Co esponding au ho : Hakan SEVIK
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
E ec o UV-B s ess on s oma al po e size and po e wid h in some landscape plan s
Hakan Se ik 1, *, Ismail Koc 2, Ha ice Cobanoglu 3, Ugu Can u k 3 and Semse in Kulac 2
1 Depa men o En i onmen al Enginee ing, Kas amonu Uni e si y, 37150 Kas amonu, Tü kiye.
2 Depa men o Fo es Enginee ing, Düzce Uni e si y, 81620 Düzce, Tü kiye.
3 Ins i u e o Science, Düzce Uni e si y, 81620 Düzce, Tü kiye.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 051-060
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 18 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 29 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 01 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1579
Abs ac
I is known ha global clima e change is an i e e sible p ocess and will di ec ly o indi ec ly a ec all li ing hings in
he wo ld. I is es ima ed ha he mos de as a ing e ec s o he p ocess will be seen on plan s and, especially, woody
species ha do no ha e a long li e cycle. The e o e, being p epa ed o he p ocess, de e mining he ex en o which
species will be a ec ed, and aking p ecau ions a e o g ea impo ance in e ms o p e en ing indi idual, popula ion,
and e en species losses. This s udy de e mined he e ec s o he inc ease in UV-B, one o he p ocess's mos impo an
e ec s, on s oma al po e leng h and po e wid h. Wi hin he scope o he s udy, UV-B ea men s we e made o 10 woody
b oad-lea ed plan s a 4 di e en in ensi ies. A he end o he ea men s, lea samples we e ob ained om ee species,
and images we e hen aken o scale wi h he help o an SEM (scanning elec on mic oscope), and s oma al po e leng h
and wid h we e measu ed. The s udy esul s show ha he ea men s do no signi ican ly a ec hese cha ac e s.
Howe e , i is also known ha he mos impo an e ec s o global clima e change will be empe a u e inc ease and
d ough . The e o e, i is ecommended ha simila s udies be conduc ed by including d ough s ess.
Keywo ds: Ul a iole -B; S oma a; Clima e Change; Radia ion; Ozone
1. In oduc ion
The indus ial and echnological de elopmen s ha ha e inc eased signi ican ly in he las cen u y and peaked in he
las 30-40 yea s ha e caused a p ocess ha has pe manen ly a ec ed almos all li ing hings in he wo ld. Many
esea che s ag ee ha he mos impo an o hese changes a e global clima e change [1-5], u baniza ion [5-10] and
en i onmen al pollu ion [11-15]. Mo eo e , hese p oblems a e global and in e connec ed. Fo example, he indus ial
e olu ion expe ienced in he las cen u y in he indus y ield has c ea ed a signi ican need o aw ma e ials, ene gy,
and labo . The job oppo uni ies c ea ed by he indus y ha e igge ed mig a ion om u al a eas o u ban a eas,
causing he popula ion o ga he in ce ain a eas, and hus, he p oblem o u baniza ion has eme ged [16]. Using ossil
uels o mee ene gy needs has also signi ican ly inc eased he CO2 a e in he a mosphe e and accele a ed he global
clima e change p ocess [17-18]. In addi ion, u baniza ion equi es mo e people o li e in a uni a ea. In o de o mee
his, he cons uc ion o high- ise buildings in limi ed a eas is manda o y. Conc e e p oduc ion used in he cons uc ion
o high- ise buildings uses app oxima ely 18% o global annual indus ial wa e use. I is also s a ed ha app oxima ely
10% o global ca bon dioxide (CO2) emissions o igina e om cemen p oduc ion, he p ima y ma e ial o conc e e
p oduc ion [19-28]. As a esul , u baniza ion, global clima e change, and en i onmen al pollu ion, which ha e eme ged
due o indus ial and echnological de elopmen s, ha e become in e connec ed p oblems a ec ing he global scale [16,
18, 29-32].
This si ua ion h ea ens he heal h and e en he li es o many li ing beings. Indus ial ac i i ies, especially
an h opogenic was es, ha e accumula ed signi ican ly in wa e [33-35], soil [36,37], and ai [38-41], causing pollu ion
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 051-060
52
and becoming a h ea o li e. Fo example, i is s a ed ha ai pollu ion causes app oxima ely 6 million p ema u e bi hs,
app oxima ely 3 million low-weigh babies, and app oxima ely 7 million p ema u e dea hs wo ldwide e e y yea
[18,42].
Ano he o hese p oblems, he consequences o global clima e change, a e much mo e se ious. Global clima e change is
de ined as he bigges p oblem he wo ld has o o e come [2,5,43]. Because clima e di ec ly o indi ec ly a ec s all
li ing hings in he wo ld [1,4]. Animals can adap o hese changes o a la ge ex en by mig a ing o egions whe e
clima ic condi ions a e sui able. I is emphasized ha he li ing g oup ha will be mos a ec ed by global clima e change
will be plan s ha do no ha e an e ec i e mo emen and mig a ion mechanism, especially woody species wi h long
li e cycles [2-5].
I is s a ed ha global clima e change is i e e sible, can only be slowed down by aking p ecau ions, and ha he
p ocess mus be p epa ed. Va ious scena ios a e being de eloped o de e mine he changes ha may occu in his
p ocess, and e o s a e being made o de e mine he possible changes in ad ance and he p ecau ions ha can be aken
[1,4]. De e mining how ees will be a ec ed by his p ocess is o g ea impo ance in e ms o de e mining he
p ecau ions o be aken and p o ec ion s a egies.
Among he mos consequen ial impac s o global clima e change, d ough [44-46], and ele a ed UV-B adia ion [47]
eme ge as pa icula ly de imen al o e es ial ecosys ems. The s a osphe ic ozone laye (10-30 km al i ude), which
unde goes p og essi e hinning due o clima e change, ep esen s a c i ical plane a y li e-suppo sys em. This
deple ion allows enhanced pene a ion o biologically ha m ul UV-B wa eleng hs (280-320 nm) o Ea h's su ace [48],
cons i u ing one o he mos se e e en i onmen al h ea s. Empi ical s udies demons a e ha ampli ied UV-B exposu e
signi ican ly impai s plan de elopmen , mani es ing as educed s em diame e , diminished heigh , dec eased lea
p oduc ion, and lowe biomass accumula ion [47,49], while addi ionally dis up ing phenological cycles [50].
Impo an ly, hese physiological esponses exhibi subs an ial in e speci ic a ia ion, necessi a ing species-speci ic
in es iga ions o cha ac e ize UV-B impac s ac oss di e se lo a accu a ely.
This s udy aims o de e mine he in isible e ec s o UV-B adia ion in some woody species and how s oma al po e
leng h and po e wid h a e de e mined om lea s oma al cha ac e s in plan s exposed o inc eased UV-B ea men s in
a con olled en i onmen .
2. Ma e ials And Me hod
The s udy was conduc ed on 10 b oad-lea ed woody species, which a e he mos p e e ed in landscape s udies in ou
coun y. The lis o species used in he s udy is gi en in Table 1.
Table 1 Species subjec o he s udy
Species label
Full name o species
SP1
Co oneas e anche i
SP2
Lau us nobilis
SP3
Ginkgo biloba
SP4
Be ula pendula
SP5
Co nus mas
SP6
P unus lau oce asus
SP7
Lage s omia indica
SP8
Hibiscus sy iacus
SP9
Buddleja da idii
SP10
Fo sy hia i idissima
The s udy was conduc ed on wo-yea -old seedlings. A cabin wi h a base a ea o 3 m x 3 m and a heigh o 2 m was
p epa ed o UV-B ea men . The inne su aces o he UV-B ea men cabin we e co e ed wi h 12-mic on aluminum
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 051-060
53
oil o p e en leakage om ou side o inside and om inside o ou side. 4 Philips 40w/12 RS b oadband UV-B lamps
we e placed inside he cabin o he UV-B sou ce.
The ea men pe iod was de e mined o each dose applied wi hin he scope o he s udy, and 4 di e en UV-B
ea men s we e pe o med as low, medium, high, and e y high. Thus, 5 di e en ea men s (con ol [no UV-B], low,
mode a e, high, and e y high) we e pe o med oge he wi h he con ol g oup. T ea men s s a ed in July and we e
made e e y 3 days o 45 days. The lea es o med a e he ea men s we e aken o SEM image analyses. Scaled
images we e aken om he lowe su ace o he lea blade and om he places close o he middle pa s o he lea es
p essed and b ough o he labo a o y unde he elec on mic oscope. The "ImageJ" compu e measu emen p og am
was used o pe o m po e leng h and po e wid h measu emen s. Wi hin he scope o he s udy, measu emen s we e
made wi h 5 eplica ions. The da a ob ained om he s udy we e e alua ed wi h a iance analysis and he Duncan es
wi h he help o he SPSS package p og am.
3. Resul s
The ob ained da a we e simpli ied and abula ed by applying a iance analysis and he Duncan es . S oma al po e wid h
di e ences among species depending on he ea men s a e gi en in Table 2.
Table 2 S oma al po e wid h di e ences among species depending on he ea men s
Species
Con ol
Low
Mode a e
High
Ve y high
F- alue
A e age
SP1
6.27 BC
4.57 A
4.90 AB
5.73 CD
4.91 AB
1.541 ns
5.27 AB
SP2
7.57 aC
7.60 aA
11.10 bC
6.33 aDE
7.49 aCD
5.355**
8.02 CD
SP3
4.40 aAB
15.78 bB
13.22 bC
5.20 aBCD
3.42 aA
37.023***
8.40 D
SP4
6.92 bC
3.75 aA
6.29 bB
4.00 aABC
12.60 cE
52.651***
6.71 BCD
SP5
10.38 bD
2.74 aA
3.19 aA
3.12 aA
9.31 bD
19.918***
5.75 AB
SP6
7.45 C
6.78 A
5.39 AB
7.64 E
5.93 BC
2.693 ns
6.64 BCD
SP7
6.98 cC
4.27 aA
3.36 aA
3.54 aAB
5.35 bAB
18.301***
4.70 AB
SP8
3.43 A
4.82 A
4.06 AB
4.70 ABCD
4.56 AB
0.757 ns
4.32 A
SP9
7.17 C
7.15 A
4.82 AB
4.39 ABC
7.56 CD
2.726 ns
6.22 ABC
SP10
4.18 A
12.52 B
4.21 AB
4.50 ABC
5.32 AB
2.659 ns
6.15 ABC
F- alue
8.654***
6.293***
16.253***
6.416***
16.081***
4.030***
A e.
6.67 b
7.00 b
6.06 ab
4.91 a
6.65 b
2.805*
No e: ns: no signi ican ; *: p0.05; **: p0.01; *: p0.001. Lowe -case le e speci ies o he e ical way wi hin each ow, whe eas uppe -case le e
implies o he ho izon al way wi hin each column. These explana ions a e also alid o Table 3.
When po e wid h di e ences a e examined, i is seen ha he changes a e s a is ically signi ican on a species basis in
all ea men s. Howe e , he change due o he ea men s is no s a is ically signi ican in species 1, 6, 8, 9, and 10. The
lowes a e age alue was ob ained in he in ense UV-B ea men , and no s a is ically signi ican di e ence was ound
be ween he o he ea men s. S oma al po e leng h di e ences among species depending on he ea men s a e gi en
in Table 3.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 051-060
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Table 3 S oma al po e leng h di e ences among species depending on he ea men s
Species
Con ol
Low
Mode a e
High
Ve y high
F- alue
A e age
SP1
19.01 DE
16.97 CD
18.73 CD
16.99 C
16.37 CD
1.313 ns
17.62 C
SP2
20.32 E
17.12 CD
20.67 D
18.25 C
19.12 DE
2.411 ns
19.10 CD
SP3
16.20bBCDE
29.50 dE
22.99 cD
16.40 bC
9.23 aA
54.676***
18.86 CD
SP4
19.16 abDE
20.19 bD
22.26 bcD
14.43 aABC
26.91 cF
6.715**
20.59 D
SP5
17.89 bCDE
9.69 aAA
8.42 aA
11.54 aAB
22.07 bE
10.353***
13.92 B
SP6
19.00 bDE
12.90 aABC
12.06 aAB
15.10 aBC
13.37 aBC
4.504**
14.48 B
SP7
10.29 A
12.44 AB
9.67 A
10.51 A
11.89 AB
1.165 ns
10.96 A
SP8
12.37 abAB
16.10 cBCD
14.54 abcBC
15.55 bcBC
11.98 aAB
3.214*
14.11 B
SP9
15.14 BCD
13.83 ABC
12.51 AB
16.21 C
16.91 CD
0.877 ns
14.92 B
SP10
13.78abABC
10.08 aA
14.70 bcBC
14.22 abcABC
18.28 cD
4.481*
14.21 B
F- alue
5.720***
18.060***
11.390***
3.317**
19.180***
11.509***
A e.
16.32
15.88
15.66
14.92
16.61
0.782 ns
As seen in Table 3, po e leng h di e ences a y s a is ically signi ican ly on a species basis in all ea men s. Howe e ,
he change due o he ea men s is no s a is ically signi ican in species 1, 2, 7, and 9. Simila ly, ega ding a e age
alues, he change in po e size depending on he ea men s is no s a is ically signi ican .
4. Discussion
As a esul o he s udy, i was de e mined ha s oma al cha ac e s changed signi ican ly on a species basis. Howe e ,
he e ec o UV-B ea men s on s oma al cha ac e s was no signi ican and a he expec ed le el. Di e en esul s we e
ob ained in he s udies conduc ed on his subjec . I was de e mined ha UV-B adia ion inc eased s oma al po e size
in ash-lea ed maple species while i dec eased i in moun ain maple. S oma al po e wid h was obse ed o ha e he
lowes alues in indi iduals exposed o se e e d ough and high dose UV-B simul aneously in ash-lea ed maple species
[47].
When he s udies a e examined, i is seen ha he e ec s o UV-B s ess on plan s oma al cha ac e s emain unclea . I
is necessa y o examine whe he his si ua ion depends on he species o a ies acco ding o he ea men . Plan
pheno ypic cha ac e s a e shaped unde he in e ac ion o gene ic s uc u e [51-54] and en i onmen al condi ions [55-
67]. S oma al cha ac e s a e also signi ican ly a ec ed by en i onmen al ac o s as well as gene ic s uc u e. In addi ion
o changes in a mosphe ic condi ions, changes in edaphic ac o s such as soil mois u e and nu ien s a us ha e been
ound o al e s oma al mo phology [47, 68, 69]. Plan s oma a, he i al ga eway be ween he plan and he a mosphe e,
may ha e a cen al ole in plan / ege a ion esponses o en i onmen al condi ions, which ha e been in es iga ed om
molecula and whole plan pe spec i es as well as ecosys em and global le els [70]. Consequen ly, bo h he exposu e
pa e n (du a ion and in ensi y) and spec al composi ion o UV-B adia ion undamen ally in luence plan
mo phological ai s and g ow h a chi ec u e. These ela ionships a e media ed h ough complex s ess esponse
mechanisms ha plan s ha e e ol ed, including pho op o ec i e pigmen accumula ion and an ioxidan sys ems
[71,72]. Cu en esea ch demons a es subs an ial con ex -dependence in UV-B e ec s, wi h plan esponses being
modula ed by concu en en i onmen al ac o s such as wa e a ailabili y, empe a u e egimes, and ligh quali y [73].
I is s a ed ha UV-B adia ion signi ican ly a ec s he in isible mic omo phological cha ac e s o plan s and hei
mo phological cha ac e s [74]. Mic omo phological cha ac e s indica e he plan 's esponse o s ess ac o s. Howe e ,
many s udies on his subjec show ha he in e ac ion o many ac o s shapes mic omo phological cha ac e s such as
s oma al cha ac e s [75-78].
The mos impo an o hese ac o s a e gene ic s uc u e and en i onmen al ac o s. I is s a ed ha e en plan s o he
same species g own in he same en i onmen a e a ec ed by s ess ac o s a di e en le els due o hei di e en
gene ic s uc u es [79-84]. In addi ion, en i onmen al condi ions, i.e., clima ic and edaphic ac o s, signi ican ly a ec
plan de elopmen [85-88]. I is known ha clima e condi ions a e pa icula ly decisi e in plan mo phological,
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 051-060
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ana omical, and physiological cha ac e is ics and plan esponses o s ess le els [1,4,5]. Howe e , s udies ha e shown
ha mic oecological condi ions a e mo e e ec i e in he p ima y clima e ype [75,76,89]. Plan esponses o s ess
ac o s a e also in luenced by ac o s ha change mic oecological condi ions. Va ious p ac ices such as i iga ion,
e iliza ion, ho mone ea men s, p uning, and shading can change plan esponses o s ess ac o s [90-92]. As a esul ,
he esponses o plan s o en i onmen al s ess ac o s, including UV-B s ess, a e in luenced by many in e ela ed
ac o s, and many poin s ha e no ye been cla i ied.
5. Conclusion
This s udy in es iga ed he e ec s o inc eased UV-B adia ion on s oma al po e leng h and po e wid h in en commonly
used b oad-lea ed woody landscape species. While in e speci ic di e ences in s oma al ai s we e s a is ically
signi ican , he UV-B ea men s alone did no lead o subs an ial changes wi hin species. These indings sugges ha
he s oma al esponse o UV-B s ess is no uni o m and may be in luenced by species-speci ic gene ic and
en i onmen al in e ac ions. Gi en ha global clima e change is i e e sible, and i s mos des uc i e e ec s a e
expec ed on plan species—especially long-li ed woody plan s—p oac i e s a egies a e essen ial o assess species
esilience and guide u ban landscape planning. Since empe a u e ise and d ough a e among he mos c i ical
s esso s associa ed wi h clima e change, u u e esea ch should inco po a e mul iple s ess ac o s, pa icula ly
d ough , o mo e accu a ely e lec na u al condi ions. This s udy con ibu es aluable da a o iden i ying clima e-
esilien species and o e s a ounda ion o u he esea ch ha suppo s biodi e si y conse a ion and sus ainable
g een space managemen in he ace o changing global condi ions.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
This s udy was p oduced om he p ojec numbe KÜBAP-01/2022-15 suppo ed wi hin he Kas amonu Uni e si y
Scien i ic Resea ch P ojec s scope. We hank he Kas amonu Uni e si y Scien i ic Resea ch S udies P ojec Managemen
Coo dina ion.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha he e is no con lic o in e es in his s udy.
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