The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion

<>*««««««
W—
J9cck
L-U
clM
c-A-l-i
-
289
Elephan
(Loxodon a
a icana)
Oli an
Wi
THE
MAMMALS
OF
THE
SOUTHERN
AFRICAN
SUB
REGION
BY
JOHN
D.
SKINNER
M.Sc.
Ph.D.
F.I.Biol.
F.Z.S.
F.R.S.(SA)
Di ec o
Mammal
Resea ch
Ins i u e
Uni e si y
o
P e o ia
AND
THE
LATE
REAY
H.N.
SMITHERS
D.Sc.
M.I.Biol.
Senio
Resea ch
O ice
Mammal
Resea ch
Ins i u e
Uni e si y
o
P e o ia
WITH
COLOUR
PLATES
BY
DICK
FINDLAY
Uni e si y
o
P e o ia,
P e o ia
Republic
o
Sou h
A ica
1990
O de
CHIROPTERA
Ba s
The
ossil
eco d
The
ea lies
known
ossil
ba
was
disco e ed
in
he
ea ly
Eocene
deposi s
in
Ame ica
(Jepsen,
1966).
In
ela i e
da ing
his
is
75
million
yea s
a e
he
appea ance
o
he
i s
mammals.
F om
he
s uc u e
o
i s
ee h
and
skele on i
was
ce ainly
an
insec
ea e
al hough,
unlike
p esen
day
insec -ea ing
ba s,
i
had
wo
claws
on
he
o ea m,
one
on
he
humb,
he
o he
on
he
i s
inge ,
which
is
a
cha ac-
e is ic
o
mode n
ui
ea e s.
In
all
espec s,
howe e ,
i
closely
esembles
ba s
as
we
know
hem
oday
bu
gi es
us
no
clues
as
o
he
o igin
o
ligh
in
he
O de
o
hei
o igin
p io
o
his
ime.
The
oldes
ossil
ba
known
om
A ica
is
Vampy a us
o ien alis
which
was
eco e ed
om
he
Oligocene
deposi s
o
Egyp ,
bu
whose
ela ionships
emain
p oblema ical.
Fo
a
long
ime
i
was
hough
ha
ba s
we e
ela ed
o
he
Tupaiidae,
he
ee
sh ews,
a
Family
o
insec i o es
ha
occu
in
Asia
and
India,
and
o
he
De mop e a,
he
lying
lemu s
o
he
Fa
Eas
and
ha
he Chi op e a
and
Insec-
i o a
e ol ed
om
a
common,
p obably
a bo eal,
ances o
(Ande son
&
Knox
Jones,
1967).
Pe ig ew
(1986)
and
Pe ig ew,
Robson,
Hall
&
Mc
Anally,
(in
p ess)
ha e
shown
ha
he
Megachi op e a
ha e
a
P ima e-like
isual
sys em
and
musculoskele al
adap a ions
o
he
ligh
appa a us,
nei he
o
which
a e
ound
in
he
Mic ochi op e a.
They
belie e
ha
he
Megachi op e a
e ol ed
om
ea ly
P ima es,
which
we e
mode a e
sized
glide s,
o
which
he
o he
li ing
descendan s
a e
he
De -
mop e a;
he
Mic ochi op e a
om
small,
agile
insec i o es
wi h
o elimbs
modi ied
o
gliding
du ing
leaps.
This
means
ha
he
powe
o
ligh
mus
ha e
e ol ed
in
pa allel
in
wo
sepa a e
lines
o
mammals,
one
o
hem
ances al
P ima es.
Fou
Families
ha e
been
ecognised
om
he
ea ly
Mio-
cene
beds
o
Eas
A ica.
The
ui -ea e s,
he
P e opodidae,
a e
ep esen ed
by
P opo o
Ieakeyi,
whose
ossil
emains
we e
hough
o
be
hose
o
a
lemu
o iginally
(Simpson,
1967).
bu
we e
la e
shown
o
be
hose
o
a
ui
ba
(Walke ,
1969).
I s
cheek ee h
we e
se
close
oge he
han
in
mode n
o ms,
he
mola
ee h
low
wi h
blun
cusps
and
lacking
he
longi udinal
g oo e
seen
in
ou
li ing
p e opodids.
Bu le
(1978)
ne e heless,
did
no belie e
ha
he
P e opodidae
we e
o
A ican
o igin
as
i
is
in
he
O ien al
Region
ha
he
g ea es
di e si y
is
ound.
In
he
Mic ochi op e a
he
six Families
ha
a e
ep e-
sen ed
in
he Sub egion
occu
in
he
ossil
eco d
as
ollows:
The
Emballonu idae,
he
shea h- ailed
and
omb
ba s,
a e
known
om
he
ea ly
Miocene
beds
o
Rusinga,
on
he
sho es
o
Lake
Vic o ia,
and
in
Eu ope
om
he
ea ly
Oligocene.
The
Nyc e idae,
he
sli - aced
ba s,
a e
known
om
unde-
sc ibed
ma e ial
om
he Pliocene
beds
o
Eas
A ica
(Bu le . 1978).
The
Rhinolophidae,
he
ho seshoe
ba s,
a e
known
om
he
ea ly
Eocene
o
ea ly
Oligocene
o
Eu ope
and
he
la e
Pliocene
deposi s
o
Makapansga ,
T ans aal
(De
G aa ,
1960a).
The
Hipposide idae
occu
in
he
middle
Eocene
beds
o
Eu ope,
bu
no
ossil
emains
ha e
been
eco e ed
so
a
om
he
Sub egion.
The
wo
la ges
Families
o
ba s
ha
occu
in
he
Sub-
egion,
he
Vespe ilionidae
and
he
Molossidae,
which
a e
known
om
ossil
emains
om
he
beginning
o
he
Oli-
gocene
in
Eu ope
and
om
scan y
emains
om
he
Mio-
Pliocene
o
No h
A ica,
a e
no
known
om
Eas
A ica
un il
much
la e ,
in
he
ea ly
Pleis ocene
(Bu le ,
1978).
Den i ion
Young
ba s
ha e
milk
ee h
like
mos
young
mammals.
Those
o
he
Megachi op e a
a e
simple
han
hose
o
he
Mic ochi op e a
and
a e
peg-like
wi h
hooked
ends.
In
he
Mic ochi op e a
hey
a e
simila ly
hooked,
bu
ha e
one
o
wo
cusps
lowe
down
on
he
sides
o
he
ee h
below
he
p ima y
cusp,
which
is
loca ed
nea
he
ip.
I
is
hough
ha
his
hooking
assis s
he
young
in
clinging
mo e
i mly
o
he
ea
o
u
o
hei
mo he s
when
being
ca ied
a ound.
In
some
Families,
e.g.
he
Rhinolophidae,
milk
ee h a e
p esen
in
he
young
p io
o
bi h,
bu
a e
eabso bed
be o e
hey
a e
bo n
(Spillman,
1927).
Slaugh e
(1970)
sugges ed
ha ,
as
emales
o
his
Family
ha e
a
pai
o
dummy
ea s
si ua ed
low
down
on
he
belly
no
connec ed
o
he
mam-
ma y
glands,
he e
may
be
less
need
o
he
clinging
milk
se
(see
Family
Hipposide idae,
Fig.
III.l).
While many
species
e ain
he
maximum
numbe
o
h ee
inciso
ee h on
ei he
side
o
he
lowe
jaw,
none
o
hem
ha e
mo e
han
wo
on
ei he
side
in
he
uppe
jaw.
Which
inciso
has
been
los
in
he
cou se
o
e olu ion
has
been
he
subjec
o
con o e sy
among
au ho i ies.
In
many
ba s
he
cu ing
aces
o
he
lowe
inciso s
a e
di ided
in o
wo
(bi id)
o
h ee
( i id)
sec ions,
which
may
be
used
like
combs
in
g ooming.
The
canine
ee h
a e
well
de eloped
and,
in
many
insec -ea ing
ba s,
ha e
a
b oad
colla
nea
he
base,
be e
de eloped
inside
han
on
he
on
o
he
ee h.
Slaugh e
(1970)
sugges ed
ha
i
p o ec s
he
gums
om
damage
by
he
ha d
exoskele ons
o
bee les.
F ui -ea ing
ba s
do
no
equi e
his
p o ec ion
and
ha e
canines
ha
a e
smoo h
o
hei
bases.
No
ba
has
mo e
han
h ee
p emola
ee h
on
ei he
side
o
bo h
jaws,
al hough
he
basic
numbe
o
placen al
mammals
is
ou .
Again
he e
is
some
con o e sy
as
o
which
has
been
los ,
he
mos
widely
accep ed
heo y
being
ha
i
is
he
i s
(Mille ,
1907).
In
he
ui -ea ing ba s
he
mola
ee h ha e
la
aces,
an
adap a ion
o
mas ica ing
so
ood.
In
he
insec -ea e s,
he
cheek ee h
a e
equipped
wi h
high
cusps
o
deal
wi h
hei
ha de
insec
die .
In
he
ossil
eco d
he e
a e
no
ypes
o
den i ion
which
a e
in e media e
be ween
he
wo
widely
di e en
ypes.
Loca ion
o
p ey
Those
who
s udy
and
he e o e
ha e
o
handle
ba s
g ow
o
app ecia e
hei
cleanliness
and
he
delicacy
o
he
compli-
ca ed
s uc u es
o
he
nose
and
ea s
which
a e
pa ,
in
many
species,
o
he
sophis ica ed
mechanism
known
as
echo-
loca ion
which
allows
hem
o
na iga e
and
ca ch
hei
p ey
in
o al
da kness.
Clicks
o
bleeps
made
by
ba s
bounce
o
objec s
in
hei
pa h
and
hei
posi ions
a e
hen
loca ed
by
pe cep ion
o
he
echo
om
hem.
The
ime
lag
be ween
he
emission
o
he
clicks
o
bleeps
by
he
ba ,
hei
ecep ion
a e
bouncing
back
om
he
objec
ahead
o
hem
and
he
ba 's
eac ion
o
he
s imulus
is
some hing
o
he
o de
o
1/100 h
o
a
second.
The
ba
is
bo h
he
ansmi e
o
he
impulses
and
hei
ecei e .
The
ou e
ea s
a e
he
ampli ie s,
he
inne
ea
he
ecei e
and
boos e ,
and
he
b ain
he
compu e
ha
so s,
iles
and
ansmi s
he
in o ma ion
o
he
body.
Dep i ed
o
he
use
o
one
ea ,
a
ba
pe cei es
di ec ion
bu
canno
pinpoin
he
objec .
The
calls
o
ba s
a e
mos ly
a
abo e
he
ange
o
sound
audible
o
he
human
ea ,
which
is
om
abou
20
ib a ions
a
second,
in
some
people
wi h
acu e
hea ing,
up
o
18
000
ib a ions
pe
second.
The
sound
a
ba
emi s
o
loca e
obs acles
and
i s
p ey
may
ex end
up
o
as
much
as
230
000
ib a ions
pe
second.
Ba s
can
a y
he
leng h
o
hei
calls,
sending
ou
pulses
o
less
han
1/1000 h
o
a
second
when
nea ing
he
p ey,
a
he
same
ime
making
adjus men s
o
hei
cou se
o
compensa e
o
he
p ey's
iolen
e asions.
Ba s
use
di e en
kinds
o
sound
o
ob ain
di e en
kinds
o
in o ma ion.
A
s eady
call
allows
hem
o
es ima e
he
54
speed
and
di ec ion
o
he
p ey.
This
sys em
exploi s
he
Dopple
e ec
which
causes
he
all
in
pi ch
o
an
au o-
mobile
ho n
as
i
passes
he
lis ene .
Ano he
call
employs
equency
modula ion
o
change
o
pi ch.
Echoes
o
his
call
a e
hea d
sligh ly
di e en ly
by
he
ba 's
wo
ea s
and
i s
b ain
in e p e s
he
di e ence
in
e ms
o
heading
and
ange
o
he
mo ing
p ey.
Some
ba s
imp o e
on
hei
accu acy
by
adding
a
ha monic
call
o
he
basic
call
o
by
aising
he
pi ch
o
he
call.
In
doing
he
la e
hey
mus sac i ice
ange
since
high
equency
sound
dissipa es
as e
in
ai
han
low
equency.
Using
low
equency
calls,
ba s
can
de ec
p ey
a
up
o
abou
10
m
bu
wi h
high
equency
no
o e
abou
0,6
m
(Fulla d,
1981).
Wing
and
ligh
memb anes
The
ligh
memb anes
o a
ba
ex end
om
he
shoulde
a ound
he
ips
o
he
digi s
o
he
oo ,
con inuing
as
he
in e emo al
memb ane
om
he
inside
o
he
hind
limbs
and
pa ially
o
wholly
enclosing
he
ail
e eb ae.
The
ela ionship
o
he
memb ane
o
he
ail
e eb ae
is
a
mos
impo an
cha ac e
in
dis inguishing
be ween
he
Families
and
he
manne
in
which
i
a aches
o
he
oo
is
cons an
wi hin
a
genus
o
species.
The
memb ane
is
elas ic
and
con ac s
as
he
digi s
a e
olded
oge he ,
and
is
supplied
libe ally
wi h
blood
essels.
When
a
es ,
he
wings
a e
olded
agains
he
body.
Re e ence
is
made
in
he
ex
o
he
bony
s uc u e
suppo ing
he
memb ane,
he
a ious
pa s
o
which
a e
illus a ed
and
named
as
ollows:
Key
o
he
Subo de s
in
he
Sub egion,
a e
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
1.
Second
digi
on
o ea m
e mina ing
in
a
claw
(Fig.
V.l),
ma gin
o
he
ea
o ming
a
comple e
ing;
ea
agus
absen ;
in e emo al
memb ane
g ea ly
educed,
li le
mo e
han
a
na ow
band
along
he
ma gin
o
he
hind
legs;
ail
absen
o
udimen a y
(Fig.
45.1);
cheek ee h
simple,
wi hou
well-de eloped
cusp
pa e n
(Fig.
V.3)
. . .
Subo de
Megachi op e a
The
ui -ea ing
ba s
2.
Second
digi
on o ea m
wi hou
a
claw;
ma gin
o
he
ea
no
o ming
a
comple e
ing;
ea
agus
gene ally
p esen
(absen
in
Family
Rhinolophidae);
in e emo al
mem-
b ane
and
ail
gene ally
well
de eloped;
cheek ee h
cus-
pida e,
wi h
gene ally
well
de eloped
W
pa e n
. . .
Subo de
Mic ochi op e a
The
insec -ea ing
ba s
Fig.
V.l.
Wing
o
a
ui
ba .
P e opodidae:
Eidolon
hel um;
no e
claws
on
i s
and
second
inge s.
Fig.
V.2.
Head
o
a
ui
ba ,
P e opodidae:
Epomopho us
sp.
a
uppe
a m
o
hume us
b
o ea m
c
i s
digi
o
humb
d
second
digi
o
inge
e
hi d
digi
o
inge
ou h
digi
o
inge
g
i h
digi
o
inge
h
me aca pal
i
i s
phalanx
j
second
phalanx
k
shin
bone
o
ibia
1
high
bone
o
emu
Classi ica ion
The
O de
Chi op e a
is
di ided
in o
wo
Subo de s,
he
Megachi op e a,
he
ui -ea e s,
and
he
Mic ochi op e a,
he
insec -ea e s.
Subo de
MEGACHIROPTERA
F ui -ea ing ba s
All
membe s
o
his
Subo de
belong o
he
Family
P e o-
occu ing
in
he
Sub egion
is
simple,
ape ing
and
dog-like
podidae,
he
gene al
accoun
gi en
o
he
Subo de
applying
wi hou
noselea es
(Fig.
V.2).
o
all
membe s
o
his
Family.
The
muzzle
in
all
he
membe s
These
a e
cha ac e ised
by
he
ac
ha
mos
o
hem
ha e
55
wo
claws
on
he
wing
s uc u e,
one
on
he
humb,
he
o he
on
he
i s
o
index
inge
(Fig.
V.l).
All
Megachi op e a
o
he
Sub egion
ha e
hese
wo
claws,
he
Mic ochi op e a
ha e only
one.
The
ea s
o
he
Megachi op e a
a e
simple
ubula
s uc-
u es
and
lack
he
ea
agus
possessed
by
all
he
Mic ochi-
op e a,
wi h
he
excep ion
o
he
membe s
o
he
Family
Rhinolophidae.
The e
a e
o he
impo an
ea u es
which
di e
in
he
wo
Subo de s.
Mossman
(1937)
o
example,
showed
ha
he
oe al
memb anes
a e
undamen ally
di e en ,
di e ences
which
in ol e
he
de elopmen
o
he
yolk
sac
and
he
s uc u e
o
he
placen a.
Mos
o
he
Megachi op e a
ely
on
sigh
o
o ien a ion,
he
excep ion
being
he
Egyp ian
ui
ba ,
Rouse us
aegyp-
iacus,
which
has
in
addi ion
powe s
o
echoloca ion.
They
o ien
isually,
when
he e
is
su icien
ligh
o
allow
o
his,
bu
emi
"clicks"
wi h
hei
ongues
in
o al
da kness
which,
picked
up
by
he
ea s
as
he
sound
bounces
back,
gi e
hem
powe s
o
o ien a ion.
In
he
Mic ochi op e a
he
"clicks"
a e
p oduced
by
he
la ynx
and
hey
ely
on
hei
powe s
o
echoloca ion
in
o al
da kness
o
hei
o ien a ion,
hei
sigh being
less
well
de eloped
han
in
he
Megachi op e a.
Al hough
he
Megachi op e a
a e
classed
gene ally
as
ui -ea e s,
and
o
mos
o
hem
ui
is
hei
p incipal
ood,
some
o
hem
ea
lowe s,
lowe
buds
and
pollen
and
o he s
lap
nec a .
The e
a e
no
ue
nec a
lappe s
in
he
Sub egion
(see
Epomopho us
gambianus),
bu
hey
ha e
in e es ing
adap a ions
o
hei
eeding
habi s.
The
long- ongued
ba ,
Glossophaga
so icina,
o
Sou h
Ame ica
and
o he
nec a
lappe s
ha e
ex emely
long
hin
ongues,
he
ips
o
which
a e
equipped
wi h
long
spinous
papillae
which
ac
like
abso ben
b ushes.
Thei
muzzles
a e
long
and
na ow
and
hei
mola
ee h
a e
o
all
in en s
and
pu poses
non-
unc ional.
The Megachi op e a
include
among
i s
membe s
some
o
he
wo ld's
la ges
ba s,
as
well
as
some
e y
small
species.
The
lying
ox,
P e opus
neohibe nicus,
o
New
Guinea,
has
a
wing
span
o
some
1,8
m;
he
A ican
Nanonyc e is
eldkampi
a
wing
span
o
abou
180
mm.
The
la ges
species
ha
occu s
in
he
Sub egion
is
he
s aw-colou ed
ui
ba ,
Eidolon
hel um,
which
has
a
wingspan
o
up
o
0,66
m.
The
Megachi op e a
end
o
be
g ega ious,
occu ing
in
huge
colonies.
In
he
Sub egion
one
o
he
species,
Pe e 's
epaule ed
ui
ba ,
Epomopho us
c yp u us,
egula ly
occu s
in
col-
onies
numbe ing
hund eds
and
he
ca e
dwelle ,
he
Egyp-
ian
ui
ba ,
Rouse us
aegyp iacus,
in
housands.
In
he
Sub egion
eigh
species
o
Megachi op e a,
o
ui -ea ing
ba s
occu .
As
a
as
is
known he
s aw-
colou ed
ui
ba ,
Eidolon
hel um,
only
isi s
he
Sub-
egion
on
mig a ion,
e u ning
o
he
o es ed
egions
u he
no h
o
ha e
hei
young.
They
a e
no
common
in
he
Sub egion.
All
eigh
membe s
o
he
Family
P e opodidae
ha
occu
in
he
Sub egion
can
be
ecognised
by
hei
dog-like
aces
(Fig.
V.2),
wi h
elonga ed
snou s.
They
a e
ai ly
la ge
wi h
o al
leng hs,
measu ed
om
he
ip
o
hei
snou s
o
he
end
o
hei
small
ails,
whe e
hey
p o ude
su icien ly
o
be
measu ed,
o
o e
120
mm.
The
diagnos ic
ea u e
used
in
di e en ia ing
be ween
he
ou
species
o
Epomopho us
and
he
one species
o
Epo-
mops
is
he
a angemen
and
posi ioning
o
he
idges
on
he
skin
o
he
pala e
(Figs
40.1;
41.1).
V.
Family
PTEROPODIDAE
Key
o
he
gene a
a e
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
1.
Ea s
wi h
whi e
basal
u s
...
2
Ea s
wi hou
whi e
basal
u s
...
3
Fig.
V.3.
P e opodidae,
ee h
o
lowe
jaw,
igh
hand
side,
(a)
Eidolon
hel um
(b)
Rouse us
aegyp iacus.
2.
Six
p ominen
pala al
idges,
one
o
wo
being
pos -
den al,
and
hese
a e
no
di e en
om
in e -den al
idges;
pos -den al pala e
s ongly
conca e
pos e io ly
..
.
Epomopho us
Fi e
pala al
idges,
he
las
wo
pos -den al,
hese
being
di e en ia ed
om
in e den al
idges,
hick, and
each
bea ing
wo
iangula
p ojec ions;
pos -den al
pala e
la ened pos e io ly
..
.
Epomops
3.
Fo ea m
gene ally
110-130
mm;
colou
gene ally
awny,
wi h
do sal
u
es ic ed
o
a
na ow
median
band,
sha ply
dema ca ed
om
naked
wing
memb anes
...
Eidolon
Fo ea m
65-102
mm;
u
o
s i
hai
p esen
o
absen
on
lowe
neck
o
adul
males
..
.
Rouse us
Genus
Epomopho us
Benne ,
1836
Key
o
he
species
a e
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
(Measu emen s
in
mm)
1.
One
pala al
idge
behind
he
las oo h
(Fig.
40.1.a);
leng h
o
o ea m
77—89
in
males,
72—86
in
emales
. .
.
wahlbe gi
Two
pala al
idges
behind
he
las oo h
(Fig.
40.1.b)
...
2
2.
Fou h
pala al
idge
midway
be ween
he
hi d
and
i h
(Fig.
40.1.b)
...
3
Fou h
pala al
idge
much
nea e
he
hi d
han
he
i h;
leng h
o
o ea m
87-91
in
males,
82
in
emales
(Fig.
41.1.b)
...
angoiensis
3.
Leng h
o
o ea m
87-93
in
males,
81-86
in
emales
..
.
gambianus
Leng h
o
o ea m
81-85
in
males,
79-80
in
emales
...
c yp u us
No.
40
Epomopho us
wahlbe gi
(Sunde all,
1846)
Wahlbe g's
epaule ed
ui
ba
Wahlbe g
se
wi kol ug e le muis
Pla e
5
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
Johan
Augus
Wahlbe g,
explo e ,
hun e
and
ou s anding
collec o
o
zoological
ma e ial
in
sou he n
56
A ica.
He
was
killed
in
1856
by
a
wounded
elephan
nea
he
Sa u i
in
no heas e n
Bo swana
(Gyldens olpe,
1934).
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
wo
subspecies:
E.
w.
halde-
mani
(Halowell,
1846)
om
he
no he n
and
wes e n
pa s
o
hei
dis ibu ional
ange
on
he
con inen ,
and
E.
w.
wahlbe gi,
mainly
om
he
sou he n
and
eas e n
pa s.
The e
is
conside able
o e lapping,
bo h
in
cha ac e s
and
dis ibu ion
and
E.
w.
haldemani
e en ually
may
be
shown
o
be
un enable
(Hayman
&
Hill,
1971).
Desc ip ion
Bu y-b own
o
b own
on
he
uppe
pa s
and
pale
bu y-
b own
on
he
unde
pa s.
In
he
ield
i
is
impossible
o
dis inguish
Wahlbe g's
epaule ed
ui
ba
om
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba ,
wi h
which
i
so
o en
associa es.
The
males,
as
in
Pe e s',
ha e
glandula
pouches
on
he
shoul-
de s
co e ed
wi h
long
whi e
hai s
which,
when
open,
esemble
whi e
ose es.
Bo h
sexes
ha e
whi ish
pa ches
a
he
base
o
he
b ownish
ea s.
The
only
way
he
wo species
can
be
ecognised
eadily
is
ha
in
Wahlbe g's
he e
is
only
one
idge
on
he
pala e
behind
he
las mola s,
whe eas
he e
a e
wo
idges
in
E.
c yp u us
(Fig.
40.1).
Wahlbe g's
is
sligh ly
smalle
han
Pe e s',
he
compa a i e
leng hs
o
he
o ea ms
being
77-89
mm
in
males
and
72-86
mm
in
emales,
whe eas
in
Pe e s'
i
is
81-85
mm
in
males
and
79-80
in
emales
(Table
40.1).
Table
40.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
Wahlbe g's
epaule ed
ui
ba s,
E.
wahlbe gi
P o ince,
and
in
Angola.
The e
a e
no
eco ds
om
no h-
eas e n
Mozambique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
bu
i
is
likely
ha
hey
occu
he e,
a
leas
in
he
eas ,
as
hey
a e
eco ded
om
adjacen
pa s
o
sou he n
Tanzania
and
Malawi.
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
138
7
120-156
140
8
122-144
H
c/u
23
7
20-25
21
8
18-23
E
23
7
20-27
24
8
22-28
F/a
84
3
81-85
78
8
68-85
Mass
93,9
5
67,7-113,9
112,3
4
94-140
.xdXj
Fig.
40.1.
Pala al
idges:
(a)
Epomopho us
wahlbe gi
(b)
E.
c yp u us.
Dis ibu ion
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
This
species
is
con ined
o
he
con inen
sou h
o
he
Saha a
and
has
been
eco ded
coas ally
in
he
Gabon;
Cen al
A ican
Republic,
and
in
pa s
o
no he n
and
sou he n
Zai e.
I
occu s
in
Uganda;
Kenya;
Somalia;
in
he
eas e n
pa s
o
Tanzania;
widely
in
Malawi
and
Zambia,
excluding
he
sou he n
pa s
o
he
coun y
and
pa s
o
he
No he n
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
In
his
sec o
hey
end
o
be
con ined
o
he
eas e n
pa s
o
he
con inen ,
pene a ing
wes wa ds
in o
he
d ie
a eas
up
i e
alleys
such
as
hose
o
he
Zambezi
and
Limpopo
i e s
and
hei
ibu a ies.
They
occu
widely
in
Mozam-
bique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
pene a ing
in o
he
eas e n
pa s
o
Zimbabwe,
whe e
hey
also
occu in
he
Limpopo
Ri e
Valley
as
a
wes
as
i s
con luence
wi h
he
Shashi
Ri e .
In
he
T ans aal
hey
occu
in
he
Limpopo
Ri e
Valley
and
in
he
eas e n
pa s
o
he
p o ince
pene a e
wes wa ds
o
Tzaneen
in
he
Le aba
Dis ic
and
sou hwa ds
o
he
G oble sdal Dis ic .
Thei
dis ibu ion
in
he
T ans aal
and
in
adjacen
pa s
o
Mozambique
sugges s
ha
hey
e en ually
will
be
shown
o
occu
in
Swaziland,
bu
he e
a e
no
eco ds
o
subs an ia e
his
a
he
momen .
They
occu
a
leas
in
he
eas e n
pa s
o
Na al
and
na owly
along
he
coas al
inge
as
a
as
he
Ui enhage
Dis ic
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
Habi a
T opical
o es
and
e e g een
i e ine
o es s
whe e
he e
a e ui -bea ing
ees.
While
hei
occu ence
lies
la gely
wi hin
a eas
wi h
a
mean
annual
ain all
in
excess
o
700
mm,
hey
pene a e
up
i e
alleys
ca ying
e e g een
o es
in o
o he wise
much
d ie
coun y
wi h
a
minimum
annual
ain all
as
low
as
250
mm
(Limpopo
Valley).
Habi s
They
hang
up
du ing
he
day
in
he
dense
canopy
o
e e g een
ees,
some imes
in
colonies
numbe ing
dozens
o
indi iduals
and
o en
in
associa ion
wi h
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba ,
E.
c yp u us,
which
is
always
in
a
g ea e
num-
be s.
In
coas al
ci ies
in
Mozambique
hey
oos
in
e e g een
ees
in
he
ci ies'
pa ks,
and
e en
in
he
ees
along
busy
s ee s.
Like
E.
c yp u us
hey
exhibi
conside able
local
mo e-
men s
ac ua ed
by
hei
sea ch
o
ood.
A
p e e ed
eeding
si es
hey
iay
se le
in
he
co e
o
e e g een
ees
du ing
57
he
day
and
hen
qui e
suddenly,
when
he
supply
is
exhaus ed,
mo e
o
elsewhe e
(Fen on,
B igham,
Mills
&
Rau enbach.
1985).
Food
So
and
pulpy
wild ui s
such
as
wild
igs,
Ficus
spp,
a e
a ou ed
in
pa icula
and
hey
ha e
also
been
obse ed
o
ake
mahobohobo, Uapaca
ki kiana
and
U.
sansiba ica:
mobola
plum,
Pa ina i
cu a elli olia
and
kudu
be ies,
Pseudolachnos ylis
map ounei olia.
Among
o cha d
ui s
hey
will
ake
gua as,
plums
and
ap ico s.
Thei
eeding
habi s
a e
simila
o
hose
o
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba ,
E.
c yp
u us.
Rep oduc ion
G a id
emales
wi h
a
single
oe us
ha e
been
aken
in
Zimbabwe
in
June
and
Decembe
which
sugges s
ha
hey
may
b eed
widely
h oughou
he
yea
bu
u he
in o -
ma ion
is
equi ed
o
subs an ia e
his.
No.
41
Epomopho us
angolensis
G ay,
1870
Angolan
epaule ed
ui
ba
Angola-wi kol ug e le muis
Colloquial
Name
Named
Angolan
as
i
was
desc ibed
o iginally
om
a
speci-
men
aken
a
Benguela,
Angola.
Taxonomic
No es
No
subspecies
ha e
been
desc ibed.
Desc ip ion
Ve y
simila
ex e nally
o
E.
c yp u us
and
E.
wahlbe gi,
bu
sligh ly
la ge ,
he
males
wi h
o ea m
leng hs
o
87-91
mm,
he
emales
abou
82
mm.
Males
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
190
mm;
abou
150
mm
in
emales
(Table
41.1).
They
ha e
wo
pala al
idges
behind
he
las
mola
ee h
as
in
E.
c p u us
and
E.
gambianus,
bu
di e
om
hem
in
ha
he
hi d
and
ou h
idges
om
he
on
a e
nea e
oge he
han
o
he
second
and
i h
(Fig.
41.1
.b).
In
o he
skull
cha ac e s
hey
a e
simila
o
E.
gambianus
and
di e en
om
E.
wahlbe gi
which
has
only
one
pala al
idge
behind
he
las
mola
ee h.
Table
41.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
o
a
se ies
o
emale
E.
angolensis,
om
no he n
Namibia
(Sho idge,
1934)
Females
X
n
Range
HB
146
12
130-155
T
3
12
3-4
H
c/u
22
12
21-23
E
24
12
23-26
A
single
male
measu ed
Hb
185;
T
5:
H
c/u
23;
E
28.
Dis ibu ion
Res ic ed
in
hei
occu ence
o
he
sou hwes e n
pa s
o
Angola
and
he
no hwes e n
pa s
o
Namibia.
No
occu -
ing
in
he
wes e n
dese a eas
o
he
coun y,
excep
possibly
whe e
he e
is
i e ine
o es ,
o
i e s
unning
h ough
hem.
No
eco ded eas
o
17°E.
Habi a
Li le
is
on
eco d
ega ding
he
habi a
equi emen s
o
his
species,
bu
as
hey
a e
a
ui -ea ing
species,
hey
a e
p obably
con ined
o
a eas
o
i e ine
and
o he
ypes
o
e e g een
o es
whe e
he e
a e
ui -bea ing
ees.
Habi s
Sho idge
(1934)
eco ded
ha
in
O amboland
hey
hung
up
singly
om
he
ba e
b anches
o
la ge
Acacia
sp
ees
nea
he
Cunene
Ri e .
Apa
om
his
b ie
obse a ion
no hing
seems
o
ha e
appea ed
in
li e a u e
conce ning
hei
habi s.
Food
Like
o he
species
o
he
genus
Epomopho us
hey
p obably
li e
p edominan ly
on
wild
ui s.
Rep oduc ion
Sho idge
(1934)
eco ded
ha
newly-bo n
young
we e
ound
clinging
o
hei
mo he s
in
Sep embe
and
Oc obe
in
O amboland,
Namibia.
No.
42
Epomopho us
gambianus
G ay,
1870
Gambian
epaule ed
ui
ba
Gambiaanse
wi kol ug e le muis
Colloquial
Name
So
named
as
he
species
was
desc ibed
om
a
specimen
om Gambia
in
Wes
A ica.
Taxonomic No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
wo
subspecies,
E.
g.
gambianus
om
he
no he n
pa s
o
he
species'
ange
which
is
eplaced
in
he
sou he n
pa s
by
E.
g.
pa us
desc ibed
by
Ansell
(1960c)
om
Zambia;
he
limi s
o
he
wo
subspecies
a e
no
known.
E.
g.
pa us
has
been
desc ibed
as
being
smalle
han
E.
g.
gambianus
(Ansell, 1960c).
La e
Ansell
(1978)
hough
ha
hey
migh
be
conspeci ic
wi h
E.
c yp u us,
he
di e ence
being
in
he
p opo ion
o
he
zygoma ic
b ead h
o
he
o al
leng h
o
he
skulls
in
he
males.
In
E.
g.
pa us
i
is
less
han
hal
he
o al
leng h
o
he
skull,
whe eas
in
E.
c yp u us
i
is
mo e
han
hal .
The
ma e
emains
unsol ed
and
in
he
mean ime
Smi he s
(1983)
ollowed
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
in
58
i e ine
o es
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
he
o he
in
much
d ie
woodland
associa ed
wi h
a
ibu a y
o
ha
i e .
Rose ea
(1965)
no ed
ha
hey
appea ed
o
be
indi e en
o
hei
ege a ional
su oundings,
possibly
because
hey
a e
bo h
ui -ea e s
and
nec a -sucke s.
Thei
occu ence
in
d ie
woodland,
like
o he
ui
ba s,
will
be
go e ned
by
he
a ailabili y
o
ood.
Habi s
F om
he
obse a ions
made
in
Zimbabwe
by
Thomas
&
Fen on
(1978)
hey
appea
o
be
soli a y
in
habi .
In
Wes
A ica,
Rose ea
(1965)
eco ded
ha
hey
occu ed
in
colonies
o
12
o
20,
oos ing
du ing
he
day
in
clumps
o
bamboo
and
in
he
canopy
o
e e g een
ees.
In
Zimbabwe,
Thomas
&
Fen on
(1978)
no ed
ha
his
species
oos ed
in
Na al
mahogany,
T ichilia
eme ica
and
sausage
ees,
Kige-
lia
a icana.
One
indi idual
used
i e
di e en
ees
in
six
days,
ano he
used
a
Na al
mahogany
on
wo
consecu i e
days
and
hen
mo ed
150
m
and
400
m
be ween
wo
sausage
ees
and
a
Na al
mahogany.
In
Sie a
Leone,
Rose ea
(1965)
eco ded
ha
indi iduals
in
colonies
hung
singly,
no
close oge he
like
o he
membe s
o
he
genus.
They
appea
o
be
ea ly
mo e s
in
he
e ening,
o
hey
ha e
been
seen
eeding
as
dayligh
ades.
Food
In
Zimbabwe,
Thomas
&
Fen on
(1978)
by
eleme y
e-
co ded
ha
he
species
began
o aging
less
han
45
min.
a e
da k.
Indi idual
ba s
isi ed
he
same
Diospy os
senensis
sh ub
on
wo
successi e
nigh s,
spending
be ween
90
min.
and
105
min.
in
eeding
on
he
ui s,
wi h
b eaks
o
10
min.
and
15
min.
while
hey
es ed
in
adjacen
Na al
mahogany
ees,
T ichilia
eme ica.
They
appea ed
o
eed
soli a ily
and
o
ha e
access
o
his
ood
esou ce
o
almos
wo
hou s
be o e
he
a i al
o
he
Egyp ian
ui
ba ,
Rouse us
aegyp-
iacus.
In
Wes
A ica,
Rose ea
(1965)
eco ded
ha
in
addi ion
o
ea ing
wild
ui s,
hey
lapped
nec a
om
lowe s
and
may
possibly
ea
he
an he s
and
leshy
pe als
o
some
species.
They
will
ea
he
ui
o
wild
igs,
Ficus
spp,
and
ha e
been
obse ed
o
ea
bananas.
In
lapping
nec a
hey
isi
each
lowe
in
u n
o
a
qua e
o
h ee
qua e s
o
a
minu e,
holding
on
by
hei
ee
and
lapping
he
nec a
wi h
hei
long
ongues.
He
eco ded
a
specimen
in
he
B i ish
Museum
(Na .
His .)
ha
was
aken
on
he
lowe
o a
baobab,
Adansonia
digi a a
and
hey
may
also
sip
nec a
om
he
lowe s
o
he
sausage
ee,
Kigelia
ecognising
E.
g.
pa us
as
a
alid
subspecies,
al hough
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
do
no
ag ee
and
place
i
as
a
subspecies
o
E.
wahlbe gi.
Desc ip ion
The
Gambian
epaule ed
ui
ba
has
a
head
and
body
o
abou
160
mm
and
a
wingspan
abou
560
mm.
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
a ies
conside ably
om
a
sepia
o
a
yellowish-c eam,
he
unde
pa s
om
o -whi e
o
abou
he
same
colou
as
he
uppe
pa s.
The
long,
so
u
ex ends
on
o
he
uppe
and
unde
pa s
o
he
uppe
a m
and
hal
o
he
o ea m,
and
on
o
he
uppe
pa s
o
he
legs,
bu
only
on
o
he
p oximal
hal
o
he
legs
unde nea h.
I
also
ex ends
spa sely
on
o
he
wing
memb anes,
whe e
on
he
uppe
su ace
i
is
simila
in colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
o
he
body,
whi e on
he
unde
su ace.
They
ha e
he
epaule es
on
hei
shoulde s
like
o he
membe s
o
he
genus
(see
E.
c yp u us).
The
da k
b own
wings
a e
sho
and
b oad
wi h
ounded
ips.
Mos
indi iduals
ha e
no
no iceable
ail,
in
o he s i
may
each
a
leng h
o
abou
5
mm.
The
muzzle,
pa icula ly
in
he
male,
is
long
and
ape ing,
he
nos ils
enclosed
in
so
pads.
They
ha e
wo
idges
on
he
pala e
behind
he
las
mola
ee h,
he
i s
sub iangula
in
shape,
he
second
o
no mal
o m,
di ided
in o
wo
sec ions
one
on
ei he
side
o
he
midline
(Fig.
41.1.a).
The
pos e io
po ion
o
he
pala e
is
deeply
hollowed
ou
which
is
he
main
dis inc ion
be ween
his
genus
and
Epomops,
in
which
i
is
shallow
o
la ish.
a
b
Fig.
41.1.
Pala al
idges:
(a)
Epomopho us
gambianus
(b)
E.
angolensis.
Dis ibu ion
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub eg
ion
They
occu
om
Senegal
and
Gambia
in
Wes
A ica
eas -
wa ds
in
he
High
Fo es
and
Guinea
Sa anna
Zones
o
he
Sudan
and
E hiopia
and
sou hwa ds
in
no hwes e n
Uganda
and
Zai e.
They
ha e
been
eco ded
in
Zambia
nea
he
bo de
wi h
Angola,
bu
no
in
he
eas e n
sec o ,
and
no
doub
in
ime
will
be
shown
o
occu
wi hin
Angolan
limi s
in
he
sou heas .
In
he
ex eme
no heas
o
he
coun y
hey
a e
eco ded
in
adjacen
pa s
o
Zai e.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
The e
a e
only
wo
eco ds
o
he
occu ence
o
his
species
in
he
Sub egion,
bo h
om
Zimbabwe
whe e
a
single
specimen
was
aken
in
he
i e ine
o es
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e
some
60
km
up
i e
om
he
Vic o ia
Falls
and
ano he
om
he
Sengwa
Resea ch
S a ion
in
he
no hwes
o
he
coun y
(18
28
Aa).
Habi a
In
he
no he n
and
wes e n
pa s
o
hei
ange
Gambian
epaule ed
ui
ba s
occu
bo h
in
open
sa anna
woodland
and
in
o es
(Rose ea ,
1965).
One
o
he
wo
specimens
aken
in
he
Sub egion
was
aken
in
he
well
de eloped
59

a icana.
Bo h
hese
ees
occu
in
he
a ea
in
he
Sub egion
om
which
hey
ha e
been
aken.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
a ailable.
No.
43
Epomopho us
c yp u us
Pe e s,
1852
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba
Pe e s
se
wi kol ug e le muis
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
W.C.H.
Pe e s
who
in
1852
published
a
monu-
men al
wo k
on
zoological
ma e ial
collec ed
mainly
in
he
Te e
Dis ic
o
Mozambique.
In
he
cou se
o
his
ca ee
he
was
he
i s
o
desc ibe
eigh
new
species
o
ba s,
six
oden s,
he
po cupine,
he
bushy- ailed
mongoose
and
Lich ens ein's
ha ebees .
Taxonomic
No es
No
subspecies
a e
ecognised.
Desc ip ion
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba s a e
a
common
species
in
pa s
o
he
Sub egion.
The
males
a e
conside ably
la ge
han
he
emales,
adul
males
measu ing
abou
150
mm
in
o al
leng h
wi h
mean
masses
o
abou
105
g
and
maximum
masses
o
up
o
140
g.
The
emales
measu e
abou
120
mm
in
o al
leng h
and
ha e
mean
masses
o
abou
76
g
(Table
43.1).
The
colou
o
he
body
is
e y
a iable
and
al hough
usually
a
b ownish-bu
on
he
uppe
pa s,
i
may
be
pale
bu y
and,
in
he
ex eme,
nea ly
whi e.
Bo h
sexes
ha e
whi e
pa ches
a
he
base
o
he
unnel-shaped
ea s,
bu
only
he
males
ha e
he
epaule es
on
he
shoulde s.
These
a e
sunken
glandula
pouches
in
he
skin
co e ed
wi h
long
whi e
hai s.
When
unde
s ess,
when
ocalising
o
possibly
unde
sexual
s imulus,
hese
pouches
a e
e e ed,
he
whi e
hai ,
which
in
his
species
is
9
mm
long,
o ms
he
conspic-
uous
whi e
epaule es.
They
sha e
his
ea u e
wi h
he
o he
h ee
species
o
Epomopho us,
E.
angolensis,
E.
gambianus
and
E.
wahlbe gi
ha
occu in
he
Sub egion.
The
unde
pa s
a e
ligh e
in
colou
han
he
uppe
pa s
and
in
adul
males
he
lowe
pa
o
he
h oa
has
a
colla
o
usse
b own
which
is
less
ob ious
in
ju eniles
and
in
he
emales.
They
ha e
wo
idges
on
he
pala e
behind
he
las
mola
ee h
(Fig.
40.1.b).
Table
43.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba s,
E.
c yp u us,
om
he
no he n
pa s
o
he
Sub egion
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
149
12
130-170
122
12
110-125
H
c/u
22
12
20-23
21
12
20-22
E
24
12
22-27
24
12
22-25
F/a
83
12
80-86
79
12
76-82
Mass
104,5
12
80-140
75,5
12
64-88
Dis ibu ion
Con ined
o
he
sou he n
pa
o
he
con inen ,
being
eplaced
no hwa ds
by
he
eas e n
epaule ed
ui
ba ,
E.
anu us,
which
ex ends
om
he
no he n
pa s
o
he
Ri
Valley
in
eas e n
Zai e
and
Rwanda
in o
Kenya,
Tanzania,
he
sou he n
Sudan
and
E hiopia
and
wes wa ds
o
Nige ia.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
occu in
sou heas e n
Zai e
and
widely
in
Zambia
and
Malawi,
while
a
p esen
he e
a e
no
eco ds
om
no h-
eas e n
Mozambique,
eas
o
Lake
Malawi.
They
ha e
been
aken
in
he
Te e
Dis ic ,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
While
he e
a e
no
eco ds
om
sou heas e n
Angola,
hey
occu
on
he
Zambian
bo de
and
in
he
alley
o
he
Oka ango
Ri e
in
Bo swana
igh
o
he
Angolan
bo de
and
no
doub
occu in
Angola,
i
only
ma ginally.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
While
he e
a e
no
eco ds
om
Namibia,
as
hey
occu
in
he
alley
o
he
Oka ango
Ri e
in
Bo swana,
hey
may
well
be
ound
o
occu
along
he
i e
in o ha
coun y.
In
Bo swana
hey
a e
common
h oughou
he
alley
o
he
Oka ango
Ri e
and
in
i s
del a
sou h
o
Maun
and
on
he
Chobe
Ri e
in
he
no heas .
In
Zimbabwe
hey
occu
h oughou
excep
in
pa s
o
he
d y wes
and
in
he
cen al
pa s
o
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
They
a e
ound
along
he
bo de s
o
he
T ans aal
sou h
o
he
Mapu o
Dis ic .
In
he
T ans aal
hey
occu
in
he
no h
in
he
Limpopo
Ri e
alley
and
in
he
eas
as
a
sou h
as
Gollela.
This
indica es
a
possible
occu ence
in
Swaziland
om
which
a
he
momen
he e
a e
no
eco ds.
Sou hwa ds
he e
a e
isola ed
eco ds
om
Na al
and
he
eas e n
Cape
P o ince.
Habi a
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba s
a e
go e ned
in
hei
occu ence
by
he
a ailabili y
o
ui -bea ing
ees.
They a e
associa ed
p edominan ly
wi h
e e g een
o es s
in
he highe
ain all
a eas
bu
occu in
e e g een
i e ine
o es s
deep
in o
o he wise
d y
and
unsui able
e ain.
Thei
equi emen s
a e
nowhe e
be e
exempli ied
han
in
no he n
Bo swana
whe e
hey
a e
common
h oughou
he
Oka ango
Del a,
wi h
i s
ich
i e ine
ege a ion.
They
a e
no
ound
in
he
d ie
associa ions
o
mopane,
Colophospe mum
mopane,
Acacia
spp
o
Te minalia
spp
ha
su ound
i
and
which
o e
insu icien
co e
and
ood
o
sa is y
hei
needs.
Whe e
he e
a e
isola ed
a eas
o
sligh ly
highe
ain all
wi hin
o he wise
d ie
coun y,
such
as
in
he
Mas ingo
o
Ma opos
Hills
a eas
in
Zimbabwe,
whe e
he
un-o
om
he
g ani e
bosses
suppo s
an
e e g een
ege a ion
a ound
hei
bases,
hey
se le
in
hese
mois e
woodlands
and
mo e
60
in o
he
d y
su ounding
coun y
o
p e e ed
eeding
si es.
In
pa s
man has
p o ided
addi ional
sui able
condi ions
o
hem
in
o cha d
de elopmen
whe e
ui s
such
as
gua as,
plums,
mangoes
and
o he
so
leshy
ui s
p o ide
hem
wi h
ood
and
su ounding
exo ic
ees
such
as
Cype us
sp
he
deep
oliage
shel e
which
hey
equi e
in
which
o
oos .
They
a e
independen
o
su ace
wa e ,
ob aining
all
hei
mois u e
equi emen s
om
hei
ood.
Habi s
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba s
a e
g ega ious,
occu ing
in
colonies
numbe ing up
o
hund eds
o
indi iduals.
Du ing
he
day
hey
hang
up
by
hei
ee ,
sligh ly
spaced
ou
one
om
ano he ,
on
he
hinne
b anches
o
e e g een
ees
whe e
he
hick
oliage
p o ides
su ounding
co e .
In
Zimbabwe
hey
commonly
use
ees
such
as
he
wild
ig,
Ficus
spp
o
he
sausage
ee,
Kigelia
a icana,
bu
hey
will
use
any
e e g een
ee p o ided
i
has
hick
oliage
o
p o ide
co e
and
hin
enough
wigs
o
allow
hem
o
cling
on
o
hem.
In
Bo swana
hey
we e
ound
using
he
ou e
ine
wigs
o
a
clump
o
high
g owing
bamboo
in
a
ga den
inging
he
Oka ango
Ri e ,
s ung
ou
on
hese
in
such
numbe s
ha
he
poles
we e
weighed
down
o
wi hin
3
m
o
he
g ound.
The
colonies
a e
e y
noisy,
he
males
ocalising
wi h
a
epea ed
musical
ba k
which
is
u e ed
p edominan ly when
hanging,
bu
also
occasionally
when
on
he
wing.
As
hey
se le
a e
a
nigh 's
o aging,
he e
is
much
bicke ing
among
membe s
o
he
colony.
The
clawed
i s
digi
on
he
o e-
limb
and
wings
a e
used
o
slash
o he
membe s
who
a emp
o
hang
up
oo
close
and
i
akes
a
conside able
ime
o
he
colony
o
se le quie ly
o
he
day.
Food
The
ood
o
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba s
consis s
almos
en i ely
o
wild
o
cul i a ed
ui s
which
a e
so
and
pulpy.
The
ui
o
wild
igs,
Ficus
sp;
ma ula,
Scle oca ya
hi ea;
mabola
plum,
Pa ina i
cu a elli olia;
kudu
be y,
Pseudo-
lachnos ylis
map ounei olia;
mahobohobo,
Uapaca
ki ki-
ana;
bi d
plum,
Be chemia
discolo ;
ed
milkwood,
Mimu-
sops
zeyhe i,
and
quinine
ee,
Rau ol ia
ca a,
a e
sough
a e .
In
eeding
on
small
ui s
hey
main ain
hei
posi ion
on
he
ou side
o
he
canopy
by
wing
lapping,
pluck
he
ui
wi h
hei
ee h
and
ly
wi h
i
o
a
nea by eeding
si e.
These
si es
a e
open
b anches
o
a
size
con enien
o
hem
o
hang
by
he
back
ee .
They
ly
o
hese
ca ying
he
ui
in
hei
mou hs,
whe e
i
is
manipula ed
by
he
claws
on
he
i s
and
second
digi s
o
he
wings
as
hey
ea .
In
Zimbabwe
he
same
ba
would
use
he
same
eeding
si e
o e
a
pe iod
o
a
ew
nigh s
and
may
well
do
so
un il
he
opd
sou ce
is
deple ed.
They a e
was e ul
eede s
and
when
ea ing
ui s
such
as
mobola
plums,
he
g ound
unde
he
si e
ge s
co e ed
in
he
disca ded
ha d
skins
and
pips
and
small
bundles
o
chewed
pulp
as
i ,
in
ea ing
he
a he
s ingy
pulp
o
his
ui ,
hey
a e
u ilising
he
juices
only.
Wi h
e y
so
ui s
such
as
igs
hey
may
cling
o
he
ui
clus e
o
wigs
and
ea
in
si u
o
i
he
ui
becomes
loosened
in
he
p ocess
i
is
held
in
he
mou h
and
ca ied
o
a
eeding
si e.
They a e
g ea
aide s
o
o cha d
o
ga den
ui s
such
as
gua as,
ap ico s,
peaches
and
loqua s
and
i
pawpaws
a e
le
o
ipen
on
he
ee,
hey
damage
hese
by
bi ing
in o
hem
and
sc a ching
hem
as
hey
cling.
Apples,
pea s
and
o he
ha d
ui s
emain
un ouched.
Rep oduc ion
In
a
sample
o
155
emales
aken
h oughou
he
yea
in
Zimbabwe
g a id
emales
we e
obse ed
om
la e
July
h ough
o
Ma ch.
The e
was
in
his
se ies
a
p onounced
peak
abou
Augus
and
om
obse a ions
o
ju eniles,
he
main
bulk
o
he
young
a e
bo n
abou
Sep embe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979).
In
he
T ans aal,
Rau enbach
(1982)
ob-
se ed
lac a ing
emales
wi h
hei
young
du ing
No embe .
A
single
young
is
p oduced
a
a
bi h.
The
young
a e
bo n
wi h
hei
eyes
closed,
wi h
a
spa se
coa
o
hai
on
he
back
and
naked
unde
pa s.
In
he
ea ly
s ages
o
hei
li es
hey
ix
i mly
on
o
one
o
he
emale's
nipples,
clinging
o
he
wi h
hei
clawed
digi s
o
he
o ea ms
and
he
claws
on
he
ee
and
a e
ca ied
by
he
while
she
is
eeding.
La e
as
hey
g ow
and
become
oo
la ge
o
be
con enien ly
ca ied,
she
will
lea e
hem
hanging
in
he
oos .
Twins
a e
known.
Genus
Epomops
G ay,
1870
Only
one
species
o
his
genus
occu s
in
he
Sub egion.
No.
44
Epomops
dobsonii
(Bocage,
1889)
Dobson's
ui
ba
Dobson
se ug e le muis
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
G.G.
Dobson
who
among
his
many
o he
pape s
on
ba s
published
a
Ca alogue
o
he
Chi op e a
in
he
collec ion
o
he
B i ish
Museum
in
1878.
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
s a ed
ha
he
ela ionship
o
his
species
wi h
o he s
ha
occu in
Wes
A ica
is
no
clea
and
he
possibili y
o
in e g ading
mus
be
aken
in o
accoun .
The
pala al
idge
pa e n
is
appa en ly
no
as
ixed
a
cha -
ac e
as
was
o me ly
supposed.
In
he
mean ime
un il
u he
in o ma ion
becomes
a ailable
i
is
conside ed
as
a
alid
species.
Desc ip ion
Adul
males
ha e
a
head
and
body
leng h
o
abou
160
mm
and
o ea ms
o
86
mm.
The
emales
a e
sligh ly
smalle
han
he
males
(Table
44.1).
The
uppe
pa s
a e
g eyish-b own,
he
unde pa s
a
d ab
cinnamon
colou
washed
wi h
g ey.
The
males
ha e
da k
g eyish-b own
h oa s,
in
he
emales
he
h oa s
a e
g eyish.
The
wings,
ea s
and
hina ium
a e
da k
b own.
The
muzzle
is
elonga e
and
b oad,
he
sides
nea ly
pa allel.
I
is
no ,
howe e ,
as
elonga ed
as
in
Epomopho us
spp.
They
ha e
h ee
cheek ee h
on
ei he
side
o
he
uppe
jaw
and
i e
in
he
lowe ,
he
pala e
s ongly
a ched
om
back
o
on
and
side
o
side.
The
pos
den al
pala e
in
his
species
has
con e ging
ma gins
and
is
la
wi h
i e
o
se en
pala al
idges
pos e io
o
he
las
oo h.
In
Epomopho us
spp
he
pos
den al
pala e
is
almos
pa allel
sided
and
is
conca e
pos e io ly
and
hey
ha e only
up
o
wo
idges
pos e io
o
he
ee h.
The
hai
ha
co e s
he
glandula
egion
on
he
shoulde s
o
he
males
and
o ms
he
epaule es
is
much
longe
han
in
E.
c yp u us,
measu ing
up
o
18
mm
as
agains
9
mm
in
E.
c yp u us.
I
is
in
addi ion
inged
yellow
as
agains
he
pu e
whi e
hai
in
E.
c yp u us,
and
when
ex ended
o ms
a
much
la ge
epaule e.
Table
44.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
o
male
Dobson's
ui
ba s,
E.
dobsonii,
om
Zambia
(Ha ison,
1959)
and
emales
om
Angola
(Hill
&
Ca e ,
1941)
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
HB
160
4
146-168
142
3
137-145
E
28
3
27-28
26 3
25-27
F/a
86
5
82-88,2
83
3
81,5-83,0
Dis ibu ion
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Occu s
widely
in
cen al
Angola
and
Zambia
eas wa ds
o
he
bo de s
o
Malawi
om
which
coun y
he e
a e
no
61
eco ds
a
he
momen ,
al hough
hey
may
occu
he e.
Reco ded
om
Ka anga
in
sou heas e n
Zai e,
and
om
Rwanda
and
Tanzania.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Rep esen ed
om
he
Sub egion
by
a
soli a y
specimen
om
Kasane
on
he
Chobe
Ri e
in
he
ex eme
no heas
o
Bo swana.
Habi a
P ac ically
no hing
is
known
abou
he
habi a
equi emen s
o
his
species.
In
Angola
hey
occu
in
sa anna
woodland
bu
as
hey
a e
ui -ea e s,
his
associa ion
mus
include
ui -bea ing
ees.
The
single
eco d
om
he
Sub egion
was
aken
in
a
colony
o
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba s,
Epomo-
pho us
c yp u us,
in
he
ipa ian
e e g een
woodland
o
he
Chobe
Ri e
and
ce ainly
hey
will
be
associa ed
in
o he
pa s
o
hei
dis ibu ional
ange
wi h
simila
condi ions.
Habi s
Judging
om
he
numbe
o
specimens
in
collec ions,
E.
dobsonii
is
nowhe e
so
nume ous
as
o he
ui -ea ing
ba s
such
as
E.
c yp u us
o
E.
hel um.
Food
Apa
om
he
ac
ha
hey
ea
ui
like
o he
membe s
o
he
Family,
he e
is
no hing
speci ic
on
eco d.
Rep oduc ion
Unknown.
Genus
Eidolon
Ra inesque,
1815
No.
45
Eidolon
hel um
(Ke ,
1792)
S aw-colou ed
ui
ba
Geel
ug e le muis
Colloquial
Name
They
a e
no
en i ely
s aw-colou ed,
only
on
he
shoulde s
and
back,
he
ump
and
hind
limbs
no mally
being
a ious
shades
o
b own.
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
h ee
subspecies,
one
om
Madagasca ,
E.
h.
dup eaneanum
Schlegel
&
Pollen,
1866;
one
om
he
A ican
Con inen ,
E.
h.
hel um,
and
one
om
A abia,
E.
h.
sabaeum
Ande sen,
1907.
The e
ha e
been
di e ing
opinions
ad anced,
some
au ho i ies
(Eisen au ,
1964)
sugges ing
ha
no
subspecies
should
be
ecognised;
Ande sen
(1912)
on
he
o he
hand
belie ed
ha
he
Mada-
gasca
and
A abian
o ms
should
be
ecognised
as
dis inc
species.
Desc ip ion
S aw-colou ed
ui
ba s
a e
by
a
he
la ges
species
o
ba s
ound
in
he
Sub egion.
While
i
is
di icul
o
judge
he
sexes
in
he
ield,
he e
is
a
g ea e
di e ence
in
size
be ween
hem
in
his
species
han
in
he
o he
ui
ba s.
Jones
(1972)
in
Wes
A ica
eco ded
ha
he
o ea m
in
he
males
a e ages
abou
13%
longe
han
in
he
emales.
The
small
numbe
measu ed
in
he
Sub egion
shows
an
a e age
o
4%
g ea e
leng h
in
he
males.
They
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
190
mm
wi h
o ea ms
in
he
males
o
abou
116
mm,
in
emales
113
mm
and
a
mass
o
be ween
243
g
and
280
g
(Table
45.1).
Al hough
he
colloquial
name
sugges s
ha
hey
a e
an
o e all
pale
golden-yellow
colou ,
he e
is
a
conside able
a ia ion
in
colou
be ween
indi iduals
and
be ween
one
a ea
o
he
body
and
ano he .
On
he
uppe
pa s
he
u
co e s
he
head
and
shoulde s
and
lies
in
a
band
down
he
mid-back
ex ending
on
o
he
uppe
pa s
o
he
o ea ms,
legs
and
na ow
in e emo al
memb ane,
bu
no
on
o
he
wing
memb anes.
In
some
specimens
he e
is
a
dis inc
yellow
o
o ange
colla
on
he
h oa
which
ex ends
upwa ds
on
o
he
back
o
he
neck
bu
he
emaining
u
on
he
uppe
pa s
is
ei he
a ious
shades
o
g ey
o
b own,
edged
a
he
back
o
he
shoulde s
and
on
he
mid-back
by
a
yellowish
inge.
The
u
on
he ump
and
legs
is
o en
da ke
in
shade
han
on
he
shoulde s.
The
unde
pa s
a e
ligh e
in
colou ,
in
some
he
colla
o
sligh ly
longe
hai
on
he
h oa
con as s
wi h
he
emainde ,
which
is
inged
pale
yellow
o
o ange.
The
skin
unde lying
he
colla
on
he
h oa
is
glandula
and
has
been
obse ed
o
sec e e
a
s icky
luid
wi h
a
musky
smell
(Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin,
1917).
Table
45.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
s aw-colou ed ui
ba s,
E.
hel um,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
190
5
165-205
189
6
181-207
T
15
5
14-18
15
6
11-20
H
c/u
30
5
24-34
34
6
30-39
E
28
5
26-29
28
6
26-32
F/a
116
5
110-122
113
6
102-118
Mass
2
only
247,3
and
243,0
2
only
267,7
and
280,5
The
naked
wing
memb anes
a e
da k
blackish-b own,
he
wings
long
and
poin ed.
La ge
specimens
may
ha e
a
wing
span
o
up
o
0,75
m.
When
es ing
he
ends
o
he
wings
a e
olded
back.
The
in e emo al
memb ane
uns
na owly
up
he
insides
o
he
highs
and
is
only
a
ew
millime es
wide
whe e
i
joins
ac oss
he
body.
The
ail
which
is
abou
15
mm
long
p ojec s
beyond
his
memb ane
o
abou
hal
i s
leng h
(Fig.
45.1).
The
i s
inge
on
he
o ea m
is
long
and
has
a
powe ul
cu ed
claw
which
is
used
in
clambe ing
a ound
in
ee
b anches;
he
claw
on
he
second
digi
is
less
well
de eloped
(Fig.
V.l).
The
den al
o mula
is:
I
C±
P
M
=
34
Dis ibu ion
As
is
shown
unde
Habi a
he
dis ibu ion
o
his
species
has
o
be
deal
wi h
in
a
di e en
manne
om
o he
species
62
Fig.
45.1.
Tail
and
in e emo al
memb ane
o
Eidolon
hel um.
which
a e
esiden
in
he
Sub egion.
The
s aw-colou ed
ui
ba
is
a
mig an
om
i s
ocus
o
dis ibu ion
which
lies
o
he
no h
o
he
Sub egion
in
he
opical
o es s
o
he
con inen
and
hey
a e
only
seen
on
mig a ion
and
no
as
esiden s.
This
means
in
e ec
ha
hey
a e
p one
o
u n
up
almos
anywhe e
in
he
Sub egion
om
ime
o
ime.
A
he
momen
mos
eco ds
a e
om
he
eas e n
and
sou he n
pa s
o
he
Sub egion,
o
hese
a eas
wi h
hei
highe
ain all
han
in
he
wes ,
p o ide
a
be e
supply
o
wild
ui s,
hei
p incipal
ood.
Ne e heless
hey
ha e
been
eco ded
om
he
Sub egion's
mos
a id
e ain,
he
Namib
Dese
in
Namibia.
In
Zai e,
Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin
(1917)
obse ed
ha
immense
numbe s
jou ney
abou
i egula ly
and hen
be-
come
abundan
in
egions
om
which
hey
we e
p e iously
absen .
E en
he
as
colony
a
Kampala,
Uganda, mo es
ou
du ing
he
mon hs
o
June
o
Sep embe
(Kingdon,
1974).
They
a e
eco ded
om
sea
le el
o
al i udes
o
2
000
in
Eas
A ica.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
S aw-colou ed
ui
ba s
occu
in
o es s
om
Guinea
in
Wes
A ica
eas wa ds
o
Nige ia
and
h oughou
he
op-
ical
o es s
o
Came oun;
Gabon;
Zai e
o
he
Ri
Valley
and
pa s
o
he
Sudan;
Uganda;
Kenya;
Tanzania
and
no he n
Angola.
While
i
is
impossible
a
he
momen
o
clea ly
de ine
he
sou he n
limi s
o
he
a ea
in
which
hey
may
be
consid-
e ed
o
be
esiden
on
a
yea
ound
basis,
his
may
well
include
pa s
o
no heas e n
Zambia,
Malawi
and
possibly
no heas e n
Mozambique.
Sou h
o
his
hey
a e consid-
e ed
as
occu ing
on
mig a ion,
only
emaining
in
a eas
o
a
sho e
o
longe
pe iod
depending
on
he
local
a ailabil-
i y
o
ood.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
O
spo adic
occu ence
in
Namibia;
in
Zimbabwe,
as
a
wes
as
he
Ma opo
Hills,
and
in
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
in
he
cen al
and
sou he n
pa s
o
he
coun y.
In
he
T ans aal
hey
ha e
been
aken
as
soli a y
wande e s
in
he
sou hwes
o
he
p o ince.
They
appea
commonly
in
no heas e n
Na al
and
ha e
been
aken
in
he
O ange
F ee
S a e
and
he
eas e n
Cape
P o ince,
wi h
eco ds
om
as
a
wes ,
coas ally,
as
he
B edasdo p
dis-
ic .
Habi a
S aw-colou ed
ui
ba s
occu
in
he
Sub egion
in
a
wide
a ie y
o
habi a s
om
coas al
o es s
in
Na al
and
Mozam-
bique
o
pa s
o
he
d y
Sou h
Wes
A id
Zone
in
Namibia.
In
he
Sub egion
we
only
see hem
while
hey
axe
on
mig a ion,
when
hey
end
o
sca e
widely,
no
being
uly
esiden
and
only
emaining
in
an
a ea
i
held
he e
empo a ily
by
he
a ailabili y
o
a
plen i ul
ood
supply.
Thei
p ime
habi a
is
in
he
opical
o es s
o
he
con i-
nen
which
supply
hem
wi h
a
a ie y
o
wild
pulpy
ui s
du ing
he
g ea e
pa
o
he
yea ,
and
i
is
he
a ailabili y
o
ood
ha
de e mines
hei occu ence
mo e
han
any
o he
ac o s.
Thei
p ime
habi a
co e s
a
e y
ex ensi e
a ea
anging
om
Guinea
in
Wes
A ica
eas wa ds
o
he
Ri
Valley
in
Eas
A ica,
a
dis ance
o
some
5 000
km
which
is
up
o
650
km
wide
in
pa s.
In
hei
sea ch
o
ood
esou ces
hey
co e
g ea
dis ances,
c ossing
coun y
ha
is
o ally
unsui able
o
hem
and
in
which,
we e
hey
o
se le,
hey
would
pe ish.
A
imes
his
mo emen
is
ill
di ec ed,
o
Rose ea
(1965)
eco ded
ha
hey
ha e
been
aken
a
sea
some
250
km
om
he
nea es
land.
He
s a ed
ha
in
Wes
A ica
hey
ha e
been
ound
in
he
Sudan
Sa anna
Zone
which
bo de s
on
he
sou he n
inges
o
he
Saha a,
so
ha
hei
sudden
appea ance
in
some
o
he
mo e
a id
pa s
o
he
Sub egion
is
no
su p ising.
Habi s
S aw-colou ed
ui
ba s
a e
g ega ious
and
subjec
o
wide
mig a ion
and
mo emen s
in
sea ch
o
ood
supplies.
The
classic
colony
a
Kampala,
which
oos s
du ing
he
day
in
a
g o e
o
saligna
gums,
Eucalyp us
saligna,
was
es ima ed
by
Ogil ie
&
Ogil ie
(1964)
o
numbe
some
200
000
indi id-
uals.
They
e u n
o
he
g o e
abou
07h00
in
he
mo ning
and
lea e
o
o age
abou
18h30
in
he
e ening.
They
hang
in
he
g o e
in
clumps
o
1-50,
cha e ing
con inuously,
wi h
some
indi iduals
always
lying
a ound
in
sea ch
o
new
places
o
hang.
Figh ing
is
common,
con es an s
ba e ing
each
o he
wi h
hei
wings.
In
he
Sub egion
hey
ne e
occu in
such
huge
numbe s
and
colonies
o
up
o
20
o
30
a e
excep ional.
Mo e
o en
up
o
hal
a
dozen
is
he
ule and
o en
single
indi iduals
a e
seen.
E en
in
he
Kampala
colony,
which
was
known
p io
o
Eu opean
se lemen ,
hey
a e
subjec
o
mo emen ,
o
Kingdon
(1974)
eco ded
ha
hey
a e
absen
om
June
o
Sep embe ,
as
hey
a e
oo
om
o he
la ge
colonies
such
as
hose
a
A akupi
in
Zai e
(Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin
1917).
In
he
o es
habi a
in
Wes
A ica,
Rose ea
(1965)
no ed
ha
hey
end
o
p e e
clumps
o
e y
high
ees
o
oos
in,
elic
pa ches
o
ancien
o es
being
p e e ed.
In
he
Sub egion
hey
ha e
a
habi
o
hanging
on
powe
lines
and
pylons
which
accoun s
o
he
numbe
o
indi iduals
ha
ge
elec ocu ed
annually
in
Zimbabwe,
whe e
no
less
han
se en
o
he
12
specimens
in
he
collec ion
o
he
Na ional
Museums
we e
eco e ed
a e
dea h
by
elec ocu ion.
Thei
huge
wingspan
o
0,75
m
ende s
hem
p one
o
dea h
in
his
manne
when
aligh ing
o
es
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979).
Thei
wings
a e
long
and
poin ed,
adap ed
o
a
a he
slow
bu
s eady
ligh ,
in e spe sed
wi h
sho
pe iods
o
gliding
which
ca y
hem
o e
g ea
dis ances.
The
powe ul
hooked
claw
o
he
humb
is
used
in
clambe ing
a ound
b anches
63
and
in
clinging
on
o
ees
while
eeding.
Rose ea
(1965)
desc ibed
he
e ening
ligh
o
he
colony
as
a
ema kable
sigh .
Mos
o
hem
ake
o
as
i
by
a
common
signal,
he
lying
colony
when
seen
om
a
dis ance
looks
like
a
black
cloud
o e
he
o es .
Jones
(1972)
s a ed
ha ,
in
oos ing
in
ees,
hey
end
o
use
he
mo e
s u dy
b anches,
hanging
wi h
hei
wings
hal
olded
away
om
hei
bodies
o
along
he
sides
o
hei
bodies
wi h
he
wing
ips
olded
back.
They
emain
ale
and
ac i e
du ing
he
day,
hanging
wi h
hei
eyes
open,
ea s
e ec
and
cons an ly
mo ing.
In
addi ion
o
he
day ime
oos s,
hey
es
om
ime
o
ime
du ing
he
nigh
be ween
bou s
o
eeding,
hanging
in
ees.
On
aking
o
he
wing
hey
d op
o
dis ances
up
o
2
m
om
he
oos s
be o e lying.
Food
Diges ion
in
he
s aw-colou ed
ui
ba
is
ex emely
apid
(Rodhain
&
Bequae ,
1916),
which
is
p obably
he
eason
why
s omachs
examined
om
Zimbabwe
and
Mozambique
we e
in a iably
emp y.
Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin
(1917)
ound
he
same
s a e
o
a ai s
in
he
specimens
hey
examined
in
Zai e.
We
ha e
o
ely
on
he
obse a ions
o
Rose ea
(1965)
in
Wes
A ica
who
epo ed
on
hei
eeding
habi s..
The e
hey
a e
a
pes
in
banana
plan a ions,
a
ood
which
cap i e
indi iduals
ea
wi h
a idi y.
They
ea
he
ib ous
pulp
o
he
ui s
o
he
Bo asses
palm,
Bo assus
sp,
da es,
and
wild
igs,
Ficus
spp.
They
will
ake
la ge
succulen
lowe s
o
lowe
buds
such
as
hose
o
he
baobab,
Adansonia
digi o a,
and
he
silk
co on
ee,
Bombax
sp.
He
eco ded
ha
hey
we e
epo ed
o
ea
he
esh
lea es
o
E y h ina
sp,
comple ely
s ipping
he
ees.
Jones
(1972)
in
Wes
A ica
epo ed
ha
hey
ea
mangoes,
pawpaws,
a ocado
pea s,
igs,
passion
ui ,
cus a d
apples
and
loqua s.
In
eeding
hey
hang
by
he
claws
on
hei
humbs
and
use
bo h
ee .
They
chew
noisily,
disca ding
ib ous
ma e ial.
In
Zai e
and
Wes
A ica
he
ba s
a e
ea en
by
he
indigenous
people,
Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin
(1917)
eco ding
ha
a
Leopold ille
hey
saw
bunches
o
hem
ied
oge he
being
sold
in
he
ma ke s.
Rep oduc ion
The e
a e
no
indica ions
a
he
momen
ha
s aw-colou ed
ui
ba s
b eed
in
he
Sub egion.
No
specimens
examined
we e
g a id
and
i
may
be
ha
hey
only
b eed
wi hin
he
limi s
o
be e
de eloped
and
mo e
ex ensi e
o es ed
egions
o
he
no h.
Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin
(1917)
eco ded
ha
a
A akubi,
in
Zai e,
om
he
p esence
o
g a id
emales,
hey
appea ed
o
ha e
a
de ini e
b eeding
season,
he
young
being
bo n
abou
No embe .
Rose ea
(1965)
s a ed
ha
he
young
a e
ca ied
abou
by
hei
mo he s
un il
he
s age
when
hey
a e
able
o
ake
ca e
o
hemsel es.
The
emales usually
ha e
one
young,
occasionally
wo.
Genus
Rouse us
G ay,
1821
This
genus
is
ep esen ed
on
he
con inen
by
h ee
species,
wo
o
which,
R.
aegyp iacus
and
R.
angolensis
occu
in
he
Sub egion.
Membe s
ha e
a
wide
dis ibu ion:
R.
aegyp i-
acus
is
ound
om
he
Cape
P o ince
o
Egyp
and
wes -
wa ds
o
Senegal,
ex alimi ally
on
he
Medi e anean
island
o
Cyp us,
in
pa s
o
he
Middle
Eas
and
eas wa ds
o
Pakis an.
The
gene ic
name
Rouse us
was
applied
o
he
g oup
as
he
ea lies
known
ep esen a i es
we e
ed
in
colou ;
he
wo
species
ha
occu
in
he
Sub egion,
howe e ,
a e
b own
o
da k
b own
on
he
uppe
pa s
o
he
body.
They a e
medium-sized
ba s
wi h
wingspans
up
o
abou
450
mm.
The
wing
memb anes
a e
da k
in
colou ,
almos
black.
They
ha e
e y
sho
ails
and
na ow
in e emo al
memb anes.
In
bo h
species
he
eyes
a e
la ge,
as
in
o he
ui -ea ing
ba s.
The
Egyp ian
ui
ba ,
R.
aegyp iacus,
has
powe s
o
echoloca ion
which
a e
b ough
in o
play
in
o al
da kness.
This
allows
hem
o
oos
in
ca es
ha
a e
o ally
da k,
a
shel e
denied
o
o he
ui -ea ing
ba s.
Bocage's
ui
ba ,
R.
angolensis,
on
he
o he
hand
has
no
powe s
o
echoloca ion
and
when
using
ca es
can
only
use
pa s
ha
a e
adequa ely
illumina ed.
The
den al
o mula
is:
I
Cj
P|
M§
=
34
and
is
he
same
as
in
he
s aw-colou ed ui
ba ,
Eidolon
hel um.
The
an e io
uppe
p emola
is
e y
small
and
oughly
equal
in
size
o
he
uppe
inciso ,
whe eas
in
E.
hel um
i
is
app eciably
la ge .
The
wo
uppe
and
h ee
lowe
mola s
and
las
p emola
in
R.
aegyp iacus
a e
dis-
inc ly
longe
han
b oad,
whe eas
in
R.
angolensis
hey
a e
only
as
long
as
b oad.
Key
o
he
species
a e
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
(Measu emen s
in
mm)
1.
Wing
memb anes
a ise
om
he
i s
oe;
hai
sho
and
sleek;
cheek ee h
hea y;
leng h
o
o ea m
gene ally
abo e
89
and
up
o
96;
adul
males
wi h
no
colla
o
b is ly
hai s
on
he
h oa
..
.
aegyp iacus
Wing
memb anes
a ise
om
he
second
oe;
hai
longe
and
coa se ;
cheek ee h
educed
in
bulk;
leng h
o
o e-
a m
less
han
90;
adul
males
wi h
a
dis inc
colla
o
b is ly
hai s
on
he
h oa
. . .
angolensis
No.
46
Rouse us
aegyp iacus
(E.
Geo oy,
i8io)
Egyp ian
ui
ba
Egip iese
ug e le muis
Pla e
4
Colloquial
Name
The
name
de i es
om
he
ac
ha
he
species
was
de-
sc ibed
o iginally
om
a
specimen
om
he
G ea
Py amid
o
Giza
in
Egyp .
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
ou
subspecies,
only
one
o
which,
R.
a.
leachi
(A.
Smi h,
1829),
occu s
in
he
Sub-
egion.
This
was
desc ibed
om
a
specimen
om
"ga dens
abou
Cape
Town".
Desc ip ion
Egyp ian
ui
ba s
a e
he
second
la ges
species
o
ui
ba
ha
occu s
in
he
Sub egion,
only
being
exceeded
in
size
by
he
s aw-colou ed
ba ,
Eidolon
hel um.
Adul s
a e
abou
150
mm
in
o al
leng h
wi h
masses
o
abou
130
g.
The e
a e
li le
o no
di e ences
be ween
he
sexes
(Table
46.1).
They
ha e
a
wingspan
o
abou
0,6
m.
Thei
colou
a ies
h oughou
hei
wide
ange,
hose
om
he
Sub egion
a e
da k
b own
on
he
uppe
pa s,
some imes
inged
wi h
sla e-g ey,
he
unde
pa s
smoke-
g ey.
The
u
ex ends
along
he
op
o
he
o ea m
o
abou
hal
o
i s
leng h
and
along
he
op
o
he
legs
o
he
ankles.
Unde nea h
i
ex ends
hal
way
along
he
o ea m
and
only
on
o
he
uppe
pa s
o
he
legs.
The ounded
ea s
a e
naked
excep
a
hei
bases,
he
u
on
he
ace
is
sho
and
longe
on
he
o ehead
and
he
uppe
pa s
o
he
body.
The
u
ex ends
na owly
on
o
he
da k
b own
wing
memb anes.
The
eyes
a e
no iceably
la ge.
They
ha e
a
dis inc
pale
bu y
o
yellowish
colla
a ound
he
h oa
and
neck
which
con as s
ma kedly
on
he
uppe
pa s
wi h
he
gene al
da k
b own
colou .
The
wings
a e
ounded
a
he
ips.
64
The
den al
o mula
is:
I QP M
=
34
Table
46.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
Egyp ian
ui
ba s,
R.
aegyp iacus,
om
he
no heas e n
pa s
o
he
Sub egion
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
150
17
140-162
150
19
140-162
T
18
14
15-22
19
17
16-24
H
c/u
23
16
20-27
24
18
22-26
E
22
17
20-25
22
18
19-24
F/a
89
17
83-96
90
19
88-95
Mass
133,4
11
88,1-166,0
129,3
18
117,7-166,
Dis ibu ion
The
Egyp ian
ui
ba
has
a
e y
wide
dis ibu ion
om
he
Cape
P o ince
o
Egyp
and
wes wa ds
o
Senegal
and
beyond
Con inen al
limi s
o
he
coun ies
a
he
eas e n
end
o
he
Medi e anean,
o
A abia,
sou heas e n
I an,
Balu-
chis an
and
wes
Pakis an.
They
do
no
occu
in
he
Saha a
o
in
he
no hwes e n
pa s
o
he
con inen
o
in
he
sou hwes e n
sec o
excep
coas ally.
No heas e n A ica
They
occu
in
Egyp
in
associa ion
wi h
he
Nile
Valley
igh
o
he
coas
o
he
Medi e anean.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
occu
om
Senegal
and
a e
eco ded
om mos
o
he
coun ies
eas wa ds
o
he
Sudan
and
E hiopia,
in
he
High
Fo es
Zone,
Guinea
sa anna
and
in
pa s
o
he
Sudan
sa anna.
Sou hwa ds
hey
a e
eco ded
widely
in
mos
coun ies
o
he
bo de s
o
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion.
In
Angola
hey
ha e
been
aken
in
he
cen al
and
no he n
pa s
o
he
coun y
wi h
he
si ua ion
in
he
sou h
no
being
known.
In
Zambia,
al hough
he e
a e
only
a
ew
eco ds
om
he
sou heas ,
Ansell
(1978)
belie ed
ha
e en ually
hey
would
be
shown
o
occu
h oughou
he
coun y.
A
he
momen
he e
a e
no
eco ds
om
Malawi
o
om
no heas e n
Mozambique,
bu
he e
is
good
eason
o
be-
lie e
ha
hey
will
be
ound
he e
e en ually.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
appea
o
ha e
an
eas e n
dis ibu ion
in
he
Sub-
egion,
no
being
eco ded
om
Namibia,
Bo swana
o
he
mo e
a id
pa s
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
They
occu
in
he
cen al
and
eas e n
pa s
o
Zimbabwe,
and
in
he
cen al
and
sou heas e n
pa s
o
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
In
he
la e
a ea
hey
a e
absen
om
he
mo e
a id
pa s
o
he
Banhine
Fla s
in
he
wes .
In
he
T ans aal
hey
a e
eco ded
om
Pa u i
in
he
no he n
pa s
o
he
K uge
Na ional
Pa k
and
om
he
Le aba
and
Ba be on
Dis ic s.
They
occu
in
Na al
and
in
he
Cape
P o ince
na owly
wes wa ds
along
he
sou he n
coas
o
Cape
Town.
Habi a
Al hough
om
hei
dis ibu ion
Egyp ian
ui
ba s
appea
o
be
ca holic
in
hei
habi a
equi emen s,
wo
ac o s
a
leas
a e
essen ial
o
hem.
As
a
ui -ea e
he
habi a
mus
p o ide
his
and
a
he
same
ime
ca es
o
simila
s uc u es
mus
be
a ailable
as
co e
in
which
o
oos
du ing
he day.
In
Bo swana
and
Namibia
he
semi-dese
a eas,
while
hey
ha e
sui able
ca es,
do
no
p o ide
he
necessa y
ood,
and
in
a eas
such
as
he
Oka ango
Del a
in
Bo swana
whe e
ui
is
plen i ul,
he
na u e
o
he
e ain
is
such
ha
sui able
ca es
a e
almos
non-exis en .
So
a
hey
ha e
no
been
eco ded
om
he
D od sky
Ca es
in
wes e n
Ngamiland
which
a e
ce ainly
wi hin
each
o
he
ood
supply
in
he
Oka ango
Del a
and
which
a e
ex ensi e
enough
o
accom-
moda e
hem.
Whe e
co e
and
a
plen i ul
ood
supply
occu
oge he
hey
a e
ound
in
e y
la ge
numbe s.
Habi s
Egyp ian
ui
ba s
a e
g ega ious,
occu ing
in
colonies
numbe ing
up
o
housands
o
indi iduals
in
ca es
o
o he
simila
s uc u es.
They
hang
up
om
he
ceilings
o
he
walls,
usually
by
one
oo ,
he
wings
closely
olded
a ound
he
body,
and
he
o he
oo
olded
ac oss
he
on
o
he
body
ou side
he
en olding
wings.
They
pack
igh ly
oge he
in
clus e s,
usually
deep
in
he
ca es
in
o al
da kness.
The
colony
is
e y
es less
and
ex emely
noisy,
chi ping
and
cha e ing
con inuously,
a
noise
which
can
be
hea d
long
be o e
he
ca e
en ance
is
app oached.
They
a oid
ligh ,
his
some imes
esul ing
in
con inuous
igh ing
o
he
da k-
es
niches
and
c e ices
in
a
ca e.
Indeed,
a ailabili y
o
da k
places
may
ac
as
a
ough
egula o
o
numbe s
in
a
ca e
(He zig-S aschil
&
Robinson,
1978).
As
sundown
app oaches
he
es lessness
and
noise
be-
come
mo e
appa en
as
indi iduals
s a
o
g oom
hem-
sel es
p io
o
he
nigh 's
o aging.
In
he
Tsi sikama
Na -
ional
Pa k
ac i i y
da a
indica ed
a
di e en
win e
and
summe
pa e n.
In
win e
hey
became
ac i e
on
a e age
90
minu es
a e
sunse ,
and
ac i i y
ceased
abou
216
minu es
be o e
sun ise.
In
summe
he
pe iod
o
ac i i y
was
app e-
ciably
longe
ega dless
o
he
sho ened
da k
phase,
s a ing
30
minu es
a e
sunse
and
ending
12
minu es
be o e
sun ise.
The
delayed
onse
o
eme gence
unde
he
in luence
o
moonligh
in
win e
was
qui e
p onounced
(He zig-
S aschil
&
Robinson,
1978).
This
la e
was
also
suspec ed
in
he
eas e n
T ans aal
(Jacobsen
&
du
Plessis,
1976).
Rouse e
ba s
a e
he
only
species
o
ui
ba
ha
ha e
powe s
o
echoloca ion,
which
allow
hem
o
mo e
in
o al
da kness.
The
sys em
used
is
di e en
om
ha
ound
in
Mic ochi op e a
which
emi
high
equency
sound
om
he
mou h
in
he
case
o
he
Vespe ilionidae,
o
om
he
complica ed
nasal
s uc u es
in
he
Hipposide idae.
In
he
case
o
he
ouse e
ba s
Moh es
&
Kulze
(1956a)
ound
ha
he
Egyp ian
ui
ba
was
no
incon enienced
when
i s
eyes
we e
co e ed
and
i
was
able
o
ly
a ound
in
comple e
da kness,
a oiding
obs acles
wi h
ease.
I ,
howe e ,
i s
ea s
we e
obs uc ed,
i
was
helpless
in
comple e
da kness.
The
sys em
o
echoloca ion
used
is
by
epe i i e
ongue
"clicks",
hose
o
lowe
equency
audible
o
he
human
ea ,
he
echo
o
hese
being
picked
up
by
he
ea s
which
allows
hem
o
pinpoin
obs acles
ahead
o
hem.
The
clicks
a e
emi ed
h ough
he
co ne s
o
he
mou h
wi h
he
jaws
closed.
65
The
Egyp ian
ui
ba s
ha e
a
well
de eloped
eyesigh
and
when
e u ning
o
hei
ca es,
p o iding
he e
is
su ic-
ien
ligh ,
hey
will
loca e
hese
by
sigh .
As
hey
en e
hey
will
swi ch
o
echoloca ion
o
ind
hei
way
a ound
and
e en ually
o
pinpoin
he
loca ion
o
sui able
hanging
places.
They
he e o e
a e
ully
equipped
o
ind
hei
way
a ound
ei he
by
sigh
o
echoloca ion.
Egyp ian
ui
ba s
a e
agile,
as
lie s
and
can
nego ia e
na ow
openings
be ween
he
b anches
o
ees
wi h
ease.
No.
47
Rouse us
angolensis
(Bocage,
1898)
Bocage's
ui
ba
Bocage
se ug e le muis
Food
In
eeding
hey
will
ci cle
a
ui ing
ee,
hen
ho e
be o e
aligh ing
and
snu ling
abou
on
he
b anches
o
disco e
sui able
ui
(Rose ea ,
1965).
Once
secu ed,
i
may
ei he
be
ea en
in
si u
o
con eyed
in
he
mou h
o
a
eeding
si e.
The
ui
is
manipula ed
in
one
o
he
back
ee ,
he
o he
clinging
o
he
b anch
while
he
ood
is
ea en,
o
he
ood
may
be
held
agains
he
ches
by
he
back
ee
while
i
is
ea en.
The
ha d
skin
and
seeds
o
ui
a e
disca ded,
he
pulp
chewed
and
any
ib ous
ma e ial
d opped.
Unde
a ou i e
eeding
si es
qui e
la ge
accumula ions
o
disca ded
ma e ial
may
be
ound.
He zig-S aschil
&
Robinson
(1978),
in
he
eas e n
Cape,
obse ed
se e al
indi iduals
a
a
Cape
ash
ee
(Ekebe gia
capensis)
bea ing
ipe
ui
in
June
and
hese
ba s
also
a e
ui
om
sa onwood
(Cassine
c ocea),
Bushman's
poison
(Acokan he a
opposi i olia)
and
mis le oe
(Viscum
obscu-
um).
In
he
Eas e n
T ans aal
igs
o med
he
basis
o
he
ba s'
die
(Jacobsen
&
du
Plessis,
1976),
in
pa icula
he
Cape
ig
(Ficus
capensis),
while
F.
pe e sii
and
F.
sansiba-
ica
we e
also
ea en
a
ce ain
imes
o
he
yea ;
o he
ui s
u ilised
we e
om
he
Cape
ash
ee,
wa e
be y
(Syzigium
co da um),
ed
s inkwood (P unus
a icana)
and
wild
plum
(Ha pephyllum
ca um).
In
Zimbabwe,
Thomas
&
Fen on
(1978)
eco ded
hei
ea ing
he
ui s
o
Diospy os
senensis.
So
ga den
and
o cha d
ui s
a e
also
ea en.
Egyp ian
ui
ba s
ha e
cheek
pouches
in
which
ood
can
be
s o ed
empo a ily.
Lomba d
(1961)
epo ed
ha ,
a e
ea ing,
he
hai
on
he
ches
which
ends
o
become
ma ed
wi h
he
ui
juices,
is
ho oughly
combed
wi h
he
claws
on
he
ee
and
he
oes
cleaned
in
he
mou h.
They
also
pick
ou
ib ous
ma e ial
om
be ween
he
ee h
wi h
he
claws
on
he
ee .
Rep oduc ion
Du ing
he
ma ing
season,
which
in
he
Cape
P o ince
is
om
June
o
mid-Sep embe ,
Lomba d
(1961)
no ed
ha
he
males
ended
o
o m
g oups,
igno ing
he
emales
and
ju eniles,
which
o med
nu se y
g oups
on
hei
own.
Using
Mu e e's
(1968)
o ea m
age
ela ionship
i
was
es ima ed
ha
bi h
in
he
Tsi sikama
Na ional
Pa k
occu s
om
Oc obe
o
June
(He zig-S aschil
&
Robinson,
1978),
whe eas
in
he
eas e n
T ans aal
he
pe iod
was
sligh ly
sho e ,
wi h
a
peak
in
mid-summe
(Jacobsen
&
du
Plessis,
1976)
and
u he
no h
pa u i ion
is
gi en
as
om
Sep em-
be
o
Decembe
(Penzho n
&
Rau enbach,
1988).
A
single
young
is p oduced
a
bi h,
occasionally
wins,
a e
a
ges a ion
pe iod
gi en
by
Kingdon
(1974)
as
105
o
107
days.
In
Eas
A ica
hey
b eed
wice
a
yea
and
in
Egyp
h ough-
ou
he
yea
(Kingdon,
1974).
The
young
a e
bo n
wi h
hei
eyes
closed
and
hei
ea s
olded
back,
he
eyes
opening
and
ea s
e ec ing
a
abou
10
days
o
age.
A
bi h
hey
cling
igh ly
o
he en al
su ace
o
hei
mo he s
and
a e
ca ied
a ound
by
hem
o
abou
six
weeks
du ing
he
suckling
pe iod.
The
mo he
hen
lea es
he
young
ba
in
he
ca e
while
she
o ages,
b inging
back
ood
o
i .
A
i s
i
licks
he
juices
om
he
mou h
and
la e
ea s
mou h uls
o
i sel
(Lomba d,
1961).
A
his
ime
o
hei
li es
he
young
ba s
usually
lose
weigh
and
do
no
s a
o
gain
weigh
un il
hey
s a
o
ly
a
abou
nine
o
10
weeks
o
age.
They
ecognise
hei
young
by
smell
as
was
shown
in
Kulze 's
(1958)
expe imen
when
a
emale's
own
and
a
s ange
young
we e
enclosed
in
bags.
The
mo he
co ec ly
iden i ied
he
own
o sp ing
as
was
shown
by
he
enzied
a emp s
o
elease
i .
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
J.V.
Ba boza
du
Bocage
who
o iginally
de-
sc ibed
he
species
Cynonyc e is
angolensis
(=R.
angolen-
sis)
om
Angola.
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
h ee
subspecies
om
he
con inen ,
only
one
o
which,
R.
a.
angolensis,
occu s
in
he
Sub egion
and
hen
only
ma ginally
in o
Zimbabwe.
Some
doub
has
been
exp essed
in
he
pas
as
o
whe he
his
species
should
be
e ained
in
he
genus
Rouse us
o
whe he
i
dese es
ull
ecogni ion
as
a
genus,
Lissonyc-
e is,
on
i s
own.
I
di e s
om
R.
aegyp iacus
and
o he
ouse e
ba s
in
he
possession
by
he
males
o
a
dis inc
neck
u
o
coa se
s icky
hai s
and
he
ac
ha
i
does
no
possess
powe s
o
echoloca ion.
In
addi ion
i
has
a
long,
silky
u
and
he
wing
memb anes
a ise
om
he
second
oe
o
he
hind
oo
and
no
om
he
ou side
oe
as
in
R.
aegyp iacus;
he
cheek ee h
a e
squa ish,
no
ec angula ,
and
he
p e-
maxilla
is
ossi ied
ac oss
he
on .
As
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
included
i
in
he
genus
Rouse us,
his
iew
is
ollowed.
Desc ip ion
Sligh ly
smalle
han
he
Egyp ian
ui
ba ,
R.
aegyp iacus,
Bocage's,
R.
a.
angolensis,
has
a
head
and
body
leng h
o
abou
120
mm
and
a
wingspan
o
abou
400
mm.
The
ela i e
size
is
pe haps
bes
illus a ed
in
he
leng h
o
he
o ea m
which
in
he
Egyp ian
ui
ba
measu es
90-105
mm
and
in
Bocage's
ui
ba
om
he
Sub egion
81-85
mm
(Table
47.1).
The
Wes
A ican
subspecies,
R.
a.
smi hi
Thomas,
1908,
is
smalle
s ill
wi h
a
o ea m
leng h
o
72-82
mm
(Rose ea ,
1965).
The
cha ac e is ic
ea u e
o
male
Bocage's
ui
ba s
is
he
colla
o
s i
coa se
hai s
on
he
h oa
and
sides
o
he
neck,
which
o ms
who ls
below
he
ea s.
I
is
dusky-o ange
in
colou
and
is
s icky,
sugges ing
ha
i
a ises
om
a
glandula
a ea
o
skin.
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
in
specimens
om
he
Sub egion
is
a
ich
b own,
wi h
he
unde
pa s
ligh e
in
shade
han
he
uppe ,
he
colla
in
he
males
o ange.
The
h oa
and
sides
o
he
neck
in
he
emales
a e
spa sely
hai ed.
Table
47.1
Fo ea m
and
skull
measu emen s
(mm)
o
a
se ies
o
ou
male
and
h ee
emale
specimens
o
Bocage's
ui
ba ,
R.
angolensis,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
F/a
TL
skull
83
43
Males
Range
81-84
42-44
84
43
Females
n
Range
3
82-87
3
42-46
Dis ibu ion
In
he
eas e n
pa
o
he
con inen
he e
a e
no
eco ds
o
his
species
be ween
no he n
Tanzania
and
eas e n
Zimbab-
we.
I
is
likely
howe e
ha
hey
do occu ,
i
only
coas ally,
whe e
he e
is
sui able
o es
habi a .
Thei
occu ence
in
he
wes e n
Vila
Pe y
Dis ic
o
Mozambique
sugges s
ha
hey
may
in
ime
be
aken
in
pa s
o
he
Dondo
and
Ama onga
o es s
u he
eas .
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
occu
om
Sie a
Leone
eas wa d
in
he
High
Fo es
Zone
o
Nige ia
and
om
hence
eas wa d
o
E hiopia;
sou he n
Sudan;
sou he n
Uganda
and
sou he n
Kenya.
Sou h
o
his
hey
ha e
been
aken
in
Came oun;
Gabon;
Congo
Republic;
Zai e
and
in
no he n
Angola
om
whence
a
Pongo
Andongo
(9°40'S
15°40'E)
he
ype
specimen
o
R.
angolensis
was
aken.
They
occu in
he
Mwinilunga
66
Dis ic
on
he
Zai e
bo de
in
Zambia
and
Ansell
(1978)
s a ed
ha
hey
may
also
occu
in
he
ex eme
no he n
pa s
o
he
coun y.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
ha e
been
eco ded
om
he
Eas e n
Dis ic s
o
Zimbabwe
in
he
Inyanga
and
Mu a e
dis ic s
and
sou h
o
Bi chenough
B idge
on
he
Sabi
Ri e
and
in
adjacen
pa s
o
Mozambique,
whe e
hey
ha e
been
aken
in
he
wes e n
Vila
Pe y
Dis ic .
These
popula ions
a e
a
sou h
o
he
gene al
limi s
o
hei
dis ibu ion.
Habi a
Like
he
Egyp ian
ui
ba
he
mo e
impo an
habi a
equi emen s
o
Bocage's
ui
ba
a e
he
a ailabili y
o
subs an ial
shel e 'in
he
o m
o
ca es o
hollow
ees
in
which
o
oos
du ing
he
day
and
a
plen i ul
ood
supply
in
he
o m
o
wild
ui s.
In
Wes
A ica
hey
occu in
he
High
Fo es
Zone
(Rose ea ,
1965)
and
hey
ha e
also
been
aken
in
galle y
o es s,
mon ane
and
lowland
o es
and
in
ga -
dens
in
esiden ial
a eas
(Mu a e,
Zimbabwe).
These
ypes
o
habi a
p o ide
he
necessa y
ood
supply
and
hey
can
ind
oos ing
places
in
hollow
ees
i
ca es
a e
no
a ailable
in
he
icini y.
Un o una ely
as
all
he
specimens
aken
in
he
Sub egion
o
da e
ha e
been
ne ed,
he e
is
no
in o ma-
ion
on
hei
oos ing
places.
In
Wes
A ica
hey
occu
om
sea
le el
o
o e
900
m
and
in
Eas
A ica,
on
Moun
Ruwenzo i,
o
1
800
m
(Rose ea ,
1965).
In
he
Sub egion
hey
appea
o
be
con ined
o
lowe
al i udes
o
up
o
1
200
m.
Habi s
While
no
in o ma ion
is
a ailable
om
he
Sub egion,
in
Wes
A ica,
Eisen au
&
Kno
(1957)
eco ded
ha
hese
ba s
hang
up
nea
he
en ance
o
ca es,
which
one
would
expec
in
a
species
ha
has
no
powe s
o
echoloca ion
o
na iga e
in
he
da k.
They a e
g ega ious,
occu ing
in
small
colonies
o
up
o
abou
six
oge he ,
and
in
he
case
o
he
Zimbabwe
specimens
om
Mu a e,
we e
associa ed
wi h
a
la ge
numbe s
o
Pe e s'
epaule ed
ui
ba s,
E.
c yp u us,
eeding
on
gua as
in
an
o cha d.
In
o he
pa s
o
eas e n
Zimbabwe
eigh
we e
ne ed
oge he
in
a
o es
clea ing.
In
Eas
A ica, Kingdon
(1974)
no ed
ha
hey
hang
ee
in
he
oos ing
places
and
assume
his
pos u e
immedia ely on
aligh ing
in
ees,
no
c awling a ound
among
he
b anches
like
he
s aw-colou ed
ui
ba ,
Eidolon
hel um,
o
he
Egyp ian
ui
ba ,
R.
aegyp iacus.
Food
In
Mu a e,
Zimbabwe
hey
we e
obse ed
o
ea
wild
igs,
Ficus
spp,
and
o cha d
ui s
such
as
gua as
and
mangoes.
Mangoes
appea ed
o
be
chewed
in
si u.
Kingdon
(1974)
s a ed
ha
hey
s u
hei
cheek
pouches
ull
o
ood
and
hen
ly
o
a
eeding
si e
o
ea
a
leisu e.
The
ood
is
manipula ed
by
one
oo
as
hey
hang
om
he
o he .
Fib ous
ma e ial
is
chewed
and
hen
disca ded.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
is
a ailable
om
he
Sub egion.
Kingdon
(1974)
in
Eas
A ica
obse ed
ha
he
s ickiness
o
he
colla
inc eased
and
dec eased
om
ime
o
ime,
and
hough
i
migh
be
due
o
glandula
sec e ion
connec ed
wi h
sexual
beha iou .
Eisen au
(1956)
in
Came oun
ound
ha
e-
males
o med
nu se ies.
Subo de
MICROCHIROPTERA
Insec -ea ing
ba s
In
he
Sub egion
he
Subo de
Mic ochi op e a
is
ep e-
sen ed
by
six
Families,
he
Emballonu idae,
he
shea h-
ailed
ba s;
he
Nyc e idae,
he
sli - aced
ba s;
he
Rhino-
lophidae,
he
ho seshoe
ba s;
he
Hipposide idae,
he
lea -
nosed
ba s;
he
Vespe ilionidae,
a
di e se
Family
which
includes
he
se o ines,
he
long-ea ed
ba s,
hai y
ba s
and
o he s and
he
Molossidae,
he
ee- ailed
ba s.
Collec i ely
65
species
occu
in
he
Sub egion.
These
a e
cha ac e ised
by
he
possession
o
a
single
claw
on
he
humb
o
he
o ea m
and,
excep
in
he
case
o
membe s
o
he
Family
Rhinolophidae,
a
agus
in
he
ea .
The
di e ences
in
he
oe al
memb anes
be ween
membe s
o
his
Subo de
and
he
Megachi op e a
as
poin ed
ou
by
Mossman
(1937)
ha e
been
men ioned
in
dealing
wi h
ha
Subo de .
The
Mic ochi op e a
ely,
when
i
is
o ally
da k,
on
echoloca ion
o
hei
o ien a ion,
many
o
hem
ha ing
complica ed
and
mos
delica e
s uc u es a ound
he
nose
which
play
a
pa
in
his
p ocess.
As
opposed
o
he
"clicks"
p oduced
by
he
ongue
o
he
only
ui
ba
ha
uses
echoloca ion,
he
Egyp ian
ui
ba ,
Rouse us
aegyp iacus,
he
"clicks"
in
he
Mic ochi op e a
o igina e
in
he
la ynx.
Fen on
(1975)
showed,
howe e ,
ha
some
o
he
Mic o-
chi op e a
ha
occu in
he
Sub egion,
including
he
com-
mon
sli - aced
ba ,
Nyc e is
hebaica,
ely
o
some
ex en
on
ision
o
o ien a ion
when
he e
is
adequa e
ligh .
Gene ally
classed
as
insec -ea e s,
he
Mic ochi op e a
include
species
ha
ea
ish,
ogs,
ui ,
bi ds,
d ink
blood
and
some
a e
cannibals.
Mos
o
hose
ha
occu
in
he
Sub egion
ea
insec s,
al hough
species
such
as
he
la ge
sli - aced
ba ,
Nyc e is
g andis,
ha e
been
known
o
ea
ish
and
ogs,
albei
his
is
a
depa u e
om
hei
no mal
insec
die .
We
ha e
no
blood-sucking
ba s
in
A ica,
hey
a e
ound
only
in
he
New
Wo ld.
67
a i ude.
Ansell
(1960a)
eco ded
hei
associa ion
wi h
ees
in
Zambia.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
In
Zambia,
Ansell
(1960a)
eco ded
a
ju enile
in
Janua y,
bu
he e
is
no
in o ma ion
a ailable
om
he
Sub egion.
No.
57
Tada ida
(Chae ephon)
bi i a a
(Heuglin,
i86i)
Spo ed
ee- ailed
ba
Ge lek e
loss e le muis
Colloquial
Name
So
called
om
he
iny
whi e
and
some imes
ba ely
dis in-
guishable
lecks
on
he
uppe
pa s
o
he
body.
Taxonomic
No es
No
subspecies
a e
ecognised.
Desc ip ion
They
a e
abou
100
mm
in
o al
leng h
wi h
a
ail
o
37
mm.
The
adul
males
ha e
a
mean
mass
o
15,4
g,
emales
14,6
g
(Table
57.1).
The
uppe
pa s
a e
da k
umbe -b own
and
ha e
a
a iable
pa e n
o
iny
whi e
lecks
o
sho
s ipes
on
he
sides
o
he
c own
o
he
head,
on
he
shoulde s
and
some imes
on
he
lanks.
The
unde
pa s
may
be
he
same
colou
as
he
uppe
pa s
o
may
be
inged
wi h
g ey.
The
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
a e
da k
b own.
Table
57.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
spo ed
ee- ailed
ba s,
T.
(C.J
bi i a a,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
105
10
102-108
105
21
100-111
T
37
10
34-40
37
21
34-40
H
c/u
11
10
11
10
21
9-11
E
22
10
21-23
21
21
20-22
F/a
47
10
45-47
46
21
43-47
Mass
15,4 10
13,5-16,7
14,6
21
13,1-17,0
Dis ibu ion
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
E i ea;
E hiopia;
he
sou heas e n
Sudan
sou hwa ds
o
Zambia. No
so
a
eco ded
om
Malawi
o
Mozambique, no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
six
widely
sca e ed
locali ies
in
Zimbabwe,
Bulawayo
ma king
i s
mos
sou he ly
known
limi
o
dis i-
bu ion
a
he
momen .
Habi a
A
sa anna
woodland
species,
occu ing
in
B achys egia
woodland
in
Zambia
and
Zimbabwe.
Habi s
A
g ega ious
species,
occu ing
in
small
numbe s,
no
usu-
ally
mo e
han
abou
six.
Roos s
du ing
he
day ucked
away
in
he
c e ices
o
ocks,
in
ca es
and
mine
sha s.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
a ailable
om
he
Sub egion.
No.
58
Tada ida
(Chae ephon)
chapini
(j.A.
Allen,
1917)
Pale
ee- ailed
ba
Bleek
loss e le muis
Colloquial
Name
So
called
because
o
hei
pale
body
colou
and
he
whi ish
wing
and
in e emo al memb anes.
Taxonomic No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
h ee
subspecies
om
he
con inen ,
T.
c.
chapini
om
Zai e
and
Uganda;
T.
c.
lancas e i
Hayman,
1938
om
Zambia
and
Angola,
and
T.
c.
sho idgei
(Thomas,
1926)
om
no he n
Namibia.
Desc ip ion
A
medium-sized
species
wi h
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
150
mm,
including
a
ail
o
jus
o e
30
mm.
The
uppe
pa s
a e
pale
cinnamon-b own,
he
hai
o -whi e
a
he
base,
he
Pla e
4
46.
Egyp ian
ui
ba ,
Rouse us
aegyp iacus
Egip iese
ug e le muis
55.
Angola
ee- ailed
ba ,
Tada ida
(Mops)
condylu a
Angola-loss e le muis
67.
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba ,
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii
Sch eibe s
se
g o le muis
71.
Temminck's
hai y
ba ,
Myo is
icolo
Temminck
se
langhaa le muis
75.
Banana
ba ,
Pipis ellus
nanus
Piesang le muis
86.
Cape
se o ine
ba ,
Ep esicus
capensis
Kaapse
dak le muis
90.
Schlie en's
ba ,
Nyc iceius
schlie enii
Schlie en
se
le muis
93.
Lesse
woolly
ba ,
Ke i oula
lanosa
Klein
wolhaa le muis
102.
Geo oy's
ho seshoe
ba ,
Rhinolophus
cli osus
Geo oy
se
saalneus le muis
112.
Sho -ea ed
iden
ba ,
Cloeo is
pe ci ali
D ie and-bladneus le muis
80

unde
pa s
g eyish-b own
wi h
a
whi ish
band
down
he
mid-belly
and
a
na ow
band
o
whi e
along
he
inge
o
he
wing
memb anes
nex
o
he
body,
unning
om
he
o ea m
o
he
hind
legs.
The
wing
memb anes
a e
whi e,
inged
yellow
nea
he
body,
and
be ween
he
o ea ms
and
he
legs
nea
he
body
a e
punc ua ed
wi h
iny
black
specks.
The
in e emo al
memb ane
is
da k
b own.
The
ea s
a e
joined
by
a
band
o
skin
ac oss
he
op
o
he
head
and
om
his
ises
a
c es
o
long
hai ,
12
mm
in
leng h,
he
basal
hal
o
he
hai
eddish-ches nu ,
he
emainde
whi e
(Fig.
58.1).
This
long
hai
lies
back
on
he
head,
eaching
he
base
o
he
ea s
on
ei he
side.
Jus
behind
he
base
o
his
c es
he hai
on
he
head is
whi e.
The
minu e
an e io
uppe
p emola s
lie
in
he
oo h ow;
he
an e io
lowe
p emola
is
smalle
han
he
pos e io .
Fig.
58.1.
Head:
Tada ida
chapini
Dis ibu ion
Too
ew
specimens
o
his
beau i ul
c es ed
ba
a e
known
om
oo
ew
locali ies
o
be
able
o
assess
he
limi s
o
hei
occu ence.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
no heas e n and
eas e n
Zai e;
Uganda;
sou he n
E hiopia;
no heas e n
Angola
and
no hwes e n
and
eas e n
Zambia.
Kingdon
(1974)
s a ed
ha
i
was
aken
in
Kenya,
bu
did
no
gi e
locali ies.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Known
only
om
no he n
Namibia,
no hwes e n
Zim-
babwe
and
no he n
Bo swana.
Habi a
Too
li le
in o ma ion
is
a ailable
o
allow
an
assessmen
o
he
habi a
in
which
hey
occu .
In
no heas e n
Zai e,
he
ype
locali y
o
he
species,
Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin
(1917)
obse ed
ha
he
wo
specimens
we e
aken
in
an
"open
dis ic "
(open
sa anna
woodland?)
and
no
in
he
o es .
One
specimen
was
caugh
in
a
house,
he
o he
aken
om
he
c op
o
a
ba
hawk,
Machei hamphus
alcinus.
In
Bo-
swana
and
Zimbabwe
hey
we e
aken
in
mopane
wood-
land.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Habi s
and
Rep oduc ion
Unknown.
No.
59
Tada ida
(Chae ephon)
pumila
(C e zschma ,
1830-1831)
Li le
ee- ailed
ba
Klein
loss e le muis
Colloquial
Name
The
smalles
o
he
molossids
ha
occu
in
he
Sub egion.
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
ea ed
he
name
pumila
in
i s
wides
possible
sense
as
he
ea lies
name
o
a
la ge
g oup
o
he
commones
A ican
molossid
ba s
whose
ela ionships
ha e
been
he
subjec
o
a ying
in e p e a ions.
They
poin
ou
ha
a emp s
a
subspeci ic
sepa a ion
based
on
colou
a e
p o i less.
As
he e
unde s ood
T.
pumila
includes
bo h
he
da k
and
whi e
winged
o ms,
he la e
p e iously
known
unde
he
name
T.
limba a.
Desc ip ion
The
smalles
o
he
ee- ailed
ba s
wi h
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
90
mm
including
he
ail
which
measu es
up
o
39
mm
(Table
59.1).
As
he
species
includes
bo h
he
da k
winged
and
ligh
winged
o ms,
he
colou
o
hese
small
ba s
can
a y
om
hose
ha
ha e
deep
blackish-b own
uppe
pa s,
he
unde pa s
sligh ly pale ,
o
hose
ha
a e
b owne
abo e
and
whose
sligh ly
pale
b own
unde
pa s
ha e
a
b oad
i egula ly
edged
band
o
whi e
om
he
anus
o
he
ches ,
his
cha ac e
coupled
wi h
ha ing
anslucen
whi e
wing
memb anes.
This
band
i sel
is
a iable
and
in
some
whi e-winged
specimens
is
absen
o
ba ely
disce n-
ible
as
a
na ow
whi e
line.
They
all
ha e
a
na ow
band
o
hai
on
he
wing
memb anes
om
he
o ea m
o
he
highs
which
a ies
in
colou
om
whi e
o
awny.
The
ounded
ea s
a e
la ge
o
he
size
o
hei
heads,
a e
connec ed
oge he
ac oss
he
op
o
he
head
by
a
band
o
skin
and
hei
ou e
edges
a e
olded
in
upon
he
ea s
gi ing
hem
a
clumsy
appea ance.
The
an i agus
is
la ge
and
ends
o
conceal
he
iny
agus
which
is
asymme ically
bilobed
a
he
ip
(Fig.
56.1.a).
83
Table
59.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
li le
ee- ailed
ba s,
T.
(C.)
pumila,
om
Bo swana
(Smi he s,
1971)
and
Zimba-
bwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
Bo swana
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
87
48
70-100
91 91
70-102
T
-
—
F/a
37
10
36-39
37
12
36-38
Mass
11,5
20
10,3-13,9
12,1
65
10,1-16,1
Zimbabwe
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
93
10
90-98
95
20
90-100
T
36
10
35-39
35
20
31-39
F/a
38
10
37-39
38
20
37-39
Mass
11,1
11
10,1-12,7
11,3
12
10,1-14,8
Mass
o
g a id
emales
Bo swana
Mass
13,6
Zimbabwe
Mass
12,5
n
Range
46
12,1-16,7
n
Range
19
11,2-15,1
Dis ibu ion
Ex alimi al
o
he
con inen
Reco ded
om
Yemen
in
sou hwes e n
A abia.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Gambia;
sou he n
Nige ;
Nige ia;
Chad;
sou heas e n
Sudan;
E hiopia;
E i ea;
Uganda;
Kenya;
Tan-
zania;
Congo
Republic;
Zai e;
Angola;
Zambia;
Malawi
and
Mozambique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
occu
h oughou
he
Oka ango
Del a
in
no he n
Bo swana,
sou h
o
Lake
Ngami;
no h
and
sou h
o
he
pla eau
in
Zimbabwe;
widely
in
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ;
in
he
eas e n
T ans aal,
Swaziland
and
no he n
Na al.
The e
appea s
o
be
a
b eak
in
hei
dis i-
bu ion
wes wa ds,
he
nex
eco ds
being
in
he
sou hwes
o
he
Cape
P o ince
and
no hwes wa ds
o
nea
Sp ingbok
in
Namaqualand.
Habi a
Al hough
appa en ly
no
occu ing
in
he
High
Fo es
Zone
o
Wes
A ica,
hey
occu
widely
in
he
Guinea
and
Sudan
sa annas
and
in
he
o es s
o
he
Congo
basin
in
Zai e
(Rose ea ,
1965).
Sou hwa ds
hey
a e
ound
in
sa anna
woodland
in
Zambia
and
in
d y
mopane
woodland
a
al i udes
o
less
han
1
000
m
in
Zimbabwe.
In
he
Cape
P o ince
hey
occu
in
he
moun ainous
a eas
in
he
Cape
Macchia
Zone
as
well
as
in
he
mo e
a id
open
coun y
u he
no h.
They
appea
o
be
ca holic
in
hei
choice
o
habi a .
In
Zimbabwe
hey
showed
a
clea
p e e ence
o
low eld
condi ions,
ne e
being
aken
on
he
pla eau
o e
he
1
000
m
le el.
Habi s
Li le
ee- ailed
ba s
a e
g ega ious,
occu ing
in
colonies
in
a ou able
a eas
in
hund eds
(T iangle,
Zimbabwe)
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979).
O he
colonies
o
100
o
150
a e
known
(Maun, Bo swana)
(Smi he s,
1971).
They
oos
du ing
he
day
ucked
away
in
c e ices
in
b ickwo k
unde
oo s,
be ween
he
a e s
and
he
co uga ed
i on
oo ing
shee s,
be ween
he
o e lap
o
he
shee s
o
in
any
o he
ype
o
c e ice
ha
p esen s
i sel .
Ve schu en
(1957)
ound
hem
in
Zai e
in
colonies
o
up
o
hal
a
dozen
in
c acks
in
ees,
he
en ances
o
which
we e
e y
na ow.
The
size
o
he
colony
may
well
depend
on
he
amoun
o
c e ice
space
a ailable.
They
appea
o
be
indi e en
o
high
empe a u es,
o
he
Maun
colony
li ed
in
a
badly
en i-
la ed
a ic
whe e
he
empe a u e
in
he
oom
unde nea h
eached
40
°C
and
was
ce ainly
highe
whe e
hey
we e
oos ing.
Abou
an
hou
be o e
lea ing
he
oos
he
colony
becomes
e y
es less,
indi iduals
squeaking
and
jockeying
o
posi ion
and
gene ally
being
e y
noisy.
Ve schu en
(1957)
no ed
ha
he
en ances
o
he
c e ices
in
ees
we e
h ough
small
c acks.
Bo h
in
he
T iangle
and
Maun
colonies
he
en ances
o
he
a ic
we e
h ough
e y
small
ape u es
be ween
he
co uga ed
i on
shee s
and
he
b ickwo k
which
allowed
only
one
o
wo
o
d op
in o
ligh
a
a
ime.
They
appea
o
o age
singly,
he e
being
nume ous
eco ds
o
soli a y
indi iduals
en e ing
houses.
A
he
Sa u i
swamp
in
Bo swana
hei
soli a y
o aging
habi s
we e
e y
no iceable.
Thei
ligh
is
as
and
e a ic,
making
hem
di icul
o
shoo
as
hey
lew
pas
abou
12
m
abo e
he
g ound
wi h
sudden
swoops
o
wi hin
3
m
o
i .
A
andom
sample
o
165
adul s,
aken
du ing
he
mon hs
o
Oc obe
o
Feb ua y
showed
a
sex
a io
o
45
males:
120
emales,
in
Augus
o
3
males:
12
emales
and
in
June
o
1
male:4
emales.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
In
no he n
Bo swana
g a id
emales
we e
aken
in
Augus
and
om
Oc obe
o
Feb ua y,
by
a
he
la ge
numbe
in
Decembe .
Many
hai less
young
we e
seen
in
he
colonies
a
Maun
in
Feb ua y,
some
clinging
o
hei
mo he s, o he s
on
hei
own
in
he
oos s.
This
indica es
ha
he
young
a e
bo n
du ing
he
wa m,
we
summe
mon hs
om
abou
Oc obe
o
Ma ch.
Van
de
Me we,
Rau enbach
&
Van
de
Coi
(1986)
showed
ha ,
in
he
T ans aal
Low eld,
he e
we e
h ee
peaks
o
pa u i ion:
in
ea ly
No embe , la e
Janua y
and
ea ly
Ap il.
The
ges a ion
pe iod
is
abou
60
days,
emales
gi ing
bi h
o
a
single
young
a
a
bi h,
wi h
a
bi h
mass
o
abou
3,2
g.
Females
become
sexually
ma u e
a
he
age
o
5-12
mon hs.
The
po en ial
o
ma u e
emales
o
p oduce
up
o
h ee
single ons
pe
summe ,
is
asc ibed
o
hei
abili y
o
unde go
pos -pa um
oes us
(Van
de
Me we,
Giddings
&
Rau en-
bach,
1987).
84
No.
64
Tada ida
(Chae ephon)
anso gei
(Thomas,
1913)
Anso ge's
ee- ailed
ba
Anso ge
se
loss e le muis
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
ou
locali ies
in
Zimbabwe,
one
on
he
Mozambique
bo de ,
which
sugges s
ha
hey
will
u n
up
he e
in
due
cou se;
he
K uge
Na ional
Pa k,
and
om
he
Mkuzi
Game
Rese e,
Na al.
Included
in
he
i s
edi ion
in
he
subgenus
Tada ida,
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
ollowed
F eeman
(1981)
who
showed
he
ela ionship
o
his
species
o
o he
subgenus
Chae e-
phon
species.
Fo
con enience
i s
o iginal
numbe
(No. 64)
is
e ained.
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
D .
W.J.
Anso ge,
a
collec o
o
zoological
specimens, who
collec ed
specimens
o
his
species
in
Malange,
no he n
Angola.
Taxonomic
No es
No
subspecies
ha e
been
desc ibed.
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971),
La gen,
Kock
&
Yalden
(1974)
and
Co be
&
Hill
(1980)
placed
his
species
in
he
subgenus
Tada ida,
a
ea men
ollowed
he e.
Koopman
(1975)
and
F eeman
(1981)
no ed
i s
ela ionship
wi h
T.
bi i a a
and
he
ex alimi al
T.
bemmeleni
and
placed
i
in
Chae ephon,
a
ea men
ollowed
by
Mees e
e
al.
(1986).
Desc ip ion
Anso ge's
ee- ailed
ba s
a e
a
small
species,
hei
o al
leng h
abou
106
mm
wi h
a
ail
36
mm
long
(Table
64.1).
The
uppe
pa s
o
he
body
a e
da k
umbe -b own,
he
op
o
he
head,
neck
and
h oa
da ke ,
almos
black,
and
con as ing
wi h
he
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s.
The
unde
pa s
a e
a
shade
ligh e
han
he
uppe
pa s.
The
wing
memb anes
a e
a
anslucen
ligh
b own,
he
ea s
la ge
and
ounded.
They
a e
e y
simila
o
he
Egyp ian
ee- ailed
ba
in
colou ,
bu
hey
a e smalle ,
a
ea u e
illus a ed
by
he
o al
leng h
o
he
skull
which
in
his
species
measu es
18-20
mm
in
leng h,
in
he
Egyp ian
ee- ailed
ba
19-21
mm.
The
b aincase
in
his
species
is
ele a ed,
while
i
is
la
in
he
Egyp ian
species.
In
his
species
he
canines
in
he
lowe
jaw
a e
almos
ouching
a
hei
bases,
whe eas
in
he
Egyp ian
species
hey
a e
widely
sepa a ed.
Table
64.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
o
wo
Anso ge's
ee- ailed
ba s,
T.
(C.J
anso gei
TL
T
H c/u
E
F/a
Male
102
36
—
20
43
Female
102
36
—
20
44
Habi a
As
his
species
usually
oos s
du ing
he
day
in
ock
cle s,
ca es
and
mine
adi s
he
a ailabili y
o
his
ype
o
shel e
may
well
be
a
p ima y
habi a
equi emen , in
addi ion
o
he
a ailabili y
o
a
plen i ul
ood
supply.
Habi s
Anso ge's
ee- ailed
ba ,
judging
om
he
commen s
o
Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin
(1917)
who
eco ded
a
colony
o
hund eds
in
a
pi ch
da k
ock
cle
in
no heas e n
Zai e,
is
a
g ega ious
species.
They
eco ded
how
he
people
he e
su oca e
he
ba s
in
hei
ocky
oos ing
place,
collec ing
baske uls
as
ood.
In
Zimbabwe
hey
oos ed
in
ca es
and
mine
adi s.
Like
o he
closely
ela ed
species,
hey
p oba-
bly
pack
igh ly
in o
c e ices,
which
is
sugges ed
by
Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin's
(1917)
obse a ions.
Thei
colony
had
been
in
esidence
o e
a
long
pe iod
as
he e
was
a
laye
o
d y
guano
on
he
loo
o e
0,3
m
hick.
This
colony
became e y
noisy
when
app oached,
indi iduals
squeak-
ing
and
jos ling.
Dis ibu ion
This
is
no
a
common
ba
anywhe e
in
i s
dis ibu ional
ange
and
many
o
he
appa en
blanks
in
i s
dis ibu ion
may
be
due
o
i s
no
ha ing
been
collec ed
so
a .
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Oku
Lake,
Came oun;
he
Cen al
A ican
Republic;
sou he n
Sudan;
E hiopia;
sou heas e n
and
no heas e n
Zai e;
Kenya;
wes e n
Uganda;
no heas e n
Tanzania;
Zambia
and
Malanje,
Angola,
he
ype
locali y.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
a ailable.
Subgenus
Tada ida
Ra inesque,
1814
In
membe s
o
his
subgenus
he
pala al
ema gina ion
is
deep
and
well
de eloped,
he
idging
on
he
uppe
pos e io
mola s
o ming
a
ull
W
pa e n
(Fig.
VII.4.a).
85
No.
60
Tada ida
(Tada ida)
loba a
(Thomas,
i89i)
Big-ea ed
ee- ailed
ba
G oo oo -loss e le muis
This
species
has
e y
la ge
ea s
which,
like
he
wing
memb anes,
a e
anslucen .
The
ea s
a ise
well
o wa d
on
he
os um
nea
he
nos ils.
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
is
cinnamon-b own
wi h
a
conspicuous
whi e
spo
on
he
shoulde s,
he
unde
pa s
bu y,
he
bu y
hai
ex ending
ma ginally
on o
he
wing
memb anes.
The
uppe
lips a e
plain,
no
w inkled.
Pe e son
(1974)
ema ked
ha
hey
appea
o
inhabi
a id
o
semi-a id
e ain.
So
a
his
species
is
only
known
om
some
23
specimens
om
ou
locali ies
in
Kenya
and
one
in
Zimbabwe.
O ig-
inally
i
was
aken
in
Tu kwell
in
no hwes e n
Kenya
and
un il
1970
emained
known
only
om
h ee
specimens,
he
i s
desc ibed
by
Thomas
in
1891,
he
second
which
was
collec ed
li e
in
a
house
in
Ha ield,
Ha a e,
Zimbabwe,
some
2
000
km
o
he
sou h,
and
he
hi d
om
he
Che an-
gami
Hills,
Kenya,
collec ed
by
he
Ox o d
Uni e si y
Expe-
di ion
in
1969.
Since
hen
a
specimen
was
collec ed
in
he
Kapengu ia
dis ic
o
Kenya
and
19
om
Maungu
Hill
in
sou heas e n
Kenya
(Pe e son,
1974).
While
he
appea ance
o
his
species
in
Zimbabwe
so
a
ou
o
i s
usual
ange
is
su p ising
and
may
be
a
na u al
phenomenon
in
a
species
which
is
a
as ,
high
lie ,
he
possibili y
o
i s
being
anspo ed
in
an
ai c a
canno
be
uled
ou .
Du ing
he
ime
i
was
aken
he e
we e
egula
ai
se ices
om
Nai obi
o Ha a e,
Zimbabwe,
and
as
i
is
a
species
ha
uses
subs an ial
co e
in
which
o
oos ,
i
could
ha e
made
use
o
he
shel e
o
an
ai c a
pa ked
a
nigh .
Wiles
&
Hill
(1986)
eco ded
he anspo
o
he
No h
Ame ican
small
b own
ba ,
Myo is
luci ugus,
o
Guam,
Ma iana
Islands,
a
dis ance
o
abou
10
000
km
by
ai .
The
anspo
o
ba s
by
ship
is
a
well-known
phenomenon,
species
eaching
New
Zealand
om
Japan,
om
Panama
o
he
Bass
S ai
o
sou heas e n
Aus alia,
and
om
Canada
o
Holland
(Vau e,
1982).
All
he
ecen
specimens
we e
sho
nea
wa e
and
he e-
o e
he e
is
no
in o ma ion
on
hei
oos ing places.
Pe e -
son
(1974)
sugges ed
ha ,
like
hei
nea es
ela i es,
T.
ulminans,
hey
p obably
used
ock
c e ices.
He
eco ded
ha
he
specimens
aken
a
he
Maungu
Hill
lew
high
o e
he
wa e
a e
da k,
only
h ee
o
ou
descending
wi hin
7
m
o
he
g ound. Thei
ligh
was
as
and
s aigh
and
while
lying
hey
u e ed
a
dis inc i e
single
o
double
no ed,
loud
squeak.
No.
61
Tada ida
(Tada ida)
en alis
(Heuglin,
i86i)
T ans aal
ee- ailed
ba
T ans aalse
loss e le muis
Only
16
specimens
o
his
species
a e
known.
The
o iginal
specimen
om
which
he
species
T.
a icana
(Dobson,
1876)
(T.
en alis)
was
desc ibed
came
om
he
T ans aal,
no
exac
locali y
being
gi en.
No
o he s
ha e
u ned
up
in
he
p o ince
since
ha
da e.
I
is
he
a es
o
he
A ican
molossids,
single
specimens
being
known
om
E hiopia;
eas e n
Zai e;
Kenya;
Malawi;
he
T ans aal
and
wo
locali ies
in
Mozambique;
i e
om
Ka i e
in
he
sou he n
Sudan
and
ou
om
he
Lake
Manya a
Na ional
Pa k
in
Tanzania (Table
61.1).
I
is
also
he
la ges
o
he
h ee
closely
ela ed
species
T.
en alis,
T.
loba a
and
T.
ulminans.
They
a e age
in
o al
leng h
140
mm,
wi h
a
o ea m
o
62
mm.
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
is
a iable.
In
he
ou
specimens
om
Tanzania examined
by
Ha ison
(1971),
h ee
we e
umbe -b own
wi h
a
dis inc
gloss,
he
unde
pa s
ligh e
b own
wi h
a
dis inc
median
whi e
s eak
o
a ying
wid h.
The
ou h
specimen
had
b igh
ul ous
uppe
pa s,
almos
o ange-b own,
he
unde
pa s
ul ous,
he
s eak
whi e
washed
wi h ul ous,
he
lanks
ligh e
in
shade.
This
colou
di e ence
was
no
ela ed
o
sex.
In
he
middle
o
he
h oa
hey
had
a
ci cula
u
o
hai
a ound
a
ba e
pa ch
o
skin,
which
may
be
glandula .
In
he
ul ous
specimen
hese
hai s
o med
a
bea d
and
we e
ash-g ey.
In
he
o he
h ee
specimens
hese
hai s
we e
whi e
a
he
base
wi h
pale
umbe -b own
ips.
The
colou
o
he
T ans aal
specimen
is
eddish-b own
on
he
uppe
pa s,
86
he
unde
pa s
ligh e
in
colou
and
b igh e .
The
wing
memb anes
a e
ligh
b own.
I s
measu emen s
(mm)
a e
as
ollows:
TL
T
H
c/u
E
147
61
12
25
Table
61.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
o a
se ies
o
ou
specimens
o
he
T ans aal
ee- ailed
ba ,
T.
(T.)
en alis,
om
Lake
Ma-
nya a
Na ional
Pa k,
Tanzania
(Ha ison,
1971)
I espec i e
o
sex
TL
X
n
Range
TL
140
4
137-152
T
55
4
53-63
H
c/u
12
4
11-13
E
20
4
18-24
F/a
62
4
61-65
Food
Insec i o ous.
Habi a ,
Habi s,
Rep oduc ion
Unknown.
No.
62
Tada ida
(Tada ida)
ulminans
(Thomas,
1903)
Madagasca
la ge
ee- ailed
ba
Madagaska se
g oo loss e le muis
Colloquial
name
O iginally
his
species
was
desc ibed
om
Fiana an soa,
Madagasca .
Taxonomic
No es
No
subspecies
a e
ecognised.
Dis ibu ion
Ex alimi al
o
he
con inen
Reco ded
om
eas e n
Madagasca .
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
no heas e n
Zai e;
Rwanda;
sou he n
Kenya;
no heas e n
Tanzania,
Malawi
and
no heas e n
and
sou hwes e n
Zambia.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
ou
locali ies
cen ed
on
Ha a e,
Zimbabwe,
and
one
locali y
in
he
Hwange
Na ional
Pa k
in
he
no h-
wes ;
and
in
he
T ans aal
om
Pa u i
in
he
no he n
sec o
o
he
K uge
Na ional
Pa k
(Pienaa ,
Joube ,
Hall-Ma in,
de
G aa
&
Rau enbach,
1987).
Madagasca
la ge
ee- ailed
ba s
a e
abou
150
mm
in
o al
leng h,
wi h
a
ail
abou
56
mm
long
and
a
mass
o
abou
33
g
(Table
62.1).
The
uppe
pa s
o
he
body
a y
in
colou
om
eddish-b own
o
da k
chocola e-b own.
Indi iduals
occu in
which
he
uppe
pa s
a e
eddish;
chocola e-
b own,
howe e ,
is
he
mo e
usual
colou .
The
unde
pa s
a e
simila
in
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
and
ha e
a
dis inc
median
whi e,
i egula ly
edged
band
om
he
anus
o
he
ches .
The
uppe
lips
a e
plain,
no
w inkled
as
in
he
Egyp ian
ee- ailed
ba .
The
skull
has
a
well
de eloped
sagi al
c es ,
he
an e io
uppe
p emola s
se
in
he
oo h ow,
bu
sligh ly
o
he
ou side
o
i .
The
an e io
lowe
p emola
is
only
abou
hal
he
heigh
o
he
pos e io p emola .
Table
62.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
a
se ies
o
six
male
and
eigh
emale
Madagasca
ee- ailed
ba s,
T.
(T.)
ulminans,
aken
in
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
Habi a
A
sa anna
woodland
species,
associa ed
in
E hiopia
wi h
moun ainous
coun y
and
p obably
mo e
dependen
on
ocky
e ain
han
on
he
ege a ional
associa ion,
as
hey
equi e
ock
c e ices
o
oos
in
du ing
he
day.
The
speci-
mens
om
Zimbabwe
we e
all
aken
om
a eas
o
g ani e
hills
in
he
sa anna
woodland
zone.
Habi s
Madagasca
la ge
ee- ailed
ba s
a e
g ega ious,
bu
ne e
occu in
colonies
o
mo e
han
abou
20.
In
he
Chikupo
ca es,
Zimbabwe,
a
colony
packed
in o
a
c ack
in
he
g ani e,
he
opening
o
which
was
some
7
o
8
m
abo e
he
loo
and
si ua ed
a
he
en ance.
This
allowed
hem
a
ee
all
in
aking
o
ligh .
They
le
he
oos ing
place
a
sundown,
e u ning
be o e
i s
ligh
in
he
mo ning.
Thei
ligh
was
as
and
di ec
and
hey
appea ed
o
be
high
lie s.
Males
Females
TL
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
147
6
145-150
143
8
138-150
T 56
6
54-59
55
8
53-57
H
c/u
13
6
12-15
13
8
11-14
E
24
6
22-25
24
8
22-25
F/a
60
6
59-61
59
8
58-60
Mass
32,3
5
31,2-34,1
33,1
8
25,7-39,0
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
Six
g a id
emales
we e
aken
a
he
Chikupo
ca es,
Zimba-
bwe,
in
Oc obe ,
each
ca ying
a
single
oe us.
87
No.
63
Tada ida
(Tada ida)
aegyp iaca
(E.
Geo oy,
1818)
Egyp ian
ee- ailed
ba
Egip iese
loss e le muis
Pla e
5
Colloquial
Name
The
o iginal
specimens
we e
collec ed
in
Egyp
du ing
he
Napoleonic
wa s
by
Geo oy,
who
se ed
unde
Napoleon.
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
wo
subspecies,
T.
a.
aegyp iaca
om
Alge ia
and
Egyp
and
mainly
on
he
eas e n
pa s
o
he
con inen
o
he
Cape
and
T.
a
bocagei
(Seab a,
1900)
om
he
cen al
and
wes e n
egions.
T.
a.
bocagei
is
sligh ly
smalle
and
da ke
han
T.
a.
aegyp iaca.
Desc ip ion
Egyp ian
ee- ailed
ba s
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
110
mm,
ails
38
mm
long
and
a
mass
o
abou
15
g
(Table
63.1).
The
uppe
pa s
a e
da k
soo y-b own,
he
op
o
he
head
and
back
o
he
neck
da ke
s ill,
nea ly
black.
The
unde
pa s
a e
gene ally
he
same
colou
as
he
uppe
pa s,
o
hey
may
be
a
shade
ligh e .
In
some
indi iduals
he
h oa
is
bu y,
he
mid-belly
o -whi e,
he
lanks
inged
g ey
o
awny.
The
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
a e
a
anslucen
ligh
b own,
he
u
o
he
unde
pa s
sp eading
hickly
bu
na owly
on
o
he
wing
memb anes
whe e
i
is
gene ally
he
same
colou
as
ha
on
he
unde
pa s,
bu
in
some
cases
ligh e
and
in
excep ional
cases
whi e.
The
ounded
ea s
a e
se
closely
oge he
on
he
op
o
he
head,
he
ea
agus
la ge
han
in
he
subgene a
Chae ephon
o
Mops
and
no
concealed
by
he
an i agus.
The
b aincase
is
b oad
and
la ,
ending
o
be
dep essed
in
he
middle.
I
has
no
sagi al
c es
and
he e
is
no
no iceable
sup aoccipi al
c es .
The
pala al
ema gina ion
is
la ge
and
eaches
back
o
he
le el
o
he
canines.
The
an e io
uppe
p emola s
a e
minu e
and
lie
in
he
oo h ow,
he
pos e io
p emola
la ge.
The
idge
pa e n
on
he
mola
is
a
ull
de elopmen
o
he
W-pa e n
(Fig.
VII.4.a).
Table
63.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
Egyp ian
ee- ailed
ba s,
T.
(T.)
aegyp iaca,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
Males
x
n
TL
112
11
T
38
11
H
c/u
10
11
E
21
11
F/a
48
10
Mass
14.9
11
Dis ibu ion
Al hough
locally
Egyp ian
ee- ailed
ba s
can
be
e y
nu-
me ous,
eco ds
o
hei occu ence
in
some
coun ies
such
as
Angola
and
Zambia
a e
es ic ed
o
a
e y
limi ed
ange
o
locali ies.
The e
emain
la ge
a eas
in
he
Sub egion
om
which
hey
ha e
no
been
aken,
such
as
pa s
o
he
T ans aal
and
Bo swana,
bu
he e
is
no
good
eason
o
explain
his,
excep
lack
o
collec ing.
Ex alimi al
o
he
con inen
Reco ded
om
sou hwes e n
A abia
and
India.
No h
A ica
Reco ded
om
Alge ia
and
Egyp ,
ex ending
o
he
coas
o
he
Medi e anean.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
The e
is
a
single
eco d
om
cen al
Nige ia,
eas
o
which
hey
occu
in
he
cen al
and
sou heas e n
pa s
o
he
Sudan;
E hiopia;
E i ea;
Somalia;
no heas e n
Zai e;
Uganda;
Kenya
and
in
no heas e n
Tanzania.
The e
ap-
pea s
o
be
a
b eak
in
dis ibu ion
sou h,
he
nex
eco ds
being
om
eas e n
Zambia,
on
he
Malawi
bo de ,
and
om
he
sou h
o
he
coun y.
They
occu
in
cen al
and
sou he n
Angola.
The e
a e
no
eco ds
a
he
momen
om
sou he n
Tanzania,
no heas e n
Mozambique
o
Malawi.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
occu
widely
h oughou
he
whole
o
he
Sub egion.
Habi a
In
he
sou he n
pa s
o
hei
dis ibu ional
ange
hey
occu
in
all
he
ege a ional
associa ions
a ailable,
exclud-
ing
o es .
They
do
occu ,
howe e ,
on
o es
inges
and
can
be
as
locally
common
in
such
a eas
as
hey
a e
in
he
a id
sc ub
sa anna
o
he
sou he n
pa s
o
Bo swana
o
on
he
open
g assland
o
he
Makgadikgadi
Pan
and
Lake
Ngami.
In
he
mo e
a id
a eas
in
Bo swana
he e
was
a
no iceable
associa ion
o
his
species
wi h
wa e
holes,
e en
wi h
bo eholes
and
ese oi s.
A
Tshane
in
sou hwes e n
Bo-
swana
he
bo ehole
was
he
only
wa e
a ailable
on
a
yea
ound
basis.
He e
hey
came
o
sip
wa e
om
he
su ace
o
he
ound
ese oi ,
6
m
in
diame e .
When
he
wa e
d opped
a
me e
hey
we e
able
o
each
he
wa e
su ace,
bu
unable
o
pull
ou
a
he
o he
side
and
a
la ge
se ies
was
collec ed
as
a
esul .
In
d y
coun y
hey
we e
ne ed
equen ly
o e
empo a y
pools.
They
may
be
dependen
on
wa e
in
a id
a eas,
no
only
as
a
sou ce
o
mois u e,
bu
o
he
iche
insec
li e
associa ed
wi h
i .
Habi s
Egyp ian
ee- ailed
ba s
a e
g ega ious,
occu ing
in
col-
onies
numbe ed
in
dozens.
They
oos
du ing
he
day
in
ca es,
ock
c e ices,
unde
ock
ex olia ion,
in
hollow
ees
and
behind
he
ba k
o
dead
ees.
Sho idge
(1934)
s a ed
ha
in
Namibia
he
colonies
can
numbe
in
hund eds,
and
He selman
(1980)
eco ded
se e al
colonies
numbe ing
in
hund eds
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
In
Zimbabwe,
W igh
(in
li .) epo ed
ha
in
he
Pesu
Ri e
go ge
hey
oos ed
in
nea ly
e ical
c acks
in
he
ock,
15
mm
o
20
mm
wide,
packed
in
igh ly.
This
colony
was
loca ed
by
he
noisy
squeaking
o
i s
membe s.
In
wes e n
Zimbabwe
hey
we e
Females
Range
X
n
Range
106-115
111
16
105-118
33-40
39
16
35-43
9-11
10
16
8-12
19-22
20
16
18-22
48-54
48
16
46-52
13,8-17.3
15.6
16
13,8-18.1
88
aken
om
hollow
ees
by
smoking
hem
ou .
They
will
also
oos
in
he
a ics
o
houses,
in
c e ices
in
he
b ick
o
in
any
o he
ype
o
c e ice
a ailable.
Whe e
hey
a e
ound
in
ca es
hey
seek
c e ices
and
c annies
in
he
ock
in
which
o
oos .
Colonies
ha e
a
e y
s ong
smell.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
In
he
T ans aal,
Rau enbach
(1982)
ook
g a id
emales
in
Sep embe ,
Oc obe
and
Decembe ;
Smi he s
&
Wilson
(1979),
in
Zimbabwe,
a
emale
wi h
a
single
oe us
in
No em-
be
and
lac a ing
emales
in
Decembe ;
and
W igh
(pe s.
comm.)
eco ded
lac a ing
emales
wi h
young
in
no he n
Bo swana
in
Decembe .
In
he
Cape
P o ince,
He selman
(1980)
eco ded
hea ily
p egnan
emales
in
se e al
locali ies
in
No embe .
These
da a
indica e
ha
he
young
a e
bo n
du ing
he
wa m,
we
summe
mon hs.
Appa en ly
ma e ni y
colonies
a e
es ablished
as
He selman
(1980)
ound
all
emale
colonies
in
No embe
in
wo
locali ies.
No.
64
Tada ida
(Tada ida)
anso gei
(Thomas,
1913)
Anso ge's
ee- ailed
ba
Anso ge
se
loss e le muis
F eeman
(1981)
showed
ha
his
species
is
be e
placed
in
he
subgenus
Chae ephon
and
he e o e
i
is
ans e ed
o
ollow
T.
(Chae ephon)
pumila
(No.
59),
o
con enience
e aining
i s
o iginal
numbe
(No. 64)
VIII.
Family
VESPERTILIONIDAE
Vespe
ba s
This
is
by
a
he
la ges
Family
o
he
insec -ea ing
ba s
and
he
mos
di e se.
In
he
Sub egion
h ee
Sub amilies
a e
ecognised,
comp ising
10
gene a
and
29
species
and
including
a
ange
o
woolly,
long- inge ed,
se o ine,
long-
ea ed,
hai y,
house
and
o he
o ms,
making
i
di icul
o
apply
a
gene al
colloquial
name
ha
is
applicable
o
all
membe s.
Rose ea
(1965)
uses
he
name
Vespe
ba s,
bo owing
i
om
he
name
o
he
Family
which
is
de i ed
om
he
La in
o
a
ba ,
espe ilio
which
seems
app op i-
a e.
Membe s
o
he
amily
occu
h oughou
he
wo ld,
excep
in
he
A c ic
and
An a c ic
egions,
whe e
he e
is
insu ic-
ien
insec
li e
o
suppo
hem.
Because
o
hei
di e si y
and
he
ac
ha
many
o
he
species
can
only
be
ecognised
by
examina ion
o
hei
den al
and
c anial
cha ac e s,
i
is
impossible
o
p esen
a
key
ha
can
be
used
in
he
ield
o
dis inguish
hem.
The
head
is
de oid
o
noselea es,
he
nos ils
ci cula
o
c escen -shaped
(Fig.
VIII.1).
The
ea s
a e
sepa a ed
widely
wi h
ai ly
conspicuous
agi
a ying
in
shape
acco ding
o
he
species in ol ed.
Thei
ails
a e
long,
he
e eb ae
enclosed
wi hin
he
in e emo al
memb ane
which
is
suppo ed
on
ei he
side
by
a
calcaneum
which
a ises
om
he
ankle.
Fig.
VIII.
1.
Head
o
Ep esicus
capensis
In
he
Sub amily
Ke i oulinae
he
u
is
e ec
and
izzy,
he
ends
o
he hai
cu led;
in
mos
o
he
o he
species
he
hai
is
adp essed
o
he
body.
The
wings
a y
in
shape
om
he
long
poin ed
o m
ound
in
he
Miniop e inae
o
o he s
in
which
hey
a e
mo e
ounded.
In
all
o
hem
he
second
inge
has
a
me aca pal
and
one
phalanx.
The e
a e
no
cha ac e s
by
which
a
Vespe ilionid
skull
can
be
ecognised,
he e
being
g ea
di e si y
wi hin
he
Family.
E en
he
den i ion
is
a iable,
he
numbe
o
ee h
a ying
acco ding
o
he
genus
om
30
o
38.
Some
gene a,
o
example
Nyc iceius,
Sco ophilus
and
Sco oecus
ha e
one
inciso
in
he
uppe
jaw
while
he
emainde
ha e
wo
and.
al hough
he
oo h
cha ac e s
a e
used
in
dis inguishing
he
gene a,
hey
a e
e y
a iable.
In
he
genus
Ep esicus
he e
a e
no
i s
uppe
p emola s
(Fig.
VIII.2);
in
Pipis ellus
on
he
o he
hand
hey
a e
p esen
(Fig.
VIII.3),
a
cha ac e
used
o
di e en ia e
be ween
he
wo
gene a.
Howe e ,
specimens
o
Ep esicus
a e
known
ha
possess
his
oo h
on
one
side
only
and
Pipis ellus
ha
lack
i
o
in
which
i
is
p esen
again
on
one
side
only.
Au ho i ies
a e
ag eed,
howe e ,
ha
i
is
con enien
o
e ain
he
wo
gene a
(Elle man
&
Mo ison-Sco ,
1951;
Rose ea ,
1965).
Key
o
he
Sub amilies
(Mees e
e
al.,
1986)
1.
Second
phalanx
o
hi d
digi
abou
h ee
imes
as
long
as
i s ;
b aincase high
and
ounded
. . .
MINIOPTERINAE
Second
phalanx
o
hi d
digi
no
especially
elonga ed
2.
Ea s
no
unnel-shaped,
wi hou
deep
ema gina ion
be-
low
ip;
agus
sho
and
b oad
o
long
and
na ow,
bu
no
sha ply
poin ed;
b aincase
no
pa icula ly
high
and
ounded
.
. .
VESPERTILIONINAE
Ea s
unnel-shaped,
wi h
deep
ema gina ion
below
ip;
agus
long,
na ow,
sha ply
poin ed;
b aincase
high
and
ounded
. . .
KERIVOULINAE
Fig.
VIII.2.
Uppe
oo h ow
o
Ep esicus
capensis,
wi h
one
uppe
p emola
(a)
and
no
an e io
uppe
p emola .
89
Fig.
VIII.3.
Uppe
oo h ow
o
Pipis eDus
nanus
o
show small
an e io
uppe
p emola
(a),
be ween
canine and
pos e io p emola .
Sub amily
MINIOPTERINAE
Genus
Miniop e us
Bonapa e,
1837
Supe icially
mos
membe s
o
his
genus
appea
e y
much
alike
bu
he e
is
a
wide
size
ange
which
has
in
he
pas
led
o
he
desc ip ion
o
o e
a
dozen
species.
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
ecognised
only
ou
species,
h ee
o
which
occu
in
he
Sub egion.
These
h ee
species
ha e
o e lapping
o e-
a m
leng hs
and
hey
canno
be
sepa a ed
on
his
basis
alone,
as
is
possible
in
o he
gene a
o
ba s.
The
mean
leng h
o
he
skull
in
ac
emains
he
only
c i e ion
by
which
sepa a ion
is
possible
a
his
junc u e.
Fu he
s udy
may
well
show
ha
i
is
only
possible
o
ecognise
wo
species,
a
la ge
and
a
small,
hese
being
ound
occu ing
oge he
in
pa s
o
hei
ange
(Hayman
&
Hill,
1971).
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba ,
M.
sch eibe sii,
which
is
e y
common
in
pa s
o
he
Sub egion,
has
a
e y
wide
dis ibu ion
om
he
Cape
P o ince
o
Mo occo
and
ex-
alimi ally
in
Eu ope,
Asia,
in
he
Aus alasian
egion
and
in
Madagasca .
In
all
membe s
o
he
genus
he
b aincase
ises
ab up ly
om
he
os um,
as
in
he
genus
Ke i oula
om
which
hey
can
be
dis inguished,
because
in
Miniop e us
he e
a e
wo
no mal-sized
p emola s
and
a
hi d
iny
es igial
p emola
on
ei he
side
o
he
uppe
jaw
compa ed
wi h
Ke i oula
which
has
h ee
no mal
sized
p emola s.
In
addi ion,
in
Miniop e us
he
wo
an e io
lowe
p emola s
a e
much
smalle
han
he
hi d
compa ed
wi h
Ke i oula
in
which
hey
a e
all
app oxima ely
equal
in
size.
(See
Ke i oula
Fig.
93.1).
The
den al
o mula
is
I
Q
P§
M|
=
38
Van
de
Me we
(1985a)
eco ded
he
p esence
o
a
iny,
es igial
oo h
lying
be ween
he
uppe
canine
and
he
ollowing
p emola
on
ei he
side
o
he
jaw
in
all
h ee
species
o
Miniop e us.
He
belie ed
his
o
be
P2
and
ha
he e o e
he
p emola
ollowing
i
should
be
P3
and
no
P2
as
eco ded
by
Mille
(1907).
The
lowe
inciso s
a e
i id,
he
an e io
uppe
p emola
much
smalle
han
he
pos e io ,
which
exceeds
he
mola s
in
heigh .
Key
o
he
species
a e
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
1.
Size
la ge ,
o ea m
45-50
mm;
skull
leng h
16
mm
and
mo e
...
in la us
Size
smalle ,
o ea m
42-47
mm;
skull
leng h
c.
14-15
mm
...
2
2.
Fo ea m
42-44
mm;
skull
leng h
c.
14
mm;
colou
b ownish
black
and/o
usse
. . .
a e culus
Fo ea m
42-47
mm;
skull
leng h
c.
15
mm;
colou
sla y-
black
...
sch eibe sii
No.
65
Miniop e us
in la us
Thomas,
1903
G ea e
long- inge ed
ba
G oo
g o le muis
Colloquial
Name
The
la ges
o
he
h ee
species
o
long- inge ed
ba s
occu -
ing
in
he
Sub egion.
Taxonomic
No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
lis ed
wo
subspecies
om
he
con i-
nen ,
only
one
o
which
occu s
in
he
Sub egion,
M.
i.
u/us
Sanbo n,
1936
which
has
a
ma ginal
dis ibu ion
in
he
no heas .
Desc ip ion
As
he
name
implies
his
is
he
la ges
o
he h ee
species
o
long- inge ed
ba s
ha
a e
ound
in
he
Sub egion.
In
a e -
age
measu emen s
o
o al
leng h
hey
a e
in
ac
he
same
size
as
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba
(Table
65.1),
bu
when
he
leng hs
o
he
o ea ms,
hei
masses
and
in
pa icula
he
leng hs
o
hei
skulls
a e
conside ed,
he
size
di e ence
is
no iceable.
This
species
has
a
o al
skull
leng h
o
16
mm
o
mo e,
Sch eibe s'
abou
15
mm
and
he
lesse
abou
14
mm.
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
is
deep
chocola e
o
soo y-
b own,
a
li le
ligh e
on
he
unde
pa s.-Like
o he
membe s
o
he
genus,
he
wings
a e
long
and
poin ed,
he
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
e y
da k
b own,
almos
black.
Thei
ea s
a e
small
wi h
ounded
ips,
he
ea
agus
long
and
pa allel-sided
wi h
a
ound
ip
and
sligh ly
expanded
a
he
base
o
he
ou e
edge
(Fig.
65.1).
Fig.
65.1.
Ea
agus
o
Miniop e us
in la us
In
he
skull
he
b aincase
ises
ab up ly
om
he
os um
as
in
Ke i oula,
bu
can
be
dis inguished
om
membe s
o
his
genus
as
Miniop e us
has
only
wo
p emola s
in
he
uppe
jaw
as
compa ed
wi h
Ke i oula
which
has
h ee.
They
ha e
h ee
in
he
lowe
jaw,
he
wo
an e io
ones
smalle
han
he
hi d,
whe eas
in
Ke i oula
hey
a e
all
abou
he
same
size.
The
lowe
inciso s
a e
i id,
he
ou e
one
indis inc ly
so.
The
an e io
uppe
p emola
is
much
smalle
han
he
pos e io
one,
which
is
alle
han
he
mola s.
The
den al
o mula
is
I
Cy
P
M§
=
38
90
Table
65.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
g ea e
long- inge ed
ba s,
M.
in la us,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
I espec i e
o
sex
X
n
Range
TL
112
4
111-116
T
56
4
56
H
c/u
11
4
10-11
E
12
4
11-12
F/a
47
4
45-48
Mass
14,7
4
12,5-16,8
Skull
TL
16
4
16
Dis ibu ion
Ve y
ew
eco ds
o
he
g ea e
long- inge ed
ba
a e
a ail-
able
and
hese
a e
so
sca e ed
ha
i
is
impossible
a
he
momen
o
assess
hei
dis ibu ional
limi s.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
a ailable.
No.
66
Miniop e us
a e culus
Thomas
&
Schwann,
1906
Lesse
long- inge ed
ba
Klein
g o le muis
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Came oun;
Gabon;
E hiopia;
sou he n
So-
malia;
Kenya;
wes e n
and
eas e n
Zai e;
Uganda
and
om
Kilwa
Island,
Lake
Mwe u,
Zambia.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Mu a e
and
he
Zimbabwe
Na ional
Monu-
men ,
Zimbabwe,
whe e
in
bo h
locali ies
hey
we e
aken
in
associa ion
wi h
M.
sch eibe sii.
Habi a
The
a ailabili y
o
ca es o
mine
adi s
and
a
plen i ul
ood
supply
a e
p obably
he
mo e
impo an
habi a
equi e-
men s
o
his
species;
he
ype
o
ege a ional
associa ion
less
impo an .
Habi s
P ac ically
no hing
is
known
o
he
habi s
o
his
species.
Whe e
i
occu s
wi h
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba ,
M.
sch eibe sii,
in
he
Sub egion
i
does
so
in
e y
small
numbe s.
Hanging
in
a
ca e
wi h
M.
sch eibe sii,
he
size
di e ence is
no
no iceable
and
i
is
only
when
he
skulls
a e
examined
ha
his
becomes
appa en .
Colloquial
Name
The
smalles
o
he h ee
species
o
long- inge ed
ba s
ha
occu in
he
Sub egion.
Taxonomic
No es
No
subspecies
ha e
been
desc ibed.
Desc ip ion
Abou
90
mm
in
o al
leng h
wi h
a
ail
o
abou
50
mm,
he
lesse
long- inge ed
ba ,
as
he
name
implies,
is
smalle
han
he
commone
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba ,
M.
sch eibe sii
(Table
66.1).
Thei
uppe
pa s
a e
a
ich
usse -b own,
he
hai
so
and
woolly,
he
op
o
he
head
ending
o
be
sligh ly
da ke
han
he
back.
The
unde
pa s
a e
a
ich
ligh
b own,
da ke
on
he
h oa .
The
wings
a e
long
and poin ed
wi h
black
memb anes,
he
in e emo al
memb ane
ans-
lucen
da k
b own.
The
ligh
b own
hai
o
he
unde
pa s
ex ends
spa sely
on o
he
wing
memb anes
be ween
he
elbow
and
he
highs.
The
ea s
a e
small
o
hei
size,
s ongly
cu ed
on
hei
inne
edges,
he
ips
blun ly
poin ed.
Table
66.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
o
a
male
and
emale
lesse
long-
inge ed
ba ,
M.
a e culus,
om
he
T ans aal
(Rau en-
bach,
1982)
Male
TL
T
H c/u
E
F/a
98
48
8
8
42
Female
99
52
8
8
42
Dis ibu ion
Wi h
he
excep ion
o
eco ds
om
sou he n
Kenya
and
sou he n
Malawi,
all
he
o he
known
eco ds
o
da e
a e
om
he
Sub egion.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Mu a e,
Zimbabwe;
25
km
sou hwes
o
Co ane,
Inhambane
Dis ic ,
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ;
he
Ba be on
Dis ic ,
T ans aal;
om
he
Na al
midlands,
and
om
locali ies
in
he
sou he n
and
eas e n
pa s
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
Habi a
Dependen
on
he
shel e
o
ca es
o
mine
adi s
and
a
plen i ul
ood
supply,
hese
ac o s
may
ank
as
hei
p in-
cipal
habi a
equi emen s.
Habi s
Like
M.
sch eibe sii
and
M.
in la us
his
is
a
ca e
dwelling
species
which
occu s,
like
M.
in la us,
alongside
M.
sch eibe sii,
in
small
numbe s.
No hing
is
known
o
i s
habi s.
Food
Insec i o ous.
91

Rep oduc ion
Be na d
(1980a)
showed
ha
in
Na al
copula ion
and
o u-
la ion
ook
place
abou
mid-May
o
he
beginning
o
June.
This
was
ollowed
by
a
pe iod
o
delayed
implan a ion
o
he
emb yo
o
some
wo
and
a
hal
mon hs,
pa u i ion
occu ing
in
Decembe .
The
emales
ca ied
a
single
oe us
in
he
igh
u e ine
ho n
(Be na d,
1980b).
Table
67.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
Sch eibe s'
long-
inge ed
ba s,
M.
sch eibe sii,
om
he
T ans aal
(Rau en-
bach,
1982)
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
112
54
102-128
109
39
93-118
T
53
55
46-60
52
41
46-58
H
c/u
10
55
8-11
10
35
8-11
E
11
56
8-13
11
38
9-12
F/a
45
25
42-48
45
12
44-47
Mass
10,1
33
6,0-13,0
10,2
19
7,8-12,6
Dis ibu ion
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba
has
ex alimi ally
o
he
con-
inen
a
e y
wide
dis ibu ion
ex ending
eas wa ds
om
Eu ope
h ough
India
and
he
Fa
Eas
sou hwa ds
h ough
Malaya
o
no he n
and
eas e n
Aus alia.
Be ween
he
Eu opean
and
wes e n
No h
A ican
popula ions
he e
is
a
b eak
in
hei
dis ibu ion
sou hwa ds,
occu ing
again
om
Came oun
and
E hiopia
sou h
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
Ex alimi al
o
he
con inen
Reco ded
om
Spain
and
F ance
eas wa ds
o
Tu key
and
sou h
o
Is ael
and
om
he e
h ough
sou he n
Asia;
India
and
S i
Lanka
eas
o
Malaya
and
no h
o
Japan
and
sou h
o
no he n
and
eas e n
Aus alia.
No h
A ica
Reco ded
om
Mo occo;
Alge ia
and
Tunisia.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Came oun;
Cen al
A ican
Republic;
sou h-
e n
Sudan;
E hiopia;
no heas e n,
sou heas e n
and
sou h-
e n
Zai e;
Rwanda;
Uganda;
sou heas e n
Kenya;
pa s
o
Tanzania;
Mozambique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ;
Malawi; Zambia
and
Angola.
No.
67
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii
(Kuhl,
1819)
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba
Sch eibe s
se
g o le muis
Pla e
4
Sou he n
A ican Sub egion
They
occu
in
no he n
Namibia,
abou
as
a
sou h
as
Gobabis;
in
no he n,
eas e n
and
pa s
o
sou he n
Bo-
swana:
h oughou
Zimbabwe
and
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ;
in
pa s
o
he
T ans aal;
in
Na al
and
he
O ange
F ee
S a e.
In
he
Cape
P o ince
hey
occu
Taxonomic
No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
included
all
he
ma e ial
om
he
Sub egion
in
M.
s.
na alensis
(A.
Smi h.
1833).
Desc ip ion
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba s
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
some
110
mm,
wi h
ails
o
abou
50
mm
and
a
mean
mass
o
10
g
(Table
67.1).
The
uppe
pa s
a e
e y
da k
b own,
he
unde
pa s
sligh ly
ligh e ,
especially
owa ds
he
lowe
belly.
The
wings
a e
long
and
poin ed,
he
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
e y
da k
b own,
nea ly
black.
The
ea s
a e
small
o
he
size
o
he
body
and
ha e
ounded
ends.
The
shape
o
he
skull
is
ypical
o
membe s
o
his
genus
(Fig.
67.1).
Fig.
67.1.
Skull
o
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii
92
widely
excep
in
he
cen al
and
in
pa s
o
he
no h
o
he
p o ince.
Habi a
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba s
a e
ca e
dwelle s
and
he
a ailabili y
o
ca es
o
o he
simila
subs an ial
shel e
such
as
mine
adi s
a e
an
essen ial
habi a
equi emen .
These
and
a
plen i ul
ood
supply
may
well
go e n
hei
occu ence,
o
o he wise
hey
a e
ound
in
a
wide
ange
o
ege a ional
associa ions
and
in
a eas
wi h
a
mean
annual
ain all
as
low
as
300
mm
o
o e
1
000
mm.
The
ma e ni y
ca es
in
which
he
emales
gi e
bi h
mus
p o ide
he
co ec
condi ions
o
empe a u e
(Van
de
Me we,
1973c),
and
he
a ailabili y
o
such
ca es
mus
be
an
impo an
habi a
equi emen .
Dwye
(1966)
showed
ha
sui able
ma e ni y
ca es
could
a ac
emales
om
an
a ea
wi h
a
adius
o
up
o
300
km.
He selman
(1980)
showed
ha
in
he
Cape
P o ince
banded
indi iduals
mo ed
up
o
dis ances
o
250
km
o
si es
o
win e
hibe na ion.
Habi s
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba s a e
g ega ious.
In
a
s udy
in
he
T ans aal,
Van
de
Me we
(1975)
ound
ha
mo emen s
in ol e
bo h
long
dis ance
seasonal
mig a ions
as
well
as
local
in e -ca e n
mo emen s.
Annual
mig a ions
ake
place
be ween
ca es
si ua ed
on
he
sou he n
T ans aal
High eld
and
ca es
si ua ed
in
he
no he n
T ans aal
bush eld.
These
long
dis ance
mig a-
ions
occu
du ing
he
pe iods
la e
win e
and
sp ing,
o
mo emen
owa ds
he
bush eld
ca es,
and
la e
summe
mig a ions
o
mo emen
owa ds
he
High eld
ca es
(Van
de
Me we,
1975).
These
long
dis ance
mig a ions
ange
o e
150
km
and
a e
unde aken
by
p egnan
emales
en
ou e
o
ma e ni y
ca es
si ua ed
in
he
no he n
T ans aal
bush-
eld.
La e
he
same
emales
and
hei
weaned
young
e u n
o
ca es
in
he
sou he n
T ans aal
High eld
whe e
ma ing
and
hibe na ing
colonies
a e
o med.
Females
om
a ious
High-
eld
ca es,
and
pe haps
u he
a ield,
agg ega e
in
he
same
ma e ni y
ca es
yea
a e
yea
o
gi e
bi h
and
aise
hei
young.
In
some
o
he
ma e ni y
ca es
he
numbe
o
adul
emales
alone
is
mo e
han
100
000
(Van
de
Me we,
1973a;
1978).
These
no h-bound
mig a ions
s a
a
he
end
o
July
(Van
de
Me we,
1973a;
1978)
when
he
hibe na ion
pe iod
comes
o
an
end
and
he
hibe na ing
colonies
s a
b eaking
up.
Females
do
no
necessa ily
mig a e
di ec ly
o
he
ma e ni y
ca es
bu ,
in
some
cases,
make
use
o
p e-ma e ni y
ca es
in
he
no he n
T ans aal
bush eld
whe e
hey
s ay
empo-
a ily
un il
he
u ge
o
gi e
bi h
d i es
hem
o
he
ma e ni y
ca es
(Van
de
Me we,
1973a).
Many
emales,
howe e ,
do
no
mig a e
immedia ely
a e
b eaking
up
o
he
hibe na ion
colonies,
bu
s ay
on
in
some
High eld
ca es
e en
as
la e
as
No embe
be o e
mig a ing
di ec ly
o
he
ma e ni y
ca es
(Van
de
Me we,
1975).
A
his
s age
(No embe )
many
ju eniles
ha e
al eady
been
bo n
in
he
ma e ni y
ca es
(Van
de
Me we,
1975).
Many
males
also
unde ake
his
mig a ion wi h
he
e-
males.
Some
o
hem,
howe e ,
mig a e
di ec ly
o
he
ma e ni y
ca es
o
be
he e
well
in
ad ance
o
he
emales.
The
as
majo i y
o
hem
do
no
s ay
long
a
he
ma e ni y
ca es,
bu
s a
lea ing
hem
as
he e
is
an
inc eased
in lux
o
p egnan
emales.
Mo emen s
o
he
males
a e
lea ing
he
ma e ni y
ca es
a e
somewha
obscu e.
They
may
ei he
s ay
in
some
o he ,
s ill
unknown,
bush eld
ca es,
o
mo e
possibly
mig a e
di ec ly
back
o
he
High eld
whe e
hey
s ay
in
bachelo
g oups,
awai ing
he
e u n
o
he
emales
owa ds
la e
summe .
Many
males,
howe e ,
do
no
seem
o mig a e
long
dis ances
a
all,
bu
s ay
on
in
he
High eld
ca es
a e
he
hibe na ing
colonies
ha e
b oken
up
(Van
de
Me we,
1975).
The
absence
o
males
in
he
ma e ni y
ca es
is
mos
p obably
o
a oid
any
o m
o
compe i ion
wi h
he
ull- e m
o
lac a ing
emales,
especially
compe i ion
o
ood,
as
hese
emales
ha e
a
e y
high
me abolic
a e
du ing
ha
s age.
On
he
sou he n
T ans aal
High eld
local
in e -ca e n
mo emen s
a e
common,
e en
du ing
win e
when
hey
a e
supposed
o
be
in
hibe na ion
(Van
de
Me we,
1973a;
1975).
Hibe na ion
has
been
ound
no
o
be
a
con inuous
pe iod
o
o pidi y,
bu
is
cha ac e ised
by
much
ac i i y
such
as
in a
and
in e -ca e n
mo emen s
(Van
de
Me we,
1973a;
No on
&
Van
de
Me we,
1978).
Du ing
pe iods
o
o pidi y,
howe e ,
hese
ba s
can
be
handled wi h
ease
o
pe iods
o
mo e
han
20
minu es
be o e
hey
will
s a
waking
up.
Much
o
hese
ac i i ies
du ing
he
hibe na ion
pe iod
may
be
a ibu ed
o
he
ela i ely
high
ca e
empe a-
u es
p e ailing
in
some
o
he
High eld
ca es
du ing
he
win e
mon hs
(No on
&
Van
de
Me we,
1978).
In
some
o
hese
High eld
ca es
hei
numbe s
a y
om
a
ew
indi-
iduals
up
o
an
es ima ed
numbe
o
4
000
(Van
de
Me we,
1973a).
Du ing
he
day
hey
oos
in
ca es
and
mine
adi s
whe e
o al
da kness
p e ails.
They
ha e
been
eco ded
om
e ical
mine
sha s
and
in
he
oo s
o
houses
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979).
Robe s
(1951)
s a ed
ha
hey
will
also
oos
in
c e ices
in
ocks
and
ees.
They
hang
om
he
ceilings
o
ca es
in
igh ly
packed
clus e s,
using
hei
hind
claws
o
ancho age.
They
may
also
use
he
walls
and
hen
he
claws
o
bo h
ee
and
humbs
a e
used
o
secu e
a
hold.
Clus e
o ma ion
s a s
when
a
ew
indi iduals
land
on
all
ou s
on
he
ceiling,
holding
wi h
he
claws
o
bo h
ee
and
humbs.
They
clambe
a ound
un il
a
sui able
ancho age
is
ound
o
he
claws
on
he
ee ,
hen
d op
in o
he
hanging
posi ion
wi h
he
head
down.
New
a i als
agg ega e
a ound
hem
causing
he
clus e
o
expand
apidly.
La e
a i als
may
land
on
he
middle
o
he
g owing
clus e
in
an
a emp
o
secu e
a
oo hold
on
he
ceiling.
They
use
he
claws
o
bo h
ee
and
humbs
o
cling
o
he
heads
and
shoulde s
o
o he
indi iduals
in
he
clus e s
un il
a
oo hold
is
ound,
o
hey
may
c awl
o e
he
heads
and
shoulde s
o
hose
al eady
hanging
owa ds
he
pe ime e
whe e
hey
can
secu e
a
posi ion.
When
landing
on
he
walls,
hey
do
so
wi h
hei
heads
upwa ds,
hen
u n
a ound
un il
he
head
is
down
and
c awl
a ound
un il
a
secu e
hold
is
ound.
Occasionally
indi id-
uals
use
c e ices,
c awling
in o
hem
backwa ds,
o he s
ollowing,
un il
he
c e ice
is
ull
o
ba s
(Van
de
Me we,
1973b).
In
disbanding
o
he
clus e s
he
indi iduals
on
he
ou side
end
o
ake
o
ligh
i s ,
wo king
owa ds
he
cen e.
In
la ge
clus e s
howe e ,
some
o
he
indi iduals
in
he
cen e
may
w iggle
loose,
lea ing
a
gap,
om
he
edges
o
which
indi iduals
de ach
hemsel es.
Sch eibe s'
long- inge ed
ba s
a e
ex emely
as
lie s,
hei
long,
poin ed
wings
adap ed
o
his
pu pose.
They
end
o
ly
high,
swooping
in
he
ai like
swallows.
When
hey
hang
in
he
oos ing
places,
he
long,
ape ing
ends
o
he
wings
old
back,
he
ail
and
i s
in e emo al memb ane
olling
up
agains
hei
bellies.
In
he
ca es
hey
hang
in
closely
packed
clus e s,
es i-
ma ed
a
densi ies
o
up
o
2
800
indi iduals/m2
(No on
&
Van
de
Me we,
1978).
The
win e s
can
be
e y
cold
on
he
T ans aal
High eld,
and
Twen e
(1955a)
pos ula ed
ha
hibe na ing
ba s
in
empe a e
egions
mus
oos
in
cool
places
in o de
o
keep
hei
body
me abolism
a
a
su icien ly
low
le el
o
p e en
o e -u ilisa ion
o
hei
a
esou ces
be o e
he
onse
o
he
nex
a ou able
eeding
season.
Con e sely
du ing
hei
eeding
season,
when
insec
li e
is
plen i ul,
as
i
is
in
he
T ans aal
du ing
he
summe
mon hs
om
abou
Sep embe
o
Ma ch,
hey
mus
oos
up
in
places
wa m
enough
o
diges ion
and
assimila ion
o
p oceed.
Van
de
Me we
(1973c),
a e
s udy
o
he
empe a u e
and
humidi y
in
a
ca e
used
o
hibe na ion,
came
o
he
conclusion
ha
low
empe a u e
was
he
deciding
ac o
in
i s
choice.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
In
he
T ans aal,
Rau enbach
(1982)
ound
g a id
emales
in
Oc obe
and
No embe .
Smi he s
&
Wilson
(1979)
eco ded
hem
in
Sep embe
and
Oc obe
in
Zimbabwe,
and
He sel-
man
(1980)
in
he
Cape
P o ince
in
Oc obe .
The
emales
93
no mally p oduce
one
young
a
bi h,
bu
He selman
(1980)
ound
one
emale,
ou
o
150
examined,
ca ying
wins.
The
pa e n
o
ep oduc ion
is
simila
o
ha
o
empe -
a e
zone
Miniop e us
in
ha
o ula ion
and
e ilisa ion
ollow
immedia ely
upon
copula ion
in
he
au umn,
and
nei he
sex
s o es
spe m
o
p olonged
pe iods
(Van
de
Me we,
1980).
The
emales
en e
hibe na ion
al eady
p eg-
nan ,
wi h
he
blas ocys
lying
una ached
in
he
igh
u e ine
ho n
(Van
de
Me we,
1980).
On
he
T ans aal
High eld,
Van
de
Me we
(1979)
ound
ha
ma ing
akes
place
in
mixed
clus e s
o
males
and
emales
du ing
la e
summe
and
au umn.
O ula ions
and
concep ions
peak
owa ds
he
end
o
Ma ch
and
e mina e
owa ds
he
end
o
Ap il.
,
,
,
Copula ion
and
e ilisa ion
a e
ollowed
by
a
long
ges a-
ion
pe iod
o
eigh
mon hs,
wi h
he
peak
o
bi hs
du ing
he
las
hal
o
No embe
e mina ing
owa ds
mid
Decem-
be
(Van
de
Me we,
1979).
A e
e ilisa ion
he
concep us
only
de elops
as
a
as
he
bilamina
blas ocys
s age
and
hen
shows
no
conspicuous
de elopmen
o
ou
mon hs
while
lying
una ached
in
he
igh
u e ine
ho n
(Van
de
Me we,
1979,
1980).
This
pe iod
o
delayed
implan a ion
o e laps
o
some
ex en
wi h
he
win e hibe na ion
pe iod
(Van
de
Me we,
1980).
Implan a ions
occu
du ing
he
win e
wi h
a
peak
owa ds
he
end
o
July
when
he
hibe na ion
pe iod
no mally
comes
o
an
end
(Van
de
Me we,
1979).
Fo
he nex
ou
mon hs
emb yonic
and
oe al
de elopmen
occu
du ing
which
ime
he
oe uses
each
an
a e age
mass
o
2,7
g
a
bi h
(Van
de
Me we,
1979).
,
,
.
A
bi h
he
ju eniles
a e
pink,
he
only
signs
o
pigmen-
a ion
being
a
ain
colo a ion
a ound
he
os um
whe e
he e
a e
a
ew
ain
ib issae.
The
ea s
a e
ully
e ec
and
he
eyes
closed.
The
milk
ee h
a e
sha p
and
he
humbs
and
hind
ee
well
de eloped.
The
ee
and
humbs
a e
e y
impo an
as
he
emales
deposi
hei
young
on
he
oo
only
a
ew
hou s
a e
being
bo n
and
hey
a e
especially
dependen
on
hei
hind
ee
o
a achmen
(Van
de
Me we,
1978).
A e
bi h
he
ju eniles emain
a ached
o
hei
mo he s
o
only
a
ew
hou s,
a e
which
hey
a e
placed
in
a
sepa a e
ju enile
clus e .
No mally
a
mo e
secluded
place
wi hin
a
ma e ni y
ca e
is
selec ed
o
se e
as
he
ma e ni y
chambe .
This
phenomenon
is
o
p omo e
high
and
s able
empe a u es
wi hin
he
chambe ,
which
is
impo an
o
maximum
g ow h
o
he
ju eniles.
In
hese
chambe s
he
adul
emales
con ol
he
empe a u e
by
hanging
a
a ious
dis ances
om
he
ju eniles.
When
he
empe a u e
d ops
oo
low,
hey
will
hang nea e
o
he
ju eniles,
some imes
closely
su ounding
hem,
and
when
he
empe a u e
inc eases
oo
much,
hey
will
mo e
away.
When
he
ju eniles
a e
olde
and
mo e
ac i e
hey
gene a e
mo e
hea
hemsel es,
which
may
esul
in
he
emales
hanging
on
he
ou side
o
he
chambe
o
p e en
i
om
o e hea ing
(Van
de
Me we,
1978).
Ma e ni y
colonies
b eak
up
owa ds
he
end
o
he
summe
and
he
emales
and
weaned
young
s a
mig a ing
back
o
ca es
on
he
sou he n
T ans aal
High eld
whe e
ma ing
and
hibe na ing
colonies
a e o med
(Van
de
Me we,
1975).
Sub amily
VESPERTILIONINAE
Key
o
he
gene a,
a e
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
1.
Six
uppe ,
six
lowe
cheek ee h
on
each
side
...
Myo is
Fewe
han
six
uppe
and
six
lowe
cheek ee h
.
.
•
2
2.
Fi e
uppe ,
i e
lowe
cheek ee h;
ea s
no
leng hened,
wo
uppe
inciso s
on
each
side;
wing
wi h
i h
inge
no
sho ened;
ea s no
joined
a
base
...
Pipis ellus
Fou
uppe ,
i e
lowe
cheek ee h;
ea s
no ably
leng h-
ened
only
in
excep ional
cases
...
J
3.
Two
uppe
inciso s
on
each
side
One
uppe
inciso
on
each
side
...
6
4.
Ros um
e y
sho
and
b oad;
b aincase
e y
high,
mo e
han
wo- hi ds
o
condylobasal
leng h;
lowe
lip
wi h
lobe
a
pos e io
angle;
equen ly
wi h
body
pa e n
o
spo s
and/o
s ipes,
o
conspicuous
e icula ion
o
wing
memb anes
..
.
Chalinolobus
Ros um
no
sho ened;
b aincase
no
ele a ed;
no
body
o
wing
pa e n
. .
•
)
5.
Ea s
18
mm
o
mo e,
abou
hal
leng h
o
o ea m
..
.
Laepho is
Ea s
less
han
18
mm,
much
less
han
hal
leng h
o
o ea m
„
..
.
Ep esicus
6
Size
la ge ,
o ea m
no
less
han
46
mm;
i s
and
second
uppe
mola s
wi h
W-pa e n
obsolescen ;
agus
long
and
ape ing
.
.
.
bco ophilus
Size
smalle ,
o ea m
less
han
46
mm;
i s
and
second
uppe
mola s
wi h
no mal
W-pa e n; agus
ei he
sickle-shaped
o
sho
and
b oad
^
7.
Skull
wi h
os um
no
b oadened;
pala al
ema gina ion
na ow;
an e io
lowe
p emola
abou
hal
he
c own
a ea
o
he
nex
p emola ;
uppe
canines
wi h
ounded
an e io
su ace;
agus
hal moon-shaped;
penis
no
en-
la ged;
o ea m
29-33
mm
...
Nyc iceius
Skull
wi h
os um
no ably
b oadened,
pa icula ly
ac oss
lach ymals;
pala al
ema gina ion
b oade ;
lowe
p emola s
equal
in
c own
a ea;
uppe
canines
wi h
b oad,
la
an e io
ace;
agus
sho
and
b oad;
penis
g ea ly
leng hened;
o ea m
28-38
mm
. . .
Sco oecus
Genus
Myo is
Kaup,
1829
The
gene ic
name
is
de i ed
om
he
G eek
os
o is
an
ea ,
and
mys
a
mouse,
e e ing
o
hei
la ge
ea s.
Membe s
o
his
genus
can
be
sepa a ed
om
o he
es-
pe ilionids
by
he
elonga ed
muzzle,
he
ich
coppe y- ed
colou
o
he
body,
he
so
u ,
which
s ands
ou
om
he
body
and
he
cha ac e is ic
shape
o
he
ea
agus.
In
he
skull
he
b aincase
ises
om
he
elonga ed
muzzle
in
a
a he
e en
slope
and
hey
ha e
h ee
p emola s
in
bo h
he
uppe
and
lowe
jaws
(Fig.
72.1).
The
den al
o mula
is
I
C
P|
M
=
38
he
g ea
numbe
o
ee h
accoun ing
o
he
elonga ed
muzzle.
The
uppe
wo
inciso s
a e
bi id,
he
lowe
inciso s
i id.
The
skull
has
no
sagi al
o
sup aoccipi al
c es s.
Key
o
he
species
a e
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
(Measu emen s
in
mm)
1.
Size
la ge ,
o ea m
o e
52
...
welwi schii
Size
smalle ,
o ea m
52
o
less
...
2
2.
Wings
wi h
glands;
i s
wo
uppe
p emola s
g ea ly
educed
and
closely
c owded
oge he
la e ally
...
3
Wings
wi hou
glands;
i s
wo
uppe
p emola s
no
g ea ly
educed,
no
c owded
oge he
la e ally
(Fig.
72.1)
3.
Size
smalle ,
o ea m
32,5-32,9;
uppe
pa s
dull
d ab
...
seab ai
Size
la ge ,
o ea m
34,5;
uppe
pa s
honey-yellow
...
lesueu i
94
4.
Size
la ge ,
o ea m
47-52
.
.
.
icolo
Size
smalle ,
o ea m
less
han
47
. . .
bocagei
No.
68
Myo is
welwi schii
(G ay,
1866)
Welwi sch's
hai y
ba
Welwi sch
se
langhaa le muis
Pla e
5
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
Welwi sch,
an
Aus ian
bo anis ,
who made
ex ensi e
collec ions
in
Angola.
Taxonomic
No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
did
no
ecognise
any
subspecies.
Desc ip ion
Welwi sch's
hai y
ba
is
abou
120
mm
in
o al
leng h,
wi h
a
ail
abou
60
mm
and
a
mass
o
14,0
g
(Table
68.1).
I
is
he
la ges
o
he
ou
species
ha
occu in
he
Sub egion.
As
in
he
o he
species
o
Myo is,
he hai
s ands
e ec
gi ing
i a
hai y
look
om
which
he
colloquial
name
o igina es.
The
uppe pa s
a e
a
pale
coppe y- ed,
e y
simila
o
M.
icolo ,
bu
i
any hing,
a
shade
da ke .
The
indi idual
hai s a e
black
a
he
base
and
b oadly
ipped
wi h
coppe y-
ed.
The
op
o
he
head
and
neck
end
o
be
pale
in
colou
han
he
emainde
o
he
body.
The
unde
pa s
a e
whi ish,
inged
wi h
coppe y- ed.
The
skin
o e
he
bones
o
he
wings
is
ligh
eddish-
b own,
he
memb anes
da k,
nea ly
black,
and
a e
e icu-
la ed
wi h
a
p o use
se ies
o
ain
whi e
lines,
and
wi h
a
ew
iny
yellow
spo s
be ween
he
o ea m
and
he
i h
digi .
The
in e emo al
memb ane
is
coppe y- ed
wi h
a
spa se
coa ing
o
hai
nea
he
body
and
p o usely
co e ed
wi h
a
se ies
o
small,
i egula ly
shaped
black
do s.
The
ea s
a e
la ge
wi h
ounded
poin s
and
a e
coppe y- ed
in
colou
wi h
na ow
black
edges.
Table
68.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
Welwi sch's
hai y
ba ,
M.
welwi schii,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
I espec i e
o
sex
TL
X
n
Range
TL
119
7
105-127
T
58
7
52-63
H
c/u
13
7
11-15
E
21
6
19-22
F/a
55
6
52-58
Mass
14,1
6
12,0-16,5
Dis ibu ion
Reco ds
o
his
species
a e
oo
ew
and
sca e ed
o
allow
an
unde s anding
o
he
limi s
wi hin
which
hey
may
occu .
The
o iginal
specimen
om
which
he
species
was
de-
sc ibed
is
labelled
"Angola",
wi hou
u he
de ails
o
he
locali y
om
which
i
o igina ed.
I
was
aken,
howe e ,
in
his
coun y
by
Hayman
(1963).
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
he
Ulu ugu
Moun ains
and
om
he
eas
and
sou hwes
o
Tanzania;
om
sou heas e n
and no heas e n
Zai e;
Kenya; E hiopia;
cen al
Angola;
no hwes e n
Zam-
bia
and
he
Sou he n P o ince
o
Malawi.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Mashonaland
and
he
Eas e n
Dis ic s
o
Zimbabwe;
pa s
o
he
cen al
and
eas e n
T ans aal;
and
he
O ange
F ee
S a e.
Habi a
A
sa anna
woodland
species.
Habi s
A
soli a y
species
ha
has
been
aken
oos ing
du ing
he
day
hanging
in
bushes
and
ees
(Rau enbach,
1982;
Smi h-
e s
&
Wilson,
1979).
They
en e
houses
a
nigh
when
o aging.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
a ailable.
No.
69
Myo is
seab ai
(Thomas,
1912)
Angola
hai y
ba
Angola-langhaa le muis
Colloquial
Name
So
called
as
he
o iginal
specimen
o igina ed
om
Mossa-
medes
on
he
sou hwes e n
coas
o
Angola.
Taxonomic No es
No
subspecies
ha e
been
desc ibed.
Desc ip ion
M.
seab ai
and
M.
lesueu i
a e
e y
simila ,
M.
seab ai,
howe e ,
being
sligh ly
smalle
wi h
a
o ea m
leng h
o
32,5
o
32,9
mm
as
opposed
o
ha
o
M.
lesueu i
a
34,5
mm.
M.
seab ai
is,
in
addi ion,
da ke
in
colou ,
a
dull
d ab
wi h
a
inge
o
yellow,
he
base
o
he
hai s
a
pale
sla e-g ey.
Too
ew
specimens
o
ei he
species
a e
a ailable
o
p ope ly
95
assess
any
a ia ion
in
cha ac e s
o
ac o s
which
migh
assis
in
sepa a ing
hese
wo
closely
allied
species.
Dis ibu ion
Angola
Only
known in
Angola
om
he
ype
locali y
Mossamedes
in
he
sou hwes .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Be seba
in
Namibia
and
om
h ee
locali ies
in
he
no hwes e n
Cape
P o ince,
namely
Goodhouse
on
he
O ange
Ri e ,
S eye sk aal,
Goegab
and
eas
and
sou h
o
his
(He selman,
1980).
Habi a
Too
li le
in o ma ion
is
a ailable
o
allow
an
assessmen
o
he
habi a
equi emen s
o
his
species.
All
he
locali ies
om
which
i
has
been
aken
lie
in
a eas
wi h
a
mean
annual
ain all
o
less
han
100
mm.
Mossamedes
is
a
coas al
own
lying
in
dese
su oundings,
Goodhouse
a
se lemen
on
he
O ange
Ri e
wi h
i iga ed
ci us
o cha ds
and
i e ine
associa ions,
and
he
o he
locali ies
all
lying
in
a id
e ain.
Habi s
Sho idge
(1934)
collec ed
wo
a
Be seba,
Namibia,
lying
a ound
a
chu ch,
and
he
suspec ed
ha
hey
oos ed
in
he
s eeple
du ing
he
day.
Robe s
(1951)
s a ed
ha
hei
ligh
was
no
so
s ong
o
e a ic
as
he
Cape
se o ine
ba ,
E.
capensis,
and
on
eme ging
in
he
e ening,
hey
had
a
compa a i ely
s eady,
di ec
ligh .
He
obse ed
ha
as
dusk
descended
hey
ci cled
low
a ound
ees
and
bushes,
a
Goodhouse
a ound
o ange
ees,
snapping
insec s
om
he
lea es.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
a ailable.
No.
70
Myo is
lesueu i
(Robe s,
1919)
Lesueu 's
hai y
ba
Lesueu
se
langhaa le muis
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
J.S.
le
Sueu
o
L'O ma ins
in
he
Paa l
Dis ic ,
Cape
P o ince,
who
eco e ed
he
o iginal
specimen
om
his
ca .
Taxonomic
No es
The
wo
species
M.
lesueu i
and
M.
seab ai
a e
di e en ia ed
pu ely
on
a
ma e
o
size,
M.
lesueu i
being
he
la ge
o
he
wo,
wi h
a
o ea m
leng h
o
34,5
mm
agains
ha
o
M.
seab ai
a
32,5
o
32,9
mm.
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
ques ioned
he
s a us
o
his
species,
no ing
ha
he e
has
been
some
doub
as
o
whe he
i
possesses
wing
glands.
He selman
&
No on
(1985)
showed
ha
some
indi iduals
had
a
gland
on
one
o
o he
o
he
wings,
whe eas
in
o he s
i
was
absen .
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
bo h
species
on
he
basis
o
di e ence
in
size.
Desc ip ion
Lesueu 's
hai y
ba s
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
some
90
mm
and
ails
43
mm
in
leng h.
The
uppe
pa s
a e
honey-yellow
in
colou ,
he
unde
pa s
much
pale ,
a
pale
yellowish-whi e.
The
head is
pale
like
he
unde
pa s,
he
ace
b own.
The
indi idual
hai s
on
he
body
a e
black
a
he
base.
The
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
a e
da k
b own.
The
wo
spe-
cies
M.
lesueu i
and
M.
seab ai
a e
so
alike
ha
hey
can
only
be
dis inguished
on size,
he
bes
c i e ion
being
he
leng h
o
he
o ea m
(see
Taxonomic
no es).
Dis ibu ion
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Con ined
in
hei
dis ibu ion
o
pa s
o
he
sou hwes e n
Cape
P o ince
whe e
hey
occu
om
he
icini y
o
F ansch-
hoek
no h
o
Ci usdal
and
no heas
o
Beau o
Wes
and
Mazels on ein
in
he
G ea
Ka oo.
He selman
(1980)
in
spi e
o
he
sca ci y
o
his
species,
belie ed
ha
in
ime
hey
will
be
shown
o
occu
mo e
widely
in
he
Cape
P o ince.
-
a
/
V
N
-9
/
U-
_
<*•
;?
w
Y
J
^
TTT
V/M
)
/
TTTT
9
_
V
M
Ol/
/ /
S iSd^W Tll
96
Food
Insec i o ous.
Habi a ,
Habi s
and
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
is
a ailable
as
he
majo i y
o
he
specimens
ha e
ei he
been
apped
o
picked
up
dead.
No.
71
Myo is
icolo
(Temminck,
1832)
Temminck's
hai y
ba
Temminck
se
langhaa le muis
Pla e
4
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
C.J.
Temminck
who
was
he
au ho
o
he
Monog aphies
de
Mammalogie
(1827)
and
whose
name
is
pe pe ua ed
in
ha
o
he
pangolin,
Manis
emminckii.
Taxonomic
No es
No
subspecies
a e
ecognised.
Desc ip ion
Temminck
s
hai y
ba s
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
100
mm
wi h
a
ail
abou
hal
his
leng h.
The
uppe
pa s
a e
a
pale
coppe y-b own,
he
indi idual
hai s
na owly
ligh
g ey
a
hei
bases,
hen
b oadly
pale
bu
wi h
coppe y-b own
ips.
The
unde
pa s
a e
ligh e
in
colou ,
pale
b own
washed
ain ly
wi h
coppe y-b own.
The
wing
memb anes
a e
da k
b own,
he
in e emo al
memb ane
wi h
a
dense
co e ing
o
coppe y-b own
hai ,
nea
he
body
naked
owa ds
he
hind
ma gin.
The
ea s
ha e
ounded
ips
and
a e
b own
in
colou .
Dis ibu ion
All
eco ds
o
da e,
wi h
he
excep ion
o
he
single
eco d
om
wes e n
Zai e
(Hayman,
Misonne
&
Ve heyen,
1966)
indica e
an
eas e ly
dis ibu ion
on
he
con inen
om
wes e n
E hiopia,
om
whe e
he e
a e
a
numbe
o
eco ds,
o
he
sou hwes e n
Cape
P o ince
whe e
i
has
been
aken
in
a
numbe
o
locali ies.
I
is
no ,
howe e ,
well
ep esen ed
om
he
in e ening
a eas,
eco ds
being
ew
and
sca e ed.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
ha e
been
aken
in
wes e n
E hiopia;
in
Kenya;
Uganda;
Zai e;
Zambia;
Malawi,
bu
a e
no
eco ded
om
Tanzania
o
he
no heas e n
pa s
o
Mozambique,
bu
p obably
do
occu .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
occu
in eas e n
Zimbabwe
and
adjacen
pa s
o
Mozambique
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
in
pa s
o
he
T ans aal,
O ange
F ee
S a e,
Na al
and
T anskei
and
in
he
sou he n
and
sou hwes e n
pa s
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
No
so
a
eco ded
om
Leso ho,
bu
may
well
occu .
Habi a
They
occu
p edominan ly
in
sa anna
woodland,
bu
pen-
e a e
in o d ie ,
mo e
open
e ain
in
he
sou he n
pa s
o
hei
ange.
Thei
occu ence
is
p obably
go e ned
mo e
by
he
a ailabili y
o
ca es
and
mine
adi s,
in
which
o
oos
du ing
he
day,
han
he
ege a ional
associa ions
in
which
hey
a e
ound.
Habi s
A
g ega ious
species,
occu ing
in
colonies
numbe ing
doz-
ens,
oos ing
du ing
he
day
in
ca es
and
mine
adi s.
They
appea
o
ha e
a
p e e ence
o
hose
ha
a e
wa e logged
hL6y
3 e
undis u bed
(Robe s,
1951;
He selman,
1980).
They
hang
om
he
ceilings
o
walls;
in
he
o me
case
Robe s
(1951)
s a ed
ha
hey
clung
ei he
wi h
he
claws
o
he
ee
o
wi h
he
aid
o
hese
as
well
as
he
claws
on
he
humbs.
The e
is
e idence
o
local
mo emen ,
o
He selman
(1980)
epo ed
ha
an
indi idual
inged
in
De
Hoop
Ca e,
Cape
P o ince,
was
ecap u ed
in
a
ca e
a
Mon agu,
a
dis ance
o
90
km
away.
In
he
oos ing
places
hey
a e
o en
ound
in
associa ion
wi h
Sch eibe s'
long-
inge ed
ba s,
Miniop e us
sch eibe sii,
and
Cape
ho seshoe
ba s,
Rhinolophus
capensis.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
Be na d
(1982b)
ound
ha
copula ion
ook
place
in
mid-
Ap il
in
Na al
and
o ula ion
and
e ilisa ion
in
mid-
Sep embe .
The ges a ion
pe iod
was
es ima ed
o
be
63
days,
pa u i ion
occu ing
be ween
mid-No embe
o
mid-
Decembe ,
ollowed
by
a
six
weeks
pe iod
o
lac a ion.
He
assumed
ha
he
emales
s o ed
he
spe m
in
hei
u e ine
ho ns
be ween
mid-Ap il
and
mid-Sep embe ,
a
ep oduc-
i e
s a egy
epo ed
o
no h- empe a e
membe s
o
he
genus.
He selman
(1980)
epo ed
g a id
emales
and
ju eniles
in
he
Cape
P o ince
owa ds
he
end
o
Oc obe ,
emales
gi ing
bi h
o
hei
young
om
la e
Oc obe
o
he
middle
o
No embe .
No.
72
Myo is
bocagei
(Pe e s,
1870)
Ru ous
hai y
ba
Rooi
langhaa le muis
Colloquial
Name
This
species
is
o en
called
Bocage's
hai y
ba
o
Bocage's
banana
ba .
J.V.
Ba bosa
du
Bocage
was
an eminen
Po u-
guese
zoologis
who
wo ked
du ing
he
19 h
cen u y,
and
who
named
ma e ial
om
he
Congo
and
Angola
collec ed
by
his
Po uguese
colleague
Sn
M.
Jose
d'Anchie a.
97
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
wo
subspecies,
M.
b.
cup eolus
Thomas,
1904
om
Wes
A ica
and
M.
b.
bocagei
om
he
emainde
o
he
species'
ange.
Desc ip ion
Ru ous
hai y
ba s
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
100
mm,
wi h
ails
40
mm
in
leng h
and
a
mass
o
abou
7,0
g.
They
a e
a
e y
beau i ul
species
wi h
hei
coppe y- ed
uppe
pa s
and
almos
black
ea s,
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes.
The
unde
pa s
a e
ligh e
in
colou
han
he
uppe
pa s
and
a e
o -whi e
washed wi h
coppe y- ed.
The
hai
on
he
body
is
na owly
black
a
he
base
wi h
b oad
coppe y- ed
ips.
The
inne
ma gins
o
he
ea s
a e
s ongly
con ex,
sweeping
ou
o
he
b oadly
ounded
ips,
he
ou e
edges
s ongly
conca e,
gi ing
he
ea
he
appea ance
o a
blun -
poin ed
sickle.
In
membe s
o
he
genus
Myo is
he e
a e
h ee
p emola s
in
each
side
bo h
in
he
uppe
and
lowe
jaw (Fig.
72.1).
The
ea
agus
is
long
and
has
a
ounded
ip
(Fig.
72.2).
Angola
bo de
in
he
wes
and
om
he
Sou he n
P o ince
o
Malawi.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
he
Eas e n
Dis ic s
o
Zimbabwe
and
Pa u i
and
Skukuza
in
he
K uge
Na ional
Pa k,
T ans aal.
Habi a
The
Wes
A ican
subspecies,
M.
b.
cup eolus,
is
a
o es
species;
M.
b.
bocagei,
he
subspecies
occu ing
in
he
Sub egion,
is
associa ed
p edominan ly
wi h
open
sa anna
woodland.
Habi s
Bocage's
hai y ba s
occu
soli a ily
o
a
mos
wo
occu
oge he .
They
oos
du ing
he
day
in
hollow
ees,
in
he
shel e
o
he
lea es
o
Hyphaene
palms,
o
in
bunches
o
bananas,
and
ha e
been
aken
om
he
shea h
o
an
a um
lily,
and
om
damp
unde co e in
hickly
o e g own
swamp
(Rose ea ,
1965).
While
he e
is
no
in o ma ion
on
he
oos ing
places
in
he
Sub egion
as
he
specimens
we e
ne ed,
i
is
pe haps
signi ican
ha
in
bo h
locali ies
ba-
nanas
we e
being
g own.
In
Zai e,
Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin
(1917)
eco ded
ha
he
indigenous
people
know
hem
as
he
"big
ed
b o he "
o
he
banana
ba ,
Pipis ellus
nanus,
as
bo h
occu
oge he
in
bunches
o
bananas.
They
no ed
ha
hey
appea
o
a oid
illages
and
he e o e
do
no
come
o
he
no ice
o
a elle s.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
is
a ailable
om
he
Sub egion.
Genus
Pipis ellus
Kaup,
1829
The
name
is
de i ed
om
he
I alian
pipis ello
om
ispi ello,
he
diminu i e
o m
o
he
La in
espe ilio,
a
ba
(Rose ea ,
1965).
Membe s
o
he
genus
a e
all
small
ba s,
di icul
o
dis inguish
om
one
ano he ,
he
di e ences
be ween
hem
being
sligh .
In
his
genus,
as
compa ed
wi h
Ep esicus,
membe s
ha e
an
an e io
uppe
p emola
(Fig.
75.1)
which
is
gene ally
lacking
in
Ep esicus.
I
is,
howe e ,
some imes
absen
in
Pipis ellus,
bu
o
con enience
he
iden i y
o
he
wo
gene a
is
main ained.
Membe s
o
he
genus
ha e
wo
uppe
p emola s,
he
den al
o mula
being
I
C{
P|
M
=
34
Fig.
72.1.
Skull
o
Myo is
bocagei.
5s
x
Fig.
72.2.
Ea
agus
o
Myo is
bocagei.
Dis ibu ion
Pa icula ly
in
he
eas e n
and
sou he n
pa s
o
hei
dis i-
bu ional
ange
Bocage's
hai y ba s
a e
poo ly
ep esen ed
in
collec ions
and
i
is
no
possible
a
he
momen
o
show
hei
limi s
o
occu ence.
In
Wes
A ica,
Rose ea
(1965)
showed
ha
M.
b.
cup eolus occu s
om
Libe ia
eas wa ds
in
he
o es
zone.
Ex alimi al
o
he
con inen
They
occu
in
Aden
in
sou hwes e n
A abia.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Nige ;
Guinea
and
Libe ia
eas wa ds
o
sou he n
Came oun;
Equa o ial
Guinea
and
Zai e.
The
o iginal
specimen
was
collec ed
a
Duque
de
B aganza,
no he n
Angola,
and
emains
he
only
eco d
om
ha
coun y.
They
a e
eco ded
om
he
Cen al
A ican
Repub-
lic;
Uganda;
Rwanda;
Bu undi;
cen al
Kenya
and
sou h-
wes e n
Tanzania;
and
in
Zambia
om
Chingi
on
he
98
some imes
lying
in
he
oo h ow,
in
o he
specimens
in e -
na
o
he
oo h ow.
The
skull
has
no
sagi al
o
sup aoccip-
l al
c es .
S udies
in
p og ess
by
I.L.
Rau enbach
and
R.L.
Pe e son
sugges
he
p esence
o
o he
species
o
Pipis ellus
in
sou he n
A ica.
Key
o
he
subgene a
1.
Inne
uppe
inciso s
unicuspid
o
no
e y
deeply
bicus-
pid
(Fig.
75.2);
he
unde
pa s
b own
o
g ey
..
.
Pipis ellus
Inne
uppe
inciso s
deeply
bi id;
he
unde
pa s
pu e
whi e
. . .
Vansoni
Subgenus
Pipis ellus
Kaup,
1829
Key
o
he
species
a e
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
1.
Ou e
uppe
inciso
mo e
han
hal
leng h
o
inne
uppe
inciso ;
o ehead
s ongly
conca e;
uppe
canine
and
pos e io
uppe
p emola
sepa a ed
by
a
gap
h ough
which
an e io
uppe
p emola
can
be
seen
clea ly
ising
abo e
cingula
o
adjoining
ee h;
in e den al'
pala e
clea ly
longe
han
b oad
..
.
nanus
Ou e
uppe
inciso
less
han
hal
leng h
o
inne
uppe
inciso ;
o ehead
usually
la
o
weakly
conca e;
uppe
canine
and
pos e io
uppe
p emola
in
con ac
o
ba ely
sepa a ed,
an e io
uppe
p emola
seen
om
he
side
only
wi h
di icul y,
usually
no
ising
app eciably
abo e
cingula
o
adjoining
ee h
...
2
2.
In e den al
pala e
as
b oad
as
long;
o ehead
la ;
o al
leng h
o
skull
12
mm
o
less
..
.
us icus
In e den al
pala e
longe
han
b oad;
o ehead
a
leas
sligh ly
conca e;
o al
leng h
o
skull
mo e
han
12
mm
...
3
3.
Pos e io
uppe
inciso
ba ely
ex ending
beyond
cingu-
lum
o
an e io
uppe
inciso ;
an e io
uppe
p emola
a
poin ed
oo h
ising
abo e
cingulum
o
canine
bu
no
abo e
cingulum
o
pos e io
uppe
p emola ;
maxilla y
oo h ow
mo e
han
4,5
mm
.
. .
kuhlii
Pos e io
uppe
inciso
ex ending
well
beyond
cingulum
o
an e io
uppe
inciso ;
an e io
uppe
p emola
a
la -c owned
oo h,
comple ely
below
cingula
o
adjoin-
ing
ee h;
maxilla y
oo h ow
less
han
4,5
mm
..
.
anchie ai
No.
73
Pipis ellus
kuhlii
(Kuhl,
1819)
Kuhl's
ba
Kuhl
se
le muis
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
i e
subspecies
om
he
con-
inen ,
o
which
wo
occu
in
he
Sub egion,
P.
k.
b oomi
Robe s
1948
om
Na al
and
P.
k.
sub ilis
(Sunde all,
1846)
om
o he
pa s
o
he
Sub egion.
Desc ip ion
Kuhl
s
ba s
a e
e y
simila
in
size
and
colou
o
us y
ba s.
I
hey
a e
only
e y
sligh ly
la ge ,
wi h
o al
leng hs
a e ag-
ing
abou
76
mm
in
males
o
80
mm
in
emales
and
a
mean
mass
o
4,6
g
and
5,8
g
espec i ely
(Table
73.1).
The
colou
ol
he
uppe
pa s
is
ligh
b own
o
usse ,
he
unde
pa s
ligh e
colou ed,
in
some
bu y-whi e.
Thei
ea s
a e
b oade
man
in
ne
us y
ba ,
bu
simila ly
ounded
a
he
ips.
The
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
a e
da k,
nea ly
black,
he
o me
wi h
a
na ow
whi e
bo de .
The
ea
agus
is
kni e-shaped
wi h
a
ounded
poin
(Fig.
76.1.c).
Table
73.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
Kuhl's
ba s,
P.
kuhlii,
om
he
T ans aal
(Rau enbach,
1982)
_
Males
Females
x
n
Range
x
n
Range
TL
76
16
63-80
80
5
76-84
T
29
16
20-33
30
5
26-32
H
c/u
6
6
5-7
6
4
5-8
U
15
9-12
10
5
7-12
F/a
29
13
25-31
31
3
31
Mass
4,6
14
4,0-6,0
5,8
4
4,0-7,0
Dis ibu ion
Ex alimi al
o
he
con inen
Kuhl's
ba
o iginally
was
desc ibed
om
a
specimen
om
T ies e
a
he
no h
end
o
he
Ad ia ic
and
has
a
wide
dis ibu ion
in
Eu ope,
he
Middle
Eas
and
eas wa ds
o
India.
No h
o
he
Saha a
They
occu
h oughou
Mo occo;
Tunisia;
in
Libya,
being
common
in
he
coas al
owns,
and
in
Egyp
o
he
sho es
o
he
Medi e anean.
In
Alge ia
hey
occu
coas ally
and
deep
in o
he
Saha a
sou hwa d
o
he
oasis
o
Messad
and
he
Ahagga
Massi .
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
he
no heas e n
and
sou heas e n
Sudan;
E hiopia;
Came oun;
and
in
pa s
o
Somalia
and
Kenya.'
The e
is
a
single
eco d
om
no heas e n
Tanzania
and
al hough
hey
a e
a
p esen
only
eco ded
om
wes e n
and
no heas e n
Zambia,
Ansell
(1978)
belie ed
ha
hey
a e
mo e
widesp ead
han
p esen
eco ds
indica e.
They
occu
in
sou he n
Malawi
wi h
a
single
eco d
om
he
ex eme
no h
o
he
coun y.
A
p esen
he e
a e
no
eco ds
om
Mozambique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
Sou he n
A ican Sub egion
Reco ded
om
cen al
and
eas e n
Zimbabwe
and
he
Mapu o
Dis ic
o
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
In
he
T ans aal
hey
occu
ac oss
he
middle
o
he
p o ince
om
nea
he
Bo swana
bo de
o
he
Mozambique
bo de
jus
no h
o
Swaziland,
and
in
he
no heas e n
O ange
F ee
S a e.
They
occu
in
Na al
and
coas ally
wes wa ds
in
he
Cape
P o ince
o
abou
Knysna,
being
compa a i ely
a e
in
his
pa
o
hei
ange.
Habi a
I
is
di icul
o
assess
he
habi a
equi emen s
o
a
species
ha
can
u ilise
such
di e se
habi a s
as
hose
ound
in
Eu ope,
in
he
dese s
o
A abia
o
he
Saha a
and
he
o es ed
e ain
o
he
Knysna
a ea
on
he
sou h
coas
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
In
A abia,
Ha ison
(1964)
no ed
ha
al-
hough
hey
o aged
o e
he
dese ,
hey
ne e
mo ed
a
om
he
oasis
wi h
which
hey
we e
associa ed.
All
he
eco ds
om
Zimbabwe we e
made
in
he
icini y
o
s eams
and
i e s
and
hei
eas e n
dis ibu ion
in
he
Sub egion
sugges s
ha
hey
p e e
well-wa e ed
e ain.
I
seems
likely
ha
a
wa e
supply,
he
a ailabili y
o
sui able
oos ing
places
and
a
plen i ul
ood
supply
a e
among
hei
p ima y
equi emen s.
Habi s
Kuhl's
ba s
a e
g ega ious,
occu ing
in
small
colonies
in
Zimbabwe
numbe ing
up
o
abou
12.
They
a e
appa en ly
a
commone
in
No h
A ica
whe e
Hu nagl
(1972)
s a ed
ha
hey
a e
he
commones
species
in
Libya,
oos ing
in
he
oo s
o
bazaa s
and
old
houses.
In
he
Cape
P o ince
on
he
o he
hand
He selman
(1980)
eco ded
hem
as
being
e y
a e.
Judging
om
he
numbe
o
specimens
in
collec ions
in
he
Sub egion,
hey
a e
nowhe e
common.
The e
is
a
sca -
ci y
o
in o ma ion
on
hei
dayligh
oos ing
places
in
he
99
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
In
Zimbabwe
g a id
emales
we e
aken
in
Janua y,
he
a e age
numbe
o
oe uses
being
ca ied
by
emales
being
1,6
wi h
a
no mal
ange
o
one o
wo.
A
emale
aken
nea -
Ha a e
ca ied
h ee
oe uses.
In
he
T ans aal,
Rau enbach
(1982)
eco ded
g a id
emales
in
Oc obe
and
No embe
wi h
one
o
wo
oe uses
and
a
soli a y
emale
wi h
h ee.
He
also
ook
lac a ing
emales
in
Sep embe ,
No embe
and
Decembe .
In
he
no he n
pa s
o
he
Sub egion
hese
da a
indica e
ha
he
young
a e
bom
du ing
he
wa m,
we
summe
mon hs.
Genus
Sco ophilus
Leach,
1821
The
ea
agus
o
membe s
o
his
genus
is
cha ac e is ically
long
and
ine-poin ed,
he
ou e
ma gin
con ex
wi h
a
lobe
owa ds
i s
base.
In
he
pos e io
mola s
he
usual
W
pa e n
on
hei
c owns
is
educed
o
wo
legs,
only
hal
he
ee h
being
p esen .
S.
dinganii
and
S.
bo bonicus
a e
bo h
qui e
common
in
he
Sub egion,
he la e
ending
o
be
con ined
o
lowe
al i udes,
he
o me
common
in
he
oo s
o
houses
and
ecognisable
om
he
yellow
o yellowish-o ange
colou
o
he
unde
pa s.
The
gian
yellow
house
ba ,
S.
nign a,
on
he
o he
hand
is
a e
in
he
Sub egion,
only
wo
specimens
ha ing
been
aken
o
da e.
The
den al
o mula
is
I|
CI
P|
M§
=
30
They
ha e
a
single
pai
o
uppe
inciso s
(Fig.
88.2),
he
an e io
lowe
p emola
much
smalle
han
he
pos e io
an
igh ly
packed
be ween
i
and
he
canine
in
he
oo h ow.
Key
o
he
species
a e
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
(Measu emen s
in
mm)
1
Size
la ge,
o ea m
75-80;
o al
leng h
skull
o e
30
...
nign a
Size
smalle ,
o ea m
43-65;
o al
leng h
skull
16-23
^
2. Fo ea m
50-65;
o al
leng h
skull
20-23
...
dinganii
Fo ea m
43-50;
o al
leng h
skull
16-19
...
bo bonicus
No.
87
Sco ophilus
nig i d
(Sch ebe ,
1774)
Gian
yellow
house
ba
G oo
geel
dak le muis
Colloquial
Name
This
is
he
la ges
o
he h ee
yellow
house
ba s
which
occu
in
he
Sub egion.
Taxonomic
No es
Robbins
(1978)
showed
ha
Dobson
(1875)
when
desc ibing
S.
gigas
was
in
ac
edesc ibing
S.
nig i a
and
ha
since
1800
he
name
S.
nig i a
has
been
applied
o
he
w ong
axon.
As
a
esul
S.
nig i a
becomes
he
senio
synonym
o
S.
gigas;
he
nex
a ailable
name
o
he
axon
p e iously
known
as
S.
nig i a
is
S.
dinganii.
This
lea es
h ee
species
which
occu
in
he
Sub egion,
S.
nig i a,
he
la ges ,
S.
dinganii,
a
medium-sized
species,
and
S.
bo bonicus,
he
smalles .
Only
he
subspecies
S.
n.
al enslebeni
Dalques ,
1965
occu s
in
he
Sub egion.
Desc ip ion
As
he
name
sugges s
his
is
a
la ge
Sco ophilus,
he
o a
leng h
abou
170
o
180
mm
as
agains
ha
o
S
dinganii
a
130
mm
and
S.
bo bonicus
a
110
o
120
mm
(I
able
87.1).
In
he
Mozambique
specimen
he
uppe
pa s
we e
da k
soo y-
b own
in
colou ,
he
ea s
and
wing
and
in e emo al
mem-
b anes
black.
The e
appea s,
howe e ,
o
be
conside able
a ia ion
in
colou ,
o
Rose ea
(1965)
s a ed
ha
h ee
specimens
om
Malawi
anged
om
da kish
ed-b own
o
yellowish-g eyish-b own
on
he
uppe
pa s,
he
unde pa s
a ying
om
pale
s aw
colou
o
whi e.
Among
ou
insec-
i o ous
ba s
hey
ank
second
in
size
a e
Comme son
s
lea -nosed
ba s,
Hipposide os
comme soni.
The
ea
has
a
s ongly
ounded
inne
ma gin,
he
ea
agus
ypical
o
membe s
o
he
genus
wi h
i s
e enly
cu ed
inne
ma gin,
long
ape ing
shape
ending
in
a
ine
poin
(Fig.
88.1.a).
The
sagi al c es
on
op
o
he
skull
is
well
de eloped
and
ends
pos e io ly
in
a
ounded
"helme ".
Table
87.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
o
gian
yellow
house
ba s,
S.
nig i a
(Dalques ,
1965;
Rose ea ,
1965)
Male
om
Zina e,
Sa e
Ri e ,
Mozambique
(Dalques ,
1965)
TL
T
H c/u
E
F/a
175
77
14
20
77
Range
o
measu emen s
as
gi en
by
Rose ea
(1965)
HB
T
F/a
112-117
68-78
70-80
Dis ibu ion
The e
a e
e y
ew
specimens
o
his,
he
la ges
o
he
membe s
o
he
genus
Sco ophilus
which
occu
on
he
con inen .
These
we e
aken
in
a
sca e
o
locali ies
om
Senegal
o
he
Sudan
and
sou h
o
he
Sa e
Ri e
in
Mozambique.
I
is
impossible
a
he
momen
o
a emp
o
assess
hei
limi s
o
dis ibu ion
and
only
he
locali ies
om
which
hey
ha e
been
aken
a e
mapped.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Senegal;
Ghana;
Nige ia;
he
Sudan;
Kenya;
eas e n
Zai e
and
sou he n
Malawi.
Some
doub
emains
as
o
he
au hen ici y
o
he
eco d
om
Ghana
(Rose ea ,
1965).
112
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Rep esen ed
by
wo
specimens,
one
om
Odzi,
nea
Mu a e,
Zimbabwe,
he
o he
om
he
Zina e
Na ional
Pa k
on
he
Sa e
Ri e
in
Mozambique.
Habi a
Too
li le
is
known abou
gian
yellow
house
ba s
o
unde -
s and
hei
habi a
equi emen s.
The
ype
specimen
came
om
ain
o es
in
Nige ia,
bu
ano he
om
he
a id
Sudan
sa anna
(Rose ea , 1965).
The
wo
specimens
aken
in
he
Sub egion
we e
collec ed
in
he
icini y
o
majo
i e s
lying
wi hin
sa anna
woodland.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Habi s
and
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
a ailable.
No.
88
Sco ophilus
dinganii
(A.
Smi h,
1833)
Yellow
house
ba
Geel
dak le muis
Pla e
5
Colloquial
Name
This
is
he
only
membe
o
he
genus
which
occu s
in
he
sub egion
in
which
he
adul s
ha e
yellow
colou ed
unde
pa s.
The
ju eniles
a e
no
so
clea ly
colou ed,
bu
usually
show
some
su usion
o
his
colou .
Taxonomic No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
ecognised
h ee
subspecies
as
occu -
ing
in
he
Sub egion:
S.
d.
dinganii
om
Na al,
T ans aal,
Mozambique,
Zimbabwe
and
eas e n
and
no he n
Bo-
swana;
S.
d.
pondoensis
Robe s,
1946
om
he
eas e n
Cape
P o ince
and
T anskei,
and
S.
d.
he e o
Thomas,
1906
om
no he n
Zambia.
Desc ip ion
Yellow
house
ba s
a e
o
medium
size,
he
o al
leng h
being
abou
130
mm,
wi h
ails
o
50
mm
long
and
a
mass
o
abou
27
g
(Table
88.1).
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
is
a iable,
anging
om
a
ligh
oli e-b own
o
a
g eyish-oli e
o
a
ich
eddish-b own.
The
unde
pa s
may
be
b igh
yellow,
och e-yellow
o
much
pale ,
almos
o -whi e,
wi h
o
wi h-
ou
yellow
on
he
lanks.
The
hai
o
he
unde
pa s
con inues
b oadly
on
o
he
wing
memb anes
be ween
he
elbow
and
he
highs.
The
hai
is
so
and
woolly
wi h
a
dis inc
sheen.
The e
is
a ia ion
in
he
colou
o
bo h
he
uppe
and
unde
pa s
e en
in
a
se ies
om
he
same
colony.
The
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
a e
a
da k
ans-
lucen
b own.
The
ea s
a e
ela i ely
small,
he
inne
edges
s ongly
cu ed,
he
ips
blun ly
poin ed.
The
ea
agus
is
cha ac e is ic
in
shape
(Fig.
88.1.a).
They
ha e
a
single
uppe
inciso
on
ei he
side
(Fig.
88.2).
Table
88.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
yellow
house
ba s,
S.
dinganii,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
TL
T
H c/u
E
F/a
Mass
130
52
12
16
55
27,1
Males
Females
n
Range
X
n
Range
15
113-137
131
14
123-141
15
46-55
54
14
50-57
15
11-14
12
14
11-15
15
12-18
17
14
15-19
15
53-56
55
14
52-57
14
21,3-36,0
27,3
14
21,9-37,9
Dis ibu ion
Ex alimi al
o
he
con inen
Reco ded
om
he
ex eme
sou hwes e n
pa s
o
A abia
and
om
he
islands
o
Madagasca ,
Mau i ius
and
Re-
union,
i
S.
obus us
Milne-Edwa ds,
1881
is
conspeci ic.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Senegal;
Nige ;
Nige ia;
Chad
eas wa ds
o
E hiopia
and
Somalia
and
sou hwa d
in
Uganda;
Kenya;
Tanzania;
Zai e
excluding
he
o es ;
Congo
Republic;
An-
gola;
Zambia
and
Malawi.
No
a
p esen
eco ded
om
Mozambique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
bu
likely
o
occu .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
no he n
Namibia
as
a
sou h
as
Windhoek;
om
no he n
and
eas e n
Bo swana;
Zimbabwe;
pa s
o
he
T ans aal;
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ;
Na al
and
he
eas e n
Cape
P o ince
whe e
hey
occu
along
he
sou h
coas
wes wa ds
o
abou
26
°E.
The e
is
an
isola ed
eco d
om
he
Kalaha i
Gemsbok
Na ional
Pa k
(E asmus
&
Rau enbach,
1984)
which
sugges s
ha
hey
may
ha e
a
wide
dis ibu ion
in
his
sec o
han
o me ly
supposed.
So
a
hey
ha e
no
been
ound
in
he
no heas e n
T ans aal
and
adjacen
pa s
o
Zimbabwe
and
Mozambique.
Fig.
88.1.
Ea
agus:
(a)
Sco ophilus
dinganii
(b)
Nyc iceius
schlie enii
113

Fig
M.2
F on
iow
o
ho
skull
o
Sco ophi us
dinganii
o
show
ho
single
uppo
inciso
on
ol he
side
and
he
canines.
Habi a
This
is
a
sa anna
woodland
species
which
is
absen
om
dese
a eas
and
o es ,
al hough
i
occu s
on
o es
inges.
Habi s
They
a e
g ega ious,
bu
occu
in
small
numbe s
o
up
o
abou
a
dozen
oge he .
They
oos
du ing
he
day
ucked
oge he
in o
na ow
c e ices
in
he
b ickwo k
unde
he
oo s
o
houses,
o
be ween
he
o e lapping
co uga ed
i on
shee s.
Numbe s
o
hese
small
clus e s
may
be
ound
unde
a
single
oo ,
he
o al
numbe s
p esen
amoun ing
o
dozens.
They
will
also
use
hollow
ees
and
ha e
been
aken
ucked
in o
c e ices
in
he
ha ch
inside
disused
onda els.
They
ha e
a
endency
o
be
associa ed wi h
buil -up a eas,
occu -
ing e en
in
he
pe i-u ban
and
u ban
su oundings
o
ci ies
o
in
a m
buildings.
They
qui e
o en
en e
houses
a
nigh
in
o aging
o
ly
a ound
ligh s
a
nigh
ca ching
insec s.
They
a e
as
lie s
and
a e
inclined
o
ly
low
o e
he
g ound.
In
Zimbabwe
i
was
no iceable
ha
hey
we e
absen
om
he
pla eau
(1
200-1
500
m)
du ing
he
colde
mon hs
o
he
yea om
June
o
Augus ,
ye
we e
p esen
a
lowe
al i udes
(600
m)
in
he
sou heas
o
he
coun y.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
In
Zimbabwe
g a id
emales
we e
aken
in
Sep embe
and
Oc obe ,
and
la ia ing
and
emales
wi h
young
clinging
o
hem
in
No embe
and
Decembe .
Ou
o
a
sample
o
se en
1,
'TT
'hey
,we e
""Ting
win
oe uses
in
e e y
nTTn
ln«^n
^ ST
RaLu,enbach
H982)
epo ed
ha
ou
•
ou
g a id
emales
aken
in
Oc obe ,
h ee
ca ied
win
dunnTM l"6
,nP
Th,eS?
obse a 'ons
o
pa u i ion
du ing
ea ly
summe
and
he
bi h
o
wins
ha e
been
(unp.Tl'
Pcnzho n-
^" enbach
&
an
de
Me we,
N.J.
1803)
No
89
Sco ophilus
bo bonicus
(E.
Ceo oy,
Lesse
yellow
house
ba
Klein
geel
dak le muis
Colloquial
Name
T*J|
c
smalles
ye,,„K
hoUM
a
Taxono nic
No es
subs ies
as
°™™8
—.su
i a e
5
114
he
emainde
o
he
species
ange,
S.
b.
bo bonicus
being
ex alimi al.
Desc ip ion
As
he
name
implies
he
lesse
yellow
house
ba
is
smalle
han
i s
nea
ela i e,
he
yellow
house
ba .
The
species
has
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
120
mm,
wi h
a
ail
o
46
mm
and
a
mass
o
abou
16
g
(Table
89.1).
The
di e ence
in
size
be ween
he
wo
species
shows
bes
in
he
leng h
o
he
o ea m
which
in
his
species
anges
om
46-50
mm,
in
he
yellow
house
ba
om
52-57
mm.
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s a ies
om
a
ligh
o
a
da k
yellowish-b own,
he
unde
pa s
in
he
ligh e
colou ed
specimens
being
whi e,
in
he
da ke
a
g eyish-whi e.
In
some
specimens
he
unde
pa s
may
be
inged
yellow
o
he e
may
be
aces
o
yellow
on
he
lanks.
Because
o
he
a ia ion
in
colou
he
bes
c i e ion
o
dis inguishing
he
wo
species
is
om
hei
sizes.
Table
89.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
lesse
yellow
house
ba s,
S.
bo bonicus,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
I espec i e
o
sex
X
n
Range
TL
115
10
111-125
T
46
10
40-52
H
c/u
11
10
10-15
E
14
10
10-16
F/a
48
6
46-50
Mass
15,7
7
13,0-18,0
Dis ibu ion
The
nomina e
S.
b.
bo bonicus
was
desc ibed
o
Reunion
Island
and
also
occu s
on
Madagasca .
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
he
Sudan;
Kenya;
sou heas e n
Tanzania;
Mozambique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ;
Malawi
and
Zambia.
While
he e
a e
no
eco ds
a
he
momen
om
ngola
o
Zai e,
i
seems
likely,
owing
o
hei
occu ence
in
adjacen
pa s
o
Zambia,
ha
in
ime
hey
will
be
ound
o
occu .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
in
no heas e n
Namibia;
in
Zimbabwe,
excluding
71°Sk°
•
.6
cen al
P^ eau;
in
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
17eZ'
Rl „e ;.
no he n
Bo swana,
in
pa s
o
he
T ans-
aal
and
in
Zululand.
Pla e
5
i ahlbe giS
e^au^e ec^
b"ui
ba ,
Epomopho us
49
S *!101*1"1"
'
mau i ianus
63.
Egyp ian
ee. ailed
^
(Tada jda)
aegyp]
Egip iese
loss e le muis
W S'
My° is
-elm schii
77
Z^Sel-"„nuiS
SS^aIino,obisi'~s
^el°dak le muis'
Sc° ophiius
dinSanii
98'
S n°ensSD ^ed
b,a '
Nyc e is
100
HibS
sPlee neus le muis
b and i?
ho seshoe
ba ,
Rhinolophus
hild
HO.
Commbpand .Se,
saalneus le muis
soni
FSOn
S
a "nosed
ba ,
Hipposide os
comme
Comme sonsebladneus le muis
PLATE
5
Habi a
A
sa anna
woodland
species,
in
Zimbabwe
es ic ed
o
al i udes
o
below
abou
1
000
m
abo e
sea
le el,
al hough
in
he
T ans aal
his
does
no
hold.
They
appea
o
be
associ-
a ed
wi h
i e ine
condi ions
o
o
a eas
wi h
a
mean
annual
ain all
in
excess
o
500
mm.
Habi s
Li le
is
known abou
he
habi s
o
his
species
excep
ha
hey
oos
in
small
colonies
in
Zimbabwe
in
hollow
ees.
Co e ill
&
Giddings
(1987)
in
ne ing
a
Tashinga
in
he
Ma usadona
Na ional
Pa k,
Zimbabwe,
on
he
sho es
o
Lake
Ka iba,
ound
ha
hey
we e
ac i e
om
19h00
o
21h00,
he
peak
o
he
male
ac i i y
being
21h00
o
22h00,
and
o
he
emales
om
19h00
o
21h00.
As
he
majo i y
o
he
emales
we e
lac a ing,
which
in ol es
added
ene gy
demands,
and
as
insec
abundance
ends
o
be
he
g ea es
immedia ely
a e
sundown,
i
was
p esumed
ha
he
emales
we e
bene i ing
by
eeding
ea ly.
In
Zimbabwe,
whe e
hey
we e
using
holes
in
ees,
hey
changed
oos
ees
om
one
day
o
he
nex
and
equen ly
mo ed
be ween
nigh
and
day
oos s,
usually
s aying,
how-
e e ,
wi hin
a
ela i ely
small
a ea
o
woodland
(Fen on
1983;
Fen on,
B igham,
Mills
&
Rau enbach,
1985;
Fen on
&
Rau enbach,
1986).
Indi iduals
eed
om
abou
an
hou
ollowing
sunse ,
a e
which
hey
e u n
o
hei
day- ime
oos s.
Ve y
li le
ac i i y
occu s
du ing
he
es
o
he
nigh .
They
commu e
o e
conside able
dis ances
o
a ou able
eeding
si es.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
O
18
emales
collec ed
in
Zimbabwe
in
No embe ,
nine
we e
g a id,
each
ca ying
wo
oe uses.
Co e ill
&
Giddings
(1987)
eco ded
ha
a
high
pe cen age
o
46
emales
aken
a
Lake
Ka iba
we e
lac a ing
in Decembe .
Van
de
Me we,
Rau enbach
&
Penzho n
(1988)
eco ded
pa u i ion
du ing
No embe /Decembe ,
wi h
a
high
incidence
o
wins
deli -
e ed.
Genus
Nyc iceius
Ra inesque,
1819
No.
90
Nyc iceius
schlie enii
(Pe e s,
1859)
Schlie en's
ba
Schlie en
se
le muis
Pla e
4
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
he
collec o
Coun
Wilhelm
on
Schlie en-
Schlie enbu g.
Taxonomic
No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
lis ed
wo
subspecies
om
he
Sub-
egion,
N.
s.
aus alis
(Thomas
&
W ough on,
1908)
om
Zululand;
sou he n
Mozambique;
he
eas e n
and
no he n
T ans aal and
Zimbabwe;
and
N.
s.
i zsimonsi
(Robe s,
1932)
om
no he n
Bo swana
and
no he n
Namibia.
Desc ip ion
Schlie en's
ba s
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
75
mm,
wi h
ails
30
mm
in
leng h
and
a
mean
mass
o
4,6
g
(Table
90.1).
The
uppe
pa s
a e
ligh
awn,
he
indi idual
hai s
unicolou
o
only
sligh ly
ligh e
in
shade
a
hei
bases,
he
unde
pa s
sligh ly
pale .
In
con as
o
he
body
colou ,
he
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
a e
da k
b own
and
end
o
show
a
se ies
o
da k,
oughly
pa allel
s ia ions
ac oss
hem.
The
ea s
a e
s ongly
con ex
on
hei
inne
edges,
conca e
on
he
ou e ,
he
ips
ounded.
The
ea
agus
is
o
cha ac e is ic
shape
(Fig.
88.1.b).
The
den al
o mula
is
I
C
P
M
=
30
The
single
p emola
in
he
uppe
jaw
is
sha ply
poin ed and
abou
h ee-qua e s
he
heigh
o
he
canine.
The
an e io
lowe
p emola
is
hal
he
size
o
he
pos e io
one
and
igh ly
packed
be ween
i
and
he
canine.
Table
90.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
Schlie en's
ba s,
N.
s.
aus alis,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979),
and
N.
s.
i zsimonsi
om
Bo swana
(Smi he s,
1971)
I espec i e
o
sex
N.
s.
aus alis
N.
s.
i zsimonsi
TL
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
75
12
69-80
71
10
64-78
T
30
12
28-31
29
10
24-30
H
c/u
7
12
6-8
7
10
5-9
E
10
12
9-11
11
10
10-13
F/a
30
12
29-31
29
10
28-30
Mass
4.6
9
3,7-5,0
Dis ibu ion
Schlie en's
ba s
ha e
a
wide
dis ibu ion
on
he
con inen
om
Egyp
sou hwa ds
o
E hiopia
and
Somalia
and
wes -
wa ds
o
Mali
and
sou h
o
his
o
no he n
Namibia
and
Zululand.
Ex alimi al
o
he
con inen
Reco ded
om
he
sou hwes e n
pa s
o
A abia.
No h
o
he
Saha a
Occu s
along
he
wes e n
bo de s
o
he
Red
Sea
and
he
Gul
o
Suez
o
he
del a
o
he
Nile
in
Egyp .
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Mali;
he
no he n
pa s
o
Ghana;
sou he n
Mau i ania;
no he n
Nige ia;
Nige ;
Chad;
no heas e n
and
sou he n
Sudan;
E hiopia;
Somalia;
pa s
o
Uganda;
Kenya;
no heas e n
and
sou he n
Zai e;
Tanzania;
Angola;
Zambia
and
Malawi.
So
a
no
eco ded
om
he
no heas -
117
e n
pa s
o
Mozambique,
bu
li le
collec ing
has aken
place
he e
and
hey
p obably
ha e
been
o e looked.
Genus
Sco oecus
Thomas,
1901
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
occu
in
no he n
Namibia;
in
he
no he n
and
no heas e n
pa s
o
Bo swana;
in
Zimbabwe
and
in
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
In
he
T ans aal
hey
occu
in
he
no h
and
eas
and
sou hwa ds
o
he
no he n
pa s
o
Zululand.
Habi a
In
Wes
A ica
hey
a e
absen
om
he
High
Fo es
Zone
and
pa s
o
he
Guinea
sa anna,
ending
o
be
associa ed
wi h
he
mo e
a id
Sudan
and
Sahel
sa annas.
In
he
mo e
sou he ly
pa s
o
hei
dis ibu ional
ange
hey
a e
associ-
a ed
wi h
sa anna
woodland,
bu
do
no
occu
in
he
mo e
a id
open
pa s
o
he
Sou h
Wes
A id
Zone,
no
locally
in
o es .
In
he
eas e n
pa s
o
he
Sub egion
hey
a e
com-
mone
a
al i udes
o
less
han
1
200
m.
Habi s
A
soli a y
species
which
oos s
du ing
he
day
in
houses,
hu s
and
cella s
(Rose ea ,
1965)
and
has
been
aken
in
na ow
c e ices
in
b anches
o
ees
(Ve schu en,
1957).
Numbe s
occasionally
cong ega e
o
o age.
Robe s
(1951)
eco ded
ha
hey
eme ge
om
hei
oos ing
places
be o e
dusk
and
ha e
an
e a ic
ligh .
They
occasionally
en e
houses
while
o aging.
Mos
o
he
ma e ial
om
he
Sub egion
was
ne ed
o
sho
and
he e o e
he e
is
no
eco d
o
hei
habi s.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
Van
de
Me we
&
Rau enbach
(1986,
1987)
eco ded
ha ,
in
he
T ans aal,
ma ing
akes
place
du ing
he
win e
mon hs,
p edominan ly
in
June.
Spe ma ogenesis
ex ends
o e
a
10-mon h
pe iod
wi h
he
i s
signs
o
spe ma ozoa
in
he
epididymides
by
he
end
o
Ap il.
Spe ma ozoa
we e
p esen
in
he
epididymides
om
he
end
o
Ap il
un il
he
beginning
o
Sep embe .
Copula ion
begins
du ing
June
(ea ly
win e )
and
he
emales
ha e
spe ma ozoa
in
he
u e ine
ho ns
om
hen
un il
he
end
o
Augus
(la e
win e )
when
o ula ion
occu s.
These
ba s
a e
seasonally
mon-
oes us
wi h
he
g ea
majo i y
o
bi hs
occu ing
du ing
No embe .
The
numbe
o
concep uses
a ied;
a
maximum
o
5
p e-implan ed
emb yos
was
eco ded,
bu
he
maximum
numbe
o
oe uses
obse ed
was
3.
No.
91
Sco oecus
albo uscus
(Thomas,
1890)
Thomas'
house
ba
Thomas
se
le muis
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
O.
Thomas
who
desc ibed
he
species.
Taxonomic
No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
lis ed
one
subspecies,
S.
a.
woodii
Thomas,
1917
om
he
Sub egion.
The
genus
is
subjec
o
a iabili y
in
i s
den al
o mula.
Some
indi iduals
e ain
he
iny
uppe
p emola s
ha
lie
immedia ely behind
he
can-
ines,
in
o he s
hey
a e
missing.
When
hey
a e
p esen
hese
iny
ee h
a e
ucked
away
in e nal
o
he
oo h ow.
In
his
species
he
b oad
os um,
he
shape
o
he
ea
agus,
and
long
bony
penis,
which
eaches
a
leng h
o
a
qua e
o
ha
o
he
head
and
body,
ma k
hem
as
clea ly
di e en
om
Schlie en's
ba s,
Nyc iceius
schlie enii. S.
a.
albo uscus
occu s
in
Wes
A ica.
Desc ip ion
Thomas'
ba s
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
some
70
mm,
a
mass
o
abou
4,5
g
and
o ea ms
o
30-31
mm.
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
is
a
ligh
awn-b own,
he
unde
pa s
pale
and
ligh e
s ill
in
colou
on
he
ches . The
wing
memb anes
a e
whi e,
b ownish
owa ds
he
edges,
he
in e emo al
mem-
b ane
b own.
The
ea s
a e
o al
wi h
b oad
ounded
poin s,
he
agus
sho
and
ounded.
The
den al
o mula
is
I
C
P
M
=
30
o
when
he
an e io
uppe
p emola
is
p esen
I
C
P
M
=
32
Dis ibu ion
A
he
momen
he e
a e
only
e y
ew,
sca e ed
eco ds
om
he
con inen
and
so
li le
is
known
abou
his
species
ha
i
is
impossible
o
show
i s
limi s
o
dis ibu ion
wi h
accu acy.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
The e
a e
eco ds
om
Senegal;
Gambia;
Nige ia;
Kenya
and
he
Sou he n
P o ince
o
Malawi.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
So
a
eco ded
only
om
he
Zina e
Na ional
Pa k
on
he
Sa e
Ri e
in
sou he n
Mozambique.
Habi a ,
Habi s,
Food
and
Rep oduc ion
Unknown.
Sub amily
KERIVOULINAE
Genus
Ke i oula
G ay,
1842
All
membe s
o
his
genus
a e
cha ac e ised
by
hei
long,
so ,
woolly
u
which
s ands
e ec
om
he
body,
he
ips
o
he
indi idual
hai s
cu led
and
o en
pale
han
he
gene al
colou ,
gi ing
he
body
a
g izzled
appea ance.
In
he
skull
he
high,
ounded
b aincase
ises
s eeply
om
he
long
os um which
is
cha ac e is ic
o
membe s
o
his
genus
(Fig.
93.1).
The
den al
o mula
is
I
C
P
M
=
38
and
is
he e o e
he
same
as
Myo is
spp
wi h
h ee
p emola s
on
each
side
abo e
and
below.
The
wo
an e io
uppe
118
p emola s
a e
smalle
han
he
hi d
(Fig.
93.1)
and
he
lowe
a e
he
same
size.
The
inne
wo
lowe
inciso s
a e
ilobed,
he
ou e
conical.
Key
o
he
species,
a e
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
(Measu emen s
in
mm)
1.
Size
la ge ,
o ea m
34-39;
o al
leng h
o
skull
15
o
mo e;
colou
o
uppe
pa s
eddish-ches nu ,
unde
pa s
ei he
whi ish
o
whi e
inged
bu y
. . .
a gen a a
Size
smalle ,
o ea m
30-36;
o al
leng h
o
skull
13,5
o
less;
colou
b ownish,
g eyish-b own,
some imes
ligh ly
g izzled
wi h
g eyish-whi e
o
whi e,
he
unde
pa s
b own
o
g eyish-b own
o
g eyish-whi e
o
whi e
..
.
lanosa
No.
92
Ke i oula
a gen a a
Tomes,
i86i
Dama a
woolly
ba
Dama a-wolhaa le muis
Colloquial
Name
O iginally
desc ibed
om
a
specimen
om
Dama aland,
Namibia;
he
so ,
cu ly,
woolly
hai
is
cha ac e is ic
o
membe s
o
his
genus.
Taxonomic
No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
lis ed
h ee
subspecies
om
he
Sub-
egion:
K.
a.
a gen a a
om
no he n
Namibia,
K.
a.
nidicola
(Ki k,
1865)
om
cen al
Mozambique
and
K.
a.
zuluensis
Robe s,
1924
om
no he n
Na al
and
Zululand.
The
pauc-
i y
o
ma e ial
has
ende ed
i
di icul
o
au ho i ies
o
de e mine
he
ela ionships
o
a
numbe
o
species
o
his
genus.
Desc ip ion
The
Dama a
woolly
ba
is
he
la ge
o
he
wo
species
o
Ke i oula
ha
occu s
in
he
Sub egion.
Abou
95
mm
in
o al
leng h,
including
he
ail
o
abou
47
mm
in
leng h,
hey
ha e
a
mass
o
be ween
6,0
and
9,0
g
(Table
92.1).
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
is
a
ich
b own,
many
o
he
so
woolly
hai s
wi h
sil e y
ips
gi ing
an
o e all
g izzled
appea ance
o
he
pelage.
The
indi idual
hai s a e
da k
g ey
a
hei
bases,
hen
b oadly
bu y
wi h
b own
ips.
The
unde
pa s
a e
g eyish-b own,
ending
o
be
ligh e
in
colou
owa ds
he
anus
and
on
he
sides
o
he
belly.
The
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
a e b own,
he la e
ligh e
b own
han
he
wing
memb anes.
The e
is
a
spa se
co e ing
o
hai
on
he
in e emo al
memb anes,
bu
a
e y
dis inc
inge
o
hai
on
hei
hind
ma gins.
The
inge
nea
he
poin
o
he
ail
is
comp ised
o
s i
hai
hooked
inwa ds
owa ds
he
ips.
The
ea
agus
is
long,
hin
and
ape s
o
a
poin
(Fig.
92.1.a).
Table
92.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
six
Dama a
woolly
ba s,
K.
a gen a a,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
I espec i e
o
sex
X
n
Range
TL
93
6
83-100
T
47
6
42-50
H
c/u
10
6
10-11
E
14
6
13-15
F/a
37
6
36-41
Mass
7,6
6
6,0-9,0
(a)
K.
a gen a a
(b)
K.
lanosa
Dis ibu ion
Th oughou
hei
dis ibu ional
ange
he
eco ds
a e
sca -
e ed
which
makes
i
di icul
a
he
momen
o
assess
he
limi s
o
hei
dis ibu ion.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
a e
eco ded
om
cen al
Angola;
pa s
o
Zambia,
and
Malawi.
The e
a e
only
wo
eco ds
om
Mozambique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
hese
om
he
lowe
Zambezi
Ri e
in
he
sou he n
Zambezi
Dis ic .
No hwa ds
he e
is
a
single
eco d
om
cen al
Tanzania
and o he s
om
sou he n
Kenya
and
sou he n
Zai e.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
O iginally
he
species
was
desc ibed
om
a
specimen
om
O jo o,
O amboland,
Namibia,
and
hey
occu in
he
eas e n
hal
o
Zimbabwe
and
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
i e ,
sou h
o
he
Mapu o
Dis ic .
They
ha e
been
aken
in
Zululand
and
in
Na al
sou h
o
he
Whi e
Um olozi
Ri e ,
and
in
he
Pa u i
egion
o
he
K uge
Na ional
Pa k.
Habi a
A
sa anna
woodland
species
wi h
a
endency
in
he
Sub-
egion
o
be
con ined
o
well-wa e ed
a eas
o
i e ine
associa ions
in
d y
coun y.
Habi s
Dama a
woolly
ba s
a e
soli a y
o
may
occu
in
small
g oups
numbe ing
up
o
abou
six.
Thei
habi s
ha e
no
been
s udied
in
de ail
and
he e
a e
only
casual
obse -
a ions
on
eco d.
Sho idge
(1934)
s a ed
ha
hey
oos
singly
o
in
pai s
in
exposed
si ua ions
among
clus e s
o
dead
lea es,
on
he
ough
ba k
o
ees
o
in
dese ed
bi ds
nes s.
He
eco ded
ha
in
Zambia
ou
we e
ound
clinging
119
so
closely
oge he
unde
he
ea es
o
a
onda el
ha
hey
looked
like
he
mud
nes
o
a
wasp.
In
Zimbabwe
12
o
he
o al
numbe
o
specimens
numbe ing
15
we e
aken
in
he
disused
nes s
o
masked
wea e s,
Ploceus
ela us,
and
Robe s
(1951)
eco ded
hem
in
Zululand
om
he
nes s
o
spec acled
wea e s,
Ploceus
ocula is.
In
wo
cases
in
Zimbabwe
he e
we e
h ee
igh ly
packed
in
such
a
nes
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979).
W igh
(in
li .)
in
Fo
Vic o ia,
Zimbabwe,
collec ed
i e,
all
emales,
om
a
igh
clus e
on
he
ou side
wall
o
a
onda el,
shel e ed
by
he
o e -
hanging
ea es.
They
ha e
a
slow lu e ing
ligh
and
when
o aging
ly
wi hin
wo
o
h ee
me es
o
he
g ound.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
The e
is
no
in o ma ion
a ailable
om
he
Sub egion.
No.
93
Ke i oula
lanosa
(A.
Smi h,
1847)
Lesse
woolly
ba
Klein
wolhaa le muis
Pla e
4
Colloquial
Name
As
can
be
seen
om
a
compa ison
o
he
measu emen s
and
masses
o
K.
a gen a a
and
his
species,
K.
lanosa
is
all
ound
smalle
and
less
in
mass.
Taxonomic
No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
ecognised
wo
subspecies
in
he
Sub egion:
K.
1.
lanosa
om
he
sou he n
and
eas e n
coas al
egions
o
he
Cape
P o ince
ex ending
eas wa ds
o
he
Ciskei
and
K.
1.
lucia
Hin on,
1920
om
no he n
Na al
and
Zululand,
he
T ans aal,
eas e n
Zimbabwe
and
adjacen
pa s
o
Mozambique
and
no he n
Bo swana.
Desc ip ion
The
lesse
woolly
ba
is
he
smalle
o
he
wo
species
ha
occu
in
he
Sub egion.
They
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
80
mm
including
a
ail
some
36
mm
long
and
a
mass
o
6,0-8,0
g
(Table
93.1).
The
uppe
pa s
a e
a
dull
hu y
colou ,
he hai
long,
sp ingy
and
cu led
which
makes
i
s and
ou
om
he
body.
The
bases
o
he
indi idual
hai s
a e
da k
in
colou ,
he
ips
b oadly
pale
and
closely
cu led,
gi ing
he
uppe
pa s
a
g izzled
appea ance.
The
ea s
a e
e y
b oad,
he
inne
and
ou e
edges
cu ling
inwa ds
o
gi e
hem
a
unnel
shape,
he
ea
agus
long
and
hin
(Fig.
92.1
.b).
The
unde
pa s
a e
ei he
whi e
on
he
ches
and
belly
o
a
ligh e
shade
o
bu ,
he
h oa
he
same
colou
as
he
uppe
pa s.
The
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
a e
b own,
he
cu ly
hai
ex ending
spa sely
along
he
o ea m
and
inges
o
he
wing,
on
he
ail
and
inges
o
he
in e emo al
memb ane.
The e
is
a
e y
no iceable
inge
o
hai s
on
he
hind
edge
o
he
in e emo al
memb ane,
hese
hai s
cu ing
inwa ds
like
hooks.
This
inge
is
a
cha ac e -
is ic
ea u e
o
ba s
o
his
genus.
The
ankle
spu
o
calcaneum
ha
suppo s
he
ou e
inges
o
he
in e emo al
memb ane
is
a
leas
as
long
as
he
leng h
o
he
ibia
and
oo ,
he
memb ane
ex ending
a
beyond
he
ee .
The
shape
o
he
skull
is
cha ac e is ic
o
membe s
o
his
genus
(Fig.
93.1).
Fig.
93.1.
Skull
o
Ke i oula
lanosa
Table
93.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
lesse
woolly
ba s,
K.
lanosa,
om
Bo swana
(Smi he s,
1971)
TL
T
H c/u
E
Leng h
ea
agus
Mass
Male
77
37
7
13
9
6,0
Female
80
39
7
13
9
7,0
Female
78
37
8
14
9
6,0
Female
78
35
8
13
8
8,0
Dis ibu ion
So
ew
sca e ed
eco ds
om
he
sou he n
pa s
o
he
dis ibu ional
ange
o
he
lesse
woolly
ba
a e
a ailable
ha
i
is
impossible
a
his
s age
o
p esen
hei
limi s
o
occu ence.
Kingdon
(1974)
showed
ha
hey
a e
dis ibu ed
widely
in
Eas
A ica,
bu
Swynne on
&
Hayman
(1950)
only
lis ed
K.
a icana
Dobson,
1878
which
occu s
in
he
ex eme
no heas
o
Tanzania.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Libe ia;
I o y
Coas ;
Ghana;
Gabon;
Came-
oun;
Cen al
A ican
Republic;
E hiopia;
Kenya;
Tanzania;
eas e n
and
sou he n
Zai e;
sou he n
Malawi
and
Zambia.
Thei
occu ence
on
he
Oka ango
Ri e
in
no hwes e n
Bo swana
sugges s
ha
in
ime
hey
may
be
shown
o
occu
in
sou heas e n
Angola
in
i e ine
si ua ions.
Sou he n
A ican Sub egion
They
occu in
he
i e ine
woodland
o
he
Oka ango
Ri e
in
he
ex eme
no hwes e n
pa s
o
Bo swana
and
ha e
been
aken
a
Sepopa
on
he
wes e n
inge
o
he
Oka ango
Del a
and
nea
Molepolole
in
he
sou heas
o
he
coun y.
In
Zimbabwe
hey
occu
on
he
Mozambique
bo de
eas
o
Mu a e.
In
he
T ans aal
eco ded
om
he
Njelele
Ri e ,
Sou pansbe g
as
well
as
om
Pa u i,
in
Zululand
om
120
Ingwa uma
and
in
he
Cape
P o ince
om
he
Pi ie
Fo es ,
King
William's
Town
and
Knysna.
Habi a
The e
is
a
dis inc
endency
o
his
species
o
be
associa ed
wi h
i e ine
associa ions
in
d y
coun y
as
well
as
occu ing
in
well-wa e ed
a eas.
Robe s
(1951)
epo ed
ha
a
speci-
men
om
Zululand
was
aken
in
a
o es , as
was
he
King
William's
Town
specimen
which
was
collec ed
in
he
Pi ie
Fo es .
Habi s
Li le
is
known
abou
he
habi s
o
his
species.
They
ha e
a
slow
lu e ing
ligh
like
K.
a gen a a
and
he
same
habi
o
using
disused
bi ds'
nes s
o
oos
in
du ing
dayligh
hou s.
In
no hwes e n
Bo swana
a
male
and
wo
emales
we e
aken
om
he
nes
o
a
masked
wea e ,
Ploceus
ela us,
and
a
single
emale
om
he
nes
o
a
sca le
ches ed
sunbi d,
Nec a inia
senegalensis.
In
Zululand,
Robe s
(1951)
col-
lec ed
specimens
om
he
nes s
o
spec acled
wea e s,
Ploceus
ocula is,
h ee
in
one
nes ,
wo
in
he
o he .
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
a ailable
om
he
Sub egion.
IX.
Family
NYCTERIDAE
Sli - aced
ba s
The
Family
ge s
i s
name
om
he
G eek
name
o
a
ba
nyc e is.
Membe s
o
he
Family
all
ha e
a
sli
om
he
nos ils
o
abo e
he
eyes,
which
o e lies
a
conca i y
in
he
skull
enclosing
he
complica ed
noselea es
which,
unlike
hose
in
he
Rhinolophidae,
a e
only
isible
when
he
sli
is
open
(Fig.
IX.1).
These
noselea es
se e
in
echoloca ion,
he
emissions
in
membe s
o
his
Family
being
h ough
he
nos ils
and
no
h ough
he
mou h.
A
cha ac e is ic
ea u e
o
all
membe s
is
he
la ge
ea s
which
make
hem
easily
iden i iable
(Fig.
IX.1).
In
he
common
sli - aced
ba ,
Nyc-
e is
hebaica,
which
is
common
h oughou
he
Sub egion,
he
ea s
each
a
leng h
o
up
o
37
mm.
They
ha e
ounded
ends
and
when
he
sides
a e
ben
o wa d
he
ea s
a e
nea ly
pa allel-sided.
The
shape
o
he
ea
agus
is
a
use ul
cha ac e
in
he
ecogni ion
o
he
species.
They
all
ha e
a
small
ounded
p o ube ance
on
he
lowe
lip,
wi h
a
aised
idge
on
ei he
side,
he
idges
con e ging
bu
no
mee ing
pos e io ly.
They
ha e
long
ails,
he
whole
o
which
is
con ained
wi hin
he
in e emo al
memb ane,
he
las
e e-
b a
bi u ca ing
a
i s
join
in
a
Y
wi h
b oad
open
ends
which
help
suppo
he
inge
o
he
memb ane.
This
memb ane
is
u he
suppo ed
by
long
calcanea
a ising
om
he
ankles
o
he
hind
ee
(Fig.
IX.2).
All
membe s
o
he
Family
ha e
long,
so
u ,
eddish-
b own
o
g eyish-b own
in
colou ,
and
a
b igh
o ange
phase
is
known
o
occu .
The
wings
a e
b oad
and
ounded
a
he
ends.
The
skull
is
elonga ed
and
cha ac e ised
by
he
deep
conca e
dep ession in
on
which
houses
he
noselea es
(Fig.
IX.3).
The
den al
o mula
is
I
Cj
P|
M§
=
32.
The single
uppe
p emola
is
well
de eloped,
he
ela i e
size
o
he
pos e io
lowe
p emola
in
ela ion
o
he
mola
nex
o
i
is
a
use ul
cha ac e
in
sepa a ing
he
g oups
o
species.
Sli - aced
ba s
a e
dis ibu ed
widely
h oughou
A ica
and
occu
beyond
he
bo de s
o
he
con inen
o
Madagas-
ca ,
A abia,
sou heas e n
Asia
and
Malaya,
being
mos
abundan
in
he
opics.
They a e
expe
lie s
and
hei
powe s
o
echoloca ion
mus
be
well
de eloped
as
hey
a e
adep
a
a oiding
being
caugh
in
mis
ne s,
swinging
away
om
hem
and
o e
he
op
whe eas
o he species
ly
di ec ly
in o
hem.
A e
ha ing
caugh
hei
p ey
hey
hang
on
empo a y
eeding
pe ches
whe e
hei
p ey
is
ea en,
he
unpala able
po ions
accumula ing
below
hem,
o ming
use ul
indica-
ions
o
wha
hey
a e
ea ing.
The
Family
is
ep esen ed
in
he
Sub egion
by
a
single
genus
and
six
species.
Fig.
IX.1.
Head
o
a
Nyc e idae:
Nyc e is
hebaica
121

Fig.
IX.2.
Tail
o
a
Nyc e is
hebaica
(a)
calcaneum.
Genus
Nyc e is
G.
Cu ie
&
E.
Geo oy,
1795
Key
o
he
species
a e
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
(Measu emen s
in
mm)
1.
Uppe
inciso s
i id
(Fig.
94.1)
...
2
Uppe
inciso s
bi id
...
3
2.
Fo ea m
36-45,
ea
18-25;
condylocanine
leng h
less
han
18
...
hispida
Fo ea m
57-66,
ea
28-35;
condylocanine
leng h
mo e
han
18
..
.
g andis
3.
Ea
agus
semi-luna e,
base
o
i s
pos e io
ma gin
no
no ched
(ae hiopica
g oup)
...
4
Ea
agus
py i o m,
base
o
i s
pos e io
ma gin
shal-
lowly
no ched
( hebaica
g oup)
...
5
4.
Gene al
colou
g eyish;
o ea m
37-42,
ea
29-34
.
..
woodi
Gene al
colou
b ownish;
o ea m
45-50,
ea
o e
21
...
mac o is
5.
Size
smalle ,
o ea m,
42-52,
ea s
28-37;
skull
less
massi e,
b ead h
o
sup ao bi al
langes
abou
6,8
...
hebaica
Size la ge ,
o ea m
o e
50,
ea s
abou
22;
skull
massi e,
os um
20%
hea ie
han
in
N.
hebaica,
b ead h
o
sup ao bi al
langes
abou
9,0
...
insoni
Smi he s
(1983)
no ed
ha
he
ea
leng h
o
N.
insoni
should
be
ea ed
wi h
cau ion
as
he
ea s
o
he
ype
specimen
we e
singed
by
i e
(see
Dalques
1965)
Hispida
g oup
No.
94
Nyc e is
hispida
(Sch ebe ,
1774)
Hai y
sli - aced
ba
Ha ige
splee neus le muis
Colloquial
Name
This
species
is
no
mo e
hai y
han
any
o he
ol
he
sli - aced
ba s,
he
name
ha ing
applied
o
i
as
a
ansla ion
o
he
speci ic
name
hispida
which
is
om
he
La in
hispidus,
hai y
o
b is ly,
e e ing
o
he
b is ly
hai
lying
a ound
he
acial
sli .
Taxonomic
No es
The
nomina e
N.
h.
hispida
o iginally
desc ibed
om
Sene-
gal
occu s
h oughou
he
no he n
pa s
o
he
species
ange,
being
eplaced
in
he
Sub egion
by
N.
h.
illosa
Pe e s,
1852.
Desc ip ion
Hai y
sli - aced
ba s
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
90
mm
and
a
wingspan
o
abou
280
mm
(Table
94.1).
The
uppe
pa s
a e
sepia-b own,
he
unde
pa s
much
pale
han
he
uppe
pa s
and
usually
g eye .
They
and
he
la ge
sli - aced
ba ,
N.
g andis,
a e
he
only
wo
membe s
o
he
Nyc e idae
in
which
he
uppe
inciso s
ha e
h ee
lobes
on
hei
cu ing
edges
(Fig.
94.1).
The
ea
agus,
which
is
blun e
han
in
he
la ge
sli - aced
ba ,
is
simila
in
ha
he
ou e
edge
is
smoo h.
The
ea s
and
memb anes
on
he
wings
a e
da k
blackish-b own,
he
ea s
and
ail
long
bu
no
as
long
as
in
he
common
sli - aced
ba ,
N.
hebaica.
Table
94.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
o
hai y
sli - aced
ba s,
N.
hispida
(Rose ea ,
1965)
HB
T
E
F/a
40-54
43-52
18-25
36-45
Dis ibu ion
In
he
no he n
pa s
o
hei
dis ibu ional
ange
hai y
sli - aced
ba s
a e
one
o
he
mos
commonly
collec ed
species
and
ha e
one
o
he
wides
anges.
They
occu
om
Senegal
in
Wes
A ica
eas wa ds
o
E hiopia
and
sou h
o
he
Sub egion.
Robe s
(1951)
lis ed
wo
specimens
om
he
"Cape
o
Good
Hope"
collec ed
by
And ew
Smi h,
bu
que ied
his
locali y
as,
a
he
ime
o
publica ion
o
his
wo k,
he e
we e
no
o he
eco ds
om
sou he n
A ica
excep
hose
om
Inhambane,
Mozambique.
He
hough
hey migh
ha e
been
aken
by
A.
Smi h
du ing
his
expedi-
ion
o
Zululand
in
1831
o
hey
do
no
occu
anywhe e
122
nea
he
Cape.
In
he
sou he n
pa s
o
hei
ange
hey
a e
no
common.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Hai y
sli - aced
ba s
occu
om
Senegal
eas wa ds
o
E hiopia
and
Somalia
and
sou hwa ds
in
Uganda;
Kenya;
Tanzania;
Zai e;
Came oun;
Gabon
and
in
pa s
o
Angola.
They
occu in
he
cen al
and
sou hwes e n
pa s
o
Zambia
and
in
he
no hwes
and,
while
he e
a e
no
eco ds
a
he
momen
om
he
eas e n
pa s,
Ansell
(1978)
belie ed
ha
hey
do occu ,
as
hey
a e
ound
in
he
Sou he n
P o ince
o
Malawi.
They
occu
in
he
Te e
Dis ic
o
Mozambique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
While
he e
a e
no
eco ds
om
Namibia,
hei
occu ence
in
Angola
as
a
sou hwes
as
Mossamedes
sugges s
ha
in
ime
hey
will
be
ound
o
occu
he e.
In
Zimbabwe
hey
a e
eco ded
om
he
Zambezi
Valley
in
he
no hwes
and
in
he
Eas e n
Dis ic s.
They
ha e
been
aken
in
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
om
he
Te e,
Vila
Pe y
and
Inhambane
dis ic s.
ca ch
indi iduals
in
a
oom
app ecia ed
he
agili y
wi h
which
hey
e aded
cap u e
in
a
bu e ly
ne ,
calling
i
a
"wa m
and
exhila a ing
spo ".
Like
he
common
sli - aced
ba ,
N.
hebaica,
hey
a e
adep
a
a oiding
cap u e
in
bi d
ne s,
swinging
e ically
up
he
ace
o
he
ne
a
he
las
minu e
and
escaping
o e
he
op.
Al hough
like
o he
nyc e ids
hey
a e
slow
lie s,
hey
appea
o
ha e
e y
acu ely
uned
echoloca ion
sys ems,
and
ha e
he abili y
o
jink
and
u n
which
enables
hem
o
pene a e
deep
in o
hick
bush
ei he
in
seeking
oos ing
si es
o
in
eeding in
o es
unde b ush.
Kingdon
(1974)
eco ded
ha
hey
become
a ac ed
o
a
oos
and
when
dis u bed
om
i
e u n
la e
o
he
exac
same
spo .
They
emain
ale
du ing
he
day
and
i
dis-
u bed,
will
li
a ound
nea by
bushes
be o e
e u ning
o
se le.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
The e
is
no
in o ma ion
om
he
Sub egion.
Habi a
Hai y
sli - aced
ba s
a e
ca holic
in
hei
habi a
equi e-
men s,
occu ing
in
he
High
Fo es s
o
Wes
A ica
and
Zai e
as
well
as
in
ela i ely
d y
sa anna
woodland,
as
in
Mozambique.
Rose ea
(1965)
eco ded
hei
wide ole ance
o
a
di e se
ange
o
ege a ional
associa ions
and
hei
habi s
show
ha
hey
can
use
as
di e se
a
ange
o
shel e s,
no
being
es ic ed
o
any
special
ype
which
in
o he
species
es ic s
hei
occu ence.
Thei
dis ibu ion
sug-
ges s
ha
hey
a oid
a id
coun y.
Habi s
Hai y
sli - aced
ba s
a e
p edominan ly
soli a y,
bu
ha e
been
obse ed
in
small
colonies
numbe ing up
o
abou
20
(Rose ea ,
1965).
They
oos
du ing
he
day
in
he
shel e
o
dense,
low
bushes,
hanging
om
he
ine
wigs,
bu
a e
also
ound
in
ha ched
A ican
hu s,
hanging
om
he
ha ch
o
hinne
p ojec ions
o
he
oo ing
imbe s.
Kingdon
(1974)
eco ded
ha ,
in
Eas
A ica,
hey
also
use
aa d a k
holes,
holes
in
e mi a ia,
hollow
ees
and
papy us
c owns.
In
Mozambique
wo
we e
aken
in
a
ca e
in
g ani e
wi h
a
we ,
muddy
loo
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979).
They
come
o
ligh s
a
nigh
o
hawk
insec s
and
equen ly
en e
houses
when
o aging.
Allen,
Lang
&
Chapin
(1917)
in
hei
endea ou s
o
No.
95
Nyc e is
g andis
Pe e s,
1865
La ge
sli - aced
ba
G oo
splee neus le muis
Colloquial
Name
This
is
he
la ges
membe
o
he
Family,
all
o
which
ha e
a
sli
on
op
o
he
muzzle,
om
he
nos ils
o
he
base
o
he
ea s,
unde
which
lies
he
complica ed
noselea es
accom-
moda ed
in
a
cup-like
dep ession
on
he
on
o
he
skull.
Taxonomic
No es
The
nomina e
N.
g.
g andis
was
desc ibed
om
Guinea,
Wes
A ica;
only
N.
g.
ma ica
Ke shaw,
1923
occu s
in
he
sou he n
pa s
o
he
species'
ange.
Desc ip ion
The
g ea e
sli - aced
ba
is,
as
he
name
implies,
he
la ges
o
he
Nyc e idae,
adul
males
ha ing
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
160
mm
and
a
mass
o
abou
40
g
(Table
95.1).
They a e
ligh
eddish-b own
in
colou ,
he
unde
pa s
ligh e
in
colou
han
he
uppe
pa s
wi h
a
g ey
wash.
The
u
is
long
and
so ,
he
wing
memb anes
da k
b own
o
nea ly
black
and
c iss-c ossed
wi h
ine
pa allel
lines
o
do s.
Thei
wings
a e
b oad
and
ounded
a
he
ends,
hei
ea s
b oad
and
measu ing
up
o
30
mm
long.
In
common
wi h
N.
hispida
he
uppe
inciso s
ha e
h ee
small
lobes
on
hei
cu ing
edge
(Fig.
94.1);
he
ou e
ma gins
o
he
ea
agi
a e
smoo h.
Al hough
no
so
a
seen
in
he
Sub egion,
b igh
o ange-colou ed
phases
o
his
species
a e
known.
Table
95.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
wo
male
and
one
emale
la ge
sli - aced
ba s,
N.
g andis,
om
Zimbabwe
Males
TL
T
H c/u
E
F/a
Mass
164
84
15
31
64
35,7
157
70
15
31
64
42,5
Female
145
64
15
31
63
—
Dis ibu ion
In
he
sou he n
pa s
o
hei
ange
hey
p obably
occu
mo e
widely
han
p esen
eco ds
indica e,
as
hey
p obably
do
in
Tanzania
whe e
a
he
momen
he e
a e
no
eco ds
be ween
123
he
no hwes e n
pa s
o
he
coun y,
Da -es-Salaam
and
he
o sho e
islands.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Guinea
eas wa d
in
mos
o
he
Wes
A ican
coun ies
o
Came oun;
Zai e,
excep
in
he
sou heas ;
Uganda;
no heas e n
Tanzania
and
in
he
Da -es-Salaam
a ea
and
he
o sho e
islands
o
Zanziba
and
Pemba.
In
Zambia
he e
is
a
eco d
om
he
sou he n
sec o
o
he
Luangwa
Valley,
and
hey
occu
in
Malawi.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
In
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
hey
a e
e-
co ded
om
he
wes e n pa s
o
he
Vila
Pe y
Dis ic
adjacen
o
he
bo de
wi h
Zimbabwe
and
may
well
occu
in
he
Dondo
and
Ama ongas
o es s
in
his
sec o .
In
Zimbab-
we
hey
occu
in
he
Zambezi
Valley
eas
o
Lake
Ka iba.
Food
P edominan ly
insec i o ous,
bu
wi h
some
ca ni o ous
en-
dencies.
In
Zimbabwe,
he
disca ded
emains
o
ood
included
much
insec
ma e ial,
bu
also
he
emains
o
small
ish
and
ogs
Rana
sp.
I
was
hough
ha
he
ish
we e
being
aken
om
pools
cu
o
om
he
i e
and
hen
d ying
up.
They
used
wo
ypes
o
pe ches,
he
hun ing
pe ch
om
which
hey
ook
o
o
ly
low
o e
he
shallow
inges
o
wa e ,
and
he
eeding
pe ch
o
which
hey
e u ned
o
consume
he
p ey
(Fen on
e
ah,
1987).
Rep oduc ion
Fen on
e
al.
(1987)
eco ded
emales
each
wi h
a
single
clinging
young
in
Decembe
in
he
Zambezi
Valley
a
Mana
Pools
Na ional
Pa k,
Zimbabwe.
No.
96
Nyc e is
woodi
K.
Ande sen,
1914
Wood's
sli - aced
ba
Wood
se
splee neus le muis
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
Rodney
C.
Wood,
a
well-known
na u alis
and
collec o ,
who
collec ed
he
o iginal
specimens
a
Chilanga,
nea
Lusaka,
Zambia.
Taxonomic
No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
lis ed
wo
subspecies,
N.
w.
woodi
om
Zambia
and
N.
w.
sabiensis
Robe s,
1946
om
Zimbabwe.
Desc ip ion
A
sligh ly
smalle
species
han
he
common
sli - aced
ba ,
N.
hebaica,
his
species
is
abou
90
mm
in
o al
leng h
wi h
ea s
sligh ly
sho e
in
se ies han
N.
hebaica
(Table
96.1).
The
uppe
pa s
o
he
body
a e
da k
b own,
he
indi idual
hai s
g ey
owa ds
hei
bases
and
abou
10
mm
long.
The
unde
pa s
a e
whi ish
inged
g ey.
The
skull
is
ypical
o
he
genus
wi h
he
conca e
dep ession
in
on
which
houses
he
noselea es
(Fig.
IX.3).
Habi a
The
g ea e
sli - aced
ba
in
he
no he n
pa s
o
i s
dis i-
bu ional
ange
occu s
in
o es
and
he
indica ions
om
he
Mozambique
specimens
a e
ha
hey
a e
simila ly
associ-
a ed.
In
Zimbabwe
and
Zambia,
howe e ,
hey
a e
ound
in
he
well-de eloped
e e g een
i e ine
o es s
o
he
Luangwa
and
Zambezi
i e s
and
should
be
looked
o
in
o he
a eas
wi h
his
ype
o
habi a
in
he
sou he n
pa s
o
hei
ange.
Habi s
They
occu
in
small
colonies
o
up
o
abou
six
indi iduals.
Ansell
(1978)
men ioned
ha
he
Luangwa
Valley
speci-
mens
we e
aken
om
a
colony,
no
eco ding
he
numbe s.
They
oos
du ing
he
day
in
hollow
ees,
one
o
he
Zimbabwe
specimens
being
aken
om
he
hollow
unk
o
a
dead
ee
lying
on
he
g ound,
a
si ua ion
om
which
hey
ha e
been collec ed
in
o he
pa s
o
hei
ange
(Libe ia;
Allen
&
Coolidge,
1930).
They
ha e
also
been
aken
m
cul e s
and
shallow
ca e ns
in
ocks
(Rose ea ,
1965).
Fen on,
Cumming,
Hu on
&
Swanepoel
(1987)
eco ded
a
colony
o
i e
oos ing
in
a
wa e
owe
in
Mana
Pools
Na ional
Pa k,
Zimbabwe.
They
e u n
o
he
same
eeding
si e
o
consume
hei
ood.
A
Mana
Pools,
Zimbabwe
one
egula ly
e u ned
o
hang
up
in
he
o ice
o
he
Depa men
o
Na ional
Pa ks,
sca e ing
he
disca ded
emains
o
i s
ood
below
he
eeding
si e.
Table
96.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
o
Wood's
sli - aced
ba s,
N.
woodi,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
Males
Females
TL
T
H
c/u
E
F/a
91
43
9
31
38
Range
X
n
Range
88-93
91
5
88-96
41-46
46
5
44-49
8-10
9
5
8-10
29-33
33
5
31-35
37-39
39
5
38-40
Dis ibu ion
Wood's
sli - aced
ba s
a e con ined
in
hei
dis ibu ion
o
cen al
and
eas e n
Zambia;
o
no heas e n
and
sou heas -
e n
Zimbabwe
and
o
he
Limpopo
Ri e
alley
and
he
no he n
pa s
o
he
K uge
Na ional
Pa k
in
he
T ans aal.
Habi a
A
sa anna
woodland
species.
Habi s
The
Zimbabwe
specimens
we e
all
ne ed
and
consequen ly
he e
is
no
in o ma ion
on
hei
dayligh
oos ing
places.
In
eas e n
Zambia
hey
we e
oos ing
in
ock
issu es
in
a
la ge
ocky
ou c op
and
one
was
aken
in
a
building
(Ansell,
1967a).
124
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
is
a ailable.
No.
97
Nyc e is
mac o is
Dobson,
1876
G ea e
sli - aced
ba
G o e
splee neus le muis
Colloquial
Name
Al hough
he
speci ic
name
mac o is
is
de i ed
om
he
G eek
mak os
and
o is
meaning
la ge
ea ed,
hei
ea s
a e
in
ac
smalle
han
in
species
such
as
N.
hebaica.
Taxonomic
No es
The
nomina e
N.
m.
mac o is
was
desc ibed
om
Guinea,
Wes
A ica;
only
N.
m.
o iana
Ke shaw,
1922
occu s
in
he
Sub egion
and hen
only
ma ginally
in
no heas e n
Zim-
babwe.
Desc ip ion
G ea e
sli - aced
ba s
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
100
mm
(Table
97.1).
The
uppe
pa s
a e
wa m
eddish-sepia
in
colou ,
he
unde
pa s
g eye .
Like
he
common
sli - aced
ba
N.
hebaica
he
uppe
inciso s
ha e
wo
lobes
on
hei
cu ing
edges,
bu
he
ea
agus
is
b oade
a
he
end
and
no
so
ounded
and
lacks
he
inden a ion
on
he
lowe
pa
o
he
ou e
edge
seen
in
N.
hebaica.
Table
97.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
o
g ea e
sli - aced
ba s,
N.
mac o is,
om
Wes
A ica
(Rose ea ,
1965)
HB
52-70
E
28-30
T
40-60
F/a
45-50
Dis ibu ion
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Gambia
eas wa ds
o
Nige ia;
sou he n
Sudan;
wes e n
E hiopia;
Uganda;
Kenya
and
Tanzania.
They
occu
in
no heas e n
Angola,
in
he
cen al
and
pa s
o
eas e n
Zambia
and
in
Malawi.
The e
a e
no
eco ds
a
he
momen
om
no heas e n
Mozambique.
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
So
a
eco ded
only
om
he
Zambezi
Valley
in
he
no h-
eas
a
he
con luence
o
he
Chewo e
and
Zambezi
Ri e s
and
in
he
Ma usadona
Na ional
Pa k,
Lake
Ka iba,
in
Zimbabwe.
Habi a
The
specimens
om
he
Sub egion
we e
ne ed
in
he
i e ine
o es
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
In
o he
pa s
o
A ica
hey
occu
bo h
in
o es
and
in
sa anna
woodland.
Habi s
In
o he
pa s
o
A ica
hey
ha e
been
aken
oos ing
in
ca es,
cul e s
and
da k
cella s.
They
will
also hang
up
in
onda els.
Rose ea
(1965)
belie ed
ha
hey
may
also
oos
hanging
in
bushes
o
unde
ocks
like
N.
hispida.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
The e
is
no
in o ma ion
a ailable
om
he
sou he n
pa s
o
hei
dis ibu ional
ange.
No.
98
Nyc e is
hebaica
E.
Geo oy,
1813
Common
sli - aced
ba
Gewone
splee neus le muis
Pla e
5
Colloquial
Name
This
is
one
o
he
commones
and
mos
widesp ead
small
insec i o ous
ba s
ound
in
he
Sub egion.
125
Taxonomic
No es
Numbe s
o
subspecies
ha e
been
desc ibed,
bu
hei alid-
i y
emains
unce ain.
Mees e
e
ai
(1986)
ecognised
wo
subspecies
om
he
Sub egion:
N.
.
capensis
A.
Smi h,
1829
om
he
Cape
P o ince
eas wa ds
o
sou he n
Mozambique,
he
T ans aal
and
Zimbabwe,
and
N.
.
dama ensis
Pe e s,
1871
om
he
wes e n
pa s
o
he
species'
ange
including
no he n
Bo swana.
Desc ip ion
The
conspicuous
long
ea s
make
his
species
one
o
he
mo e
easily
ecognisable
species
ha
occu
in
he
Sub egion.
Adul
males
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
100
mm
and
a
mean
mass
o
10,5
g,
emales,
in
se ies,
sligh ly
la ge
and
hea ie
(Table
98.1).
„
,
.
,
,
The
uppe
pa s
o
he
body
a e
bu y-b own,
he
base
o
he hai
sla e-g ey,
he
hai s
on
he
sides
o
he
neck
and
head
wi h
bu y
bases.
The
unde
pa s
o
he
body
a e
bu y
o
o -whi e.
The
long
ea s
and
he
wing
memb anes
a e
ligh
b own.
The
hai
is
long
and
so
and
on
bo h
he
uppe
and
unde
pa s
ex ends
on o
he
bases
o
he
o ea ms
and
on
he
unde
pa s
on o
he
wing
memb anes
nea
he
body.
The
ligh -colou ed
hai
o
he
unde
pa s
ex ends
upwa d
on o
he
sides
o
he
neck.
Occasionally
a
u ous-colou ed
phase
is
encoun e ed
in
he
eas e n
pa s
o
hei
dis ibu ional
ange.
Specimens
om
Namibia
a e
no iceably
pale
abo e
and
whi e
below
and
ha e
been
conside ed
as
wo hy
o
subspeci ic
ank
as
N.
.
dama ensis.
Unlike
N.
g andis
and
N.
hispida
he
uppe
inciso s
o
N.
hebaica
ha e
only
wo
lobes
on
hei
cu ing
edge
as
agains
h ee
in
he
o he
wo
species.
The
ea
agus
is
pea -shaped
wi h
an
inden a ion
on
he
lowe
pa
o
i s
ou e edge.
Table
98.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
he
common
sli - aced
ba ,
N.
hebaica,
om
he
no he n
pa s
o
he Sub egion
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
TL
T
H
c/u
E
Mass
Dis ibu ion
The
common
sli - aced
ba
has
a
wide
dis ibu ion
on
he
con inen
om
pa s
o
No h
A ica
o
he
Cape
P o ince.
They
also
occu in
Eu ope,
ha ing
been
eco ded
on
he
Island
o
Co u,
o
he
wes
coas
o
G eece,
and
in
he
Middle
Eas .
The e
a e
a eas
wi hin
he
Sub egion
om
which
o
da e
hey
ha e
no
been
ound
o
occu .
As
hey
ange
widely,
his
may
be
due
o
hei
ha ing
been
o e -
looked;
on
he
o he
hand
hey
p e e
woodland
and
some
o
hese
a eas
such
as
sou he n
Bo swana
and
he
g assland
a eas
o
he
T ans aal
may
be
oo
open
o
hem.
They
occu
h oughou
hei
ange
in
associa ion
wi h
buildings,
ye
examina ion
o
sca e ed
s one
buildings
in
sou he n
Bo-
swana
did
no
e eal
hei
p esence.
No h
A ica
They
occu
coas ally
in
Mo occo;
Alge ia;
Tunisia
and
Egyp
and
in
Libya
ha e
been
aken
a
Zua a
in
he
Tibe si
Massi
deep
in o
he
Saha a.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
occu
om
Senegal
eas wa ds
o
he
Sudan;
E hiopia
and
pa s
o
Somalia
and
no hwa ds
o
Egyp
and
sou h-
wa ds
in
a
leas
pa s
o
all
he
coun ies
o
he
bo de s
o
he
Sub egion,
excluding
a eas
o
opical
o es .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
as
occu ing
widely
in
Namibia
bu
in
Bo swana
con ined
o
he
no he n
and
eas e n
sec o s
and
no
so
a
eco ded
om
he
semi-dese
cen al
and
sou he n
pa s
o
he
coun y.
Widesp ead
in
Zimbabwe;
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
and
Malawi.
In
he
T ans aal
no
eco ded
o
da e
om
he
g assland
a eas
in
he
sou h
bu
a e
o he wise
widesp ead.
Reco ded
om
he
O ange
F ee
S a e;
Na al
and
he
Cape
P o ince.
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
102 14
92-110
110
7
98-120
53
14
46-57
55
7
50-59
11
12
10-12
12
5
11-14
33
14
30-35
34
7
30-37
10,5
14
9,0-11,5
11,4
4
10,0-13,7
Habi a
The
common
sli - aced
ba
is,
h oughou
i s
ange,
associ-
a ed
wi h
open
sa anna
woodland
al hough
i
has
been
aken
on
a e
occasions
in
o es s
(Rose ea ,
1965)
and
is
ound
in
oases
in
dese
egions
(Tibe si,
Libya;
Hu nagl,
1972)
and
in
isola ed
a eas
in
he
Sinai
Peninsula
and
in
A abia,
whe e
he e
a e
sca e ed
ees
(Ha ison,
1964).
To
some
ex en
a
leas
hey
ha e
a
wide
habi a
ole ance.
In
he
Sub egion
hey
occu
om
sea
le el
o
o e
1
500
m
and
in
a eas
whe e
he
mean
annual
ain all
is
as
low
as
100
mm
and
as
high
as
1
200
o
1
400
mm.
Habi s
The
common
sli - aced
ba
is
a
g ega ious
species,
occu ing
in
small
o
medium-sized
colonies
o
up
o
hund eds.
They
oos
du ing
he
day
in
he
subs an ial
co e
o
ca es,
cul e s
unde
oads,
in
mine
adi s,
in
hollow
ees
(baobab,
Adansonia
digi a a),
in
ock
issu es
and
disused
an bea
holes
(Temby,
1977)
and
a e
common
occupan s
o
he
shel e
unde
he
oo s
o
houses
o
ha ched
onda els.
In
hese
si ua ions
hey
hang
om
he
ceilings,
clinging
on
o
idge
poles
o
hu s
o
he
ha ch
and,
in
si ua ions
such
as
cul e s,
o
he
small
i egula i ies
in
he cemen .
They
oos
ei he
in
hal
ligh o
in
he
da kes
pa s
o
he in e io
o
hese
shel e s,
ha ing
a
p e e ence
o
he
la e .
They
end
o
oos
in
sca e ed
g oups,
no
closely
packed
oge he
as
do
o he
species.
In
D o sky's
ca es
in
Bo swana,
he
colony
was
es ima ed
o
numbe
600,
he
indi iduals
hanging
om
he
13
m
high
oo
in
o al
da kness,
270
m
om
he
en ance. The
a mos-
phe e
was
humid
wi h
empe a u es
be ween
30
°C
and
32
°C.
They a e
la e
mo e s
om
hei
dayligh
oos ing
places,
lea ing
well
a e
sundown,
usually
abou
20h30
o
21h00,
and
e u ning
well
be o e
i s
ligh .
On
lea ing
hey
end
o
sca e
in o
small
g oups
which
b eak
up,
and
he
indi iduals
o age
sepa a ely.
They
a e ela i ely
slow
lie s,
bu
ha e
g ea
powe s
o
jinking
and
wis ing
in
ligh .
In
o aging
hey
may
ly
wi hin
a
me e
o
he
g ound.
Food
Insec i o ous,
he
ood,
as
indica ed
by
he
disca ded
e-
mains
picked
up
unde
hei
eeding
si es,
includes
a
high
p opo ion
o
mo hs
and
long-ho ned
and
sho -ho ned
g asshoppe s.
Fel on
(1956)
eco ded
ha
in
Namibia
hey
126
a e
sco pions,
including
Opis hoph halmus
wahlbe gi
and
hey
will
also
ake
sun
spide s,
Soli ugae.
LaVal
&
LaVal
(1980)
p o ided
a
lis
o
insec s
aken
by
he
species
in
Na al,
no ing
ha
many
o
he
insec s
we e
aken
while
s a iona y
a he
han
in
ligh .
Once
p ey
is
secu ed
hey
ly
o
es ablished
eeding
si es,
which
hey
will
use
o e
p olonged
pe iods,
as
is
shown
by
he
accumula ions
o
disca ded
emains
benea h
hem.
Fen-
on
(1975)
showed,
om
he
examina ion
o
he
emains
o
insec s
collec ed
a
a
eeding
si e,
ha
O hop e a
emains
accoun ed
o
54%
o
he
p ey,
Lepidop e a
45%.
The
Lepidop e a
included
29
species
o
mo hs,
one
species,
a
sphingid,
Poly ychus
compa ,
accoun ed
o
32%
o
he
emains,
he
nex
mos
common
species
3,5%.
This
shows
a
ema kable
selec i i y
on
he
pa
o
he
ba
and
compa ed
wi h
he
de ails
o
he
ood
o
Lande 's
ho seshoe
ba ,
Rhinolophus
lande i,
sugges s
ha
he e
is
a
sha ing
o
he
ood
esou ces
a ailable
be ween
di e en
species
o
ba s.
Rep oduc ion
In
he
E osha
Na ional
Pa k,
Namibia
i
was
ound
ha
a e
a
b ie
pe iod
o
cou ship,
copula ion
occu s
in
ligh
wi h
bo h
ba s
ho e ing.
Copula ion
is
o
sho
du a ion
and
is
epea ed
up
o
h ee
imes
(Lindeque,
1987).
In
Na al,
Be na d
(1982a)
ound
ha
o a ian
and
aginal
ac i i y
ook
place
in
wo
peaks,
he
i s
be ween
Ap il
and
ea ly
June,
culmina ing
in
oes us,
he
second
be ween
July
and
Augus
du ing
p egnancy.
Copula ion
and
e ilisa ion
ook
place
in
ea ly
June,
he
young
being
bo n
a e
a
i e
mon h
pe iod
o
ges a ion
in
ea ly
No embe .
Lac a ion
las ed
wo
mon hs,
ollowed
by
a
pe iod
o
anoes us
un il
he
onse
o
p o-oes us
in
Ap il.
In
Zimbabwe,
Smi he s
&
Wilson
(1979)
ound
ha
hey
we e
seasonal
b eede s,
g a id
emales
commonly
being
aken
du ing
he
mon hs
o
Augus
o
Oc obe
and
no
a o he
imes
o
he
yea .
Females
wi h iny
young
clinging
o
hem
we e
aken
om
Oc obe
o
Decembe ,
he
ea ly
pa
o
he
wa m
we
mon hs
o
he
yea .
A
single
young
is
p oduced
a
bi h
and
is
ca ied
a ound
by
he
mo he
a ached
o
one
o
he
nipples
and
clinging
o
he
wi h
he
wings
and
ee .
No.
99
Nyc e is
insoni
Dalques ,
1965
Vinson's
sli - aced
ba
Vinson
se
splee neus le muis
Colloquial
Name
Named
a e
J.
Vinson
who
sponso ed
an
expedi ion
o
Mozambique
du ing
which
he
i s
specimens
we e
aken
(Dalques ,
1965).
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
s a ed
ha
his
species
is
mo e
p obably
a
membe
o
he
ae hiopica
g oup.
Un il
i s
ela-
ionships
a e
be e
known,
howe e ,
i
is
conside ed
o
be
a
alid
species.
Only
wo
specimens
we e
collec ed;
he
species
was
desc ibed
om
an
adul
emale.
Desc ip ion
Dalques
(1965)
in
his
desc ip ion
s a ed
ha
i
is
a
e y
la ge
Nyc e is,
simila
in
p opo ions
o
N.
hebaica
bu
la ge
and
s ou e
and
wi h
much
sho e
ea s.
One
o
he
wo
speci-
mens
collec ed
was
in
he
o ange
phase,
he
o he
g eye
like
N.
hebaica.
N.
insoni
di e s
p incipally
om
N.
hebaica
in
he
ea u es al eady
men ioned
and
in
i s
mo e
massi e
skull
and
hea ie
ee h.
The
os um
is
20%
hea ie
han
in
N.
hebaica
and
he
sup ao bi al
langes
o e hang
he
eye
o bi s
o
a
much
g ea e
deg ee,
he
b ead h
ac oss
he
langes
being
6,8
mm
in
N.
hebaica
and
9,0
mm
in
N.
insoni.
The
ype
specimen
had
he
ollowing
measu emen s
(mm):
TL
T
H c/u
E
125
55
13
22
The
ea
measu emen
gi en
by
Dalques
(1965)
should
be
ea ed
wi h
cau ion
as
i
had
been
singed
in
he
i e
li
o
mo e
hem
om
he
hollow
ee—"al hough
some
allow-
ance
was
made
o
his".
Dis ibu ion
So
a
only
known
om
he
sou h
bank
o
he
Sa e
Ri e
in
Mozambique
a
abou
34
°E.
Habi a
D y
sa anna
woodland.
Habi s
Two
we e
aken
om
a
small
hollow
a
he
base
o
a
baobab,
Adansonia
digi a a.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
Unknown.
X.
Family
RHINOLOPHIDAE
Ho seshoe
ba s
Membe s
o
his
Family,
all
o
which
a e
o
small
o
medium
size,
a e
ound
h oughou
he
wo ld,
wi h
he
excep ion
o
he
Ame ican
Con inen .
I
con ains
only
one
genus
Rhino-
lophus,
o
which
30
species
ha e
been
desc ibed
om
A ica,
10
occu ing
in
he
Sub egion.
They a e
called
ho seshoe
ba s
om
he
shape
o
he
an e io
noselea ,
which
is
shaped
like
a
ho seshoe
(Fig.
127
Fig.
X.l.
Head
o
a
Rhinolophidae,
Rhinolophus
sp.
The
gene ic
name
Rhinolophus
is
de i ed
om
he
G eek
hinos
a
nose
and
lophos
a
c es ,
e e ing
o
he
c es
o
noselea es.
The
noselea
is
a
highly complica ed
o gan
and
includes
he
nos ils
which
a e
si ua ed
cen ally
jus
behind
he
pos e io
inge
o
he
an e io
noselea
(Fig.
X.2).
The
shape
o
he
a ious
pa s
o
he
noselea es
is
use ul
in
dis inguishing
be ween
he
species
bu
hey
end
o
dis o
in
d ied
specimens
and
a e
app ecia ed
mo e
accu a ely
in
pickled
specimens
o
be e
s ill
in
esh
ma e ial.
Moh es
(1953)
ound
ha
he
noselea es
in
he
genus
ac
as
ans-
mi e s
o
echoloca ion
impulses,
he
impulses
being
emi -
ed
h ough
he
nos ils.
I
is
he unc ion
o
he
noselea es
o
channel
and
ocus
he
emissions
so
ha
hey
achie e
a
maximum
in ensi y
a
a
poin
o
ocus
ahead
o
he
lying
ba .
They
also
shield
he
ea s
om
he
di ec
ecep ion
o
he
impulses,
only
he
echoes
being
app ecia ed
by
hem.
which
may
se e
as
al e na i e
clinging
poin s
o
he
young.
In
he
skull
he
cha ac e is ic
ea u e
is
he
dome
si ua ed
jus
abo e
he
nasal
ape u e
(Fig.
X.3).
The
wo
uppe
inciso s
a e
moun ed
in
a
p ojec ion
o
he
pala ine
bone,
which
is
pa ly
ca ilaginous
and
is
o en
los
in
p epa a ion;
hese
ee h
a e
se
well
o wa d
o
he
canines.
On
ei he
side
o
his
p ojec ion
he
skull
is
deeply
ema gina e.
Fig.
X.3.
Skull
o
he
Rhinolophidae,
Rhinolophus
umiga us
The
den al
o mula
is
£
C±
P
M§
=28-32
The
lowe
inciso s
a e
i id.
The
an e io
uppe
p emola
is
small
and
may
be
missing
on
bo h
o
ei he
side.
I s
posi ion,
wi hin
o
ex e nal
o
he
oo h ow,
is
impo an
in
he
g ouping
o
he
species
(Fig.
X.4).
Fig.X.2.
Rhinolophidae
noselea
nomencla u e:
(a)
nos il
(b)
sella
(c)
connec ing
p ocess
(d)
pos e io
noselea
(e)
an e io
noselea
( )
seconda y
lea le
The
ea s
a e
sepa a ed
widely
and
a e
la ge
and
a e
capable
o
independen
mo emen
bu
lack
ea
agi.
The
an i agi,
howe e ,
a e
much
enla ged
and
old
ac oss
he
open
base
o
he
ea s.
The
wings
a e
sho
and
ounded,
he
second
inge
consis ing
o
he
me aca pal
only,
wi hou
phalanges,
he
hi d,
ou h
and
i h
inge s
wi h
wo
phalanges
each
which,
when
he
ba
is
a
es ,
old
unde
he
wing.
The
e eb ae
o
he
ail
end
a
he
pos e io
inge
o
he
in e emo al
memb ane
which
is
suppo ed
on
ei he side
by
cu ed
calcanea
a ising
om
he
ankles.
When
a
es
he
ail
and
in e emo al
memb ane
old
upwa ds.
The
u
is
long
and
so
and
while
in
gene al
hey
a e
g eyish-b own
in
colou ,
a
eddish-b own
colou
phase
is
no
uncommon.
The
emales
ha e
a
pai
o
alse
nipples
si ua ed
low
down
on
he
abdomen
jus
an e io
o
he
geni al
o i ice
Genus
Rhinolophus
Lac<§p&de,
1799
Key
o
he
species
a e
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
1.
Face
and/o la e al
ma gins
o
sella
libe ally
u nished
wi h
long
hai s;
connec ing
p ocess
low,
ounded;
g ea -
es
wid h
o
ho seshoe
o e
9
mm
...
2
Sella
naked;
connec ing
p ocess
ounded
o
poin ed;
g ea es
wid h
o
ho seshoe
less
han
9
mm
...
3
2. Fo ea m
62—67
mm
..
.
hildeb and ii
Fo ea m
50—60
mm
..
.
umiga us
3.
An e io
uppe
p emola ,
when
p esen ,
ex e nal
o
oo h-
ow;
canine
and
ou h
uppe
p emola
in
con ac ;
con-
nec ing
p ocess
blun ly
poin ed
...
4
An e io
uppe
p emola
in
oo h ow;
canine
and
ou h
uppe
p emola
no
in
con ac ;
connec ing
p ocess
blun
o
sha ply
poin ed
...
5
4.
Fo ea m
50—57
mm
...
cli osus
Fo ea m
45-50
mm
..
.
da lingi
5.
Connec ing
p ocess
ises
o
an
e ec
poin ;
in e p e ygoid
g oo e
usually
shallow,
no
clea ly
de ined
by
bo de ing
idges;
an e io
uppe
p emola
usually
no
c owded
be ween
canine
and
ou h
uppe
p emola ,
longe
han
wide
...
6
Connec ing
p ocess
wi h
a
low
blun ly
poin ed
ip;
in e p e ygoid
g oo e
deep
and
clea ly
de ined
by
bo -
de ing
idges;
an e io
uppe
p emola
usually
mo e
o
128
less
c owded
be ween
canine
and
ou h
uppe
p emola ,
a
leas
as
wide
as
i
is
long
...
7
6.
Fi s
phalanx
o
ou h
inge
no ably
sho ened
in
e-
la ion
o
me aca pal
leng h;
connec ing
p ocess
poin ed;
mola
wid h
less
han
hal
wid h
o
pala e
be ween
mola s
. . .
lande i
Fi s
phalanx
o
ou h
inge
no
no ably
sho ened
in
ela ion
o
me aca pal
leng h;
connec ing
p ocess
ises
o
a
high
na ow
ho n;
mola
wid h
mo e
han
hal
wid h
o
pala e
be ween
mola s
..
.
blasii
7.
La ge ,
o ea m
47-51
mm,
skull
20
mm
o
mo e
...
capensis
Smalle ,
o ea m
40-46
mm,
skull
18,7
mm
o
less
...
8
8.
Sella
b oade ;
ea s
longe ,
20-22
mm;
condylocanine
leng h
mo e
han
15,5
mm
...
simula o
Sella
na owe ;
ea s
sho e ,
18-20
mm;
condylocanine
leng h
less
han
15,5
mm
...
9
9.
F on
edge
o
connec ing
p ocess
almos
conca e;
lance
wi h
sides
almos
con ex;
u
whi ish
a
base
. .
.
den i
F on
edge
o
connec ing
p ocess
con ex;
lance
wi h
sides
conca e,
ip
poin ed;
u
nea ly
unicolou ed
...
swinnyi
Fig.
X.4.
Tee h
(a)
Rhinolophus
da lingi,
wi h
he
minu e
an e io
p emola
(c)
si ua ed
ex e nal
o
oo h ow
(h)
R.
den i
wi h
he
an e io
uppe
p emola
(d)
si ua ed
in
he
oo h ow.
No.
100
Rhinolophus
hildeb and ii
Pe e s,
1878
Hildeb and 's
ho seshoe
ba
Hildeb and
se
saalneus le muis
Pla e
5
Taxonomic
No es
No
subspecies
a e
lis ed
by
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971).
Desc ip ion
Hildeb and 's
ho seshoe
ba s
a e
he
la ges
membe s
o
he
genus
ha
occu in
he
Sub egion.
Adul
males
ha e
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
110
mm
and
a
mass
o
abou
27
g,
he
emales
sligh ly
la ge
and
hea ie
(Table
100.1).
They a e
g eyish-
b own
on
he
uppe
pa s,
he
unde
pa s
abou
he
same
colou
o
e y
sligh ly
ligh e .
The
ea s
a e
conspicuously
la ge
and
poin ed
a
he
ips,
s ongly
con ex
on
hei
inne
edges
and
conca e
on
he
ou e .
The
wing
and
in e emo al
memb anes
a e
a
anslucen
da k
b own.
The
hai
on
he
uppe
pa s
is
unicolou ed
and
is
long
and
so .
Table
100.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
Hildeb and 's
ho se-
shoe
ba s,
R.
hildeb and ii,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
TL
114
15
108-121
116
15
109-125
T
38
15
32-40
39
15
31-43
H
c/u
15
15
13-16
15
15
14-16
E
32
15
30-33
31
15
28-34
F/a
63
11
62-66
66
9
64-67
Mass
26,9
12
22,8-32,2
31,3
8
26,0-34,0
Dis ibu ion
Con ined
o
he
eas e n
pa s
o
he
con inen
om
he
T ans aal
no h
o
sou he n
E hiopia
and
he
Sudan.
The
mos
wes e ly
eco ds
a e
om
nea
Kabompo
in
Zambia.
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
occu
in
sou he n
E hiopia;
Sudan;
sou he n
Somalia;
in
Kenya;
Uganda
and
he
ex eme
no heas e n and
sou h-
eas e n
pa s
o
Zai e
and
in
Rwanda.
In
Tanzania
he e
a e
eco ds
om
he
eas e n
pa s
o
he
coun y,
bu
hei
occu ence
in
Rwanda
sugges s
ha
hey
ha e
a
wide
dis ibu ion
in
his
sec o .
The e
a e
eco ds
om
Malawi,
and
in
Zambia hey
a e
widesp ead
excep
in
he
sou hwes .
In
Mozambique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
hey
occu
in
he
Te e Dis ic . While
he e
a e
no
eco ds
a
he
momen
om
he
ex eme
no heas e n
pa s
o
Mozambique,
his
a ea
is
li le
known
and
hei
occu ence
in
adjacen
e i-
o ies
sugges s
ha
in
ime
hey
will
be
shown
o
be
p esen .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
They
a e
widely
dis ibu ed
in
Zimbabwe
excep
in
he
no hwes
and
occu
ac oss
he
bo de
in o
Bo swana
in
he
F ancis own
dis ic .
They a e
eco ded
om
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
as
a
sou h
as
he
wes e n
pa s
129
ollowed
by
a
pe iod
o
lac a ion
and
anoes us
o
abou
60
days.
This
is
he
i s
epo
o
e a ded
emb yonic
de elop-
men
in
he
genus
and
only
he
hi d
in
he
Chi op e a.
In
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
and
he
T ans aal
(Rau enbach,
1982)
g a id
emales
ha e
been
aken
in
Sep-
embe
and
Oc obe ,
and
Rau enbach
(1982)
eco ded
lac a -
ing
emales
in
he
T ans aal
in
Janua y.
This
sugges s
ha
he
young
a e
bo n
ea ly
in
he
wa m,
we
summe
mon hs
om
abou
Oc obe
o
Decembe .
The
emales
all
ca ied
one
oe us.
In
he
ea ly
pa
o
hei
li es
he
young
a ach
hemsel es
i mly
o
he
emales'
nipples
and
cling
o
hem
as
hey
o age.
The
pai
o
unc ional
nipples
in
he
emales
is
si ua ed
on
he
ches
and
in
addi ion
hey
ha e
a
pai
o
alse
nipples
si ua ed
closely
oge he ,
one
on
each
side,
jus
in
on
o
he
anus
(Fig.
111.1).
Genus
Cloeo is
Thomas,
1901
No.
112
Cloeo is
pe ci ali
Thomas,
1901
Sho -ea ed
iden
ba
D ie and-bladneus le muis
Pla e
4
Colloquial
Name
So
named
om
he
h ee-p onged
p ocess
a
he
op
o
he
noselea es
and
he
no iceably
sho
ea s.
Taxonomic
No es
Mees e
e
al.
(1986)
lis ed
wo
subspecies,
only
one
o
which,
C.
p.
aus alis
Robe s,
1917,
occu s
in
he
Sub egion;
he
o he ,
C.
p.
pe
ci ali,
occu s
in
Eas
A ica.
Desc ip ion
The
smalles
membe
o
he
Family
Hipposide idae,
he
sho -ea ed
iden
ba
has
a
o al
leng h
o
abou
70
mm,
a
sho
ail
abou
30
mm
in
leng h
and
a
mean mass
o
abou
4,0
g
(Table
112.1).
Only
his
species
and
he
Pe sian
lea -nosed
ba ,
T i-
aenops
pe sicus,
possess
he
h ee-p onged,
iden -like
p o-
cess
on
op
o
he
noselea es.
The
colou
o
he
uppe
pa s
is
sla e-g ey,
bu
some
specimens
om
he
T ans aal
and
in
pa icula
om
Swa-
ziland
a e
bu y-b own.
The
hai
is
so ,
silky
and
uni-
colou ed
and
up
o
9
mm
long.
The
ace
is
yellowish-whi e.
The
unde
pa s
a e
whi e
inged
yellow,
he
indi idual
hai s
ligh
sla e-g ey
a
hei
bases
wi h
yellowish-whi e
ips,
gi ing
a
gene al
appea ance
o
g eyish
unde
pa s.
The
iny
ea s
a e
ounded,
showing
no sign
o
ips
and
lie
close
o
he
head,
almos
obscu ed
by
he
long
u .
The
an e io
uppe
p emola
lies
in
he
oo h ow
sepa a -
ing
he
canines
and
he
pos e io
p emola ,
bu
lies
o
he
ex e nal
side
o
he
mid-line
o
he
oo h ow;
he
an e io
o
he
wo
p emola s
in
he
lowe
jaw
is
abou
hal
he
heigh
o
he
pos e io .
Table
112.1
Measu emen s
(mm)
and
mass
(g)
o
sho -ea ed
iden
ba s,
C.
pe
ci ali,
om
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979)
TL
T
H
c/u
E
F/a
Mass
Dis ibu ion
Too
ew
eco ds
o
his
species
a e
a ailable
o
assess
he
limi s
o
i s
dis ibu ion
p ope ly.
O iginally
he
species
was
desc ibed
in
1901
om
a
specimen
om
Takaunga
jus
no h
o
Mombasa
in
coas al
Kenya
whe e
i
was
aken
om
a
co al
Males
Females
X
n
Range
X
n
Range
69
8
64-76
67
11
63-74
29
8
27-30
29
11
26-33
6
9
6-7
6
10
6-7
10
9
9-11
10 10
9-11
35
8
34-39
35
10
34-38
4,2
8
3,5-4.8
3,9
10
3,4-4,3
ca e;
Kingdon
(1974)
epo ed
ha
since
hen
only
one
specimen
has
been
aken
in
he
a ea.
Robe s
(1951)
epo ed
ha
in
a
ca e
nea
P e o ia,
T ans aal,
whe e
he
o iginally-
had
ound
hem
o
occu
in
la ge
numbe s,
hey
we e
no
ound
on
a
subsequen
isi .
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
In
Eas
A ica
hey
a e
only
known
om
coas al
Kenya.
No
eco ded
om
Tanzania.
Reco ded
om
sou heas e n
Zai e
and
al hough
a
p esen
known
only
om
wo
locali ies
in
Zambia,
Ansell
(1978)
belie ed
ha
hey
migh
be
mo e
widesp ead
in
he
eas e n
pa s
o
he
coun y.
In
Mozam-
bique,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
hey
a e
only
known
om
Missale
Mine
in
he
no heas e n
Te e Dis ic .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
In
Zimbabwe
hey
a e
known
om
six
locali ies
om
he
Ka iba
Dam
in
he
no h
o
Mu a e
in
he
eas
and
wes -
wa ds
o
Gwanda.
In
he
T ans aal
hey
a e
eco ded
om
h ee
locali ies
in
he
P e o ia,
Rus enbu g
sec o
and
a
Koma ipoo
in
he
eas ;
om
Swaziland
and
Bo swana
in
he
Kanye
and
Molopolole
a eas
in
he
sou heas .
Habi a
The e
a e
insu icien
da a
a ailable
a
he
momen
o
assess
hei
habi a
equi emen s.
The
p esence
o
subs an ial
shel-
e
in
he
o m
o
ca es
o
mine
adi s appea s
o
be
an
essen ial
habi a
equi emen .
Habi s
Sho -ea ed
iden
ba s
a e
g ega ious,
occu ing
in
colonies
numbe ing
hund eds.
They
oos
du ing
he day
in
ca es
and
mine
adi s,
hanging
om
he
oo
in
igh
clus e s,
a
back
in o
hese
shel e s
in
o al
da kness.
In
Zimbabwe
a
e y
small
colony
o
abou
12
li ed
in
an
unde g ound
i iga ion
unnel.
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
In
Zimbabwe
g a id
emales
each
wi h
a
single
oe us
we e
aken
in
Oc obe ,
which
sugges s
ha
he
young
a e
bo n
du ing
he
wa m,
we
summe
mon hs
om
abou
Oc obe
o
Decembe .
142
Genus
T iaenops
Dobson,
i87i
No.
113
T iaenops
pe sicus
Dobson,
i87i
Pe sian
lea -nosed
ba
Pe siese
bladneus le muis
Colloquial
Name
O iginally
he
species
was
desc ibed
om
a
specimen
om
Shipaz,
Pe sia
(I an)
bu
subsequen ly
has
been
ound
o
occu
in
A abia
and
on
he
con inen
o
A ica.
I
is
app o-
p ia ely
called
he
Pe sian
iden
ba
because,
like
he
sho -ea ed
iden
ba , Cloeo is
pe ci ali,
i
has
a
h ee-
p onged
iden
a
he
op
o
he
noselea es.
Taxonomic
No es
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
lis ed
wo
subspecies
om
he
con-
inen ,
T.
p.
majusculus
Aellen
&
B osse ,
1968
om
he
Congo
Republic
and
T.
p.
a e
om
he
eas e n
pa
o
he
con inen
sou h
o
wi hin
he
limi s
o
he
Sub egion.
Desc ip ion
The
Pe sian
lea -nosed
ba
is
abou
140
mm
in
o al
leng h
wi h
a
ail
o
abou
40 mm
long.
The
uppe
pa s
a e
yellowish-b own
inged
wi h
o ange,
he
sides
o
he
ace
yellow,
he
unde
pa s
ligh e
in colou
han
he
uppe
pa s,
a
shade
b owne
on
he
h oa .
The
hai
is
so
and
silky,
he
bases
o
he
indi idual
hai s
yellowish-b own,
sligh ly
b owne
owa ds
he
ips.
The
wing
and
in e emo-
al
memb anes
a e
da k b own.
The
ea s,
which
a e
cha ac-
e is ic
in
shape,
a e
a
anslucen
ligh
b own.
This
ba
is
much
la ge
in
size
han
he
sho -ea ed
iden
ba ,
Cloeo is
pe ci ali,
which
is
he
only
o he
species
in
he
Sub egion
ha
possesses
he
h ee-p onged,
iden -like,
p ocesses
a
he
op
o
he
noselea es.
The
an e io
uppe
p emola
lies
in
he
oo h ow
sepa a -
ing
he
canines
and
he
pos e io
p emola ,
bu
lies
o
he
ex e nal
side
o
he
mid-line
o
he
oo h ow;
he
an e io
o
he
wo
p emola s
in
he
lowe
jaw
is
abou
hal
he
heigh
o
he
pos e io .
Dis ibu ion
Ex alimi al
o
he
con inen
Occu s
in
I an,
on
he
coas
o
he
Pe sian
gul
and
in
A abia
a
an
oasis
in
Oman
in
he
eas
and
Aden
in
he
sou hwes ,
eas wa ds
o
Pakis an,
and
on
Madagasca .
Sou h
o
he
Saha a,
excluding
he
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
Uganda
and
a
numbe
o
locali ies
in
E hiopia,
wes
in
he
alley
o
he
Blue
Nile
o
nea
he
Sudan
bo de ;
in
wes e n,
no he n
and
cen al
Somalia;
E hiopia;
Congo
Republic;
coas al
Kenya
and
in
wo
a eas
in
he
sou heas
o
he
coun y
and
coas al
Tanzania.
The e
a e
no
eco ds
a
he
momen
om
he
no heas e n
pa s
o
Mozambique,
bu
hey
occu
in
he
Te e
Dis ic ,
no h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e .
Sou he n
A ican
Sub egion
Reco ded
om
he
Mu a e
Dis ic
in eas e n
Zimbabwe
and
in
Mozambique,
sou h
o
he
Zambezi
Ri e ,
in
he
Te e and
Inhambane
dis ic s.
Habi a
The e
a e
insu icien
da a
a ailable
a
he
momen
o
assess
hei
habi a
equi emen s,
bu
hese
include
he
a ailabili y
o
subs an ial
shel e
in
he
o m
o
ca es
o
mine
adi s.
Hayman
&
Hill
(1971)
belie ed
ha
hey
a ely
occu
inland,
bu
since
hen
hey
ha e
been
aken
a
inland
including
in
Zimbabwe
(Smi he s
&
Wilson,
1979).
In
a
coas al
ca e
in
he
Inhambane
Dis ic ,
Mozambique
hey
occu ed
in
hun-
d eds,
bu
only
a
single
specimen
was
aken
in
a
ca e
nea
Mu a e,
Zimbabwe.
Habi s
Pe sian
lea -nosed
ba s
a e
g ega ious.
Whe e
hey
occu
in
la ge
numbe s
hey
hang
om
he
ceiling
o
he
ca es
in
la ge
clus e s,
sligh ly
sepa a ed
om
one
ano he .
Food
Insec i o ous.
Rep oduc ion
No
in o ma ion
a ailable
om
he
Sub egion.
143