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Sus ainabili y in Thailand's Hospi ali y Indus y: Eme ging g een ini ia i es shaping
he u u e o ou ism by 2030
Aphisa adh Si i adhanawa a acha a *
Associa e P o esso (Magadh Uni e si y), Indus ial P o essional, Bangkok, Thailand.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 3869-3884
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 18 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 26 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 29 Ap il 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.1.1563
Abs ac
The cu en esea ch in es iga es ho oughly he new and p og essi ely ising g een schemes acqui ing oo in
Thailand's hospi ali y sec o and hei b oade implica ions o sus ainable ou ism in he nex decade. E en hough i
is a long-s anding global con ibu o o many o ms o en i onmen al deg ada ions, he hospi ali y sec o , pa icula ly
ho els, has been ound o exhibi a no iceable and wo isome lagga dness in emb acing comple ely holis ic eco- iendly
p ac ices. Bu he e is a ising and apidly g owing ecogni ion wi hin he indus y o he pa amoun signi icance o
sus ainabili y, ueled by immedia e en i onmen al conce ns as well as he ising, e ol ing expec a ions o ou is s. The
s udy p esen s he cu en landscape o Thailand's hospi ali y indus y in de ail, he c i ical ole ha ho els play in
ou ism de elopmen , and he as - ising end owa ds g een ho els ha gi e u mos p io i y o en i onmen al
esponsibili ies. I deals ex ensi ely wi h he di e si ied impac o such new g een policies no only on he sec o 's
o e all g een epu a ion bu also on he in e linked social and economic dynamics o he coun y ha a e e y much
dependen upon hese ac i i ies.
Keywo ds: Sus ainable Tou ism; G een Hospi ali y; Thailand Ho els; En i onmen al P ac ices; Eco-F iendly Policies;
Tou ism Indus y Impac
1. In oduc ion
Al hough one o he la ges , mos success ul and mos en i onmen ally ha m ul indus ies in he wo ld, ho el companies
ha e adi ionally e aded calls o socio-en i onmen al accoun abili y. They ha e succeeded in a oiding en i onmen al
esponsibili ies because mos indi iduals do no associa e ho els wi h indus y-caused en i onmen al issues. E en
in luen ial g een ho el c i ics ha e gene ally been c i ical o he ou ism sec o in gene al bu igno ed he ho el aspec .
Though ou ism is an indus y ha has ea ned o i sel he epu a ion o a 'smokeless indus y', i onically i is he
smokeless indus y pa excellence one ha depends on he heal h o he physical en i onmen o unc ion. Tou is s ly
millions o miles o des ina ions whose majo a ac ions a e en i onmen s ha a e said o be exo ic, beau i ul, clean,
and unpollu ed. Tou ism also has a es ed in e es in he conse a ion o i s na u al and cul u al esou ces because hey
a e he e y li eblood o all ou ism businesses. Un o una ely, conse a ion o esou ces is hinde ed by he ac ha
ou ism has a ac u ed s uc u e. I is he ho el ha p ocesses ou is s, con ols how much he a ac ions a e p omo ed,
and how much physical ba ie o a ac ion o build a he des ina ion si e (Kasim, 2004). Such c i ical unc ions o a
ho el can lead o socio-en i onmen al loss a wo s ages, i.e., cons uc ion and ope a ion. Du ing cons uc ion,
uncon olled g ow h o ho els in a desi ed en i onmen which a loca ion enjoys can lead o en i onmen al deg ada ion
h ough dus , aw was e, and uno . Tou ism g ow h migh appea o aise he economy and lead socie y in o a mode n
s a us bu simul aneously c ea e he gap be ween he poo and he weal hy la ge . While weal h om he ich pou s in,
he poo and o en imes o go en poo a e sho ed o whe e one canno ind any glamou and gli z. Resen men s a he
local le el, inc eased ensions, and social un es may esul as he unde p i ileged eel hey a e beg udging abou hei
ci cums ances while kep awa e o he excesses o he p ospe ous ones (Goh e al., 2017).
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2. O e iew o Thailand's Hospi ali y Indus y
Today, ou ism is a signi ican sec o in Thailand's economy. The sec o p o ides 12.1 pe cen o he coun y's g oss
domes ic p oduc (GDP), 3.8 pe cen o he employmen , and 7.0 pe cen o he o al goods expo ed. Thailand is a
weal hy, dynamic, and di e se coun y wi h i s own unique cul u e and cus oms. The mix u e o a ious cul u es, such
as Indian and Chinese cul u es, can be seen in cul u al es i als and e en s. Apa om na u al esou ces, such as
beaches, moun ains, and o es s, and cul u ally unique a chi ec u e, hinde he beau y o he coun y. The eme ging
economy, secu e poli ical clima e, and sa e y o ou is s a o he ou is indus y. The coun y ecei es isi o s om
o he coun ies who come o a a ie y o easons. The ou ism indus y in Thailand o e s la ge and small en e p ises
a ious business oppo uni ies. Hospi ali y indus y is comp ised o se ices ha p o ide ood, p o ide
accommoda ion, anspo people, and engage in ec ea ion o gues s. In addi ion o accommoda ion, ood and
be e ages, and ec ea ional se ices, hospi ali y i ms may include es ablishmen s engaging in ca e ing o banque
se ices o e ail p epa ed oods. I may also include laund y se ices and companies engaging in a anging ou s,
p o iding au omobile pa king acili ies, and o he se ices o a ele s. The hospi ali y is i al o he Thai economy.
Besides c ea ing income and job oppo uni ies, i helps p ese e he cul u e and adi ions o Thailand and in oduces
o eigne s o hese adi ions. Managemen p ac ices in his indus y and Thailand's bes p ac ices in sus ainable
ou ism ha e ga ne ed sca ce li e a u e. Ongoing and ac i e communi y p ocesses o he ou ism sec o yield a
boun i ul sou ce o p ac ices and policies ha ideally should enhance g ea e sus ainabili y. Each communi y is unique,
and i s pa icipa o y p ocess e lec s social o ganiza ion and cul u al no ms. Globaliza ion p o ides a ma u e
en i onmen o exchanging and ans e ing knowledge among communi ies o wide sus ainabili y expe iences.
Twen y-one sus ainable p ac ices a e shown. Th ough local agendas o knowledge ans e , hese p ac ices could be
u ilized owa ds a mo e sus ainable ou ism indus y locally and wo ldwide.
3. The Impo ance o Sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y e o s ha e been shown o bene i ou ism, he hospi ali y indus y, and how people will be li ing in he
u u e. Sus ainable eco- ou ism educes he use o goods and ene gy by es au an s and eso s and hus educes ca bon
ou pu . By doing so, and wi h help om na u e, local communi ies can conse e hei land and esou ces and keep hei
en i onmen al e lex. These s eps can di ec ly in luence he educa ion pa o he ou ism indus y whe e companies
can p omo e he mo emen o eco- iendly p oduc ion chains, op imizing hei p oduc lows, and he bio-dynamism o
he buying p ocess. S aigh o wa d ini ia i es ha a ge bo h employees and clien s can include. I ’s no big deal, bu
I’ll s ay he e o sa e powe , ha ’s i ! "To b ing ha o mind, o wa d his email o 2 o 3 o you non-wo k buddies and
o wa d ano he o 2 o 3 (wo k) buddies, i any." This can be easily duplica ed om email o A3 p in pape and s uck
on he wall. In he mid-sized plo , a speci ic chai can be placed o wai o a walk. Bo h Chinese and English wo ding
can be used, hus enabling i o g ab he a en ion o bo h local and in e na ional ou is s. "No hingness" such as his
canno be seen anywhe e in he ho els. I would help in gene a ing hypo heses unconsciously o inqui e "why no-
wai ing-chai s." Essen ially, sus ainabili y can enhance he compe i ion in a ac ing ou is s. Nowadays, Thailand's
mos enowned eso s and es au an s a e ex emely well-known, so he es o hem ha do no ha e a be e
epu a ion may no be able o ca ch he eye o he ou is s. Ne e heless, sus ainabili y is a quali y and an objec ha
should be hono ed no jus because i is a good hing o do, bu because i is a i uous habi . I 's emp ing o be
cou ageous: o p opaga e a s o y ha allows ac ions on sus ainabili y. E en i one could only b ie ly s a e i in he
b ochu e o on he ecep ion wall, hese ac ions would be conside ed. I would be a g ea p i ilege i he ac o hono
his plane can emind e en a small po ion o people o become he ad oca e o Plane Sani y. Eco-sus ainable p ac ices
make his a eali y (B Aday & V Phelan, 2011).
4. Cu en G een Ini ia i es in Thailand
Globally, he e is ob iously an inc easing le el o awa eness and conce n ega ding wo sening na u al en i onmen s
and esou ces, especially in he ho el indus y. The sec o is becoming awa e ha some hing mus be done now o a oid
he wo s p edic ions o global wa ming and i s an icipa ed e ec s, o b ing in a sense o sus ainabili y and sa egua d
he u u e o he hospi ali y sec o . Wi h his consciousness in mind, mos indus ies, including ho els, a e a he
o e on o a emp s o impac on he en i onmen posi i ely and con ibu e owa ds sus ainabili y. The e is also
g owing p essu e o ho elie s o ake hei sha e o en i onmen al esponsibili y and demons a e g eening ini ia i es.
Aspec s o "g eening" a e gaining p ominence among na ions and ou is s alike, as exp essed h ough a ious
en i onmen al con e ences. While indus ies a e said o be culp i s o en i onmen al p oblems, hey can con ibu e
posi i ely h ough g een concep s and p ac ices (Kasim, 2004). Hospi ali y p ac i ione s, in he las decade, ha e
accomplished ho el g eening as a esponsi e and esponsible means o impac he en i onmen posi i ely, whe e
cus ome s' and ex e nal s akeholde s' con ibu ions can be ga ne ed, wi h he end in iew being sus ainabili y. O e all,
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while mos businesses a e u ning g een, his is no he case o mos ho els. G eening wi hin ho els is in i s in an s age,
a leas in mo e ex ensi e and mo e ob ious aspec s o g een. Re iews sugges he e a e mo e single-use applica ions
han dual-modes o conside ed and aci g eening, which is a de eloping de iciency. Mos ho els ha e some g eening
e o s in mind, wi h no pe cep ion o a oo-na ow g een pool. This obse a ion is ei e a ed wi h sugges ions o u ilize
wide isions o g een policies, and o o mula e in as uc u al acili ies o g eening. Aspec s a e discussed on how
p ac ices can help, how igno ance o he many hidden boun ies can hinde . Managemen igno ance o ho elie s' own
powe shows minimal app ecia ion o clima e isk, which can hinde app op ia e mo i a ion o g eening. I can align
wi h mo e local NGOs o wed ho elie s o g een go e nmen policies (Mungai & I ungu, 2013). Going g een has an
in luence on a ho el's sus ainabili y pe o mance, al hough i has a limi ing e ec in he sho un due o a pe iod o
misma ched in es men s and e u ns. I is possible o ha e sus ainable g eening pa hways h ough ob aining g een
ce i ica ion.
4.1. Eco-F iendly Accommoda ions
Eco-ho els and eco-ho els a e whe e ou is s expe ience an emo ional connec ion, which a e also b anded as sus ainable
ou ism. I educes en i onmen al deg ada ion and o e s an en i onmen al gain o ou is s. Hence, ho els' eco-
counseling se ices a e e alua ed based on hei iendship pa e ns and o he ac o s. Ho el cus ome s go abou
looking o hei g een s a egies as ho els go g een. Cu en s udies limi he heo e ical amewo k by excluding c i ical
pe spec i e. Ins ead o ho el gues s, ho el manage s a e ained p ac i ione s wi h he capaci y o p o ide mo e
educa ed insigh s in o he disc epancy be ween p ac ice and pe cei ed g een ea u es in ho els. A mix o quan i a i e
and quali a i e app oach is deemed app op ia e. A c oss-sec ional su ey among manage s o en i onmen al ho els is
ca ied ou . Va iables include eco-counseling ho el pe o mance and gues a i ude owa ds eco-counseling ho els,
which ha e a signi ican in luence on gues a i udes owa ds such ho els. Manage ial ecommenda ions and ad ice o
u u e esea che s a e gi en, and he esea ch will con ibu e academically o hospi ali y managemen esea ch in Sou h
A ica, ha is, o en i onmen al ho els and p o-en i onmen beha io . Sus ainable ou ism aims a aising he s anda d
o li ing o all he s akeholde s and main aining he en i onmen upon which ou ism is dependen . The an icipa ed
g ow h o in e na ional ou ism is a o midable challenge. Uni ed Na ions agencies ha e called o se ing up
udimen a y moni o ing sys ems and o collec ing da a on he sus ainabili y o ou ism. G ow h has ended o lead o
en i onmen al deg ada ion, social dis up ion, and dissa is ac ion wi h economic impac s in ou is egions. Mos ou is
des ina ions and he e o e ou is en e p ises a e labeled as non-sus ainable and he e o e unsus ainable (R. Suche an
& V. Moodley, 2019).
4.2. Sus ainable Food P ac ices
Sus ainable ood in he hospi ali y sec o is go e nance ac ions o sus ainable sou ced oods as an in e ace be ween
p oduce s and consume s o esol e en i onmen al issues. Hospi ali y and ou ism a e p ima y a eas o ood supply
and consump ion in he wo ld. Rega dless o he ood consump ion pa e n’s ypes ( ull se ed ood, bu e , o ood
akeaways), conside able amoun s o ood a e pu chased, s o ed, p epa ed, and cooked. Inno a i e sus ainable ood
p ac ices ha ha e been implemen ed include bo h supplie s and consume s o a ain well-being, e hics, and
en i onmen al impac s. Supply-based ini ia i es include sus ainable ood p ocu emen policy, op imiza ion o sou cing
s uc u e, adequa e pu chase inpu s, o ganic ood and be e age p ocessing, and sus ainable was e managemen
(Dowpise , 2015). Consumed-based s a egies include cus ome awa eness, con ol o o de ing, menu enginee ing,
po ion con ol, and ood dona ion. Bes p ac ices p o ide o e all ope a ion explana ions and illus a e ha g een ood
p ac ices assis in a ious eco-objec i es and in luence sales (Ranae Alco n, 2014). S eams o esea ch o be es ablished
in he u u e a e g and heo ies o en i onmen al ood p ac ices, compa a i e s udies be ween coun ies and ood
supply en i onmen s, u he li e acy o ood p ac ices in e ac ed wi h a wide en i onmen agenda, and nudging issues
in es iga ed. The ea ing en i onmen in ood ending machines on campus has changed ood access pa e ns,
pa icula ly unheal hy pu chases by same-day s uden s. Va ious nudges we e in oduced o p omo e ood ending
heal hiness and ad oca e heal hie ood op ions. The impac o he nudges on ood pu chases, o al pu chases, and
heal hiness was e alua ed o de elop a pla o m o u he s udies. The indings showed ha choice a chi ec u e,
educa ional nudges, and p icing nudges ha e a posi i e impac on ood ending. Reduc ion in o e all pu chases was
obse ed using a game-based educa ional nudge. Va ious nudges a e o be used in p omo ing beha io change in ood
ending en i onmen s, wi h mo e complex nudges needed o unde s and beha io s heo y.
4.3. Was e Managemen Solu ions
E en while sani a ion and was e managemen inc easingly cap u e he in e es o schola s, he media, and he public,
municipal solid was e managemen issues con inue o be a special conce n in Thailand, especially in local ou is owns.
Hill owns—cen e s o bo h cul u al and eco- ou ism—ha e e en mo e complica ed issues o was e managemen
(Sakcha oen e al., 2023). Managemen o was e in he ou is own maps wo was e low dimensions: one esul ing
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om ou ism and ano he om u baniza ion in he dis ic . O e all, was e is a complica ed, c oss-cu ing p oblem wi h
a lo o simila p oblems like ou ism, u baniza ion, ci y planning, good go e nance, and en i onmen ally iendly ci y.
Was e banking and an open session e e y mon h wi h membe s o he public exchanging shopping coupons o o ganic
was e we e no ed o be p ac ice communi y engagemen . A sys ema ic li e a u e e iew s a egy was adop ed o sea ch
o empi ical case s udies in Thailand and simila con ex s. Resea ch indica ed ha was e managemen in mos a eas
was poo due o ine icien ly ca ied ou was e managemen , p oduc ion o oxic was e, loss o was e o he en i onmen ,
and ou ism-induced was e managemen . In many cases, op-down was e managemen solu ions a e ap o neglec local
pa icipa ion and measu es o c ea e a sense o owne ship and ca e o he locali y. The e was li le in eg a ion o was e
managemen solu ions in each local se ing, esul ing in piecemeal cosme ic solu ions. Since each case has i s own
limi a ions, one needs o agg ega e and plan a ci y-le el solu ion o was e wi h di e en pa s being complemen a y o
each o he and a ailable o e e yone o join. In business models, ewa d-based communi y-sha ing ini ia i es can be
a emp ed, especially was e banking since land de elopmen unds end o be a ailable in he sys em. I powe ed,
blanke mon hly o weekly ope a ions o ewa ding ecycling h ough aluable commodi y swaps can be ex ended o
ackle unso ed was e o newly buil ci ies. Mos impo an ly, local cen e s o aining o suppo he expe ise as well
as esou ces o decen alized me hodologies and sys ems need o be co-designed. Fo e-s a egic neighbo hood ac ion
and s aged ci y-wide ini ia i e o was e handling h ough decen alized solu ions using decen alized echnology o
se icing all subu ban a eas mus be a p io i y.
4.4. Ene gy E iciency Measu es
Ene gy e iciency is one o he main en i onmen al acks o ho els, and i has been ex ensi ely examined h ough
a ious s udies adop ed ac oss he wo ld (Š ec e al., 2023). While seeking enhanced ene gy e iciency measu es, ho els
ha e pu sued al e na i e sou ces o enewable ene gy. In Spain, a s udy was done whe e ini ia i es o hospi ali y sec o s
we e assessed o he adop ion o enewable inno a ion h ough ad anced inno a ions, suppo i e inno a ions, and
domina ing p ojec s (del Populo Pablo-Rome o Gil-Delgado e al., 2017). The s udy e ealed ha o e all, in he ene gy
supply o esou ces consumed in he hospi ali y sec o o Spain, he e ha e been ew changes ha a e encompassed in
he adop ion o enewable ene gy inno a ions wi hin he hospi ali y sec o . In his ega d, i would seem mo e e iden
ha , ul ima ely, he hospi ali y sec o s ill needs o enhance ene gy e iciency s a egies and, o a signi ican ex en ,
enewable ene gy inno a ions.
5. G een Ce i ica ions and S anda ds
G een ce i ica ion s anda ds a y widely, illus a ing a non-con o mi y consensus on eco-ce i ica ions (J. Zhang e al.,
2014). Despi e he di e ence, es me hodology and ce i ica ion use a e compa able. Ce i ied ho el esea ch la gely
shows a ia ion in eco-p ac ice be ween ce i ica ions. Di e en eco-e ec i e use ce i ica es a y, while equi emen s
o s ay ce i ied o e e alua ion consis ency while handling di e en GTBs. Di e ences in GTBs a e expec ed o b ing
inequi alence in he ealiza ion o eco-e iciency goals and a ying p e-speci ied ou es owa ds g ea e le els o eco-
e iciency. As he majo i y o GTBs add ess simila issues o educing esou ce in ensi y and hus emissions, ope a ions
decisions could be in luenced by which GTBs a ho el adop s only indi ec ly. This elimina es in ui i ely expec ed
a ia ions in pe o mance based on GTB cha ac e is ics. S ill, hese equi emen s a e di e en in ways o achie ing he
eco-e iciency goals, hence he ne implica ions o simul aneous a ainmen o se e al ce i ica ions a e unp edic able.
This is a con adic ion o " ules-in-use”abs ac policy ou comes and " ules-in- o m," s ic legisla ion open o li le
in e p e a ion. Mo ley le els o o ganiza ions wi h di e en manda es add complexi y o he ce i ica ion p ocedu es.
Eco-ce i ica ions ha e sp ead o sly c e ices and ecesses, ende ing inc easingly unclea wha g een ce i ied means.
Cha ac e alignmen unde Eco-ce i ica ions would enable imp o ed unde s anding o le ing his is done and possible
unexpec ed e ec s. Gene ally, a shi in ma ke powe would be desi able owa ds mo e ou come (eco-e ec i eness)
a he han p ocess o ien a ion (eco-eco-e iciency). Long- e m dependency on eco-ce i ica ions o on lowe - ie ones
is wo isome due o pen -up ehabili a ions o ho els. The e-es ablishmen o eco-ce i ica ions would al e he
s uc u e o p oduc ion and p o i , pu ing ho els back on o an accep ed eco-eco-e iciency ajec o y as e-in es men
once again became a ailable. Subs an ial and CPI concu ence long-haul ela ionships a e o en ac i ely pu sued by
GTBs and a el agencies, uncommon o he ho el sec o . Subs an ial e o o c ea e a comple e ool o compa ison can
a ise wi h go e nmen s, GTBs, and a el agencies success ully mobilized wi h exis ing indica o s. A ba o epea ed
en ies would cons ain educ ion in eco-e ec i eness as a means o doing so wi hou po en ial deadly loss o eco-
bene i s would likely be sough ex ensi ely. Managemen o well-being o eco-ce i ica ions would also wa an
a en ion.
5.1. Global Ce i ica ion P og ams
Unde sc u iny in his a icle a e a ew o he in e na ionally ecognized ho el ce i ica ions. Mos common, and likely
mos aluable, a e he G een Globe Awa ds and Co nell and ISO ce i ica ions, bo h adminis e ed by wo dis inc
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o ganiza ions. Thailand, in Sep embe 2004, was he ini ial coun y o be b ough on boa d he G een Globe ce i ica ion
p og am's 2,000 p ope ies, and since hen has been ollowed by o he na ions wi h as success. The celeb i y awa d
specializes in hospi ali y ene gy, p ese a ion o na u e, and ocus on social oppo uni ies. Use o he awa d demands
ha a ho el subjec i sel olun a ily o assessmen by expe s om G een Globe's FType c i e ia analysis eam. The
Ce i ica ion awa d ha achie es ce i ica ion necessi a es p e en ion lodging da a en y (J. Zhang e al., 2014). Co nell
Uni e si y and ISO in e na ionally bo h o e an equi alen p og am ha signi ies he non-Thai na u e o he G een
Globe p og am. The ISO ce i ica ion is o he accommoda ion ope a o 's esponsibili y o managemen and ac ual
conse a ion ac i i y o hose accommoda ion ope a o s who implemen ed i and designed i . Those ac i i ies ca ied
ou o ce i ica ion ha a e mo e de ailed o ha p ope y can also be included. The mos isible pa , hough, is he
p esen a ion o decades o p ese ed and e ained pieces o wha would o he wise ha e been los o des oyed. This
would encompass, o example, he nume ous a i ac s p ese ed om ei he he p e-his o ic socie y ins i u ions o he
cu en ins i u ion i sepa a ed and possibili ies Pink Le e s (Pa icia Ma ínez Ga cía de Leaniz e al., 2018).
5.2. Local Ce i ica ion Ini ia i es
Global de elopmen s o eco-ce i ica ion schemes need o conside local challenges and p e e ences. Hospi ali y
consul ancy i ms become he mos dynamic d i e s o change in Thailand. Sus ainabili y in he ho els should eme ge
om an unde s anding o hei own con ex . Wi h he huge magni ude o Thailand's hospi ali y indus y, how one
delinea es a sus ainable ho el du ing indus y s akeholde s' ga he ing o ganized by he esea ch eam is mos
welcomed as he s a ing poin owa ds an unin e up ed unde s anding o wha sus ainabili y means. The pe spec i es
o he expe s owa ds how o jou ney owa ds sus ainabili y and wha he go e nmen needs o do a e jus as much o
p imal impo ance. Ce i ying body eliabili y, con o mi y o ou ism au ho i ies' agendas, and compliance wi h local
ma ke as es mus be ackled in o de o ensu e he success o he u u e oll-ou o any upg aded eco-ce i ica ion
schemes in Thailand. Wi h he pe sis en and p essing call o ac ion, all a emp s should be exe ed o coa se up local
eco-ce i ica ion e o s, ounded on pas bes p ac ices, as soon as possible. The adop ion and en o cemen o
in e na ional eco-ce i ica ion schemes by expo - ocused businesses may no be he bes in he i s ins ance. Tigh e
compliance wi h local speci ica ions and cons ain s and mo e limi ing ac o s would o e a mo e ealis ic way o wa d
and a oid u he in ol emen wi h sus ainabili y in Thai ou ism. An a emp a a na ional e o o s anda dize and
duplica e bes p ac ices could lead o u u e equi emen s ha a e compa ible and less complica ed. The i s in-coun y
eco-ce i ica ion ini ia i es by hospi ali y consul ancy i ms and ou is boa ds a e a welcome and i ing s a owa ds
i . Guidelines o sus ainabili y call o e o s on he pa o mid-size ho els in he indus y. Beha io al adjus men
equi ed o achie e compliance unde an eco-ce i ica ion sys em and oppo uni ies los h ough ailu e o do so exis ed
we e seen as ele an . Fu u e eco-ce i ica ion p og ams would ha e o look a he expansion o he hospi ali y sec o
in Thailand. Mid-size ho els' eco-ce i ica ion equi emen s mus be accommoda ed o enable success ul ake-up o he
ini ia i es (J. Zhang e al., 2014).
5.3. Impac o Ce i ica ions on Consume Choices
Mo e and mo e, s akeholde s—go e nmen s, consume s, and non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions (NGOs)—a e calling on
he ho el indus y o eac o en i onmen al conce ns (Pa icia Ma ínez Ga cía de Leaniz e al., 2018). The s udy
es ablished he impac s o communica ions abou eco-ce i ica ions in e ms o ope a ional e ec i eness and es ima ed
hei wide impac s on sales in e ms o consume decision. Mo e impo ance was gi en o he pe iod 2001 o 2010.
These we e he yea s du ing which awa eness o eco-ce i ica ion had i s s a ed o g ow. Eco-ce i ica ions we e no
ye old bu apidly g owing (J. Zhang e al., 2014). This s udy d ew and analyzed a spelling-ma ch sample o ho el
commen s o in es iga e how he eco-ce i ica ions and consume -consumed esou ce e icien en i onmen e ol ed
concu en ly. The indings demons a e ha eco-ce i ica ion has an immedia e impac on consume choice, pa icula ly
among s aye s on holidays. The impac diminishes a e a while as he numbe o ce i ied ho els expands, pe haps
owing o he ma ke dilu ion impac s o a highly sa u a ed ma ke . Eco-ce i ica ion is also es ima ed ha i will ampli y
he g ow h le els o esou ce e iciency ex e nali ies in measu es o ope a ion co esponding o measu es o
ce i ica ion ins i u ions. These g ow h a es a e app oxima ed using di e ence-in-di e ences based upon Yelp e iew
eco ds. A new ex analysis algo i hm cap u es and e alua es he seman ic ma e ial and a ge o consume e iews in
balancing spelling simila i y, assigned weigh , and spelling di e ence accumula ion. Collec i ely, he indings alida e
ha sus ainabili y ini ia i es like eco-ce i ica ions wo k. They allow o mo e in ima e linking o esou ce e iciency a
he a en ion and ope a ion le els. By aking ini ia i e o add ess consume conce ns, ho els can po en ially ins ill
g ea e e iciency and e ec i eness in he use o esou ces ups eam and s abilize he downs eam in consume choice
pa e ns. While he desi e o sus ainabili y has ha dly diminished, consume in e es con inues o con inue o e ol e.
New candida es dese e conside a ion, obse a ion, and egula ion. Consume conce n no only a ies om one
memo able ocus o he nex pe pe ually, bu hey a e ab up and indisc imina e.
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6. Case S udies o Success ul G een Ho els
Some o he wo ld's ho els a e al eady on he oad o sus ainabili y. Many o he s a e explo ing he opic in co po a e
o ices. Some o he speci ic en i onmen al issues being ackled a e hose ela ing o was e disposal, ai quali y, ene gy
conse a ion, and wa e conse a ion. A ew also conside ca bon oo p in s o ope a ions and e ec s on use heal h.
They bo h conse e ene gy and wa e and p oduce less was e. These sa ings and educ ions ha e ansla ed in o big
dolla amoun s on u ili y sa ings and a e o en ou ed in ma ke ing ma e ials o mee consume demand (Hu , 2019).
G een Inno a ions Ho els a e ho els ha educe he ope a ing cos s o esou ce consump ion while in es ing in ene gy
and wa e e iciency and was e minimiza ion. This is aking place in ho els globally, bu hey a e ew and a be ween,
as many a e oo sca ed o implemen some hing un es ed in hei si ua ion. Tha opens oppo uni ies o consul ing
i ms o wo k wi h ho els o implemen ag icul u al-scale deploymen o assessmen s and g een inno a ions o c ea e
ene gy, wa e , and was e e iciency managemen plans. Fo ins ance, he e had been ex ensi e managemen consul ing
in he heal h club space d awn om wo k wi h acili ies like i ness cen e s, bu e y li le in he hospi ali y, lodging,
and ho el space. The Ri z Ca l on b and is one o he only wo Fi e-S a Fi e-Diamond eso s in Naples, Flo ida, and he
company has been wo king wi h sus ainabili y and g een inno a ion o mo e han en yea s. Conside able e o s and
in es men s ocus on was e, ene gy, wa e , ai quali y, and ma e ials and p oduc s on p ope y o esponsibly pe o m
he ask in a luxu y manne . The e is a cogene a ed chilled wa e plan p o iding powe and ho wa e o hea ing ha
is un using ozone in dishwashing machines. Te a S icks a e also used in bu e ho ood islands. The e a e he mos a s
se a 78 deg ees du ing he day and 70 deg ees a nigh in he gues ooms (Mungai & I ungu, 2013). The e is a mo e
o sa e owels and linens, and eleme y and cycle d i ing in close and e ige a o ca s. O e all, he e a e AVL and
ONVI e-combina o s pu ing sensed mo ion back in o he p oduc . The e a e some 40/Fil e s/ Re-Tx in ele a o s,
which make he ai mo e e eshing.
6.1. Ho el A: Inno a i e P ac ices
The second ac ion o be sugges ed is he ins alla ion o an in elligen con ol wa e -sa ing sys em. The sma wa e
me e can de ec a small amoun o wa e leakage in ho els and send ala ms o ind aul s. The e o e, he wa e -sa ing
in elligen con ol sys em plays an impo an ole in he ho el indus y. Sa ing e enue can be gigan ic by ins alling a
wa e -sa ing in elligen con ol sys em. In es in ad anced in elligen con ol de ices a he p ope y le el. Gues ooms
may employ he use o ada o con ol he ope a ion o oile s' and u inals' wa e pumps. This will sa e money because
he pumps will no lose wa e . This can achie e ene gy sa ings in sa ing ime bu has a longe payback pe iod as he
main enance and ope a ion cos o ligh ing con ols will be highe . The ho el indus y can u ilize p essu e-sensing
oile s. I is p e alen in Japan bu in mos o he na ions all o e he wo ld i is lagging. The e o e, compe i ion can be
a ained, which will p omo e lowe ope a ion cos s due o less epea ed main enance que ies and complain s. Ho el
business is encou aged o adop wall plan s om sus ainable ma e ials as an al e na i e o a ypical wall cu ain o
plan ame. Wall plan s a e pa o he wall, wi h he g een indoo ga den look wi hou making any noise wi hin he
oom, hus p o iding an imp o ed en i onmen o isi o s. Ho el business is encou aged o adop a sma ene gy-
sa ing me e . I can show ac ual usage alues in an LCD sc een. Ene gy awa eness can be p oduced h ough moni o ing
ou is s' elec ici y epo s, which will yield a posi i e esul in heigh ening ou is s' awa eness o new p oduc s and
sa ing ene gy be e han he display p esen ed on si e only. Mo e isi o s become awa e o hei elec ici y h ough
he sma me e compa ed o e y nega i e o non-opinion ou is s be o e ins alla ion
6.2. Ho el B: Communi y Engagemen
Ho el B has been engaging wi h he local communi y and has been in ol ed in a a ie y o communi y ac i i ies.
Communi y ac i i ies in he ho el include using local supplie s o F&B. Mos o he sea ood is sou ced om a ishe man
in a nea by small nau ical illage. The ho el also dona es ood and le o e i ems o a local zoo. The ho el gi es inancial
suppo o a schola ship und o child en o local illages. This p ojec was se up a e he Asian Tsunami in 2004 wi h
a mo i e o suppo local low-income amilies and local school child en. Addi ionally, he ho el has been success ully
in ol ed in a olun ee p og am, whe e gues s can pa icipa e in a hal -day p og am o wo k on he Royal P ojec . The e
ha e been long- e m bene i s o bo h he local communi y and he isi o s. The o he ou comes o his p og am a e
ha gues s a e h illed o be a pa o c ea ing a posi i e di e ence in he communi y and ha he e is a ema kable
inc ease in wo d-o -mou h communica ion o he ho el. G ee ed by mul icolo ed lowe and s awbe y ields and
ege able cul i a ion, gues s can eel he wonde s o na u e. Despi e no di ec pa icipa ion in he communi y issues
ha nega i ely impac he ou ism indus y, Ho el B dona es and makes pu chases o suppo he local communi y.
Howe e , i is no a p ocess ha was ca ied ou p oac i ely. The ho el b ags, keeps i op sec e , and has no en e ained
any ma ke ing po en ial. The e a e also o he ins ances om ho els ha olun a ily and mo e openly unde ake his.
The ho el's CSR ac i i ies a e also no clea ly ou lined and consolida ed in o a co po a e documen . CSR also needs o
be expanded and in ensi ied o add ess o he c i ical issues like cheesy ou ism, child en and sex exploi a ion, and
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app ecia ion and in ol emen o locals o cul u al he i age, Thai adi ional socie y, and local eligious belie s (Kasim,
2006).
6.3. Ho el C: Renewable Ene gy Usage
Ho el C is a luxu y ho el loca ed in down own Bangkok. I is commi ed o en i onmen al p o ec ion h ough balancing
echnological de elopmen and p ese a ion o na u e (R. Suche an & V. Moodley, 2019). G een p ac ices a he ho el
should educe a mosphe ic empe a u es, ai pollu an s, and ene gy cos s as a as possible, and imp o e i s ope a ional
eliabili y (Hu , 2019). These in ol e ou g een managemen a eas as ollows: (1) use o enewable esou ces o sa e
ene gy; (2) esou ce conse a ion by euse o ecycling o p o ide ene gy back; (3) building managemen ac i i ies o
keep ack o e g een a eas by AI echnologies; and (4) sa egua ding he en i onmen om ca as ophes by
implemen ing measu es on si e. Th ough he enhancemen o consump ion o he elec ici y gene a ed h ough
enewable sou ce, he ho el will gene a e 60 MWa s o elec ici y e e y yea om 15,000 sq.m. ins alled sola cells on
he wes oo . I s 4MWa s capaci y cogene a ion plan o Was e Hea Reco e y Gene a o will gene a e 80% o esh
wa e used by he cogene a ion sys em and he gene a ed elec ici y. The ho el will also expec a signi ican educ ion
in g eenhouse gases. The eshwa e gene a ed om he cogene a ion wa e will eed he chille s and s eam sys em o
ob ain cos on boile wa e s. The 10,000 m3 wa e s o age ank will help in main aining he wa e s o ed in ese e in
case no wa e is supplied by he local au ho i y. This eshwa e can also be used o s uc u al building pumps. Building
managemen con ol sys ems will u ilize a calcula ion p ocedu e o p edic hea and en ila ion by AI echnologies o
ene gy sa ings wi hou comp omising com o ac o s. The ag eed building au oma ion sys em will conside he
o a ion speed o pumps, an speed, and chille s load o p o ide ope a ion eliabili y. The ho el will also p o ec he
en i onmen om disas e s by aking measu es on si e. A su e way o looking ou o nea by disas e s will be he
p o ision o help in sending ale s o owne s and gues s.
7. Challenges in Implemen ing Sus ainable P ac ices
Since he e has been inc eased awa eness o clima e change and sus ainabili y, he ou ism indus y is se o help
imp o e he en i onmen wo ldwide. Thailand's hospi ali y indus y has a emp ed o change hei p ac ice o
sus ainable de elopmen wi h all he s akeholde s and le els o socie y due o he change in he en i onmen o e he
las decade, bu i 's di icul o demons a e whe he he sus ainabili y p ac ices a e implemen ed. The e o e, issues in
con inuing he sus ainable p ac ices exposed by ac o s in he hospi ali y indus y in Thailand come o he o e. Six majo
issues eme ged om hema ic pa allel analysis o he Sequen ial F amewo k: awa eness, inancial esou ces, ma ke
demand, p ice compe i ion, pe sonnel, and ope a ion ype. These indings p o ide he e idence base needed o
addi ional esea ch o sus ainable p ac ices in speci ic segmen s in he ou ism indus y (Rowe, 2018). This s udy
con ibu es o he li e a u e wi h commonly deba ed o e all issues o d i ing sus ainable ou ism de elopmen in he
ou ism indus y h ough he heme o hema ic analysis ha was a less applied me hodology in he ield o s udy as
well as he case o Thailand. This s udy makes deepe and mo e comp ehensi e unde s andings o issues ega ding he
ba ie s o con inuing sus ainable ou ism p ac ices by di e en playe s in ou ism such as independen single and
mul iple small and la ge-scale ho els, ci il socie y g oups, and esea che s. These esul s se e as a ounda ion o
explo ing o he a ge ed segmen s o con ex s in ou ism in de eloping coun ies. Fu he mo e, his s udy p o ides
di ec ions on how o pe o m p ac ices o ini ia i es o con ibu e o he de elopmen o he indus y a he g ass oo s
le el by wo king om all le els o help p o ide answe s o he ecen call o u u e s udies in his a ea. Thema ic
analysis o manage esponses o wha a e he challenges o mo ing o wa d wi h sus ainable p ac ice was conduc ed
acco ding o he amewo k analysis p ocess o es ablish a coding amewo k om a hema ic map. Nine een hemes
we e gene a ed. These we e hen econcep ualized in o six undamen al challenges o align wi h he Sequen ial
F amewo k: awa eness, inances, ma ke demand, p ice compe ing, s a , and na u e o ope a ion. To in o m he playe s
in he hospi ali y chain ha hey a e o mula ing, implemen ing, and moni o ing he pace o he chain's sus ainabili y
ansi ion p ocess, he ime o he adop ion o sus ainable p ac ices is es ima ed wi h easons.
7.1. Cos Implica ions
While mode n-day ou is s con inue o place impo ance on sus ainable ou ism, doub s ill exis s in whe he ou ism
p oduc owne s a e ensu ing ha hei packages a e sus ainable, easible, and a ainable ega ding p ice and esou ce
aspec s. I p ecipi a es an a gumen explo ing and placing he p ice elemen s o sus ainabili y in he con ex o ou ism.
The cu en pape discusses he expenses incu ed by ou ism p oduc owne s o make hei business sus ainable. A
quali a i e esea ch app oach was u ilized wi h he applica ion o semi-s uc u ed in e iews as a means o da a
collec ion. Pu posi e sampling was applied in pa icipan selec ion om wi hin he ou ism indus y, whe e eigh
in e iews we e conduc ed. Da a analysis applied con en analysis and hema ic analysis. The indings e ealed ha
he e we e cos s associa ed wi h sus ainable ou ism p oduc de elopmen and ope a ion, which a ec ed i s u u e
g ow h and de elopmen po en ial in Sou h A ica. Concu en ly main aining indus y-speci ic capabili y and
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in as uc u e while compe ing o signi icance, ealiza ion, and easibili y was de e mined o ha e been impac ul (R.
Suche an & V. Moodley, 2019).
In Thailand, while ecen isi o s ha e been placing g ea e p io i y on sus ainable ou ism aspec s such as in budge ,
ime ables, abili ies, p o isions, and places as well, ei he in e nal o ex e nal leade s o ac ions enabling sus ainabili y
om in he con ex o his esea ch ou ism esou ces emb aced ha e no been accompanied by co ela ional
a en i eness. Subs an ial doub a ises om he way sus ainabili y is ensu ing he design cycle o de elopmen cycle o
ou ism p oduc p o ision ega ding clima e change, esou ces, and logis ics sus ainabili y also ega ding cos ,
esponsibili y, and scope. Hence, his o ms a discou se ha builds and explains heu is ics o in e oga e and si ua e he
design aspec s o sus ainabili y in ou ism exac ly as he heu is ics a e used o guide a case s udy o new g een p ojec s
o a Thai hospi ali y con ex .
7.2. Lack o Awa eness
Unde s anding he wo d 'g eening' and i s de ini ion has been s udied p e iously among ce ain g oups ou side he
ou is indus y, o example, s uden s and o he indus ial sec o s. The e we e no p e ious s udies, howe e , ca ied
ou speci ically on he ho el indus y as a single uni . The e o e, li le is known ega ding awa eness o 'g eening' and
he possible implica ions (and po en ial) ha he ou ism sec o may de i e in ela ion o he u u e o sus ainable
ou ism, comme ce, and he ho el indus y. The e is a ecogni ion ha he e a e se e al ba ie s o he idea o being
able o mee 'g eening' adequa ely–whe he g een conce ns, s anda ds and/o labeling. Thus, o suppo (encou age)
he hospi ali y sec o in i s u u e sus ainable endea o s in he u u e, one mus i s lea n abou hei awa eness and
pe cep ion, and maybe he implica ions ha hese cogni ions will en ail (Kasim, 2004). The pu pose o his esea ch
pape is o epo on he indings o a esea ch s udy ha examined Thailand's hospi ali y sec o in e ms o hei
awa eness o he e m 'g eening' and he implica ions (i any) he e m and i s possible implica ions will ha e on u u e
ading and awa d o ho els and ul ima ely Thai ou ism. The s udy yielded se e al key indings ha can con ibu e o
he la ge ou ism sec o in subsequen sus ainable p ojec s and unde s anding Thailand's g eening mindse .
Implica ions o heo e ical and p ac ical a e also add essed. Ques ionnai es we e asked o be comple ed by all
pa icipa ing ho els which we e o be pe sonally handed o e o managemen delega es o collec p ima y da a
conce ning he subjec o in es iga ion. The su ey had i e pa s–sec ion 'A' consis ing o demog aphic ques ions,
sec ion 'B' consis ing o ho el ope a ional ques ions, sec ion 'C' consis ing o awa eness ques ions, and sec ions 'D' and
'E' wi h ami ica ions ques ions o be eplied o.
7.3. Regula o y Hu dles
The s a e mus be es ic ed in i s sphe e – mos business oppo uni ies mus be ese ed o en ep eneu s o decide.
Encou aging co up business ac i ely is no only oolish and economically des uc i e; i will also p o oke in ense
public esis ance and wide- anging in ole ance o co up ac i i y. Comme cial de elopmen will gene a e social
dis u bance e en when i ails o c ea e employmen and de e io a es he condi ions o wo k. Bu pu e neolibe alism is
no easible since much o public li e mus s ay in some sense he ese e o he s a e. The gla ing o de o p io i y is
summed up in he ollowing axioms: No business egula ions excep i hey we e olun a ily ag eed upon and we e no
imposed. An ill-concealed g eed o e enues p oduced measu es ha a e wo s -case scena io insince e – e asi e and
e asi e o he ha d bu eal issues, such as he ailu e o he p esen o ganiza ions o deal wi h ou ism o he inabili y
o he o eign bila e al aid o ganiza ions. The e is decep ion, since no all he ou is s a e equally good o he economy.
In addi ion o mass ou ism which has been gene ally des uc i e o he economy and inanely damaging o he mo e
sensi i e ecosys ems o sou he n Thailand, 'quali y' ou ism was sough which o he mos pa en ailed he
p i a iza ion o po ions o he in e io , accessible only o o eign ou is s. Pu sui s and iendships wi h willing pa ies
o de elop quali y ou ism in he sou h we e spu ned while o e seas ha e p ima ily gone unde eloped. Based on
quan i a i e and quali a i e e idence ga he ed om 50 in-dep h in e iews wi h Penang ho el execu i es, i was ound
ha as an expe ience/p oduc eme ging in he hospi ali y sec o , co po a e en i onmen alism (CE) was a Penang ho el
managemen p ac ice ha is domina ed by non- egula o y d i e s. As an eme ging end in he indus y, CE enables
ho els o in e ac wi h consume s wi h compe i i e edge and alue. Among he s ong d i e s, ce ain egula o y
equi emen s ha e also been desc ibed as key d i e s. Howe e , he e we e e en some hind ances o he en o cemen
o CE o Penang ho els, and hese had obs uc ed Penang ho el de elopmen s wi h CE. Compliance wi h EIA had also
been iewed as bu densome o indus y and i e sa e y complain s as well as ai pollu ion g ie ances we e as ampan .
The e is en i onmen al sus ainabili y law in Penang. Howe e , hey ha e been ound o be ine ec i e in p omo ing CE.
The e a e also no legal o en o cemen p o isions o sus ainable u iliza ion o ambien ai as well as he in eg i y o he
na u al landscape. Eme ging as a componen o co po a e social esponsibili y (CSR) ac i i ies, CE mi o s he in e es s
o he ho el indus y in en i onmen al issues. Synch onizing economic, social, and en i onmen al ma e s, gues and
en i onmen al issues ha e been conside ed as measu es o sus ainable ou ism in he hos loca ion o in e na ional
con en ion cen e s and enues (Kasim, 2007). Being a de eloping des ina ion o supplemen con en ion/ ou ism
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ac i i ies and s eng hen he ou ism ad an age, Penang's ho els mus become sensi i e o such issues. Being an
in insic in e media y o design he ou ism expe ience, ho els could no longe a o d o indulge in denial o indi e ence
o CE measu es.
8. The Role o Go e nmen in P omo ing Sus ainabili y
Despi e he en i onmen al expenses o ou ism h oughou he yea s, he Thai go e nmen is a emp ing o p omo e
g een ou ism. This a icle has analyzed he exis ing e o s owa ds de eloping sus ainable ou ism in Thailand, namely
sus ainabili y p ac ices engaged in by he Thai hospi ali y indus y o undo he en i onmen al p oblems. I has also
un eiled se e al challenges inhibi ing Thai hospi ali y ope a o s om ope a ing sus ainable businesses. Sus ainable
ou ism is any economy's op agenda since ou ism de elopmen b ings wi h i bo h bene i s and nega i e
en i onmen al impac s. G owing demand o sus ainable ou ism, now a op p io i y o ou is s and ou ism
en e p ises alike, is compelling hospi ali y businesses o adop mo e en i onmen ally iendly p ac ices (Ama ando e
al., 2019). Howe e , he high ini ial cos o adop ing sus ainable p ac ices can de e small- and medium-sized
en e p ises om adop ing hem. Mo eo e , many Thai ope a o s lack awa eness and knowledge o sus ainabili y
p ac ices. Global Ce i ica ions and he G eenhouse Gas Reduc ion Pac a e o he challenges. Such e o s a
en i onmen al s anda d se ing do no wo k since hey a e Wes e n in na u e and in con adic ion o he Thai way o
li e. Mo eo e , such ce i ica ions a e ypically ailo ed o la ge-scale ope a ions and cos ly o small-scale ope a o s.
The Thai ope a o s p e e in es ing in sus ainable p ac ices ha e lec hei local ci cums ances and cul u al p ac ices.
Because he en i onmen is such a con es ed socio-poli ical space, he e canno be a single de ini i e o m o
sus ainabili y. The e o e, he go e nmen mus gi e p ecedence o locally de ised p ac ices o sus ainabili y. Thailand
has in es ed hea ily in ou ism, as one can judge om he la ge sha e o GDP. Howe e , his huge income o he coun y
has begun o show i s da k side: whole a eas a e being aken o e o build ho els and o he in as uc u e, leading o
illegal o es and beach clea ance. En i onmen al s anda ds a e no always ollowed, and he coun y mus de elop a
sound policy o balancing ou ism de elopmen and en i onmen p ese a ion. To cu b his p oblem, he e is a
necessi y o lea n om o he success ul and simila coun ies abou de eloping sus ainable ou ism and en i onmen al
measu es owa ds p ese ing hese main esou ces o hei economies o u u e gene a ions. Making ou ism
de elopmen mo e sus ainable and edi ec ecologically unsus ainable ac i i ies would in ol e leng hy and some imes
pain ul p ocesses wi h local communi ies and many o en-con lic ing in e es and s akeholde g oups. The esul s o
such a p ocess would in ol e majo ade-o s, including sac i icing some unsus ainable ope a ions, eposi ioning
o he s, and pu ing mo e p essu e on some g oups, e.g., comme cial in e es s ha may no longe be able o accep
con inuing expansion in ce ain loca ions.
8.1. Policies and Incen i es
A mo e o wa d-looking a i ude owa d he en i onmen is being adop ed om op o bo om. Measu es o o es all
po en ial en i onmen al ca as ophes a e backed by in luen ial g oups. La ge-scale c ea ions o global sa e y ne s a e
p ojec ed. Relie unde he En i onmen al Fund agains nega i e e ec s on human and bio-sys ems o a m pes icides,
new echnologies o indus y, and a mosphe ic ans o ma ion a e likely o ollow. Howe e , d ama ic changes in
ou ism ends a e also expec ed, leading o new des ina ions becoming mo e a ac i e in he con ex o sus ainabili y
o sa e y. Wi h he suscep ibili y o he Thai landscape, an icipa ed de as a ion is much mo e likely. Flooding could
become a na ionwide issue, wi h d ough s possibly happening in P o incial Land Use Planning a eas and popula ou is
spo s. End-o -well-s age oil p oduc ion and disas e s would all ha e possible e ec s on ou is des ina ions. Wa ning
bells ha e ung conce ning inc eased inelas ic demand o deals in ba gain-basemen , unde - egula ed places o c oss-
bo de p ocessing. O e -de elopmen welcome legisla ion o egula o y adi ions could be massi e mobs o agg ie ed
ou is s, o b u ali ies agains objec s and people. Resilience is he only way o econciling adap a ion wi h cau ion.
Some ac ions will also be needed: enaming Bangkok, newly g id-ou u ban and u al space, and dedica ing a new public
anspo a ion sys em as an en i onmen al impac bu e . Wi h u u e shocks ahead, low-g ade, sel -con ained,
unassuming ou ism is p edic ed, and he e o e hinking uns along he lines o decen aliza ion, wi h edundancies
es ablished. Niche ma ke s will s and poised o ill a demand. Measu es migh ange om launching Home S ay a Tha
Takiap Mudsill, o c ea ing a new Buddhis o de o isi o s wi hin and a ound Bangkok, o c ea ing niche in e es
museums and eloca ing emple wai ing-women in accul u a ed illages. Wi h spon anei y and eme gen ac i i ies as
i s cen e , in as uc u e can hen be in es iga ed. Pe mi s mus be con i med, and a eas o neighbo ing s akeholde s
es ablished. I is no o concen a e on beas - o med moun ains, o mass-p oduce San ai o Moken, bu o c ea e
ca alys s o sus ainabili y, o hubs. P ojec ed cul u al sphe es o m bases o ou is a ac ions and command cen e s
o e en ual de elopmen . Res ic ed by cul u e, clima e, shape and a ming, hei dis inc i e cha ac e needs o be
p o ec ed and enhanced, wi h con olled ou is conduc . Gene ally, new ypes o ou ism de elopmen a e equi ed
(Kasim, 2004).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 3869-3884
3884
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