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The E ec o Di e en Le els o Aqueous Pomeg ana e Peel Ex ac
on he Physical T ai s o F ozen B oile Ca casses o Di e en Pe iods
Moa az Hamzah Alkenany
Animal P oduc ion Depa men , Ag icul u e College, Al-Mu hanna Uni e si y,
Minis y o Highe educa ion and Scien i ic Resea ch, I aq
A icle His o y:
Recei ed: 27.08.2025 Re ised: 19.09.2025 Accep ed: 24.09.2025 Published:
25.09.2025
Abs ac
The expe imen labo a o y o P oduc ion, Al-Mu hanna Uni e si y, he pe iod om 30/3/2023 un il
30/5/2023, 80 b oile bi ds (35 days) wi h simila weigh s. The s udy was conduc ed o de e mine he
e ec o aqueous ex ac o pomeg ana e peels (AEPP) on some physical cha ac e is ics o b oile
ca casses s o ed o di e en pe iods. The expe imen consis ed o wo ac o s: he i s ac o was he
use o pomeg ana e peels aqueous ex ac a ou le els, namely 0, 10.00, 20.00 and 30.00 ml/ L-1 DW.
The second ac o included s o ing mea om b oile mea o ou pe iods, namely 0, 15, 30 and 45
days, a a empe a u e o -18°C. The esul s indica ed ha AEPP helm o a signi ican inc ease in
he WHC wi h a mo ally dec ease in he ickle, hawing and CL. As o mea s o age, inc easing he
du a ion o mea s o age, especially a 45 days, led o a de e io a ion in he physical ai s o b oile mea .
The esul s also show ha he e was a signi ican e ec o in e ac ion among he ea men s o AEPP
and he du a ion o mea s o age.
Keywo ds: Aqueous ex ac o pomeg ana e peels (AEPP), s o age pe iods o mea , physical cha ac e is ics, b oile
ca casses.
Sugges ed ci a ion: Alkenany, M.H. (2025). The E ec o Di e en Le els o Aqueous Pomeg ana e
Peel Ex ac on he Physical T ai s o F ozen B oile Ca casses o Di e en Pe iods. Eu opean Jou nal o
Theo e ical and Applied Sciences, 3(5), 121-127. h ps://doi.o g/10.59324/ej as.2025.3(5).13
In oduc ion
S udies indica e ha pomeg ana e peels con ain
a high pe cen age o annins, eaching 25-28%,
he mos impo an o hese annin compounds
a e punicalin, which is known as G anana ine B,
and Punicalagin, which is known as G anana ine
C, in addi ion o annin compounds, he peels
con ain alkaloids ha each 0.4%, he mos
impo an o hese alkaloid compounds a e
isopelle ie ine, N-me hylisopelle ie ine, and
pseudopelle ie ine (Zhou e al., 2013; Al Salman
and Al-Gha awi, 2019).
Ac i e compounds play a ole in p e en ing he
oxida ion o a s, especially (LDL), which has a
ha m ul e ec inside he body, a ec ing heal h,
as i causes blockage o blood essels, which
nega i ely a ec s he unc ion o he hea (Gil
e al., 2000; Al-Gha awi and Ebade, 2020).
The mos impo an o hese compounds a e
phenolic compounds, which a e ound in la ge
quan i ies in pomeg ana e peels and ha e he
abili y o p e en oxida ion o cells in he body,
hus main aining hei i ali y (Shalini e al., 2014;
Al-Gha awi e al., 2018).
The anins ound in pomeg ana e co ex
oubleshoo ing in luen ial he diges i e o
sys em, he mos impo an o which is s omach
acidi y, he mos p ominen , o which is caused
by inc eased, sec e ion o hyd ochlo ic, acid
om s omach, o due o an imbalance in he acid
neu aliza ion p ocess inside he s omach due o
a lack o some enzymes, annins educe he
e ec o hyd ochlo ic acid sec e ed om he
s omach and s imula e, some sec e ed ,enzymes
o acili a e he diges ion, p ocess (Ghazaleh e
al., 2013). Pomeg ana e peels, con ain annic
acid, which helps he body igh he he pes i us
by p e en ing i om, pe o ming i s ole inside
he cell (Aa hi, 2010).
I depends on how long poul y mea can be
s o ed wi hou being spoiled, o wha is
exp essed as he shel li e o mea , mainly a he
s o age empe a u e, in addi ion o he deg ee o
eshness o he mea , i s empe a u e du ing
anspo a ion o he cold s o e, and he ype o
packaging used o packaging, chicken ca casses
s o ed below 32°F will emain i o human,
consump ion o a ew weeks, a a ime when
ca casses s o ed a a empe a u e o 60°F emain
i o human, consump ion only o se e al
hou s. A he home e ige a o , i is possible o
s o e chicken ha is 2-3 days old a a
empe a u e o 40 deg ees F o less. As o cu
o minced chicken, i s s o age pe iod should no
exceed one day (Al-Fayadh and Naji, 1989).
The cu en s udy aims o demons a e he e ec
o using aqueous ex ac o pomeg ana e peels
(AEPP) on some physical cha ac e is ics o
b oile mea s o ed o di e en pe iods.
Ma e ials and Me hods
The expe imen was conduc ed in he poul y
labo a o y o he Depa men o Animal
P oduc ion, College o Ag icul u e, Al-
Mu hanna Uni e si y, om 30/3/2023 un il
30/5/2023. A o al o 80 b oile bi ds (35 days),
wi h simila weigh s. The expe imen was
conduc ed o de e mine he e ec o AEPP on
some physical cha ac e is ics o b oile ca casses
s o ed o di e en pe iods, he expe imen
consis ed o wo ac o s: he i s ac o was he
use o pomeg ana e peels aqueous ex ac a ou
le els, namely 0, 10.00, 20.00 and 30.00 ml/ L-1
o DW. The second ac o included s o ing mea
om b oile mea o ou pe iods, namely 0, 15,
30 and 45 days, a a empe a u e o -18°C.
Bi ds we e b ough om local ma ke s wi h
simila weigh s, be o e slaugh e , he bi ds as ed
o 12 hou s o educe con amina ion du ing he
p epa a ion p ocess, hen he bi ds we e
slaugh e ed acco ding o he adi ional me hod
used in I aq o slaugh e ing chickens, a e he
scalding and cleaning p ocess, i was packed in
acuum bags o polye hylene, s o ed in he
e ige a o a 5°C o 24 hou s, cu he ca casses
in o main cu s (b eas , highs and he d ums ick),
bone and a y issue we e emo ed, ook slices
o b eas , high and d ums ick mea oge he ,
and cu hem 1.5 cm hick and weighing 100
g ams each, hen, hese samples we e su ace
washed. The samples we e placed indi idually
(b eas , high, and d ums ick) oge he in
acuum-sealed polye hylene bags, igh ly closed.
Samples we e aken o measu e he physical
cha ac e is ics o b oile mea , which we e Wa e
Holding Capaci y (WHO), d ip, hawing and
cooking loss.
Pomeg ana e peels we e b ough om local
ma ke s in Mu hanna Go e no a e, i was d ied
a oom empe a u e (25 °C) o 10 days, hen i
was g ound using a small elec ic g inde
(Chinese-made), o be in powde o m o be
eady o conduc he aqueous ex ac ion p ocess
acco ding o he me hod used by He nandez e
al. (1994), his was done by mixing 200 g ams o
pomeg ana e peel powde wi h 1000 ml o
dis illed wa e using an elec ic blende (Chinese-
made), hen expose he solu ion o a empe a u e
o 60 °C o 60 minu es, hen lea e he solu ion
o 24 hou s a oom empe a u e, hen il e he
solu ion using il e pape o ge id o impu i ies
and he ex ac is eady o expe imen a ion.
Resul s and Discussion
Table 1 shows he e ec o using di e en le els
o AEPP on he mea o b oile s s o ed o
di e en pe iods on he wa e holding capaci y,
he e was a signi ican e ec o he aqueous
ex ac pa ame e s on he wa e holding capaci y,
all ea men s o AEPP showed a signi ican
e ec (P≤0.05) compa ed o he con ol
ea men . The same able shows ha a he
beginning o he expe imen and o 15 days i
was s o ed in he eeze , i was no ed ha all a
a le el o 30.00 ml/ L-1 o DW, led o a
signi ican inc ease in wa e holding capaci y
compa ed o he le el o 10 ml/li e o wa e ,
which showed a signi ican inc ease compa ed o
he con ol ea men , he e we e no signi ican
di e ences be ween le els 10 and 20 ml aqueous
ex ac o pomeg ana e peels (AEPP) 30.00 ml/
L-1 o wa e , as well as le els 20 and 30
AEPP/li e o wa e , when mea was s o ed o
30 days, ea men wi h AEPP a a concen a ion
o 30 ml , he e was a signi ican inc ease o
e e y li e o wa e , compa ed o he le els o 10
and 20 ml/li e o wa e , which showed a
signi ican inc ease compa ed o he con ol
ea men . A he gene al a e age h oughou he
expe imen , i was no ed ha he le els o 20 and
30 ml/li e o wa e showed a signi ican
inc ease compa ed o he le el o 10 ml/li e o
wa e , which showed a signi ican inc ease
compa ed o he con ol ea men .
As o he ac o o s o age pe iods o mea , i is
no ed ha he du a ion o s o age has a
signi ican e ec on he abili y o hold wa e . All
pe iods o s o ing mea led o a de e io a ion in
he abili y o hold wa e compa ed o no s o ing
mea . La ge s o age pe iods o 30 and 45 days
led o a signi ican dec ease in po abili y
compa ed o a s o age pe iod o 15 days, which
dec eased signi ican ly compa ed o no s o ing
mea .
Rega ding he in e ac ion, i is no ed ha he e is
a signi ican e ec be ween he AEPP and he
du a ion o s o age. AEPP, a a concen a ion o
30.00 ml/ L-1 o DW a a s o age pe iod o 0
days, showed he highes a e o wa e -holding
capaci y, which eached 11.73, compa ed o he
con ol ea men a a s o age pe iod o 45 days,
he a e was 4.37.
The signi ican imp o emen in he ea men s
o AEPP o i con aining, especially pec in
compounds, which one may acili a e o
p ocess o p o ein deg ada ion, his allows wa e
o pene a e be ween he mea p o ein
molecules, he e o e, he binding be ween wa e
and p o ein inc eases as a esul o lowe pH
(Aku u e al., 2020).
Table 1. Impac o AEPP on Mea o B oile s S o ed o Di e en Pe iods
on he Wa e Holding Capaci y
AEPP
(ml/ L)
S o ed pe iods
(days)
Mean
0
15
30
45
0
7.47
Ac
6.39
Bc
5.51
Cc
4.37
Dc
5.94
c
10
9.92
Ab
9.02
Bb
8.47
Bb
7.35
Cb
8.69
b
20
10.82
Aab
9.95
ABab
9.19
Bb
8.75
Ba
9.68
a
30
11.73
Aa
10.63
ABa
10.22
Ba
9.64
Ba
10.55
a
Mean
9.98
A
9.00
AB
8.35
B
7.53
B
8.72
L.S.D0.05
AEPP
S o ed pe iods
In e ac ion
0.987
0.987
1.775
No e: The di e en small le e s e ically indica e a signi ican di e ences among he means AEPP a a
signi icance le el o 0.05. The di e en ho izon ally capi alized le e s indica e ha he e a e signi ican
di e ences among he means s o age pe iods o b oile mea a a signi icance le el o 0.05.
Table 2 indica es he e ec o di e en le els o
AEPP on he mea o b oile s s o ed o
di e en pe iods in he hawing loss. AEPP has
a signi ican e ec on he hawing loss compa ed
o he con ol ea men . The le el o 30 ml o
AEPP showed a signi ican dec ease, a a a e o
9.57, compa ed o he le el o 20 ml/l (10.66),
which dec eased ia o T1, which a e aged
12.71. The e we e no signi ican di e ences
be ween le els 0 and 10, as well as be ween le els
10 and 20 ml AEPP/li e o wa e .
As o he du a ion o mea s o age, i is no ed
ha he du a ion o mea s o age has a
signi ican e ec on he hawing loss. Long
pe iods o s o age (45 days) showed a signi ican
inc ease in he exuded liquid, a a a e o 11.12,
compa ed o a s o age pe iod o 30 days, which
a e aged 9.92, which did no di e signi ican ly
wi h a s o age pe iod o 15 days, which a e aged
9.19, while i di e ed signi ican ly wi h a s o age
pe iod o 0 days, which a e aged 8.90. The e
we e no signi ican di e ences be ween s o age
pe iods o 0 and 15 days, as well as be ween
s o age pe iods o 15 and 30 days.
I s signi ican e ec o he in e ac ion be ween
o he le els o AEPP and he du a ion o mea
s o age. The ea men ga e a wa e ex ac le el
o pomeg ana e peels o 30 ml / li e om wa e
a a s o age pe iod o 0 days, he lowes a e o
he hawing loss, which was 7.55, compa ed o
he le el o 0 AEPP a 0 days o s o age o mea ,
which ga e he highes a e, which amoun ed o
12.71.
Table 2. Impac o AEPP on Mea o B oile s S o ed
o Di e en Pe iods on he Thawing Loss
AEPP
(ml/ L)
S o ed pe iods
(days)
Mean
0
15
30
45
0
9.98
Cc
10.25
BCc
11.07
Bc
12.71
Ac
11.00
a
10
9.18
Bb
9.44
Bb
10.16
Bbc
11.54
Ab
10.08
ab
20
8.89
Ba
8.96
Ba
9.68
ABb
10.66
Ab
9.55
b
30
7.55
Ca
8.09
BCa
8.75
ABa
9.57
Aa
8.49
c
Mean
8.90
C
9.19
BC
9.92
B
11.12
A
9.78
L.S.D0.05
AEPP
S o ed pe iods
In e ac ion
1.013
1.013
2.887
No e: The di e en small le e s e ically indica e a signi ican di e ences among he means he AEPP
a a signi icance le el o 0.05. The di e en ho izon ally capi alized le e s indica e ha he e a e
signi ican di e ences among he means s o age pe iods o b oile mea a a signi icance le el o 0.05.
The ac i e compounds con ained in
pomeg ana e peels educe he pe cen age o
hawing loss, as a esul o ionic s eng h as well
as he lack o in e ac ion be ween p o eins,
consequen ly, he inc ease in wa e binding si es
inc eases wa e e en ion be ween muscle ibe s,
which educes he amoun o exuded luid
(Gullón e al., 2020).
Table 3 shows impac o di e en le els o
AEPP on b oile mea s o ed o di e en
pe iods on he d ip loss, i was no ed ha AEPP
has a signi ican e ec on he d ip loss compa ed
o he con ol ea men . The le el o 30 ml o
AEPP pe li e o wa e showed a signi ican
dec ease, which eached an a e age o 8.49,
compa ed o he le el o 20 ml/li e o wa e (a
a e o 9.55), which in u n showed a signi ican
dec ease compa e o he con ol ea men ,
which had a a e o 11.00.
As o he mea s o age pe iods, a signi ican
inc ease in d ip loss was obse ed when mea
was s o ed o 45 days, a a a e o 14.15,
compa ed o he s o age pe iod o 30 days (an
a e age o 13.09), which showed a signi ican
inc ease, compa ed o he con ol and 15-day
s o age ea men s, he coe icien s eached
11.61 and 12.17, espec i ely.
The e was a signi ican e ec o he in e ac ion
be ween he le els o AEPP and he mea
s o age pe iods. The AEPP o a le el o 30 ml
/ li e om wa e and a s o age pe iod o 0 days
showed he lowes a e o loss upon hawing,
which eached a a e o 10.61, compa ed o he
le el o 0, AEPP a a s o age pe iod o 45 days,
which a e aged 15.27.
The eason o he dec ease in he amoun o
d ip loss in he ea men s o AEPP is due o he
inc ease in he pe cen age o cha ges acing he
p o eins, which inc eases he wa e binding si es,
which inc eases hei mois u e con en (Sha ma
and Yada , 2020).
Table 3. Impac o AEPP on Mea o B oile s S o ed o Di e en Pe iods on he D ip Loss
AEPP
(ml/ L)
S o ed pe iods
(days)
Mean
0
15
30
45
0
12.79
Ca
13.45
Ca
14.28
Ba
15.27
Aa
13.95
a
10
11.76
Cb
12.39
Cb
13.54
Bab
14.93
Aa
13.16
b
20
11.25
Cbc
11.77
Cbc
12.82
Bb
13.76
Ab
12.40
b
30
10.63
Cc
11.08
Cc
11.72
Bc
12.62
Ac
11.51
c
Mean
11.61
C
12.17
C
13.09
B
14.15
A
12.76
L.S.D0.05
AEPP
S o ed pe iods
In e ac ion
0.763
0.763
0.922
No e: The di e en small le e s e ically indica e a signi ican di e ences among he means he AEPP
a a signi icance le el o 0.05. The di e en ho izon ally capi alized le e s indica e ha he e a e
signi ican di e ences among he means s o age pe iods o b oile mea a a signi icance le el o 0.05.
Table 4 shows he e ec o di e en le els o
AEPPon b oile mea s o ed o di e en
pe iods o cooking loss. The able indica es ha
AEPP has a signi ican e ec on cooking loss, i
was no ed ha a AEPP a a concen a ion o 30
ml/li e o wa e , which a e aged 14.54,
compa ed o he concen a ion om 10 m l/
li e o wa e , he a e age was 15.97, which did
no di e signi ican ly wi h he concen a ion o
20 ml/li e o wa e , which eached 15.21, while
he con ol ea men showed he highes a es,
which amoun ed o 16.58.
Table 4. Impac o AEPP on Mea o B oile s S o ed
o Di e en Pe iods on he Cooking Loss
AEPP
(ml/ L)
S o ed pe iods
(days)
Mean
0
15
30
45
0
15.72
Ca
16.26
Ca
16.92
Ba
17.43
Aa
16.58
a
10
14.92
Cb
15.77
Ca
16.22
Bab
16.96
Aab
15.97
ab
20
14.27
Cbc
14.94
Cb
15.48
Bbc
16.15
Abc
15.21
bc
30
13.69
Cc
14.22
Cb
14.87
Bc
15.36
Ac
14.54
c
Mean
14.65
C
15.30
BC
15.87
B
16.48
A
15.58
L.S.D0.05
AEPP
S o ed pe iods
In e ac ion
0.819
0.819
1.021
No e: The di e en small le e s e ically indica e a signi ican di e ences among he means AEPP a a
signi icance le el o 0.05. The di e en ho izon ally capi alized le e s indica e ha he e a e signi ican
di e ences among he means s o age pe iods o b oile mea a a signi icance le el o 0.05.
As o s o age pe iods, i is no ed ha he e was
a signi ican e ec on cooking loss. The s o age
pe iod o 45 days showed a signi ican inc ease
in cooking loss, which a e aged 16.48, compa ed
o he s o age pe iod o 30 days, which a e aged
15.87, which in u n showed a signi ican
inc ease compa ed o he 0-day s o age pe iod,
which a e aged 14.65, did no di e signi ican ly
wi h he s o age pe iod o 15 days, which
a e aged 15.30.
The e was a signi ican e ec o he in e ac ion
be ween he pa ame e s o AEPP and he
du a ion o mea s o age. The con ol ea men
wi h a mea s o age pe iod o 45 days showed
he highes a e o cooking loss, which amoun ed
o 17.43, compa ed o he ea men o AEPP a
a concen a ion o 30 ml/li e o wa e a a
s o age pe iod o 0 days, he a e age was 13.69.
Conclusion
Pomeg ana e peels inc ease he wa e holding
capaci y and inc ease i s mois u e con en , as a
esul o he dec ease in he pH alue o he mea
samples and i s dis ance om he elec ical
neu aliza ion poin , which ul ima ely leads o an
inc ease in he amoun o elec ical cha ge in
mea p o eins, c ea ing o c ea ing spaces
be ween muscle ibe s, he e o e, i led o
inc eased wa e binding, which educes he
pe cen age o loss du ing cooking (Al-Dhalimi e
al., 2021).
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