Co esponding au ho : Yao Kamélé KOSSONOU
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Risks associa ed wi h he consump ion o ish g illed on cha coal in he commune o
Man (Cô e d’I oi e)
Yao Kamélé KOSSONOU 1, *, Kouakou Kouassi A mand KOUADIO 1, Konan Ma hias KOUAKOU 1, Anin Louise
ANIN ATCHIBRI 2 and Kablan TANO 2
1 Depa men o Ag onomic, Fo es y and En i onmen al Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Man, BP 20 Man, Cô e d’I oi e.
2 Depa men o Food Sciences and Technology, Nangui ABROGOUA Uni e si y, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cô e d’I oi e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 101-108
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 18 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 29 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 01 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1549
Abs ac
B aised ish is a cooking me hod e y popula among he people o Man. The su ey conduc ed among he endo s o
he la ge nigh ma ke s o he ci y o Man (Cô e d’I oi e) iden i ied h ee ypes o ish mainly used in his ype o cooking.
Among hese h ee ypes o ish, Cyp inus ca pio is he mos sold. Thin-laye ch oma og aphy analysis o b aised ish
pu chased a nigh ma ke s e ealed he p esence o wo polycyclic a oma ic hyd oca bons: benzo(a)an h acene and
ano he uniden i ied compound. The dosage o hea y me als also showed he p esence o ce ain hea y me als in he
muscles o pu chased b aised ish. The hea y me al le els a y depending on he ype o ish. In Cyp inus ca pio, he
me als ound a e coppe , nickel, zinc and manganese wi h espec i e con en s o 0.06% ; 0.01% ; 0.13% and 0.48%). In
T achu us achu us, he me als ound a e ch omium, zinc, nickel, manganese, coppe , cadmium wi h espec i e
con en s o 0.09% ; 0.26% ; 0.1% ; 0.1% ; 0.16% and 0.06%. Fo Scombe japonicus, he same me als a e ound as in
T achu us achu us bu he con en s di e . Regula consump ion o b aised ish sold in he nigh ma ke s o he ci y o
Man would p esen heal h isks o consume s.
Keywo ds: B aised ish; Hea y me als; Polycyclic a oma ic hyd oca bons; Cyp inus ca pio; T achu us achu us;
Scombe japonicus
1. In oduc ion
Fish and i s de i a i es play an impo an ole in he die s o popula ions wo ldwide [1]. They a e he p ima y sou ce
o animal p o ein in Cô e d'I oi e. Pe capi a ish consump ion in Cô e d'I oi e has been es ima ed a 24.9 kg pe yea
since 2020 [2].
Fish a e highly pe ishable in hei esh s a e, and due o insu icien p ese a ion equipmen , among o he ac o s, he
ish indus y, pa icula ly a isanal p ocessing, has g own conside ably [3]. In Cô e d'I oi e, a isanal ish p ocessing
me hods a e a ied and di e se. These include smoking, e men a ion, and b aising. B aising ish is a p ocess ha
in ol es cooking he ish wi h an a oma ic ga nish and b ie ly soaking i , while placing i in di ec con ac wi h he
embe s ia a g ill [4]. G illed ish a e popula wi h he popula ion du ing nigh ime ou ings. Un o una ely, he
consump ion o g illed ish could ha e epe cussions on human heal h and could e en lead o dea h. On he one hand,
he causes o hese diseases (cance s, b ain diseases, e c.) can be o p ima y o igin, ha is, linked o he li ing
en i onmen o he ish be o e hei cap u e. Indeed, o se e al housand yea s, su ace wa e s ha e been subjec o
he g ow h o ce ain ac ions aken by man due o indus ial de elopmen leading o i s pollu ion [5]. La ge-scale
ag icul u al p ac ices using phy osani a y p oduc s a he wa e 's edge also ha e a sha e o esponsibili y o his
pollu ion. Pollu ion leads o he c ea ion o ce ain oxic compounds in hese wa e s, including hea y me als, which a e
inges ed by ish du ing hei eeding [6]. These me als accumula e in ish o e ime and become oxic o humans a a
h eshold alue ha can cause ce ain se ious illnesses in consume s in he long e m, such as men al diso de s [7]. On
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 101-108
102
he o he hand, he causes may be o seconda y o igin. Indeed, dishes cooked in di ec con ac wi h wood i e o coal
can cause cance in consume s due o hei exposu e o a mix u e o Polycyclic A oma ic Hyd oca bons (PAHs), some
o which ha e been shown o be ca cinogenic [8]. PAHs a e a pa icula class o o ganic compounds and p obably he
mos s udied due o hei ca cinogenic and mu agenic na u e [9]. PAHs a e gene a ed du ing py olysis o incomple e
combus ion o o ganic ma e [10]. They a e also widesp ead in he en i onmen and he e o e en e he ood chain,
pa icula ly h ough ai , wa e and soil. PAHs and hea y me als can also be p esen in aw ma e ials as a esul o
en i onmen al and human con amina ion [11]. People gene ally su e ing om cance wo ldwide and pa icula ly in
Cô e d'I oi e ha e been exposed o a mix u e o Polycyclic A oma ic Hyd oca bons ega dless o he ou e o exposu e
(o al, pulmona y and cu aneous) [8]. Fo he gene al popula ion, he main sou ce o exposu e o PAHs and hea y me als
is ood [12]. The popula ion o Man is no on he ma gins o hese scou ges linked o he consump ion o g illed ish.
Because his meal is e y app ecia ed by his popula ion. In o de o p e en ce ain isks linked o cance s and b ain
diseases ha his s udy was conduc ed. The main objec i e o his s udy is o assess he dange s linked o he
consump ion o ish g illed on cha coal in he ci y o Man.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. Ma e ials
2.1.1. Biological Ma e ials
This s udy was conduc ed on ish. Th ee ypes o ish we e used due o hei a ailabili y and abundance in he nigh
ma ke s o Man Ci y : T achu us achu us (Figu e 1a), Cyp inus ca pio (Figu e 1b), and Scombe japonicus.
Figu e 1 B aised T achu us achu us (a) and Cyp inus ca pio (b)
2.2. Me hods
A su ey o m was designed o his s udy. The su ey was conduc ed a he nigh ma ke s in he ci y o Man, he mos
well-known o which a e he “Doyaguiné nigh ma ke ”, he “Lycée Club nigh ma ke ”, and he “Domo aud nigh ma ke
“(Domo aud c oss oads). The objec i e o his su ey was o iden i y he mos popula ish species and he ypes o
wood used in sawmills o cha coal p oduc ion.
2.2.1. Sampling
The ish used o his s udy we e pu chased a he h ee mos well-known nigh ma ke s in Man Ci y. Nine samples we e
collec ed o each ype o ish. A o al o 27 andomly selec ed g illed ish we e pu chased and anspo ed o he
labo a o y o analysis (Table 1). The ish pu chased a nigh we e w apped in aluminum oil and ozen o e nigh
be o e being anspo ed o he labo a o y in he mo ning o analysis. The ish we e anspo ed in a coole . This su ey
was conduc ed wi h 50 o he mos well-known endo s equen ed by cus ome s.
Table 1 Fish collec ed o handling
Type o ish collec ed
Numbe collec ed
To al
Cyp inus ca pio
9
27
T achu us achu us
9
Scombe japonicus
9
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 101-108
103
2.2.2. Analy ical Me hods o Pu chased B aised Fish
Quali a i e De e mina ion o polycyclic a oma ic hyd oca bons (PAHs) by hin laye ch oma og aphy (TLC)
PAHs Ex ac ion
A quan i y o 100 g o b aised ish om each species was diges ed in 300 mL o a 10% sodium hyd oxide solu ion ( / :
9/1) o me hanol/wa e . Re luxing was ca ied ou o 2 hou s. The eac ion mix u e was hen apidly pou ed in o a
beake con aining 200 mL o sa u a ed sodium chlo ide solu ion, while main aining igo ous s i ing. A e acuum
il a ion o he mix u e, he il a e was collec ed o liquid-liquid ex ac ion wi h pe oleum e he , ollowed by liquid-
liquid ex ac ion wi h dime hyl sul oxide. The pe oleum e he phase was inally used o PAH iden i ica ion es s by
TLC.
TLC Iden i ica ion o PAHs
TLCs we e pe o med on comme cial pla es (20x20 cm) p e-coa ed wi h silica gel on aluminum oxide laye s wi h a
luo escence indica o . The pla es we e d ied a 100°C o 1 hou . Se e al mobile phases we e used: oluene/hexane
(6/6: / ), oluene/dichlo ome hane (6/6: / ), and dichlo ome hane (100). Ch oma og ams we e obse ed unde
UV/254 nm and UV/365 nm. Compound assignmen was based on he colo a ion o he luo escen spo s [13] (Lonca
e al., 2005). Table 2 p esen s he PAH s anda ds used.
Table 2 TLC assignmen o PAHs om spo s ainings unde UV/254 nm and UV/365 nm using PAH s anda ds
Compounds
Spo colo
254 nm 365 nm
Benzo(b)Fluo an hene
Blue
Yellow
Benzo(a)Py ene
Pu ple
Pink pu ple
Benzo(a)An h acene
Blue
Ligh blue
An h acene
Blue
Pink
Phenan h ene
Black pu ple
Pink pu ple
Sou ce : (Lonca e al., 2005)
2.2.3. De e mina ion o hea y me als
Me als we e de e mined using MESA-50 X- ay luo escence spec ome y. This echnique analyzes he chemical
elemen s ha make up a sample. I can be used o a wide a ie y o ma e ials: mine als, ce amics, e c., in solid o liquid
o m. I allows he analysis o all chemical elemen s wi h an a omic numbe g ea e han 12. A 10 g quan i y o b aised
ish muscle was weighed on a calib a ed VWR balance. The de e mina ion was pe o med using X- ay luo escence
spec ome y. Zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), ch omium (C ), coppe (Cu), and manganese (Mn) we e analyzed by he
spec ome e .
2.3. S a is ical Analysis
The esul s we e analyzed using XL-STAT 7.5.3 so wa e. Means we e compa ed using Duncan's es a he 5% le el.
3. Resul s
3.1. Su ey
3.1.1. Fish Used o B aising
The esul s o ish commonly consumed in Man a e p esen ed in Figu e 2. The su ey iden i ied he ish gene ally used
and sold in he nigh ma ke s o he ci y o Man: Cyp inus ca pio, Scombe japonicus, and T achu us achu us. These
h ee ypes o ish accoun o 90% o impo ed p oduc s. Among hese, ca p ish is he mos sold, wi h a pe cen age o
44%. Gene ally, mo e women selle s o b aised ish a e ound in he “Doyaguiné ma ke ” han in o he ma ke s. A o al
o 50 women selle s we e iden i ied in he h ee ma ke s. O he 50 women selle s, 44% sell Cyp inus ca pio, 32% sell
T achu us achu us, and 24% sell Scombe japonicus (Figu e 2).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 101-108
104
Figu e 2 Pe cen age o emale endo s by ype o ish
3.1.2. Ing edien s and equipmen o b aising ish
Figu e 3 shows ha cha coal (98%) is he main ma e ial used o b aising ish in he nigh ma ke s o Man Ci y. This
cha coal gene ally comes om sawmills (Figu e 4). The woods used o make his cha coal come in se e al a ie ies,
including edwood and whi ewood. Mos o hese woods a e known by hei e nacula names, including "Idigbo, Bali,
Lidia, F aké, A a a, F omage , Kambala, Flami é, e c." I is impo an o emembe ha i is he combina ion o hese
su i ing woods ha is used o make cha coal.
Figu e 3 Equipmen used o b aising ish
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 101-108
105
Figu e 4 Wood esidues om he « Mindéba » neighbo hood sawmill
Pickle P epa a ion
The pickle is a pu ely homogeneous mix u e consis ing o oil, seasoning cubes, oma o pas e, sal , Maggi la o ing o
some, chili peppe , Maggi Bou gnon o some, adja and wa e (Table 3).
Table 3 Main ing edien s o he pickle
Cons i uen elemen s
Pickle
Oil, seasoning cube, oma o pas e, chili peppe and la o ings, wa e
3.2. Quali a i e Analysis o PAHs
The esul s o he quali a i e de e mina ion a e p esen ed in Figu e 5. In his s udy, hin-laye ch oma og aphy was
used o iden i y and de e mine selec ed PAHs in g illed ish sold a he la ge nigh ma ke s in he ci y o Man. The hin-
laye ch oma og aphy me hod e ealed he p esence o benzo(a)an h acene molecules, ep esen ed by ligh blue, and
uniden i ied PAHs, ep esen ed by blue.
Figu e 5 Ch oma og aphy pla es iewed a 365 nm
3.3. Hea y Me als
X- ay luo escence spec ome y was used o measu e hea y me als in g illed ish pu chased a he nigh ma ke s in he
ci y o Man (Table 4). Fo he h ee ypes o ish, hea y me al le els di e ed be ween ish species. The muscles o he
ish species Cyp inus ca pio sampled con ained low le els o manganese (0.48±0.01%) and zinc (0.13±0.2%). They also
con ained aces o nickel (0.06±0.01%) and coppe (0.01±0.1%).
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106
The muscles o he ish species T achu us achu us con ained he ollowing hea y me als: ch omium, zinc, nickel,
manganese, coppe , and cadmium. The muscles o his species T achu us achu us collec ed con ain low le els o zinc
(0.26±0.01%), coppe (0.16±0.01%), nickel (0.1±0.01%) and manganese (0.1±0.01%). They also con ain aces o
ch omium (0.04±0.0%) and cadmium (0.03±0.0%).
The muscles o he species Scombe japonicus con ain he same hea y me als as he ish T achu us achu us, bu he
le els di e . These me als a e ch omium, zinc, nickel, manganese, coppe , and cadmium in espec i e p opo ions
(0.03±0.0%; 0.62±0.02%; 0.05±0.0%; 0.05±0.0%; 0.26±0.03%; 0.04±0.0%). The muscles o he species Scombe
japonicus a e loaded wi h zinc wi h a concen a ion o 0.62±0.02% and coppe (0.26±0.03%). They also con ain aces
o ch omium, nickel, manganese, and cadmium.
Table 4 Hea y me al con en o pu chased ish muscles
Fish
Nickel
(%)
Manganese
(%)
Coppe
(%)
Zinc
(%)
Ch omium
(%)
Cadmium
(%)
Cyp inus ca pio
0.06±0.01a
0.48±0.01b
0.01±0.1c
0.13±0.2d
X
X
T achu us achu us
0.1± 0.01e
0.1±0.01e
0.16±0.01e
0.26±0.01
0.04±0.0g
0.03 ±0.0g
Scombe japonicus
0.05±0.0h
0.05±0.0h
0.26 ±0.03
0.62±0.02i
0.03±0.0h
0.04±0.0h
Values in he same ow ollowed by di e en le e s show signi ican di e ences (p < 0.05). Each alue is he a e age o he esul s ob ained o e 3
de e mina ions ± s anda d de ia ion o his a e age
4. Discussion
The su ey conduc ed among emale endo s o g illed ish in Man's nigh ma ke s iden i ied Cyp inus ca pio, Scombe
japonicus, and T achu us achu us as he ish commonly sold in Man's nigh ma ke s. I is impo an o emembe ha
he e is no p ede ined endo o Scombe japonicus o T achu us achu us. The same people who sell Scombe japonicus
also sell T achu us achu us. The endo 's choice o ish depends hea ily on he a ailabili y and p ice o ish on he
ma ke . Cyp inus ca pio, which is he mos sold in hese ma ke s, is he mos app ecia ed by consume s despi e i s high
cos . In eali y, consume s o his ish a e mo e o less middle-class ci izens. The esul s o his s udy di e om hose
ound by Dioné [14]. Acco ding o his au ho , b aised ish belong o he la ge Clupeidae amily. These a e sa dinellas,
including Sa dinella au i a and Sa dinella eba, and in a e cases, he sa dinella (E hmalosa imb ia a).
This ish selling ac i i y is pa icula ly ese ed o women; hey a e he main playe s in he sale o g illed ish in he
ci y o Man (Cô e d’I oi e). This su ey also e ealed ha emale selle s o g illed ish a e dispe sed, and he numbe o
emale selle s is e y low compa ed o o he majo ci ies in Cô e d’I oi e.
The women selle s gene ally use cha coal o g illing ish. The cha coal used by he selle s is a mix u e o se e al wood
species. I is p oduced in local sawmills in he ci y o Man. Indeed, sawmill esidues a e ans o med in o cha coal, which
is gene ally well-p iced. Fo easons o economy, hese selle s p e e his quali y o cha coal made om a mix u e o
woods.
Rega ding he quali a i e de e mina ion o PAHs, he muscles o ish species sold in he ci y o Man con ain ce ain PAH
molecules including Benzo(a)an h acene and a second uniden i ied one. Howe e , Benzo(a)an h acene (BaA) is one o
he 16 p io i y PAHs conside ed ca cinogenic by US-EPA and he e o e capable o causing heal h p oblems in humans
(Aké-Assi e al., 2010). I is a e y oxic compound e en a low doses and wi h ch onic e ec s. I s p esence in b aised
ish aken om he nigh ma ke s o he ci y o Man p esen s a dange o he consume acco ding o Ake-Assi e al. [15]
and Bouka i [16]. These au ho s de ec ed he p esence o BaA in smoked ish some imes depending on he species o
ish and he ype o wood used. The esul s o his wo k co obo a e he esul s o Doo nae e al. [8] who s a e ha
dishes cooked in di ec con ac wi h wood o cha coal i e con ain PAH molecules.
As o he second blue compound analyzed, i was no iden i ied using he me hod desc ibed by Lonca e al. [13]. I is
likely one o he 11 o he compounds emaining on he US EPA lis no desc ibed by Lonca e al. [13]. Iden i ying his
unknown compound equi es u he analysis using app op ia e ools. Howe e , whe he i is known o no , i is
essen ial o emphasize i s ha m ul na u e o consume s.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 101-108
107
Rega ding hea y me al le els, he esul s o his s udy show ha b aised ish pu chased a nigh ma ke s a e
con amina ed wi h ce ain hea y me als (ch omium, cadmium, zinc, manganese, and nickel) and could pose heal h isks
o consume s. The hea y me als ound in he muscles o he pu chased b aised ish species a e di e en om hose
ound by Coulibaly e al. [17], excep o cadmium. These au ho s de ec ed he p esence o a senic, me cu y, lead and
cadmium in he muscles o he ish species O eoch omis nilo icus “Tilapia”caugh in all b eeding en i onmen s and eady
o human consump ion. The con amina ion o pu chased g illed ish is linked o wa e pollu ion, he li es yle o he ish
used and human ac ion. Indeed, ce ain ac ions aken by man such as cul u al p ac ices using insec icides and
he bicides, oil and mining ac i i ies as well as indus ial ac i i ies along he wa e s ha e d ama ic consequences on
hem leading o hei pollu ion [5]. The pollu ion o hese wa e s also a ec s he inhabi an s o hese en i onmen s such
as ish e c. These ac i i ies mos ly elease hea y me als in o hese wa e s which a e inges ed by ish du ing hei eeding
[6]. Acco ding o he Saika e al. [18], hea y me als p esen dange s o humans and he e o e can cause heal h p oblems.
Thus, h ough he consump ion o ish, humans can be exposed o hese dange ous elemen s. Ou esul s co obo a e
hose o Monney e al. [19] who e ealed he p esence o me als in he muscles o smoked ish in h ee species o ish
wi h high consump ion in he a ea o Abidjan, Cô e d’I oi e.
5. Conclusion
Al hough g illed ish is enjoyed by many people, i poses heal h isks o consume s. Regula consump ion o g illed ish
sold a he nigh ma ke s in he ci y o Man may pose heal h isks. In ligh o hese esul s, a quan i a i e s udy o PAHs
and me als and hei compa ison wi h he s anda ds se by in e na ional ins i u ions is necessa y.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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