The distribution and status of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the Cape Province

Si
0(*
((*2)1)1
J
QH195
.A323A55
*
^_nnals
o
he
Cape
P o incial
Museums
Na u al
His o y
Ann.
Cape
P o .
Mus.
(na .
His .)
Volume
16
Pa
4
21s
Janua y
1985
LIBRARY
JUN
41985
A.
M.
N.
H
i
Published
join ly
by
he
Cape
P o incial
Museums
a
he
Albany
Museum,
G ahams own,
Sou h
A ica
ANNALS
OF
THE
CAPE
PROVINCIAL
MUSEUMS
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a e
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in
wo
se ies,
Na u al
His o y
and
Human
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he
la e
se ies
co e ing
cul u al
his o y,
e hnology,
an h opology
and
a chaeology.
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a e
issued
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a
i egula
in e als as ma e ial
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a ailable.
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o
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Annals
is
o
dissemina e
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esul s
o
esea ch
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unde aken
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P o incial
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by
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o
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i
is
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o
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is
based
is
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o
pa ly
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a e
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om
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o
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Museum.
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in
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nec ion
wi h
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Annals
should
be
add essed
o
he
Edi o ,
Albany
Museum,
G ahams-
own
6140.
Edi o
D F.W.GESS:
1978-
The
dis ibu ion
and
s a us
o
ba s
(Mammalia:
Chi op e a)
in
he
Cape
P o ince
by
J.
C.
HERSELMAN
and
P.
M.
NORTON
(Cape
Depa men
o
Na u e
and
En i onmen al
Conse a ion,
P i a e
Bag
5014,
S ellenbosch,
7600)
CONTENTS
Page
74
Abs ac
74
In oduc ion
75
Su ey
me hods
'
V
'
7
79
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
o
indi idual
axa;
biological
no es
Subo de
Megachi op e a
Fam%lZ7k~hlbe Si
Wahlbe g's
Epaule ed
F ui
Ba
79
Epomopho us
c yp u us
Pe e s
Epaule ed
F ui
Ba
^
Eidolon
hel um
S aw-colou ed
F ui
Ba
gl
Rouse us
aegyp iacus
Egyp ian
F ui
Ba
Subo de
Mic ochi op e a
Family
Emballonu idae
g3
Taphozous
mau i ianus
Mau i ian
lombBa
Family
Nyc e idae
g3
Nyc e is
hispida
Hai y
Sli - aced
Ba
Nyc e is hebaica
Egyp ian
Sli - aced
Ba
Family
Rhinolophidae
07
Rhinolophus
umiga us
Riippell
s
Ho seshoe
Ba
Rhinolophus
da lingi
Da ling's
Ho seshoe
Ba
Rhinolophus
cli osus
Geo oy's
Ho seshoe
Ba
^
Rhinolophus
capensis
Cape
Ho seshoe
Ba
Rhinolophus
den i
Den 's
Ho seshoe
Ba
__
Rhinolophus
swinnyi
Swinny's
Ho seshoe
Ba
Hipposide os
ca e
A ican
Lea -nosed
Ba
Family
Vespe ilionidae
q4
Myo is
seab ai
Angola
Wing-gland
Ba
_,
Myo is
lesueu i
Lesueu 's
Wing-gland
Ba
73
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.) VOL.
16,
PT.
4,
JANUARY
1985
Myo is
icolo
Cape
Hai y
Ba
96
Pipis ellus
nanus
Banana
Ba
97
Pipis ellus
kuhlii
Kuhl's
Pipis elle
99
Ep esicus
ho en o us
Long- ailed
House
Ba
100
Ep esicus
melcko um
Melck's
House
Ba
101
Ep esicus
capensis
Cape
Se o ine
102
Ep esicus
no ius
Cape
Ho n-skinned
Ba
103
Laepho is
win oni
De
Win on's
Long-ea ed
Ba
104
Sco ophilus
dinganii
Yellow
House
Ba
105
Ke i oula
lanosa
Lesse
Woolly
Ba
105
Miniop e us
a e culus
Lesse
Long- inge ed
Ba
107
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii
Sch eibe s'
Long- inge ed
Ba
107
Family
Molossidae
Sau omys
pe ophilus
Robe s'
Fla -headed
Ba
109
Tada ida
condylu a
Angola
F ee- ailed
Ba
Ill
Tada ida
pumila
Li le
F ee- ailed
Ba
1H
Tada ida
aegyp iaca
Egyp ian
F ee- ailed
Ba
Ill
Discussion
113
Conse a ion
o
ba s
in
he
Cape
P o ince
118
Acknowledgemen s
120
Re e ences
121
Appendix:
Gaze ee
o
locali ies
men ioned
in
he
ex
122
ABSTRACT
Dis ibu ion
maps
wi h
no es
on
axonomy,
dis ibu ion
and
s a us,
habi s,
ood
and
b eeding
a e
p esen ed
o
29
species
o
ba s
occu ing
in
he
Cape
P o ince
o
he
Republic
o
Sou h
A ica.
Compa isons
a e
made
be ween
da a
om
he
su ey,
which
las ed
om
1976
o
1979,
and
specimens
examined
in
Sou h
A ican
museums.
The
main
mo i a ion
o
he
su ey
was
he
conse a ion
o
ba s.
A
high
p io i y
was
placed
on
collec ing
om
oos s.
Some
e y
sca ce
and
endemic
species
we e
collec ed
and
many
in e es ing
new
locali ies
we e
eco ded.
UITTREKSEL
Ve sp eidingskaa e
me
aan ekeninge
oo
die
aksonomie,
e sp eiding
en
s a us,
ge-
woon es,
oedsel
en
aan eel
an
29
species
le muise
wa
in
die
Kaapp o insie
an
die
Repub-
liek
an
Suid-A ika
oo kom,
wo d
aangebied.
Ve gelykings
wo d
gemaak
ussen
gegewens
wa
e samel
is
ydens
die
in ensiewe
opname,
wa
ana
1976
o
1979
geduu
he ,
en
mons e s
wa
bes udee
is
in
die
g o e
Suid-A ikaanse
museums.
Die
mo i e ing
i
die
op-
name
was
die
bewa ing
an
le muise,
en
'n
hoe
oo keu
is
geplaas
op
die
e sameling
an
da a
in
die
skuilplekke
an
elke
spesie.
Sommige
an
die
baie
skaa s
en
endemiese
spesies
is
e samel,
en
in e essan e
nuwe
oo koms
lokali ei e
is
ge ind.
INTRODUCTION
In
hei
iden i ica ion
manual
o
A ican
Chi op e a
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
exp ess
he
opinion
ha
he e
is
unlimi ed
scope
o
u he
wo k
on
p ac ically
e e y
aspec
o
A ican
ba
sys ema ics
and
biology.
Up
o
now
e y
li le
mo e
han
inciden al
collec ing
has
been
done
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Al hough
na u alis s
such
as
Robe s,
Sho idge
and
Allen
collec ed
much
ma e ial
and
made
subs an ial
con ibu ions
o
ba
axonomy,
li le
in o ma ion
on
hei
ecol-
ogy
is
a ailable.
74
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
The
only
a emp
a
an
ecological
s udy
in
he
Cape
P o ince
was
made
be ween
1960
and
1963
when
app oxima ely
500
ca e
ba s
o
he
species
Rhinolophus
capensis,
Rhinolophus
cli osus,
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii
and
Nyc e is
hebaica
we e
banded
a
De
Hoop
ca e,
Koegel-
been
ca e
and
a
Die
Oog
(Ku uman)
by
B.
Copley,
Q.
Sieg is
and
C.
Gow,
acco ding
o
in-
o ma ion
om
he
T ans aal
Museum
ba
banding
p ojec .
Un o una ely
he e
was
no
ol-
low-up
and
he e o e
no
in o ma ion
on
he
mig a ion and
longe i y
o
he
species
was
collec ed.
.
The
p esen
p ojec
was
ini ia ed
o
p o ide
basic
in o ma ion
on
he
conse a ion
s a us
o
his
la ge
g oup
o
mammals
and
o
d aw
a en ion
o
he
impo an
ole
ha
ba s
a e
likely
o
play
in
he
na u al
ecosys ems
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
Whe eas
he
ugi o ous
species
a e
es-
sen ial
in
na u e
as
seed
p opaga o s,
he
insec i o ous
species
a e
o
conside able
economic
impo ance
in
he
con ol
o
noc u nal
insec
popula ions.
Acco ding
o
Da is
e
a .
(1962)
he
ee- ailed
ba s
o
Texas
a e
capable
o
des oying
6
600
ons
o
insec s
yea ly.
Simila ly,
Dwye
(1964)
calcula ed
ha
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii
des oy
abou
200
pounds
o
insec s
pe
nigh
in
he
Macleay
Valley
in
Aus alia. A
he
second
In e na ional
Ba
Resea ch
Con e ence
held
in
Ams e dam
in
1970
delega es
om
20
coun ies
ag eed
ha
he
numbe s
o
almos
all
ba
species
a e
declining,
and
ha
u he
esea ch
on
he
ecology
o
mos
species
is
essen ial
o
hei
su i al
(S ebbings
1970).
The
main
easons
o
he
decline
in
numbe s
we e
lis ed
as
he
e ec
o
insec icides,
los
habi a
and
unnecessa y
slaugh e .
They
concluded
ha
se e al
species
a ound
he
wo ld
a e
al eady
endange ed.
To
d aw
up
an
e ec i e
conse a ion
plan
o
ba s
i
is
necessa y
o
ind
ou
hei
dis ibu-
ion
and
numbe s,
and
o
ha e
a
basic
unde s anding
o
hei
oos ing
beha iou
and
seasonal
mo emen s.
I
was
decided
o
s a
by
concen a ing
on
hose
species
which
cong ega e
in
la ge
communal
oos s,
since
hese
would
be
he
easies
places
o
apply
ac i e
conse a ion
manage-
men .
This
pape
epo s
on
da a
on
he
s a us
and
dis ibu ion
o
all
ba s
ha
we e
accumu-
la ed
du ing
ield
wo k,
and
mo e
de ailed
in o ma ion
on
popula ion
dynamics
and
mig a ions
in
some
o
he
la ge
oos s
will
be
epo ed
elsewhe e.
Mos
ecen
s udies
on
he
egional
dis ibu ion
o
mammals
in
sou he n
A ica
include
gene alized
and
somewha
epe i i e
summa ies
o
wha
is
known
o
he
biology
o
each
ba
species.
The e o e
he
biological
no es
included
he e
a e
mos ly
es ic ed
o
da a
collec ed
du ing
he
s udy
o
else
in o ma ion
in
he
li e a u e
ha
e e s
pa icula ly
o
ba s
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
„
The
su ey
was
ca ied
ou
o e
he
whole
o
he
Cape
P o ince
(Fig.
1),
an
a ea
o
641
500
km2.
All
p e ious
checklis s
on
he
mammals
o
Sou h
A ica we e
w i en
wi h
he
inclusion
o
T anskei,
Bophu ha swana
and
Eas
G iqualand
( he
emainde
o
he
Cape
P o ince
o
he
eas
o
T anskei)
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Howe e ,
hese
a eas
we e
excluded
om
he
p esen
s udy
because
he
i s
wo
a e
now
independen
s a es
and
Eas
G iqualand
has
been
ans e ed
o
he
p o ince
o
Na al.
SURVEY
METHODS
The
i s
p io i y
was
o
ga he
in o ma ion
on
ba
oos s.
Fo
his
an
in ensi e
p ess
cam-
paign
was
ca ied
ou .
In
addi ion,
le e s
o
inqui y
we e
sen
o
selec ed
high
schools
and
in-
di iduals
yielding
in o ma ion
on
locali ies
o
abou
120
oos s.
The
ield
su ey
s a ed
du ing
he
win e
o
1976
and
las ed
un il
he
end
o
1979.
Du ing
his
pe iod
se e al
addi ional
locali ies
we e
ound.
75
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.)
VOL.
16,
PT.
4,
JANUARY
1985
As
some
species
unde ake
seasonal
mig a ions
each
oos
was
isi ed
wice,
he
isi s
be-
ing
in
di e en
seasons.
Excep
o
obse a ions
on
noc u nal
beha iou
all
isi s
we e
made
du ing dayligh .
Fo
sa e y
a
leas
wo
people
en e ed
he
oos s
a
a
ime,
and
each
wo e
a
mine- o ch,
helme
and
boo s.
To
keep
dis u bance
o
a
minimum
he
s ay
inside
he
oos
was
limi ed
o
no
mo e
han
one
hou .
Du ing
each
isi
no es
on
he
numbe s
o
each
species
in
he
popula ion,
he
amoun
o
guano,
ecap u es
o
banded
ba s,
dep h
o
he
ca e
o
mine,
habi s,
empe a u e
and
humidi y
we e
eco ded
on
ield
da a
shee s.
A
small
sample
o
up
o
20
ba s
o
each
species
was
aken
wi h
a
hand-ne ,
he
size
o
he
sample
depending
on
he
numbe
in
he
popula ion.
Whe e
oos s
we e
oo
dange ous
o
en e ,
o
whe e
he
openings
we e
oo
small,
mis -ne
samples
we e
aken
du ing
he
e enings
a
he
ime
o
eme gence.
On
windy
e enings,
when
he
e ec-
i eness
o
mis -ne s
was
low,
ba s
we e
sho
on
eme gence
wi h
a
.22
i le
loaded
wi h
dus -
sho .
76
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
I
soon
became
appa en
ha
he
sca ce
species
would be
o e looked,
i
collec ing
a
oos s
was
he
only
sampling
me hod
used,
and
mis -ne s
we e
he e o e
e ec ed
o e
ese -
oi s
o
s eams
in
sui able
a eas.
The
ne s
we e
manned
o
a
leas
i e
hou s
pe
nigh ,
s a -
ing
om
sunse ,
and
ba s
we e
aken
om
he
ne
a
hou ly
in e als.
Al hough
his
me hod
yielded
li le
in o ma ion
on
he
s a us
o
he
species
caugh ,
i
was
use ul
o
eco ding
occu -
ence.
In
many
a eas,
especially
in
he
d ie
pa s
o
he
no h-wes e n
Cape,
up
o
20
ba s
o
i e
di e en
species
we e
caugh
pe
nigh .
,
. .
,
.
0
A
he
De
Hoop
Ca e,
whe e
he
mo e
in ensi e
popula ion
s udy
was
ca ied
ou ,
a
a ia ion
o
he
Tu le- ap
(Cons an ine
1956,
Tu le
1973)
was
used
o
ca ching
he
ba s
A
his
si e
nea ly
8
000
indi iduals
o
Miniop e us
sch eibe su,
Myo is
icolo ,
Rhinolophus
cli osus
and
Rhinolophus
capensis
we e
banded
o
he
pu pose
o
s udying mig a ion
(He sel-
man
&
No on
in
p ep.)
and
popula ion
dynamics.
Ba s
o
be
p epa ed
as
museum
specimens
we e
killed
wi h
chlo o o m,
ixed
o
24
hou s
in
5%
o malin,
and
p ese ed
in
70%
e hyl
alcohol.
P egnan
emales
we e
dissec ed
o
ee
he
emb yo
o
g ow h
s udies.
The
old
p ese a i e
was
eplaced
wi h
a
new
solu ion
e e y
six
mon hs.
.
All
he
specimens
collec ed
we e
ca alogued
in
he
labo a o y
using
he
i s
h ee
le e s
o
he
genus
name
and
a
h ee-digi
numbe
om
001
o
999
ollowed
by
he
le e
J
( o
Jonke shoek).
Fo
example,
he
i ie h
collec ed specimen
o
Nyc e is
hebaica
would1
be
ca a-
logued
as
NYC
050
J.
The
iden i ica ion
o
mos
o
he
ma e ial
was
ca ied
ou
by
he
senio
au ho ,
using
desc ip ions
and
keys
in
Robe s
(1951),
Elle man
e
al.
(1953)
and
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971).
On
a
ew
occasions
ma e ial
was
sen
o
D
I.
L.
Rau enbach
o
he
T ans aal
seum
and
o
P o
J.
Mees e
o
he
Uni e si y
o
Na al.
The
en i e
collec ion
o
mo e
han
a
housand
specimens
o
19
species
has
been
deposi ed
in
he
Ka anan
Museum
in
King
William's
Town.
Du ing
he
s udy
he
T ans aal
Museum
in
P e o ia,
he
Ka a ian
Museum
in
King
William's
Town,
he
Albany
Museum
in
G ahams own,
and
he
Sou h
A ican
Museum
in
Cape
Town
we e
isi ed
o
examine
hei
ba
ma e ial
om
he
Cape
P o ince.
The
au ho s
a e
no
awa e
o
any
o he
signi ican
collec ions
om
his
egion
and
hope
ha
hese
ou
col-
lec ions
con ain
he
majo i y
o
ba
specimens
om
he
Cape
P o ince
a ailable
in
Sou h
A ica.
A
gaza ee
was
d awn
up
o
all
su ey
and
museum
specimens
(Appendix).
Fo
su ey
ma e ial
mos
spo
locali ies
we e
plo ed
o
he
nea es
minu e,
whe eas
locali ies
o
museum
specimens
could
seldom
be
eco ded
mo e
accu a ely
han
he
qua e
deg ee
g id
squa e.
The
dis ibu ion
o
su ey
sampling
si es
is
shown
in
Fig
2.
Locali ies
o
bo h
su ey
and
museum
eco ds
we e
plo ed
on
he
maps
using
qua e
deg ee
squa es
and
locali ies
o
special
impo ance
men ioned
in
he
li e a u e
a e
indica ed
by
an
"S".
To
b ing
he
dis i-
bu ion
o
each
species
in o
pe spec i e
a
small
map
o
A ica
showing
he
app oxima e
a i-
bu ion
ange
was
d awn
om
in o ma ion
in
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971),
Kingdon
(197
)
an
Smi he s
(1983).
The
ex
o
each
species
includes
a
summa y
o
he
ma e ial
examined,
wi h
he
numbe
o
specimens
and
he
locali ies
whe e
hey
we e
collec ed.
Museum
eco ds
a e
iden i ied
as
ollows:
(TM)
o
he
T ans aal
Museum
in
P e o ia,
(KWT)
o
he
Ka a ian
Museum
in
King
William's
Town,
(SAM)
o
he
Sou h
A ican
Museum
in
Cape
Town,
and
(AM)
o
he
Albany
Museum
in
G ahams own.
77
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.)
VOL.
16.
PT. 4, JANUARY
1985
The
o de
and
axonomy
o
all
species
ollows
ha
o
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971),
wi h
co -
ec ions
and
up-da ing
acco ding
o
Swanepoel
e
al.
(1980).
A
he
s a
o
he
su ey
he
au ho s
aced
app oxima ely
900
ba
specimens
om
he
Cape
P o ince
ha
had
been
deposi ed
in
Sou h
A ican
museums,
ep esen ing
23
o
he
30
species
hen
eco ded
in
he
P o ince.
The
collec ion
wi h
he
la ges
numbe
o
specimens
(440)
was
in
he
Ka a ian
Museum
a
King
William's
Town.
A
la ge
numbe
o
specimens
is
also
housed
in
museums
o e seas,
including
many
ype
specimens,
bu
hese
a e
no
easily
ac-
cessible
o
axonomic
and
dis ibu ional
s udy
in
his
coun y.
The
p esen
su ey
yielded
mo e
han
a
housand
specimens
o
21
species,
which
ep-
esen s
a
subs an ial
addi ion
o
he
museum
ma e ial
a ailable
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Nea ly
all
o
hese
specimens
ha e
been
sen
o
he
Ka a ian
Museum.
The
specimens
we e
collec ed
om
locali ies
dis ibu ed
h oughou
he
Cape
P o ince,
howe e ,
sampling
was
concen a ed
78
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
mos ly
in
he
moun ainous
a eas
o
he
p o ince
wi h
ca es
and
mines
sui able
o
la ge
oos s
(Fig.
2).
DISTRIBUTION
AND
STATUS
OF
INDIVIDUAL
TAX
A;
BIOLOGICAL
NOTES
Subo de
MEGACHIROPTERA:
Family
PTEROPODIDAE
Epomopho us
wahlbe gi
(Sunde all,
1846)
The
genus
Epomopho us
is
easily
ecognized
by
he
u
o
whi e
hai
a
he
ha*
o
he
ea .
E.
wahlbe gi
di e s
om
all
o he
species
o
he
genus
occu ing
m
A neai
in ha oi
a
only
one
well-de eloped
pos -den al
pala al
idge,
whe eas
he
o he s
ha e
wo
H l
1971).
Howe e ,
Mees e
e
al.
(1964)
men ion
he
possibili y
ha
E.
wahlbe gi
may
be
SUX e s a95^
a
ange
o
80-86
nun
o
he
o ea m
leng h
o
E.
*.
The
ange
o
he
se en
specimens
collec ed
du ing
his
su ey
om
h ee
locah .es
is
77,5-
85,5
mm.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
...
Epomopho us
is
he
mos
widesp ead
o
all
A ican
ui
ba
gei™
1971)
E.
wahlbe gi
can
be
ound
in
a
la ge
pa
o
cen al
eas e n
and
sou he n
AJnca^In
he
Cape
P o ince
i s
dis ibu ion
seems
o
be
limi ed
o
he
sou h-eas e n
and
eas e n
Cape
(Fie
3)
A
se ies
o
specimens
was
collec ed
om
G ahams own
by
J.
C.
G eig
and
C.
T.
S ua
o
his
Depa men .
The
au ho s
collec ed
one
specimen
a
sou h
as
Keu booms
Ri e .
F om
discussion
wi h
a ious
people
in
he
eas e n
Cape
ap
pea s
ha
he
species
is
ai ly
common
in
he
a ea.
^^This
species
seems
o
oos
in
ees
and
was
ne e
ound
in
ca es
o
mines.
In
Walme he
au ho s
o en
saw
hem
es ing
in
pine
and
cyp ess
ees
whe e
hey
u e ed
he'
cha ac ons c
pinging
sound.
They
appea ed
o
p e e
so
ui s
which
hey
ea ned
om
he
low
ui
ees
o
eeding
oos s
in
highe
ees.
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey
_
5
G ahams own,
1
Keu booms
Rese e,
1
Walme .
Museums-2
Alice,
1
Balossi,
1
Bed o d,
1
Blaney,
1
Glads one,
51
King
Wilham's
Town
2
Peddie,
3
Pi ie
(KWT);
2
King
William's
Town,
14
Po
S
Johns,
lUm a a
(SAM);
1
Bed o d,
30
G ahams own,
2
King
William's
Town,
1
Pine
(AM).
Epomopho us
c yp u us
Pe e s,
1852
Pe e s'
Epaule ed
F ui
Ba
The
single
specimen
o
his
species
caugh
du ing
he
su ey
was
sepa a ed
om
E
wahlbe gi
on
he
basis
o
he
second
pos -den al
pala al
idge
as
well
as
on
mo e
gene al
a e
nal
ea u es
Howe e ,
his
could
no
be
con i med
because
he e
a e
no
Cape
specimens
in
he
Sou h
A ican
museums.
Robe s
(1951)
no ed
.ma ked
di e ence
in
o ea m.leng h
beween
he
wo
species,
wi h
E.
c yp u us
being
conside ably
sho e ,
bu
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
79

ANN. CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.)
VOL.
16,
PT.
4, JANUARY
1985
showed
ha
he
anges
o e lap.
The
single
specimen
o
E.
c yp u us
collec ed
had
a
o ea m
o
77,8
mm,
which
is
jus
wi hin
he
ange
o
77,5-85,5
mm
he
au ho s
es ablished
o E.
wahlbe gi.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
Acco ding
o
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
his
species
occu s
om
he
equa o
sou hwa ds
ac oss
mos
o
he
con inen ,
excep
o
he
d y
wes e n
pa s
o
Sou h
Wes
A ica,
he
wes -
e n
Cape
P o ince
and
he
Ka oo.
Mees e
e
al.
(1964)
s a e
ha
i
occu s
in
he
eas e n
Cape,
and
Elle man
e al.
(1953)
eco d
ha
i
has
been
collec ed
om
Pine.
Du ing
he
su ey
one
specimen
was
collec ed
in
G ahams own,
bu
no
Cape
specimens
could
be
aced
in
he
museums.
The
dis ibu ion
in
he
Cape
P o ince
mus
he e o e
be
e y
limi ed
(Fig.
3),
and
he
s a us
o
he
species
a e.
80
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey —
1
G ahams own.
Eidolon
hel um
(Ke ,
1792)
S aw-colou ed
F ui
Ba
This
species
is
dis inguished
by
i s
long
wings,
which
a e
he
longes
o
any
ba
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
They
a e
also
longe
in
p opo ion
o
he
body
han
o
any
o he
a ea.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
This
species
occu s
as
a
mig an
o e
he
en i e
con inen ,
bu
is
a ely
eco ded
in
sou h-
e n
A ica
(Mees e
e
al.
1964).
A
specimen
om
he
Ba kly
Wes
High
School
was
sho
in
an
o e
ha d
du ing
1916.
Pho og aphs
o
one
sho
in
Middelbu g
(Cape)
du ing
1970
we e
also
eXdmMusdeum
specimens
a e
om
locali ies
as
widely
sepa a ed
as
Hondeklipbaai
in
he
no h-
wes
Cape
and
Tylden
in
he
eas e n
Cape.
O he
published
locali ies
include
Bed o d
and
S eynsbu g
(eas e n
Cape)
and
G iqualand
Wes
(Robe s
1951).
Thus
E.
hel um
may•
e
ound
in
mos
o
he
Cape
P o ince,
excep
o
he
sou he n
and
eas e n
coas al
egions
(Fig.
4).
Howe e ,
i
is
a e
in
his
a ea
and
only
isi s
du ing
he
summe
ui ing
season.
Habi s
.
. .
Li le
is
eco ded
o
he
habi s
o
E.
hel um
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Whe e
i
occu s
i
is
al-
mos always
ound
eeding
in
deciduous
ui
ees.
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey
—
1
Ba kly
Wes .
Museums
—1
Mazels on ein
(TM);
1
Hondeklipbaai,
1
Namaqualand,
1
Tylden,
1
V ybu g
(SAM).
Rouse us
aegyp iacus
(E.
Geo oy,
1810)
Egyp ian
F ui
Ba
This
is
he
only
ca e-dwelling
ui
ba
species
in
he
Cape
P o ince. Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
eco d
ha
he
Egyp ian
ui
ba s
occu ing
in
he
Cape
P o ince
belong
o
he
sub-
species
R.
a.
leachii,
al hough
Robe s
(1951)
ega ded
R.
leachii
as
a
alid
species.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
The
Egyp ian
ui
ba
occu s
o e
a
la ge
pa
o
A ica,
bu
in
he
Cape
P o ince
i
is
e-
s ic ed
o
he
sou h-wes e n,
sou he n
and
eas e n
coas al egions
(Fig.
4).
Robe s
(1VM)
s a es
ha
i
is
a ely
ound
inland
om
he
coas al
bel .
I
is
he e o e
o
in e es
ha
i
was
ound
in
he
Swa be g
nea
Oud shoo n
and
in
he
Win e hoek
moun ains
nea
Po e ille.
Some
e idence
o
mig a ion
was
ound,
al hough
he
dis ances
in ol ed
we e
no
e y
g ea .
Ba s
ha
had
been
ma ked
by
G.
R.
Robinson
a
S o ms
Ri e
Mou h
we e
collec ed
du ing
he
ui
season
o
No embe
o
Feb ua y
in
he
Langkloo ,
abou
50
km
away.
The
species
is
abundan
in
i s
dis ibu ion
a ea
and
ga he s
in
la ge
g oups
o
up
o
a
housand
in
sui able
ca es.
Habi s
These
a e
he
only
ui
ba s
ha
a e
able
o
use
echo-loca ion,
and
his
allows
hem
o
oos
in
da k
ca es.
They
we e
ound
in
la ge
ca es
along
he
coas al
a eas,
usually
in
associ-
81
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.)
VOL.
16,
PT.
4,
JANUARY
1985
a ion
wi h
up
o
ou
insec i o ous
species.
They
ypically
occupy
he
" wiligh
a eas
jus
in-
side
he
en ances
o
ca es,
whe eas
he
insec i o ous
species
oos
u he
in
whe e
i
is
com-
ple ely
da k.
They
a e
e y
noisy,
and
a e
easily
ale ed
when
he
ca es
a e
en e ed.
Food
They
we e
seen
ea ing
peaches, ap ico s,
apples,
loqua s
and
he
ui
o
yellow-wood
(Podoca pus)
and
ha d
pea
(Olinia)
ees.
I
appea s
ha
only
ipe ui s
a e
ea en,
which
means
ha
damage
in
ga dens
and
o cha ds
only
occu s
du ing
a
sho
pe iod.
Thus
he
ex en
o
damage
caused
is
o en
exagge a ed.
Fo
he
g ea e
pa
o
he
yea
hey
eed
on
wild
ui
and
in
his
way
ac
as
impo an
seed
p opaga o s
o
a
wide
ange
o
indigenous
plan s
and
ees.
82
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
B eeding
,
In an s
we e
seen
a
Helde be g
Ca e
in
ea ly
Janua y,
and
some
o
he
emales
caugh
hen
we e
s ill
p egnan .
Du ing
Janua y
1978
emales
ne ed
in
a
peach
o cha d
nea
o
his
ca e
we e
ca ying
in an s
o
abou
wo- hi ds
hei
weigh .
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey
-
1
Ba 's
Ca e,
3
Bean-se-bos,
1
Die
Hel,
1
Helde be g,
2
Keu booms
Rese e
1
K akeel
Ri e ,
1
Robe son,
3
Skele on
Ca e,
1
S o ms
Ri e
Mou h,
1
Twee
Ri ie e,
2
Wynbe g.
,
Museums
-
7
Knysna,
5
Skele on
Ca e
(TM);
1
Amabele,
1
Eas
London,2
King
William
s
Town,
2
Pa ensie,
2
Pi ie
(KWT);
1
Knysna,
1
Table
Moun ain
(SAM),
1
Amabele,
3
Bed o d,
2
G ahams own,
1
King
William's
Town,
2
Mqanduh,
1
Salem,
1
Swellendam
(AM).
Subo de
MICROCHIROPTERA:
Family
EMBALLONURIDAE
Taphozous
mau i ianus
E.
Geo oy,
1818
Mau i ian
Tomb
Ba
This
is
he
only
species
o
he
amily
occu ing
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
I
can
be
ecognized
easily
because
i s
ail
sepa a es
om
he
in e emo al
memb ane
and
me ges
on
he
uppe
side
abou
hal -way
down
i s
leng h.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
Acco ding
o
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
his
species
is
widely
dis ibu ed
o e
a
la ge
pa
o
he con inen ,
in
mos
sa anna
egions
sou h
o
he
Saha a.
Mees e
e
a/.
(1964)
s a ed
ha
i s
Cape
dis ibu ion
is
limi ed
o
he
sou he n
and
eas e n
Cape.
No
specimens
we e
collec ed
du ing
he
su ey,
bu
he
wo
Cape
specimens
in
he
museums
con i med
hl*
s°a h®™
a"
eas e n
dis ibu ion
(Fig.
5).
A
specimen
ecen ly
collec ed
a
Ha swa e
(2724
DD)
by
E asmus
&
Rau enbach
(in
p ess)
sugges s
ha
he
species
may
p o e
o
be
spa sely
dis
i
u ed
o e
mos
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
Habi s
c
,
E asmus
&
Rau enbach
(in
p ess)
s a e
ha
his
species
has
he
habi
o
oos ing
head
downwa ds
agains
he
unks
o
la ge
ees
o
unde
he
ea es
o
buildings.
Ma e ial
examined
Museums—1
Heidelbe g
(SAM);
1
Alicedale
(AM).
Family
NYCTERIDAE
Nyc e is
hispida
(Sch ebe ,
1775)
Hai y
sli ' aced
Ba
Re e ences
o
he
occu ence
o
his
species
in
he
Cape
P o ince
(Elle man
e
al.
1953,
Mees e
e
al.
1964)
seem
o
be
based
en i ely
on
a
single
d y
skin
housed
in
he
Sou h
A ncan
Museum
(ZM
5444)
and
p epa ed
om
a
specimen
ha
was
collec ed
a
p°
S
Johns
by
Sho idge
in
1902.
I
was
caugh
a
he
same
ime
as
a
se ies
o
mo e
han
20
N.
hebaica
adul s,
bu
was
sepa a ed
om
hese
on
he
g ounds
o
i s
smalle
size
and
ligh e
coa
colou .
83
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.) VOL.
16,
PT.
4,
JANUARY
1985
Howe e
i
was
caugh
in
Janua y,
a
ime
when
one
can
expec
o
ind
ju eniles
o
mos
ba
species,
and
compa ison
wi h
N.
hebaica
ju eniles
om
o he
a ea'
y,e^^enn°cJeo7^ hS
e i-
specimen
should
be
sepa a ed
om
he
mo e
common
species.
In
^
absence
o
u he
dence
he
au ho s
do
no
conside
N.
hispida
as
pa
o
he
Cape
ba
auna.
.
,
•
E
181R
Egyp ian
Sli - aced
Ba
Nyc e is
hebaica
E.
Geo oy,
1818
This
is
he
only
species
o
he
amily
Nyc e idae
ha
de ini ely
occu s
in
he
Cape
P o -
ince
I
is
easily
ecognized
by
i s
e y
la ge
o al
ea s.
Ano he
ou s anding
cha ac e
is
deep
g oo e
be ween
he
nose-lea es,
which
ex ends
om
he
nos il
o
a
line
be ween
he
baSCRobe s'(1951)
ega ded
N.
capensis
as
he
senio
synonym
o
N.
hebaica,
which
he
inco -
ec ly
a ibu ed
o
A.
Smi h,
1834,
and
ga e
he
subspecies
capensis
and
dama ensis.
How
e e
Elle man
e
al.
(1953)
and
Mees e
e
al.
(1964)
ecognized
Geo oy
s
ea lie
desc ip ion
84
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
CP.
o
N.
hebaica,
bu
lis ed
he
same
subspecies.
This
was
ollowed
by
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971),
al hough
hey
did
no
commi
hemsel es
on
he
alidi y
o
he
subspecies.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
,_oii
«
H:i,
N
hebaica
is
widely
dis ibu ed
in
open
coun y
o e
mos
o
A ica
(Hayman
&
Hill
1971)
In
he
Cape
P o ince
i
occu s
h oughou
he
wes e n,
sou h-wes e n
and
eas e n
pa s
o
he
p o ince
al hough
i
has
no
been
ound
in
he
o es s
o
he
sou he n
coas al
bel
(Fig.
6).
In
spi e
o
i s
wide
dis ibu ion
i
is
nowhe e
common.
^
These
ba s
no mally
use
ca es,
disused
mines,
undis u bed
ooms
and
cella s
as
es ing
Dlace7
whe e
hey hang
ee
om
he
oo s
by
hei
hind
legs.
They
seem
o
p e e
smalle
ca es
o
mines,
whe e
hey
ga he
in
small
numbe s
(up
o
200
indi iduals
o
bo h
sexes).
They
85
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.) VOL.
16,
PT. 4, JANUARY
1985
we e
nea ly
always
ound
on
hei
own
o
wi h
Rhinolophus
species
in
he
es ing
places,
bu
in
he
De
Hoop
Ca e
hey
occu ed
wi h
Myo is
icolo
and
Miniop e us
sch eibe sn.
Sli - aced
ba s
ha e
cha ac e is ically
long
ea s,
sugges ing
ha
hei
hea ing,
and
he e-
o e
echo-loca ion
abili y,
is
e y
well-de eloped.
This,
combined
wi h
hei
manoeu abili y
mean
ha
hey
we e
e y
di icul
o
ca ch
in
aps
o
mis -ne s.
This
abili y
o
manoeu e
a ound
obs uc ions
may
explain
why
hey
we e
usually
ound
deepe
in
he
ca ess
o
mines
han
any
o he
ba
species.
They
no mally
ly
low,
abou
one
me e
abo e
he
g ound,
wi h
a
Sl°W
Some
'e idence
o
Mig a ion
was
ound.
In
Namaqualand
se e alca eswe edese ed o
long
pe iods
in
la e
summe
and
win e ,
and
in
he B edasdo p
a ea
he
sli
- aced
ba s
disap-
pea ed
om
he
De
Hoop
Ca e
and
Spi skop
Mine
o
se e al
mon hs
a
a
ime
Too
ew
ba s
we e
ma ked
o
allow
he es ablishmen
o
a
pa e n
o
mig a ion,
bu
i
is
unlikely
ha
hey
mig a e
o e
e y
long
dis ances.
hebaica
usually
o ages
on
o
nea
he
g ound
whe e
i
picks
up
g ound
insec s
and
hen
ca ies
hem
o
sui able
es ing
places
be o e
ea ing
hem.
Du ing
he
su ey
se e al
such
es ing
places
we e
ound.
Some
we e
adjacen
o,
o
e en
in,
he
oos s.
Food
emains
ound
in
es ing
places
in
he
Namaqualand
and
Rich e s eld
o
he
no h-wes e n
Cape
showed
la ge
numbe s
o
bladde
g asshoppe s
(Pneumondae),
and
some
sco pions
and
o dina y
g ass
hoppe s
(Ac ididae).
Two
emales,
each
wi h
a
single
in an ,
we e
aken
a
Fo es
Ranch
du ing
No embe
and
young
in an s
we e
seen
in
he
De
Hoop
Ca e
in
Decembe .
Th ee
emales
om
Dne on em
we e
caugh
in
ea ly
No embe .
All
we e
p egnan
wi h
a
single
implan ed
oe us.
A
emale
collec ed
in
Oc obe
om
Sandbe g
was
also
p egnan
whe eas
emales
collec ed
du ing
Janu-
a y
and
Feb ua y
we e
no
p egnan .
These
da a
indica e
ha
pa u i ion
occu s
in
No embe
and
Decembe
only,
which
is
a
ma kedly
sho e
pe iod
han
he
Sep embe —Feb ua y
pe iod
gi en
by
Smi he s
(1971)
o
he
species
in
Bo swana.
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey
—
1
Amalinda,
1
Bakleisd i ,
1
Bloupu s,
2
B andka os,
1
De
Hoop,
1
Donngk aal,
2
Do ingpoo
Ri e ,
4
D ie on ein,
2
Fo es
Ranch,
3
Hes e
Malan,
6
Ke sbos,
1
K oomie,
1
McG ego ,
1
Mon agu
Ca e,
3
Okiep,
1
Sandbe g,
1
Sewe on ein,
1
Sk ik
an
Rondom,
1
Spi skop,
5
V olijkheid,
2
Welbedach
Mine,
1
Wonde -
ga .
Museums
—
1
Goodhouse,
11
G ahams own,
5
G oo ade sbos,
3
Keikamspoo ,
11
Ke sbos,
6
Twee
Ri ie e
(TM);
1
Alice,
2
A he s one,
3
Compagmes
D i ,
1
Ganes,
5
Goodhouse,
1
G aa -Reine ,
14
Range on
(KWT);
1
De
Hoop,
1
Haws on,
1
Hex
Ri e ,
21
Po
S
Johns
(SAM);
1
Abbo sbu g,
7
B akkloo ,
2
Despa ch,
1
Fo
B own,
1
Glenlea,
4
G ahams own,
6
Kleinpoo ,
1
Lessend um
1
Manle
Fla s,
1
Moneyswo h,
1
Po
Al ed,
1
Po
Elizabe h,
1
Salem,
1
S ones
Hill
(AM).
86
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
Family
RHINOLOPHIDAE
Ba s
o
his
amily
ha e
a
dis inc
ho seshoe-shaped
nose-lea
wi h
a
poin ed
lance
behin
he
ho seshoe.
Species
dis inc ion
es s
mainly
on
he
o m
o
his
s uc u e
wi h
den mon
o ea m
leng h
as
seconda y
cha ac e is ics.
Howe e ,
as
he
axonomy
o
se e al
o
species
occu ing
in
he
Cape
P o ince
is
a he
con used
he
whole
genus
p obably
needs
ision.
Rhinolophus
umiga us
Ruppell,
1842
R lPPell'S
Ho sesh0e
Ba
The e
is
some
a gumen
whe he
R.
umiga us
should
include
he
subspecies
ue uops
o
whe le ^^d
be
a
species in
i 's
own
igh
(Hayman
&
Hill
la ge
Rhinolophus
appea s
o
be
e y
a e
in
he
Cape
P o ince
i
i
occu s
a
all.
All
men ion
87
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.) VOL.
16.
PT.
4.
JANUARY
1985
Habi s
Li le
is
known
o
i s
habi s,
mos
specimens
being
caugh
when
lying
a
nigh ,
ei he
in-
side
o es s
o
no
a
om
hem
(Robe s
1951).
Smi he s
(1971)
and
Rau enbach
(1982)
ound
hem
oos ing
unde
he
loose
ba k
o
dead
ees.
Ma e ial
examined
Museums
—
1
Po
S
Johns
(SAM);
2
Pi ie
(AM).
Ep esicus
ho en o us
(A.
Smi h,
1833)
Long- ailed
House
Ba
This
species
is
no iceably
la ge
han
any
o he
Ep esicus
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Two
sub-
species,
E.
h.
ho en o us
and
E.
h.
pallidio ,
a e
men ioned
in
checklis s
o
mammals
o
Sou h
A ica.
Robe s
(1951)
and
Mees e
e
al.
(1964)
lis
he
dis ibu ion
ange
o
E.
h.
ho en o us
as
he
eas e n,
sou he n
and
sou h-wes e n
Cape
as
a
no h
as
he
moun ains
o
Li le
Nama-
qualand,
and
ha
o
E.
h.
pallidio
as
he
no h-wes e n
Cape
P o ince
and
Sou h
Wes
A ica.
Acco ding
o
Robe s
(1951)
E.
h.
ho en o us
has
a
sligh ly
sho e
wingspan
and
a
da ke
colou
han
E.
h.
pallidio ,
which
is
ligh
yellow
in
colou . Howe e ,
he
specimens
ob ained
du ing
he
s udy
do
no
suppo
such
a
clea cu
di ision
wi h
espec
o
wing-leng h
and
colou .
A
emale
caugh
a
Roche pan
on
he
wes
coas
in
Ap il
1978
is
da k
in
colou
and
has
a
o e-
a m
leng h
o
47,5
mm,
hus
showing
cha ac e is ics
o
E.
h.
ho en o us.
Fi e
specimens
caugh
a
Taung
in
Bophu ha swana,
which
alls
wi hin
he
dis ibu ion
o
E.
h.
pallidio ,
can-
no
be
sepa a ed
om
he
Roche pan
specimen.
Thei
colou
is
also
da k
b own
and
hei
o ea m
leng hs
ange
om
47,0
o
51,5
mm,
which
is
no
no iceably
g ea e
han
ha
o
he
Roche pan
specimen.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
The
Taung se ies
was
collec ed
abou
400
km
o
he
eas
o
he
Sou h
Wes
A ican
bo de
and
abou
600
km
eas
o
Goodhouse,
which
was
he
mos
eas e ly
si e
whe e
E.
h.
pallidio
had
been
collec ed
be o e
he
su ey.
The e o e,
i
p obably
also
occu s
in
he
wes e n
T ans-
aal
and
sou he n
Bo swana
al hough
i
has
ne e
been
collec ed
in
hese
a eas.
The
new
locali ies
show
a
wide
dis ibu ion
o
E.
h.
pallidio
in
he
wes e n,
no h-wes e n
and
no he n
Cape
P o ince
(Fig.
13).
Howe e ,
he
species
is
a e
in
he
Cape
P o ince,
since
only
six
specimens
om
wo
locali ies
we e
collec ed
du ing
he
su ey.
The e
a e
a
u he
se en
specimens
in
he
Sou h
A ican
museums.
They
a e
om
h ee
locali ies
and
we e
all
collec ed
be o e
1938.
Habi s
The
Roche pan
specimens
we e
ne ed
lying
low
o e
a
ma sh
and
he
Taung se ies
was
aken
om
a
small
hollow
in
ocks
si ua ed
a
he
en ance
o
an
old
mine
unnel
inhabi ed
by
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii.
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey
—
1
Roche pan,
5
Taung.
Museums
—
4
Goodhouse,
2
Hex
Ri e
Es a e
(KWT);
1
Cape
Town
(SAM).
100
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
Ep esicus
melcko um
A
su ey
J5*U35°
31°
Fig.
14-
The
dis ibu ion
o
Ep esicus
melcko um
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Ep esicus
melcko um
Robe s,
1919
Melck's
House
Ba
Ep esicus
melcko um
and
E.
capensis
a e
e y
simila
in
ou wa d
appea ance
bu
^e e
a e
ma ked
di e ences
in
hei
o ea m
and
skull
measu emen s.
A
He be sdale
and
V ohjkhei
bo h
species
we e
ound
oge he
in
oo s.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
men ioned
i e
Zambian
specimens
as
cons i u ing
he
only
ma e ial
collec ed
ou side
he
Cape
P o ince
and
sugges ed
ha
hey
migh
belong
o
a
local
subspecies.
Mos
o he
au ho s
s a ed
ha
E.
melcko um
occu s
only
in
he
sou h-wes e n
Cape.
Du ing
he
su ey
he
majo i y
o
specimens
came
om
his
a ea.
Howe e
wo e-
males
collec ed
a
Th ee
Sis e s
and
G aa -Reine
in
he
G ea
Ka oo
indica e
a
sligh ly
wide
dis ibu ion
(Fig.
14).
101

ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.) VOL.
16,
PT.
4.
JANUARY
1985
Wi hin
i s
dis ibu ion
a ea
E.
melcko um
is
qui e
common
and
is
usually
ound
in
hiding
places
in
g oups
o
se e al
indi iduals.
Habi s
In
mos
cases
his
species
was
ound
oos ing
unde
he
ea es
o
buildings
bu
a
ew
speci-
mens
we e
mis -ne ed
o e
wa e
in
he
ea ly
e ening.
The
specimen
om
Th ee
Sis e s
was
ound
unde
he
ba k
o
a
popla
ee.
B eeding
Th ee
p egnan
emales,
wo
wi h
win
oe uses,
we e
ound
a
Sandbe g
du ing
la e
Oc obe .
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey
_
1
Au o a,
1
Bon ebok
Pa k,
1
Bo
Ri e ,
4
Compagnies
D i ,
2
De
Hoop,
1
Ebb-and- low,
1
G aa -Reine ,
1
Goukamma,
2
He be sdale,
2
Hes e
Malan,
1
Jonke shoek,
2
Roche pan,
3
Sandbe g,
1
S and,
1
Th ee
Sis e s,
4
V olijk-
heid,
2
Ys e on ein.
Museums
—2
Be g
Ri e ,
1
No ap,
1
S ilbaai
(TM);
1
Assegaaibosch,
1
Clanwilliam,
1
Roche pan
(SAM);
1
Compagnies
D i ,
1
Oud shoo n
(AM).
Ep esicus
capensis
(A.
Smi h,
1829)
Cape
Se o ine
Robe s
(1951),
Elle man
e
al.
(1953)
and
Mees e
e
al.
(1964)
lis
h ee
subspecies
o
his
ba ,
o
which
only
E.
c.
capensis
occu s
in
he
Cape.
Howe e ,
Mees e
e
al.
(1964)
s a e
ha
he
subspecies
need
e ision,
pa icula ly
wi h
espec
o
hei
geog aphic
anges
and
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
do
no
ecognize
any
sepa a e
subspecies.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
E.
capensis
is
ai ly
common
h oughou
he
Cape
P o ince
(Fig.
15)
and
a
numbe
o
in-
di iduals
a e
usually
ound
oge he
in
each
oos .
Because
o
i s
habi
o
oos ing
in
houses
i
is
one
o
he
ew
ba
species
ha
may
ha e
inc eased
in
numbe s
as
a
esul
o
man's
aci i ies.
Habi s
In
he
majo i y
o
cases
E.
capensis
was
ound
hiding
in
small
c e ices
unde
he
ea es
o
buildings.
On
a
ew
occasions
specimens
we e
ne ed
o e
wa e .
A
B and lei
one
specimen
was
aken
om
wool-bags
hanging
om
he
oo
o
a
ga age.
B eeding
P egnan
emales
we e
collec ed
in
ea ly
No embe
a
Ba kley
Wes
and
ju eniles
we e
ound
in
la e
No embe
a
Ba kly
Eas .
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey
—
1
Ba kley
Eas ,
6
Ba kly
Wes ,
5
Bon ebok
Pa k,
1
B and lei,
2
Canaga,
4
Die
Oog,
1
Ellio ,
1
He be sdale,
1
P.K.
le
Roux
Dam,
1
Riebeeck-Oos,
1
Robe -
son,
2
Rol on ein,
1
S eye sk aal,
3
V olijkheid.
Museums
—
2
Keiskamspoo ,
1
Ku uman,
1
V ybu g
(TM);
3
A he s one,
6
Compagnies
D i ,
2
Ezel on ein,
19
Kaggasmoud ,
22
King
William's
Town,
2
Lady
G ey,
1
Middelbu g.
2
Paddaga ,
4
Tambookies
D i ,
3
T a elle 's
Res .
13
Lambe 's
102
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
Bay,
1
Simons own
(SAM);
1
Bly hswood,
1
B akkloo ,
1
Compagnies
D i ,
12
G ahams own,
2
James on,
1
Kaggasmoud ,
1
Kei
Road,
1
Kimbe ley,
2
King
William's
Town,
2
Kleinpoo ,
1
Pi ie,
1
S ones
Hill,
3
Vic o ia
Wes ,
1
Wa e loo
(AM).
Ep esicus
no ius
G.
Allen,
1908
Cape
Ho n-skinned
Ba
I
is
unlikely
ha
his
is
a
alid
species.
I
is
known
only
om
he
ype
specimen
which
was
collec ed
in
Cape
Town
in
1908
and
is
now
housed
in
he
Museum
o
Compa a i e
Zoology,
Ha a d,
Massachuse s,
U.S.A.
Koopman
(1975)
conside ed
his
specimen
as
a
sligh ly
abe -
an
indi idual
o
E.
capensis,
possibly
in es ed
wi h
nema odes,
and
his
iew
is
ollowed
by
Swanepoel,
Smi he s
&
Rau enbach
(1980).
The e o e
he
p esen
au ho s
do
no
conside
E.
no ius
as
pa
o
he
Cape
ba
auna.
103
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.)
VOL.
16.
PT.
4.
JANUARY
1985
Laepho is
win oni
Thomas,
1901
De
Win on's
Long-ea ed
Ba
Ba s
o
his
genus
a e
e y
a e
in
collec ions
and
only
one
specimen
has
been
aken
in
he
Cape
P o ince
(Rau enbach
&
Nel
1978).
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lumped
all
specimens
unde
he
species
L.
win oni,
bu
la e
Hill
(1974)
di ided
he
genus
in o
ou
dis inc
species
wi h
L.
win oni
in
Eas
A ica,
L.
bo swanae
om
Zambia
and
Bo swana,
L.
angolensis
om
Angola
and
L.
namibensis
om
Sou h
Wes
A ica.
This
di ision
was
based
on
only
25
specimens.
In
Feb ua y
1978
Rau enbach
&
Nel
(1978)
ne ed
a
specimen
o e
a
i e
a
he
Alge ia
Fo es
S a ion
in
he
Ceda be g
(Fig.
16).
These
au ho s
compa ed
nine
measu emen s
o
his
specimen
wi h
hose
o
he
ou
known
species
using
a
mul i a ia e
analysis
and
came
up
wi h
he
a he
su p ising
esul
ha
hei
specimen
was
by
a
closes
o
he
Eas
A ican
L.
win oni
which
is
geog aphically
he
mos
dis an .
This
led
hem
o
say
ha
he
axonomic
s a us
o
he
genus
is
no
sa is ac o ily
esol ed
and
can
only
be
by
he
acquisi ion
o
mo e
ma e ial.
104
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
On
he
abo e
e idence
Laepho is
win oni
is
p o isionally
included
in
he
ba
auna
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
I
is
no
clea
whe he
he
specimen
ep esen s
a
well-es ablished
local
popu-
la ion.
Because
o
he
low
numbe
o
specimens
collec ed
i s
s a us
in
A ica
mus
be
desc ibed
as
" a e"
al hough
he
widesp ead
dis ibu ion
ange
sugges s
ha
i
may
occu
na u ally
e y
low
numbe s.
Ma e ial
examined
Museums
—
1
Alge ia
(TM).
,
j.
-/a
Qmi h
ism
Yellow
House
Ba
Sco ophilus
dinganu
(A.
Smi h,
I8SS)
The
genus
Sco ophilus
is
cha ac e ized
by
ha ing
only
one
uppe
inciso ,
one
uppe ^p e-
mola ,
h ee
lowe
inciso s
and
wo
lowe
p emola s
on
each
side.
^
i s
axonomy.
Robbins
(1978)
has
shown
ha
5.
gigas
should
be
called
5.
nig i a
and
ha
al
specimens
ha
ha e
been
iden i ied
as
5.
nig i a
since
he
la e
1800s
mus
now
be
called
5^
dinganii.
S.
dinganii
is
he
only
species
ha
has
been
collec ed
in
he
Cape
P™™?-
Hayma
&
Hill (1971),
Mees e
e
al.
(1964)
and
Robe s
(1951)
ecognized
h ee
subsPecies
o
^
hey
called
5.
nig i a
and
s a ed
ha
he
subspecies
pondoens s
occu s
only
in
he
eas e n
Cap
P o ince.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
.
No
ma e ial
was
collec ed
du ing
he
su ey,
bu
27
museum
specimens
we e
examined
(Fig.
16).
All
hese
specimens
labelled
as
S. nig i a,
we e
collec ed in
he
eas e n
Cape
be-
ween
1931
and
1941.
Recen ly
E asmus
&
Rau enbach
(in
p ess)
collec ed
a
sPec™en
Kalaha i
Gemsbok
Na ional
Pa k
which
hey
sepa a ed
om
he
closely
ela edIS
mduusmg
a
mo phome y
iden i ica ion
model
e en
hough
i s
colou ing
was
mo e
like
his
speciesi
S.
dinganii.
Thus
he
species
appea s
o
ha e
a
e y
es ic ed
dis ibu ion
,n
he
eas e n
and
no he n
Cape
al hough
i
is
ai ly
widesp ead
in
A ica.
Habi s
Robe s
(1951)
s a ed
ha
his
species
usually
li es
unde
he
ea es
o
buildings
o
m
dese ed
nes s
o
woodpecke s
and
ba bels.
E asmus
&
Rau enbach
(in
p ess)
eco d
ha . he
specimen
was
lying
wi h
se e al
o he s,
p obably
o
he
same
species,
o e
a
d inking
ough
in
sa anna
woodland.
Ma e ial
examined
.
Museums
—1
Amabele,
3
A he s one,
1
Kaggasmoud ,
17
King
William
s
Town
(KWT),
1
Po
S
Johns
(SAM);
1
Gleni e ,
2
King
William's
Town
(AM).
Ke i oula
lanosa
(A.
Smi h,
1847)
Lesse
Woolly
Ba
This
species
is
cha ac e ized
by
i s
long,
woolly
hai ,
38
ee h
in
he
den i ion
( he
same
as
Myo is)
and
high
c anium
(simila
o
Miniop e us).
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
ques ion
whe he
K
ha isoni,
K.
lanosa
and
pe haps
K.
muscilla
ep esen
dis inc
species
o
me ely
local
o ms
o
one
widesp ead
species.
105
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.) VOL.
16,
PT.
4,
JANUARY
1985
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
Se en
specimens
o
his
a e
species
we e examined
(Fig.
17).
The e
a e
ou
museum
specimens
om
he
eas e n
Cape
and
wo
om
Knysna
in
he
sou he n
Cape.
Du ing
he
su -
ey
one specimen
was
collec ed
a
Dennebos
nea
Knysna.
I
appea s
o
be
es ic ed
o
he
o es ed
egions
o
he
sou he n
and
eas e n
Cape.
The
o e all
conse a ion
s a us
o
his
species
depends
o
a
la ge
ex en
on
whe he
i
p o es
o
be
clea ly
dis inguishable
om
K.
ha isoni.
Habi s
All
locali ies
whe e
specimens
o
K.
lanosa
ha e
been
collec ed
show
ha
he
species
has
an a ini y
o
o es s.
Robe s
(1951)
s a ed
ha
mos
specimens
we e
aken
om
he
hanging
nes s
o
bi ds
such
as
wea e s.
106
HERSELMAN.
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
Ma e ial
examined.
Su ey
—
1
Dennebos.
Museums
—
1
Knysna
(TM);
1
Cullendale,
1
Knysna,
3
Pi ie
(AM).
Miniop e us a e culus
Thomas
&
Schwann,
1906
Lesse
Long- inge ed
Ba
Ba s
o
he
genus
Miniop e us
a e
easily
dis inguished
by
he
elonga ed
second
phalanx
o
he
hi d
digi .
The
ou
species
lis ed
by
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
as
occu ing
in
A ica
a e
all
e y
simila
in
appea ance
and
a e
usually
sepa a ed
on
o ea m
and
skull
leng hs.
Howe e ,
he e
is
some
o e lap
in
bo h
size
and
dis ibu ion
anges,
and
he
axonomy
o
he
genus
is
he e o e
a he
con used.
Hayman
and
Hill
(1971)
eco d
wo
species o
he
Cape
P o ince,
M.
a e culus
and
M.
sch eibe sii.
The
o me
is
gene ally
ega ded
as
being
smalle
han
he
la e
al hough
he
o ea m
leng h
classes
o
42-44
mm
and
42-47
mm
espec i ely
used
by
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
canno
be
conside ed
as
diagnos ic
cha ac e s.
These
au ho s
men ion
ha
M.
a e culus
has
a iously
been
included
in
M.
mino
and
M.
sch eibe sii.
Howe e
hey
ollow
Ha ison
&
Clancey
(1952)
in
decla ing
i
a
sepa a e
species,
wi hou
gi ing
clea
easons
o
he
dis inc-
ion.
Du ing
he
p esen
s udy
di e en
o ms
o
Miniop e us
we e
ound
on
se e al
occasions.
In
la ge
oos s
o
Miniop e us
occasional
indi iduals
had
a
usse
o
pa ly
usse
colou
and
appea ed
o
be
smalle
han
he
ypical
da k
blackish-b own
colou ed
M.
sch eibe sii.
These
small,
usse
indi iduals
we e
assumed
o
belong
o
M.
a e culus,
and
his
iden i ica ion
was
suppo ed
by
P o .
J.
Mees e
(pe s.
comm.)
who
examined
some
o
he
specimens.
Howe e ,
we
specimens
we e
e y
di icul
o
sepa a e
and
his
may
ha e
led
o
mis-iden i ica ions
in
he
collec ion.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
Robe s
(1951)
eco ded
M.
a e culus
om
Knysna
and
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
s a ed
ha
i
occu s
in
he
eas e n
Cape
P o ince,
eas e n
T ans aal,
sou he n
Malawi
and
Zambia.
Du ing
he
su ey
a
leas
eigh
specimens
we e
collec ed
a
i e
oos s
in
he
sou he n
and
eas e n
Cape
bu
no
Cape
specimens
we e
ound
in
he
museums
(Fig.
17).
Due
o
con usion
wi h
M.
sch eibe sii
i
is
di icul
o
assess
i s
s a us.
Howe e ,
i
does
no
appea
o
be
a e
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Habi s
In
e e y
ins ance
his
species
was
ound
in
he
same
oos
as
M.
sch eibe sii.
No
e idence
could
be
ound
o
how
he
wo
species
di e
ecologically.
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey
—
2
Ba 's
Ca e,
1
Gan 's
Mine,
2
Millwood
Mines,
2
S e ks oom,
1
S o ms
Ri e
Mou h.
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii
(Kuhl,
1819)
Sch eibe s'
Long- inge ed
Ba
This
species
is
by
a
he
mos
abundan
ca e-ba
ound
in
he
Cape
P o ince,
whe e
i
is
ep esen ed
by
he
subspecies
M.
s.
na alensis
(A.
Smi h.
1834).
107
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.)
VOL.
16,
PT.
4,
JANUARY
1985
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
M.
sch eibe sii
has
a
e y
wide
dis ibu ion,
being
ound
in
A ica,
Asia
and
Aus alia.
In
A ica
i
occu s
h oughou
he
con inen
sou h
o
he
Saha a.
The
subspecies
M.s.
na alensis
is
ound
om
he
sou he n
Congo
and
Zambia
sou hwa ds
(Hayman
&
Hill
1971).
I
is
abun-
dan
in
he
T ans aal
(Van
de
Me we
1972a)
and
Na al
(Ha ison
&
Clancey
1952).
Du ing
he
su ey
la ge
colonies
we e
ound
in
all
egions
o
he
Cape
P o ince
(Fig.
18).
A
De
Hoop
157
specimens
we e
collec ed
o
popula ion
dynamics
s udies,
and
a
u he
3UU
specimens
we e
collec ed
om
locali ies
h oughou
he
p o ince.
The
species
is
e y
common
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Howe e ,
i s
ma ked
decline
in
so^e
a eas
due
o
dis u bance
a
he
oos s
gi es
cause
o
conce n.
This
may
be
o
conside able
economic
impo ance,
since
la ge
colonies
a e
likely
o
ha e
a
subs an ial
in luence
on
local
in-
sec
popula ions.
108
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
^Ra s
o
his
species
cong ega e
in
e y
la ge colonies,
especially
in
he
nu se y
ca es
such
as
he
De
Hoop
Ca e
whe e
abou
80
000
emales
o m
a
nu se y
colony
du ing
he
summe
LlsDeC™g«,e
seasonally
and
banding
s udies
ha e
she ha
indi idu lis
mig a e
a
TTuZ
n97 i9D73cH197P5)Tdy
hese
mo emen s
appea
S'S
wi h
he
selec ion
o
sui able
si es
o
win e
hibe na-
i0"
Wi hin
oos s
hese
ba s
ga he
in
la ge
densely-packed
2
8M
*—
and
Myo is
icolo .
B eeding
emales
examined
a
De
Hoop
in
Oc obe
158
(93%)
we e
p egnan .
Pa u i-
ion
ook
place
om
he
end
o
Oc obe
o
he
middle
o
No embe .
The
in an s
we e
le
,n
dense
clus e s
agains
he
walls
while
he
emales
ed
o
es ed
in
he
ca e.
The e
is
some
e i
dence
ha
emales
suckle
o sp ing
o he
han
hei
own,
since
a
p eg .an emak
in an
was
collec ed.
Twinning
is
a e
and
was
ound
in
only
one ou
o
mo e
han
p
g
"an Du in'g he
su ey
only
ou
nu se y
ca es
we e
loca ed,
a
De
Hoop
in
he
sou h-wes e n
Cane
K™egdbeen
Ca e
in
he
no he n
Cape,
Blouk ans
Ca e
in
he
Ka oo
and
he
disused
MaMand
Mines
in
he
eas e n
Cape.
These
nu se y
ca es
a e
conside ed
o
play
an
impo an
ole
in
he
su i al
o
he
species.
Ma e ial
examined
„
n-
Su e
—
9
Ra 's
Ca e,
28
Bean-se-bos,
21
Blouk ans,
157
De
Hoop,
3
Die
Oog,
18
Hel
1
D oe lak e,
49
Gan 's
Mine,
4
Goegab,
1
G ahams own,
1
Hansies
^
e
Mine
1
Ho
Po ,
1
King
William's
Town,
22
Koegelbeen
Ca e
:8
Ma cus
^ud
C awl,
8
Millwood
Mines,
52
Mon agu
Ca e,
3
Nabeeb
Mine
4
No lim
Mine,
2
O elga ,
1
Pun jie
Ca e,
22
Roodebe gskloo ,
10
Sknk
an
Rondom,
2
Sku webe g
Ca e,
17
S e ks oom,
4
S o ms
Ri e
Mou h.
Museums
—
3
Knysna,
3
Table
Moun ain
(TM);
69
King
William's
Town,
1
Pa ens1^'
1
Schoenmake skop
(KWT);
2
De
Hoop
1
King
William
s
T<)w y
l^nysna
1
Wynbe g
(SAM);
4
Bu elskloo ,
1
Dunb ody,
1
Glem e ,
4
King
Williams
Town,
6
Mqanduli,
1
Redhouse,
11
Slaaik aal
(AM).
Family
MOLOSSIDAE
«.-»
1Q17"!
Robe s'Fla -headed
Ba
Sau omys
pe ophilus
(Robe s,
191
/)
As
he
common
name
sugges s
he
skull
o
his
ba
is
conspicuously
la ened,
a
cha a^e -
is ic
which
cleT ly
sepa a es
I
om
species
o
Tada ida,
he
o he
ee- ailed
genus.
When
o iginally
desc ibing
i .
Robe s
(1917)
placed
i
unde
genus,
bu
Sau omys
has
now
been
ele a ed
o
gene ic
ank
(Hayman
&
Hill
1971).
ine
gen
as
a
whole
is
limi ed
o
sou he n
A ica.
109
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.)
VOL.
16,
PT.
4,
JANUARY
1985
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
Du ing
he
su ey
no
specimens
o
his
species
we e
collec ed.
Only
eigh
museum
speci
mens
we e
loca ed
bea ing
ou
he
s a emen
o
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
ha
la -hea
e
a
a e
no
nume ous
in
collec ions.
.
,
„
All
he
specimens
a e
om
he
sou h-wes e n
Cape
and
Namaqualand
(Fig.
19),
an
a
,
excep
hose
om
Aug abies
Falls,
we e
collec ed
be o e
1940,
sugges ing
ha
e
sPeci®s
1S
e y
a e
in
he
Cape.
Howe e ,
he
main
eason
o
hei
sca ci y
seems
o
be
ha
ey
a e
e y
speci ic
habi a
equi emen s
and
Rau enbach
(pe s.
comm.),
who
collec e
e
w
Aug abies
Falls
specimens
in
1970
and
1977,
is
o
he
opinion
ha
hey
will
p o e
o
e
mo e
widesp ead
i
mo e
in ensi e
sea ches
a e
made
in
a eas
wi h
sui able
habi a s.
110
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C
P.
la ened
heads
o
hese
ba s
enable
hem
o
oos
in
e y
na ow
c e ices
be ween
ocks,
whe e
hey
usually
occu
singly
o
in
pai s
(Smi he s
1971).
Ma e ial
examined
w
Museums
-
2
Aug abies
Falls,
1
Michell's
Pass
(TM);
1
Clanwilliam,
4
Goodhouse
(KWT).
Tada ida
condylu a
(A.
Smi h,
1833)
An8ola
F ee- ailed
Ba
Robe s
(1951),
Elle man
el
al.
(1953),
Mees e
e
al.
(1964)
and
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
s a e
ha
his
ee- ailed
ba
occu s
om
he
eas e n
Cape
P o ince
no hwa ds
o e
a
la ge
pa
o
A ica.
Howe e ,
du ing
he
su ey
no
specimens
we e
collec ed
and
no
ma e ial
om
he
Cape
P o ince
was
ound
in
he
Sou h
A ican
museums.
Since
a
la ge
p opo ion
o
he
eas e n
Cape
has
been
excised
o
o m
T anskei
i
is
qui e
likely
ha
his
ma ginal
species
does
no
occu
wi hin
he
p esen
bo de s
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
Tada ida
pumila
(C e zschma ,
1826)
Li le
F ee- ailed
Ba
As
sugges ed
by
he
common
name
his
species
is
no iceably
smalle
han
any
o he
ee-
ailed
ba
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
Be o e
he
su ey
he
li le
ee- ailed
ba
was
only
eco ded om
he
eas e n
pa s
o
sou he n
A ica.
Howe e ,
in
Feb ua y
1978
a
se ies
o
13
specimens,
all
ema es
was^mis -
ne ed
o e
wa e
by
Rau enbach
&
Nel
(1978)
a
he
Alge ia
Fo es
S a ion
in
he
Ceda be g^
Du ing
he
p esen
su ey
a
single
emale
was
collec ed
in
Augus
1978
om
a
a m
dam
a
Goegab
nea
Sp ingbok.
In
Sep embe
1979
a
se ies
o
10
specimens
was
mis -ne ed
in
he
same place.
Du ing
he
same
mon h
wo
males
and
a
emale
we e
caugh
a
Alge ia
and
an-
o he
emale
was
caugh
a
Michell's
Pass
nea
Ce es.
H^c ihpd
n nhahl
The
ange
o
his
species
he e o e
seems
o
be
g ea e
han
o iginally
desc ibed,
p obaby
ex ending
sou hwa ds
along
he
moun ain
chains
o
he
sou h-wes e n
JaPe
P o ince
(F!|
19)
The
p esen
s udy
also
e u es
he
idea
o
sex
seg ega ion
men ioned
by
Rau enbach
(1978).
The
a e
o
success
wi h
mis -ne ing
sugges s
ha
he
species
may
be
mo e
common
in
he
wes e n
Cape
han
was
p e iously
hough .
Ma e ial
examined
Su ey
—
3
Alge ia,
11
Goegab,
1
Michell's
Pass.
Museums
—
13
Alge ia
(TM).
Tada ida
aegyp iaca
(E.
Geo ey,
1818)
Egyp ian
F ee- ailed
Ba
This
is
he
la ges
ee- ailed
ba
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Robe s
(1951)
™og"ize!L
T.
aegyp iaca
and
T.
bocagei
as
dis inc
species,
bu
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
ega
T.
a.
aegyp iaca
and
T.
a.
bocagei
as
wo
subspecies
o
T.
aegyp iaca,
wi h
he
sligh ly
smal
e
and
da ke
T.
a.
bocagei
occu ing
in
he
d ie
wes e n
pa s
o
sou he n
A ica.
Ill

ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.) VOL.
16.
PT.
4.
JANUARY
1985
Dis ibu ion
and
s a us
Acco ding
o
ea lie
au ho s
T.
aegyp iaca
occu s
all
o e
he
Cape
P o ince
and
o e
he
g ea e
pa
o
he
con inen .
The
p esen
su ey
con i med
i s wide
dis ibu ion
in
he
p o -
ince
(Fig.
20),
showed
ha
i
is
ai ly
common
h oughou ,
and
has
se e al
la ge
colonies
o
a
ew
hund ed
indi iduals.
I s
conse a ion
s a us
appea s
o
be
secu e.
I s
habi
o
oos ing
in
buildings,
especially
chu ches,
sugges s
ha
i
is
one
o
he
ew
insec i o ous
species
o
ha e
bene i ed
om
man's
ac i i ies.
Habi s
Colonies
we e
ound
in
c acks
be ween
ocks.
T.
aegyp iaca
also
cong ega es
in
c e ices
in
buildings.
I
has
a
s ong
musky
odou .
As
sugges ed
by
Sho idge
(1942)
i
is
seldom
asso-
cia ed
wi h
o he
ba s,
al hough
a
He be sdale
i
was
ound
in
he
same
oo
as
Ep esicus
112
HERSELMAN.
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
capensis.
I
appea s
o
cong ega e
o
b eed,
as
indica ed
by
he ac
hai
.
se ies-00
speci-
mens
om
Junc ion
Fa m
consis s
only
o
p egnan
emales
collec ed
om
cle s
in
ocks
nea
wa e holes.
Hea ily
p egnan
emales
we e
ound
a
se e al
locali ies
du ing
No embe ,
sugges ing
ha
bi hs
ake
place
owa ds
he
end
o
No embe
o
he
beginning
o
Decembe .
Ma e ial
examined
0
Su ey
-
1
Ab aham
K iel,
10
Alge ia,
1
A onegas
2
Ba kly
Eas ,
3
Cape
2^Do
-
ingbaa.,
3
Ellio ,
4
Goegab,
1
G aa -Reine ,
1
G ahams own
2
He be sdale,
1
He be shope,
10
Junc ion
Fa m,
3
Middelbu g,
3
R e sdale,
1
Rol on em,
2
Welling on,
2
Wilge on ein,
1
V olijkheid.
Museums-4
Alge ia,
1
Aug abies
Falls,
1
Bu ge sdo p,
2
Kam e boom
1
Twee
Rme e
2
Van
Wyks lei
(TM);
3
King
William's
Town,
3
Uping on
(KWT),
1
Cape
Town,
2
King
William's
Town,
1
Pi ie
(SAM);
2
Aliwal
No h
1
Bly hswood,
1
Fo
Beau o ,
7
G ahams own,
3
King
William's
Town,
10
Middle on,
1
Peddle,
1
Vic o ia
Wes ,
7
Wa e loo
(AM).
DISCUSSION
Du ing
he
su ey
a
conside able
amoun
o
in o ma ion
was
ga he ed
on
he.
occu ence
and
numbe s
o
ba s
in
he
Cape
P o ince,
especially
o
he
communalspeciescong
-
ga e
in
la ge
oos s.
Howe e ,
he
conse a ion
s a us
o
many
species
is
s ill
no
clea .
I
he e
I e
ou
main
easons
o
his.
Fi s ly,
he
axonomy
o
se e al
species
o
g oups
o
species
is
a he
con used. Secondly,
he
excision
o
T anskei
om
he
Capej^o mce
excludesmos
o
he
known
ange
o
se e al
o
he
ma ginal
opical
species
om
he
eas e n
Cape
Thi dly-
a
mo e
in ensi e
ne ing
p og amme
will
ha e
o
be
ca ied
ou
o
o m
an
accu a e
pic u e
o
he
soli a y
species,
which
may
na u ally
occu
in
a he
low
densi ies.
Fou hly,
al hough
some
o
he
communal
species
may
be
abundan ,
i
was
di icul
o
show
whe he
hey
we e
main-
aining
hei
numbe s
o
declining.
...
..
,
.
.
_w_
_
,pna a P
i
To
de e mine
he
dis ibu ion
and
s a us
o
a
species
i
is
essen ial
o
be
^able
o
sepa a e,i
om
o he
closely
ela ed
species.
The
g oups
o
species
om
he
Cape
ined
mo e
closely
in
o de
o
esol e
axonomic
p oblems
in ol ing
such
di e en ia ion
a
.
Myo is
seab ai
and
M.
lesueu i;
he
ou
species
o
he
genus
Laepho is;
Rhinolophus
^" an
R
swinnyi',
Ke i oula
lanosa
and
he
Eas
A ican
K.
ha nsoni;
Rhinolophus
ch osus,
R.
capensis
and
R.
da ling ,
and
he
wo
Miniop e us
species,
M.
sch e be su
andIM.
lus.
The
las
wo
g oups
dese e
special
a en ion
because
hey
show
nos ic
cha ac e s
used
and
u he mo e
o en
occu
oge he
in
la ge
colonies.
The eio ea
clea
ecological
sepa a ion
will
ha e
o
be
documen ed
be o e
hey can
be
con incingly
iden-
i iedas^di^e
^
species
ha
seems
o
ha e been
con used
is
Pipis ellus
nanus
and
P.
kuhlii.
Ini ially
he
au ho s
also
ound
i
di icul
o
sepa a e
hem
using
he
key
in
Hayman
&
Hill (1971),
bu
la e
ound
hey
could
be
clea ly
sepa a ed
on
skull
cha ac e s.
113
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.) VOL.
16,
PT.
4,
JANUARY
1985
O he
p oblems
caused
by
mis-iden i ica ions
a e
he
eco ds
o
Ep esicus
no ius
and
Nyc e is
hispida
in
he
Cape.
E.
no ius
is
now
gene ally
conside ed
in alid
as
a
species,
being
me ely
an
abe en
E.
capensis.
The
eco d
o
N.
hispida
is
based
on
a
single
specimen
ha
was
ound
wi h
se e al
N.
hebaica
adul s
and
was
mos
p obably
a
ju enile
o
his
species.
Whe he
o
no
species
a e
endemic
o
he
Cape
P o ince
also
depends
upon
axonomic
in e p e a ion.
Myo is
lesueu i
is
eco ded
as
endemic
o
he
Cape
bu ,
i
i
p o es
o
be
con-
speci ic
wi h
M.
seab ai,
i s
ange
is
somewha
g ea e .
Al hough
Ke i oula
lanosa
is
lis ed
only
om
he
Cape
P o ince
in
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971),
Rau enbach
(1982)
and
Smi he s
(1983)
e-
co d
i
om
he
T ans aal
and
o he
a eas
in
sou he n
A ica.
I
i
p o es
o
be
conspeci ic
wi h
K.
ha isoni,
he
species'
dis ibu ion
ange
will
include
a
la ge
pa
o
A ica.
The e
is
oo
much
disag eemen
on
he
axonomy
o
A ican
ba s
a
he
subspeci ic
le el
o
i
o
be
possible
a p esen
o
each
a
conclusion
abou
he
p esence
o
endemic
subspecies
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Table
1
summa izes
wha
is
known
o
he
conse a ion
s a us
o
ba s
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
I
shows
ha
16
species
can
be
conside ed
as
a e
in
he
p o ince.
This
numbe
can
be
di ided
in o
wo
g oups,
hose
ha
a e
only
ma ginally
dis ibu ed
and
hose
ha
a e
nowhe e
com-
mon.
The
excision
o
pa
o
he
eas e n
Cape
o
o m
T anskei
has
a ec ed
he
s a us
o
he
ma ginal
opical
species
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
O
hese
Hipposide os
ca e
and
Tada ida
cond lu a had
only
been
eco ded
om
wha
is
now
T anskei.
A
p esen
i
seems
doub ul
whe he
T.
condylu a
occu s
wi hin
he
p esen
bo de s
o
he
p o ince.
Du ing
he
su ey
H.
ca e
was
eco ded
om
he
no h-wes e n
Cape
which
means
ha
he
species
can
s ill
be
conside ed
as
pa
o
he
Cape
ba
auna.
Because
his
s udy
concen a ed
on
he
oos s
o
communal
species
insu icien
da a
we e
ga he ed
on
he
soli a y
species
o
de e mine
hei
ue
conse a ion
s a us.
O
he
16
species
lis ed
as
a e
in
Table
1,
nine
a e
nowhe e
common
and
may
na u ally
occu
a
low
densi ies.
Mos
o
hem
appea
o
ha e
specialized
habi a
equi emen s
and
consequen ly
ha e
seldom
been
collec ed.
This
has
esul ed
in
he
axonomic
con usion
o
many
o
he
a e
species.
The
au ho s
a e
ai ly
con iden
ha
an
in ensi e
ne ing
p ogamme,
especially
in
he
d ie
a eas
o
he
Ka oo
and
Namaqualand,
would
show
se e al
o
he
" a e"
species
o
be
ai ly
common
wi hin
a
es ic ed
habi a .
I
is
di icul
o
say
whe he
he e
has
been
any
g ea
change
in
dis ibu ion
and
s a us
o
he
mo e
soli a y
species
in
ecen
yea s,
mainly
because
so
li le ne ing
has
been
ca ied
ou .
Wha
is
needed
is
an
in ensi e
ne ing
p og amme
in
all
o
he
locali ies
whe e
" a e"
species
ha e
been
collec ed
in
he
pas
and
hen
selec i e
apping
o
pa icula
species
in
simila
habi a s
whe e
hey
a e
likely
o
occu .
Since
mos
o
he
mo e
soli a y
species
occu
in
low
densi ies
and
in
sca e ed
oos s
he e
seems
o
be
li le
ha
can
be
done
o
conse e
hem
a
his
s age.
The
majo
h ea s
a e
insec-
icides
and
unnecessa y
killing
by
people.
The e o e
he
p io i ies
a e
an
insec icide
es ing
p og amme
o
moni o
he
e ec s
o
pes icides
and
public
educa ion
o
c ea e
a
g ea e
awa e-
ness
o
he
alue
o
ba s
in
na u e.
The
mo e
g ega ious
ba
species,
which
ga he
in
la ge
colonies,
a e
in
a
e y
di e en
pos-
i ion.
No
only
is
i
known
ha
in
some
places,
such
as
he
Kalk
Bay
Ca es
on
he
Cape
Penin-
sula
and
he
Cango
Ca es
nea
Oud shoo n,
la ge
colonies
ha e
almos
disappea ed
bu
i
is
possible
o
ake
ac i e
s eps
o
p e en
u he
damage
in
o he
a eas
whe e
la ge
colonies
a e
s ill
o
be
ound.
114
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C.P.
TABLE
1
Summa y
o
specimens
and
known
conse a ion
s a us
o
ba s
in
he
Cape
P o ince
Species
Epomopho us
wahlbe gi
Epomopho us
c yp u us
Eidolon
hel um
Rouse us
aegyp iacus
Taphozous
mau i ianus
(Nyc e is
hispida)
Nyc e is hebaica
Rhinolophus
umiga us
Rhinolophus
da lingi
Rhinolophus
cli osus
Rhinolophus
capensis
Rhinolophus
den i
Rhinolophus
swinnyi
Hipposide os
ca e
Myo is
seab ai
n
Specimens
Su ey
.
c
.
.
7
in
S.A.
Specimens
7
1
1
20
43
133
157
museums
142
35
121
30+
77
120
20
26
Conse a ion
s a us
FAIRLY
COMMON
in
he
S.E.
and
E.
Cape.
RARE,
ma ginal
in
he
E.
Cape
coas al
bel
bu
common
elsewhe e
in
A ica.
RARE
mig an
in
N.
Cape
bu
com-
mon
elsewhe e
in
A ica.
COMMON
in
S.W.,
S.
and
S.E.
coas al
egions.
RARE
in
S.
and
E.
Cape
bu
wide-
sp ead
in
A ica.
NOT
PRESENT—inco ec
iden i-
ica ion.
FAIRLY
COMMON
h oughou .
VERY
RARE,
ma ginal
in
N.W.
Cape
bu
widesp ead
in
A ica.
UNCOMMON
in
N.
Cape,
bu
p obable
con usion
wi h
nex
wo
species.
COMMON
in
coas al
a eas
and
N.
Cape.
FAIRLY
COMMON
in
coas al
a eas,
possibly
endemic
o
Cape
P o ince.
VERY
RARE,
old
eco ds
only
o
he
Cape,
es ic ed
dis ibu ion
in
sou he n
A ica.
Possibly
conspe-
ci ic
wi h
nex
species.
RARE,
old
eco ds
only
o
he
Cape,
es ic ed
dis ibu ion
in
sou he n
A ica.
RARE,
ma ginal
in
N.W.
&
E.
Cape
bu
mo e
common
elsewhe e
in
A ica.
VERY
RARE
in
N.W.
Cape,
e-
s ic ed
dis ibu ion
on
W.
coas
o
A ica
Pncsihl
115
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.)
VOL.
16.
PT. 4,
JANUARY
1985
c
.
Su ey
Specimens
Species
Soecimens
m
Conse a ion
s a us
museums
Myo is
lesueu i
2
Myo is
icolo
44
Pipis ellus
nanus
—
Pipis ellus
kuhlii
—
Ep esicus
ho en o us
6
Ep esicus
melcko um
30
Ep esicus
capensis
30
(Ep esicus
no ius)
—
Laepho is
win oni
—
Sco ophilus
dinganii
1
Ke i oula
lanosa
1
Miniop e us
a e culus
8
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii
470
Sau omys
pe ophilus
—
(Tadi ada
condylu a)
—
Tada ida
pumila
15
Tada ida aegyp iaca
53
3
VERY
RARE
ENDEMIC,
sca e ed
eco ds
om
Ka oo,
N.
&
S.W.
Cape.
16
UNCOMMON
in
S.W.,
S.
&
E.
Cape
bu
widesp ead
up
E.
coas
o
A ica.
4
RARE,
ma ginal
in
E.
Cape,
old
e-
co ds
only
bu
common
elsewhe e
in
A ica.
3
RARE,
ma ginal
in
E.
Cape,
old
e-
co ds
only
bu
widesp ead
in
A ica.
7
RARE
in
W.
&
N.E.
Cape,
es ic-
ed
dis ibu ion
in
sou he n
A ica.
9
FAIRLY
COMMON
in
Ka oo,
S.W.
&
W.
Cape,
o he wise
es ic ed
dis ibu ion
in
Angola
&
Zambia.
122
COMMON
h oughou .
—
INVALID
SPECIES.
1
VERY
RARE,
only
one
specimen
om
S.W.
Cape.
Taxonomy
un-
clea .
26
RARE,
ma ginal
in
E.
Cape,
his o i-
cal
eco ds
only,
bu
widesp ead
in
A ica.
6
VERY
RARE
in
S.
&
E.
Cape,
e-
s ic ed
dis ibu ion
in
sou he n
A ica,
bu
axonomy
needs
a en-
ion.
—
UNCOMMON
in
S.
&
E.
Cape,
al hough
con usion
wi h
nex
species;
axonomy
needs
a en ion.
159
VERY
COMMON
h oughou ,
apa
om
cen al
Ka oo.
8
RARE
in
W.
Cape
and
es ic ed
in
sou he n
A ica.
—
P obably
NOT
PRESENT,
ma ginal
in
T anskei.
13
UNCOMMON
in
W.
Cape
bu
only
ecen ly
disco e ed
and
li le
known,
widesp ead
in
A ica.
61
Common
h oughou .
116
HERSELMAN,
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C
P.
TABLE
2:
The
mos
impo an
ba
oos s
known
in
he
Cape
P o ince,
wi h
he
es ima ed
maximum
numbe
o
ba s
seen
(seasonally
numbe s
may
be
lowe
due
o
mig a ion)
Roos
(1)
De
Hoop
Ca e
(B edasdo p)
(2)
Koegelbeen
Ca e
(G iqua own)
(3)
Mai land
Mines
(Po
Elizabe h)
(4)
Die
Hel
Ca e
(G oo
Win e hoek)
(5)
Blouk ans
Ca e
(Pea s on)
(6)
Mon agu
Ca e
(Mon agu)
(7)
Bean-se-bos
(Hankey)
(8)
Welbedach
Mine
(9)
D oe lak e
Ca e
(10)
S e ks oom
Mine
(11)
S o ms
Ri e
Mou h
(12)
Fo es
Ranch
Max.
No.
o
ba s
100
000
Miniop e us
12
000
Rhinolophus
2
000
Myo is
100
Nyc e is
60
000
Miniop e us
5
000
Rhinolophus
8
000
Miniop e us
1
500
Myo is
200
Rhinolophus
4
000
Miniop e us
2
000
Rouse us
1
500
Rhinolophus
100
Myo is
4
000
Miniop e us
1
000
Rhinolophus
5
000
Miniop e us
1
500
Miniop e us
1
000
Rouse us
500
Rhinolophus
3
000
Miniop e us
1
500
Miniop e us
1
000
Rhinolophus
1
000
Miniop e us
1
000
Rhinolophus
2
000
Rouse us
1
000
Nyc e is
500
Rhinolophus
117
ANN.
CAPE
PROV.
MUS.
(NAT.
HIST.) VOL.
16.
PT.
4.
JANUARY
1985
Roos
Max.
No.
o
ba s
(13)
G oo plaas
Ca e
1
000
Rhinolophus
(14)
Helde be g
Ca e
500
Rouse us
(15)
Welling on
Chu ch
300
Tada ida
Table
2
gi es
he
app oxima e
numbe s
o
indi iduals
ound
in
he
la ge
colonies
isi ed
du ing
he
su ey
(see
also
Fig.
2).
Some
o
hese
a e
nu se y
ca es
which
play
a
e y
impo -
an
ole
in
he
su i al
o
all
species.
Fo
example,
in
summe
he
De
Hoop
Ca e
a ac s
abou
80
000
p egnan
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii
emales
om
wi hin
a
adius
o
up
o
250
km.
Dis u bance
a
his
c i ical
s age
can
lead
o
a
high
mo ali y
o
o sp ing
and
he
e ec i e
p o-
ec ion
o
such
oos s
is
he e o e
o
he
u mos
impo ance.
I
is
clea
ha
he
la ge
numbe s
o
ba s
p esen
in
hese
ca es
mus
ha e
a
ma ked
e ec
on
he
insec
auna
o
he
su ounding
a eas
and
mus
he e o e
play
an
impo an
ole
in
he
ecosys em.
Al hough
i
is
known
ha
ce ain
oos s
ha e
disappea ed
due
o
dis u bance
i
is
di icul
o
ell
a
his
s age
whe he
he
majo
oos s
a e
main aining
hei
numbe s
o
no .
I
is
impo an
he e o e
ha
e o s
o
p o ec he
oos s
be
accompanied
by
a
low
in ensi y,
low
dis u bance
moni o ing
p og amme
o
de e mine
whe he
conse a ion
measu es
a e
being
e -
ec i e
o
no .
CONSERVATION
OF
BATS
IN
THE
CAPE PROVINCE
The
conse a ion
o
ba s
is
dependen
on
a
clea
unde s anding
o
he
legisla ion
go e n-
ing
hei
p o ec ion.
The
Na u e
Conse a ion
O dinance
(No.
19
o
1974)
o
he
Cape
P o ince
lis s
h ee
ca -
ego ies
o
p o ec ion
o
all
indigenous
wild
animals.
These
a e
'Endange ed
Wild
Animals'
(Schedule
1
o
he
O dinance),
'P o ec ed
Wild
Animals'
(Schedule
2),
and
'Wild
Animals'
o
all
o he
indigenous
species.
All
ba s
a e
he e o e
'Wild
Animals'
and
all
insec i o ous
ba s
(Mic ochi op e a)
a e
classi ied
as
'P o ec ed
Wild
Anmimals'.
The
eason
o
he
exclusion
o
ui
ba s
(Megachi op e a)
om
Schedule
2
is
ha
hey
a e
conside ed
o
be
po en ial
p ob-
lem
animals
because
o
he
damage
ha
hey
some imes
cause
o
ui
c ops.
The e
a e
se e al
es ic ions
on
how
all
wild
animals
may
be
killed
o
hun ed.
As
'Wild
Animals'
no
ba s
may
be
hun ed
using
p ohibi ed
me hods
(Sec ion
29
o
he
O dinance)
un-
less
he
'hun e '
is
he
holde
o
a
pe mi
au ho izing
him
so
o
do.
This
means
ha
he
may
no
use
poison,
a i icial
ligh s
o
any
ype
o
ap
(including
ne s),
and
he
may
no
hun
a
nigh .
W i en
pe mission
om
he owne
o
he
land
is
also
obliga o y.
Fu he
es ic ions
(Sec ion
27)
apply
o
he
insec i o ous
ba s
(as
'P o ec ed
Wild
Ani-
mals')
in
ha
hey
may
no
be
hun ed,
killed
o
cap u ed
wi hou
a
pe mi .
This
includes
ba s
caugh
o
killed
o
scien i ic
esea ch.
In
addi ion
o
he
abo e
egula ions
on
'hun ing',
no
'Wild
Animals'
may
be
kep
in
cap-
i i y
wi hou
a
pe mi
(Sec ion
31),
and
no
'Wild
Animals'
may
be
expo ed
om,
impo ed
in o
o
anspo ed
wi hin
he
p o ince
wi hou
a
pe mi
(Sec ion
44).
These
egula ions
a e
a
om
adequa ely
adhe ed
o
o
en o ced
a
p esen ,
and
many
ba s
a e
s ill
killed
illegally
and
unnecessa ily.
118
HERSELMAN.
NORTON:
DIST.
AND
STATUS
OF
BATS
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
IN
THE
C
P,
Conse a ion
managemen
L
.
.
..
m
Fo
mos
o
he
soli a y
ba
species
li le
can
be
done
a
p esen
o
hei
p o ec ion.
The e
is
e en
li le
hope
o
en o cing
he
exis ing
legisla ion
i
people
a e
^uld
A
public
awa eness
campaign
is
he e o e
he
only
long- e m
solu ion.
Sucha^
aim
o
pe suade
he
public
o
accep
he
ecological
and
economic
impo ance
o
ba s
and
o
discou age
all
o ms
o
dis u banee.
Ini ially
he
mos
e ec i e
way
o
educe
wa ds
ba s
in
gene al
is
o
gi e
good
ad ice
on
how
o
a oid
p oblems
wi h
oo -dwelling
ba s
and
o
quell
umou s
ha
ba s
a e
majo
ea ne s
o
abies
ion
o
all
Fo
he
colonial
species
conside ably
mo e
can
be
done.
The
"
la ge
colonial
oos s
should
be
gi en
highes
p io i y
in
ba
conse a ion.
he
en o cemen
o
he
egula ions
on
he
killing
o
ba s
and
he
educ ion
o
dis u bance
ing
c i ical
pe iods.
Whe eas
legisla ion
o
con ol
he
killing
o
ba s
is
adequa e
a
his
s age
should
be
gi en
o
including
he
ui
ba s
(Megachi op e a)
in
Schedule
2
as
o ec ed
Wil
Animals'.
This
would
mean
ha
a
pe mi
would
ha e
o
be
ob ained
^^
Se
.on
dy
onhe
O dinance
be o e
ui
ba s
could
be
des oyed
o
cap u ed.
This
should
no
P e e"
a me s
om
p o ec ing
hei
c ops
as
pe mi s
should
be
eely
issued
whe e
damage
is
being_done^
Howe e ,
i
would
emphasize
o
a me s
ha
ui
ba s
a e
an
impo an
pa
o
na u a
ecosys ems
and
ha
indisc imina e
killing
is
no
suppo ed.
The
mam
°biem
a™e
sys em
is
ha
i
makes
i
possible
o
moni o
he
ex en
and
se en y
o
he
p oblemin
he
p o ince
and
he eby
o
pu
in o
a
clea e
pe spec i e
he
o en
exagge a ed
claims
o
damage
done
by
ui
ba s.
A
simila
sys em
is
al eady
in
ope a ion
o
small
an elope
such
as
g y
and
duike s
which
occasionally
cause
simila
localized
and
seasonal
p oblems.
Resea ch
.
„
i
.
The e
a e
wo
main
p io i ies
o
u he
esea ch
on
ba s
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
The
i s
is
ha
wo k
should
be
done
on
he
dis ibu ion
and
axonomy
o
he
mo e
soli a y
species
oc-
cu ing
in
he
p o ince.
This
would
in ol e
an
ex ensi e
ne ing
p og amme,
especially
m
he
Ka oo
and
nonhem
pa s
o
he
p o ince.
I
should
aim
a
concen a ing
on
pa .cula
species,
a
ollowing
up
old
eco ds
o
he
occu ence
o
a
species
a
si es
a
which
collec ing
has
no
e
cen ly
aken
place,
and
also
a
looking
in
habi a s
known
o
be
sui able
o
sca ce
species.
The
second
esea ch
p io i y
should
be
o
de e mine
whe he
ba s
in
a ious
a eas
a e:
be-
ing
ma kedly
a ec ed
by
pes icides.
This
would
in ol e
chemical
analysis
o
pes icide
esidues
in
small
samples
o
ba sXm
a eas
in
which
hey
a e
mos
likely
o
be
a e!c ed.
esidues
a e
ound,
his
p og amme
could
be
expanded
o
o m
a
ull
scale
esea ch
and
agemen
p ojec .
I
no
signi ican
esidues
a e
ound,
he
in o ma ion
would
se e
as
use u
base
line
da a
o
a
low
in ensi y
long- e m
moni o ing
p og amme
o
de ec
i
he
use
o
pes i-
cides
becomes
o
impo ance
o
ba s
in
he
u u e.
Moni o ing
p og amme
A
e y
impo an
aspec
o
ba
conse a ion
ha
should
ecei e
a en ion
is
he
es ablish-
men
o
a
long- e m
moni o ing
p og amme
o
as
many
o
he
la ge
oos s
as
possible
The
in o ma ion
collec ed
should
be
a
o al
coun
ha
is
as
p ecise
and
epea able
as
possible
o
de-
ec
changes
in
he
numbe s
o
ba s
in
he
di e en
oos s. A
maximum
in ensi y
o
wo
isi s
o
each
oos
pe
yea ,
in
summe
and
in
win e ,
is
en isaged.
119