64—13,299
M YERS, Richa d F e y , 1931-
ECOLO GY O F TH R EE SPECIES O F M Y O TIN E
BATS IN TH E O ZARK P LA T E A U .
U n i e si y o M isso u i, P h .D ., 1964
Zoology
Uni e si y Mic o ilms, Inc., Ann A bo , Michigan
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ECOLOGY OF THREE SPECIES OF
MYOTINE BATS
IN THE
OZARK PLATEAU
A Thesis
P esen ed o
The Facul y o he G adua e Sohool
Uni e si y o Missou i
In Pa ial Ful illmen
O he Requi emen s o he Deg ee
Doc o o Philosophy
by
Richa d F ey Mye s
June l$6k
LIBRARY
JUL17'64
william H. Elde Disse a ion supe iso
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The unde signed, appoin ed by he Dean o he G adua e Facul y, ha e
examined a hesis en i led
Ecology o Th ee Species o Myo ine Ba s
In he Osa k Pla eau
p esen ed by Richa d F ey Mye s
a candida e o he deg ee o Doc o o Philosophy
and he eby ce i y ha in hei opinion i is wo hy o accep ance.
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PLEASE NOTE: Figu es and Pla es a e no
o iginal copy. These pages- end o "cu l”.
Filaed in he bes possible way.
UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS, INC.
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D . Richa d F ey Mye s
Uni e si y o Missou i
Doc o o Philosophy
June 9, 1964
ECOLOGY OF THREE SPECIES OF MYOTINE BATS IN THE OZARK PLATEAU
Richa d F. Mye s
William H. Elde Disse a ion Supe iso
ABSTRACT
The pu pose o his s udy was o lea n o he size o Oza k ba
popula ions, de ine habi a s, asce ain sex a ios and desc ibe seasonal
pa e ns o mo emen o Myo is luci ugus. Myo is sodalis. and Myo is
g isescens.
O e a nine yea pe iod, 50,118 ba s we e wing-banded. Ba s we e
aken om ca es loca ed in he sou he n hal o Missou i, no hwes e n
A kansas, no heas e n Oklahoma and wes -cen al Illinois.
La ge ca e en ances o double en ances we e selec ed by ma e ni y
colonies o M. g isescens and hibe na ing luci ugus and IL_ sodalis.
Ca es wi h e ical en ances we e p e e ed si es o win e ing M.
g isescens.
The e was li le di e ence in empe a u e and ela i e humidi y
be ween ca es wi h and wi hou ba s, bu ca es chosen by he majo i y o
ba s showed a g ea e ange o empe a u e and ela i e humidi y a all
seasons.
M. luci ugus hibe na ed a a mean empe a u e o 46.5°F. and a a
mean ela i e humidi y o 89.7 % M^ sodalis a 46.0°F. and 82.3 % and
li g isescens a 47.7°F. and 83.9 %. Ma e ni y colonies o M^ g isescens
li ed a means o 63.2°F. and 94.5 %•
G oups o sodalis and Mj_ luci ugus as well as ones o Mj. sodalis
and g isescens we e o en ound nea one ano he in he same hibe naculum,
bu g isescens and luci ugus we e ne e aken om he same ca e
du ing he win e .
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Sex a ios o all species o adul s and ju eniles we e nea ly equal
o e he nine yea pe iod. Some a ia ion was no ed in sex a ios om
season o season because o di e ences in beha io o he sexes, bu no
seg ega ion by sex was ound du ing he win e .
O he 50,118 banded ba s, 12.5$ we e e aken; 9.9$ a he si e
■whe e banded and 2.6$ elsewhe e.
Among M^ luci ugus he e was a gene al mig a ion no h in summe and
sou h in win e . A e age dis ance a eled was 93*6 miles o males and
122.8 o emales. All M;. luci ugus eco e ed no h o he hibemacula
and all ma e ni y colonies we e disco e ed close o i e s. Fi e pe cen
o he banded luci ugus e u ned o a eas whe e banded; 0.5$ we e ound
in o he loca ions.
M. sodalis showed mode a e ac i i y; 0.7$ we e eco e ed ou side he
a ea banded while 16.1$ e u ned o he o iginal si e. The e was a
de ini e end o his species o lea e hibe nacula in cen al Missou i
o secluded hibe nacula in eas e n Missou i whe e he bulk o Mj_ sodalis
we e ound win e ing. In sp ing mos ligh s away om he hibe nacula
we e less han 20 miles, bu some ba s lew up o 300 miles no h.
O he banded g isescens. 9.1$ we e e aken; 5*5$ a he si e o
banding and 3*6$ elsewhe e. The majo po ion o M. g isescens in he
Oza ks win e ed in wo ca es; mos ba s om no heas Missou i, wes e n
Illinois and cen al Missou i wen o a ca e in wes -cen al Missou i,
while mos ba s in sou hwes e n and sou h-cen al Missou i, no hwes
A kansas and no heas Oklahoma win e ed in a ca e in sou hwes Missou i.
Smalle hibe na ing g oups we e ound in i e o he Oza k ca es. Because
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- 3 -
his species was dependen on ca es o shel e a all seasons, pa e ns
o mo emen o g isescens we e de e mined by loca ion o ca es. Bo h
sexes equen ly made ligh s o 169 miles.
Censuses o ba s in he Oza ks since 1954 indica e ha he popula ion
o Mj_ g isescens has emained s able, bu numbe s o hibe na ing sodalis
and Mj_ luci ugus ha e been g ea ly educed in mos ca es in cen al
Missou i. These losses a e a ibu ed o he inc ease in human dis u bance.
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TABLE OP CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
..............
1
In oduc ion
..........
1
Acknowledgmen s
...........
^
II GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW
...........
..... 9
Ca e Bio a
...........................
Ba s o he Oza k Region
....................
11
The Banding P ocess
..............
...... 16
III THE STUDY A R E A
...............................
19
Geology and Physiog aphy
....................
19
The Oza k C a e s
...........................
22
G oup I Ca es
.........
23
G oup II Ca es
..........
23
Miscellaneous A eas o S udy
..............
2k
Ca e Loca ion, Visi a ion and Familia iza ion . 2k
IV METHODS AND TE C H N I Q U ES
......................
37
The Banding P ocess
.......................
37
Banding Techniques .
.......................
39
E ec s o Dis u bance Due o Banding
.......
1*0
Sample o Sex Ra ios .............
Cages and T a p s
...........................
W
Reco ding Tempe a u e and Rela i e
Humidi y in Oza k C a e s
.........
**7
Banding Reco ds and Keyso Ca ds
...........
k8
B4693S
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ill
CHAPTER PAGE
De ini ion o Seasons
...............
.
**9
V HABITAT SELECTION
...........................
51
The En ance
................
51
Ex en o Ca e Sy s e m
............
53
Ceiling S uc u e .......................... 56
Roos ing Heigh Du ing Hibe na ion
.........
56
P eda ion as a Fac o in Habi a Selec ion . . 58
Roos ing Heigh in Nu se y Colonies
..........
59
Flooding .
.................
59
Numbe o En ances
..................
60
Ambien Tempe a u e and Rela i e Humidi y . . . 63
Ambien Tempe a u e and Rela i e Humidi y
in Oza k C a e s
............
63
Tempe a u e and Rela i e Humidi y a Vin e
Myo ine Roos s
.........................
70
Myo is luci ugus . . . 71
Myo is scdalis
.........................
7^
Myo is g isescens .......
...........
77
Associa ions .......
...........
... 77
VI SEX RATIOS . .
...............................
83
Re iew o he Li e a u e
.........
83
Adul Sex Ra ios in Oza k Ba Popula ions .... 92
luci ugus
...........
......... ...92
sodalis
........................
..... 92
g isescens
....................
9**
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LIST OF PLATES
PLATE
I In anoe o Inoa Ca e, Pulaski, Co., Missou i
II En ance o Sulli an Ca e, S one Co., Missou i
III Ins umen used o open #0 bands.
IF A ba bande wi h cages o ba s.
V A banding c ew wo king in Rydeh Ca e, Pulaski
Co., Missou i.
VI Collec ing cages illed wi h N. sodalis.
VII Collec ing pole, closed.
VIII Collec ing pole, pa ially ex ended.
IX M* sodalis hibe na ing in Pilo Knob Mine,
I on Co., Missou i
X Roos o ma e ni y colony o M. g isescens on
a ceiling in Inoa Ca e, Pulaski Co., Missou i.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This hesis is one o he p elimina y s eps in an
exhaus i e s udy o he ba s o he Osa k Pla eau,
The pu pose o his in es iga ion o Myo is luci ugus.
Myo is sodalis and Myo is g isesoens o he Osa k Pla eau
is o documen he sise o he p esen win e ing popula ions,
o de ine he en i onmen al cha ac e is ics o he na u al
habi a s o hese species, o asoe ain sex a ios and p esen
seasonal pa e ns o mo emen . This in o ma ion may hen be
oombined wi h da a om la e s udies o ep oduc i e a es
and su i al a es o de e mine o he popula ion cha ac e
is ics such as age s uc u e, mean longe i y, li e span and
ju enile mo ali y.
The esul s o suoh a s udy will lead o an unde
s anding and a be e app ecia ion o one pa o he auna
o he Osa k Pla eau,
The e is g ea need o de elop a sense o he un
iqueness o he na u al en i onmen , and his need will no
diminish in coming yea s. Mo e people a e u ning o ca e
explo a ion o eo ea ion eaoh yea . The disdain and
callousness wi h which many o hese "spelunke s” ega d
ca es and ca e li e is inc easingly appa en in dis igu ed
oa e ns and disappea ing oa e aunas. Bu his is no he.
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only ypo o dis u bance; scien i ic in es iga ions a e
ano he h ea . Ca e o ganisms, especially ba s, a e sough
o pe sonal and ins i u ional collec ions. Ba s a e sub
jec o in ense esea ch because some aspec s o hei
beha io and physiology a e poo ly unde s ood. The way in
which hey a oid obs acles and ca ch ood wi h eoholoca ion
poses a challenging ques ion, and, appa en ly wi h echoloca-
ion, hey a e able o mig a e long dis ances. Some ba s
show amasing abili y o home when ca ied a a ield.
Because o he abili y o hibe na e, ba s a e equen
subjec s o expe imen s in hypo he mia. Recen ly, i was
disco e ed ha ba s could ca y diseases, pa icula ly
abies. Now an animal his o ically connec ed wi h wi chc a
and supe s i ion is ega ded wi h new suspicion, and a hue
and c y has been aised in some qua e s o comple e
ex e mina ion o ba s. Wan on collec ing and expe imen a ion
may eom< o be condoned unde hese condi ions.
We ealise ha ou s udy has had an e ec upon
Osa k ba popula ions, bu we ha e ^a emp ed o a oid un
necessa y dis u bance o ba s in hibe na ion and o ba s
in nu se y colonies. Ou equipmen has been designed o
lessen Inju y and mo ali y due o banding and o educe
he amoun o ime equi ed in handling ba s. S ill we
ha e inad e en ly killed ba s and oaused ba s o lea e
ca e si es o mo e emo e a eas.
I is hoped ha his s udy will enable he gene al
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publie o ba e app ecia e ba s and help o dispel he
p ejudice and mys e y which su ound ba s. When enough
is lea ned o popula ion dynamios and li e cycles o ba s,
a p og am o conse a ion may be ini ia ed so ha ba s
may be used as expe imen al animals and no be h ea ened
by ex inc ion.
Bu he o emos pu pose o his hesis is o cas
ligh upon na u al phenomena which up o now ha e been
in he shadow.
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1*
Acknowledgmen s
A s udy o his magni ude would ha e been impossible
i i we e no o he in e es , assis ance, and en husiasm
o mcny people.
The banding and handling o ba s has been one o he
majo asks, and g a e ul acknowledgmen o gene ous and
willing assis ance is ex ended o: Je e She a d, Robe
Lewis, S anley Dup e, Jaok Reppe , Edwa d and Joyce Canna d,
Rodney Longsinge , Wayne Da is, William Lidioke , William
Dumale, Robe Diokman, Kenne h Kamps, Ge ald La son, and
Rioha d Rosenbe g, who assis ed du ing my Fo Leona d Wood
esidence; Mil on Welle , Kadabah P ahlad, Thomas Be s,
Robe and Helen Mye s, Leslie Knapp, O o Fajen, James
Henley, Joseph Lin on, Ea l Helle , Willis Go don, Da id
Lyons, Roy Tomlinson, Mike Ca son, Rioha d Fulke son,
F. Eugene Wood, James and Lois Joyne , Da id Snyde , Miohael
Hull, Robe Wilkinson,J ., Joseph Ka banks, Donald Lindsey,
L. B. Ma hews, S ephen Bamhol s, James Cope, Hixon Wilson,
Jay Sohnell, Richa d Ma e , Glenn Chambe s, Nioholas Holle ,
Ken Higgins, Da id Bas e la, John and Sa ch Roge s, Jack
Si es, Jim Salye , Cla ence Sims, John Hall, Cha les Vaughn,
Kohle Ma inson, He man Mols, and Paul Fe guson, associa es
and iends in Columbia, Missou i; Ronald F eese, Thomas'
and.Ba ba a Taylo , Ha y G ego y, Ronald Oeseh, Jack Reynolds,
Rioha d Innes, Lau a Nahm, Ne a Pope, Robe Cla k, Ka en Dye
Ga y Dye , S ephen and Jennie Ch isman, Richa d Mille ,
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Je y MoGo an, James Kunx, Donna Dale, Donald Dobson,
La y Gad , Cha les Ha pe , James Ha es, Da id Hensley,
Cal in O ens, Milla d Seoo a, Joseph Vhi e and Robe
Viley a Cen al Missou i S a e College.
I am pa icula ly g a e ul o Robe Wilkinson,J .,
and Miohael Hull o disco e y o he hibe naeulum in
Pilo Knob Mine; o O o Tajen o leading me o Ca oll
Ca e; and o Osoa Ha ksley and Jaok Reynolds o loca ing
Co in Ca e and i s g oup o hibe na ing ba s.
Special hanks go o Robe Wilkinson,S ., o
gi ing so gene ously o his kno ledge o he Oxa k a ea,
i s oa es and s eams, and o his logis ic suppo o
ba banding expedi ions in o Pilo Knob Mine.
Osca Ha ksley and his s uden s, Ba i Helle , John
Can ell, and Je y Vineya d, e e a cons an sou ce o
in o ma ion on banded ba s hieh ei he hey eco e ed o
eoei ed om o he ca e explo e s and elayed o me.
Ca e own0 s and manage s o comme oial oa es ha e
been sympa he ic and mos coope a i e. M s. Louis Sohulx
ga e me ee use o Pique Ca e, as did Bd & d Ta bell and
K. B. S ee a Inoa Ca e. Jack and Pe e He schend en
o some inoon enienoe o allo me o s udy he in e colony
o M. g isescens in Ma el Ca e. Lyman Riley a Onondaga
Ca e p o ided me l h acili ies hile in he ield.
Walke Po ell helped me examine Tai y Ca e and led me o
o he s in he a ea. Miss Basel Po ell g aoiously di ec ed
me o ca es on he p ope y and Home Ha khac. made he
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acili ies o Old Spanish Ca e a ailable. Special hanks
go o Cha les Ca oll, R. E. Kelley and A. E. Robenson,
owne s o Ca oll Ca e, Ryden Ca e, and G andpa Chippley
Ca e espec i ely, who we e always willing o le me s udy
ba s on hei p ope ies.
Daniel McKinley poin ed ou obscu e e e ences o
Missou i ba s, aiding he li e a u e e iew conside ably.
Vayne Da is gene ously ga e me in o ma ion on popula ions
o M. sodalis in Tunnel and Inca ca es whioh he s udied
in he cen al Osa ks du ing he win e s o 1953 and 195^.
Clai Kuoe a and Robe Fleming loaned me eo ological
ins umen s which g ea ly acili a ed measu emen s o
empe a u e and ela i e humidi y in oa es. Clin on
Conaway was always a ailable o oounsel and was an excellen
companion in he ield. Special hanks a e gi en Thomas
Baske who handled many o he p oblems o adminis a i e
de ail, p o ided o some o he anspo a ion so necessa y
in he s udy, and was a sou ce o ad ice and encou agemen .
Membe s o he Missou i Conse a ion Commission ha e
been mos help ul du ing his s udy in many ways. Conse a
ion Agen s and hei supe iso s, Ve non Benne and James
Bailey, ha e been an excellen sou ce o ca e loca ions.
Missou i Conse a ion Agen s ha e supplied me wi h nume ous
eco e ies} some o he mos in e es ing and aluable da a
ha e come om hese men.
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Paul G. Ba niokol's In e es In he s udy has been
mos s imula ing and I g ea ly app ecia e he inancial
suppo he supplied in he ea ly phases o he ield wo k*
Cha les and Elisabe h Schwa s newe ailed o answe
ques ions abou ba s o Missou i, p o- ided me wi h in o ma
ion on eco e ies, and ga e much encou agemen du ing he
s udy.
I am indeb ed o Ca l 0. Moh and Thomas G. Sco
o hei assis ance is ue sp ing, summe and all o 1957
which made i possible o me o s udy ba s o he Mississippi
Talley o Illinois and Missou i unde he auspices o he
Sec ion o Wildli e Resea ch, Illinois Na u al His o y
Su ey.
The Ba -Banding O ice o he Uni ed S a es Pish
and Wildli e Se ice has supplied he bands used in his
s udy, coo dina ed e akes o banded ba s and helped in
deciphe ing numbe s on mu ila ed bands.
All pa s o he hesis ha e p o i ed by he in ensi e
eading and edi o ial sugges ions o William H. Elde . I
app ecia e his p esenoe in he ield and he enoou agemen
gi en du ing he s udy. He made a ailable he unds om
Na ional Science Founda ion G an No. kj86 whioh we e he
majo suppo o his wo k.
I is di icul o me o exp ess all ha I owe o
my wi e, Es he . In he oles as eco d keepe , ypis ,
cons uc i e c i ic, and ba bande , she has gi en me some
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o ho mos aluable assis ance and encou agemen o he
s udy.
This esea ch has been suppo ed by unds om he
Missou i Coope a i e Vildli e Resea ch Uni s he Na ional
Science ounda ion, G an No. 1*386; and he Seo ion o
Vildli e Resea oh o he Illinois Na u al His o y Su ey,
(Na ional Ins i u es o Heal h G an o a syl an abies
p og am, p ojec B-13l*9).
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