sep en ionalis
and addi ional coun y eco ds o he sil e -hai ed ba
Lasionyc e is noc i agans. hoa y ba Lasiu us cine eus, sou heas e n myo is Myo is aus o ipa ius, and
Ra inesque's big-ea ed ba Pleco us a inesquii. P oceedings o he A kansas Academy o Science,
47: 102-106.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The ba s o Texas. Texas A&M Uni e si y P ess, College S a ion, Texas, 188
pp.
Tumlison. R., M. Ka nes, and M. Cla k. 1992. New eco ds o e eb a es in sou hwes e n A kansas.
P oceedings o he A kansas Academy o Science, 46: 109-111.
,.. ,.. ,.. ,.. ,..
How O en Should Resea che s Go o he Field o Conduc Demog aphic S udies on
Ca ollia pe spicilla a?
Ma co A. Ribei o de Mello", Jo ge L. Nascimen o- and Fe nando A. S. Fe nandez'
Depa men o de Ecologia.Jns i u o de Biologia, Uni e sidade Fede al do Rio de Janei o, CEP: 21941-590 ..
CXP: 68020, B azil
'ma mello sibiologia.u j.b . [email p o ec ed], '[email p o ec ed]
Mos demog aphic s udies o ba s in Sou h Ame ica a e simply by-p oduc s o s udies ha do no ocus
p ima ily on popula ion dynamics. Consequen ly, sampling is seldom designed o eliable cha ac e iza ion
o demog aphic pa e ns. Many esea che s go o
(he
ield e e y
o he
mon h o a e en longe in e als.
Du ing ou wo k, we wonde ed whe he such a equency (e e y o he mon h) would be sui able o de ec ing
some ea u es o he demog aphy o ou a ge species.
Ou s udy ook place a he Poco das An as Biological Rese e, Rio de Janei o, sou heas e n B azil.
The a ea is he la ges (5,500 hal emnan o lowland A lan ic Fo es (Ma a A lan ica) in he s a e o Rio de
Ribei o. e al. con inued ..
