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LANDSCAPE FACTOR OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
(IN THE EXAMPLE OF SURKHANDARYO BASINS)
P.A. Khasano
Sama kand S a e Uni e si y, Junio Resea che (PhD Candida e)
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17290790
Abs ac . The a icle alks abou landscape complexes and he p ospec s o hei use, as
well as he use o landscapes o he Su khanda ya basin in ag icul u e. Also, he mechanism o he
use o ag o-landscapes in he economy, i s di e ences, heo e ical and p ac ical signi icance is
analyzed, and geog aphical jus i ica ion is emphasized in de e mining he speci ic aspec s o he
app oaches o he use o landscapes.
Keywo ds: landscape, ag icul u e, en i onmen , ac o , economy, e ain, clima e,
dep ession.
In oduc ion. The a ailable e idence o e whelmingly indica es ha since ancien imes,
ag icul u e has been he p ima y sou ce o human subsis ence and one o he oldes occupa ions.
Landscape componen s such as opog aphy, clima e, and soil, which de e mine he na u al
condi ions o a pa icula e i o y, a e conside ed impo an ac o s in ag icul u al managemen .
In ensi e ag icul u al managemen equi es conside a ion o he na u al and geog aphical ea u es
o each loca ion. Na u al ac o s a e s udied in conjunc ion wi h hese na u al and geog aphical
condi ions, wi h se e al ac o s some imes playing a leading ole, such as he s uc u e o he land
su ace. To imp o e c op p oduc i i y, assessing land use in ag icul u e is c ucial, aking in o
accoun , i s and o emos , clima e, wa e esou ces, and he s uc u e o he land su ace. When
assessing opog aphy, i s slope, ease o access, ease o use o ag icul u al machine y, and he
a ailabili y o g azing condi ions a e conside ed.
The Su khanda ya Lowland, loca ed in he sou h o ou epublic, is dis inguished by i s
pic u esque na u e, he p esence o all al i udinal zones (K. Zoki o , 1963), and he di e si y o i s
landscapes. The Su khanda ya Lowland occupies mo e han hal o he egion and has a la ge a ea
o ag icul u al land. The opog aphy o he Su khanda ya Lowland ises om sou hwes o
no heas by 300 me e s o absolu e al i udes o 800-1000 me e s. Fu he mo e, he su ace
s uc u e o he lowland consis s o se e al mo phogene ic elie ypes: a id denuda ion hills,
oo hill p olu ial plains, allu ial plains, and aeolian sandy elie ypes (Table 2). In allu ial plain
landscapes, e aced lands, due o geomo phological, soil, and hyd ological condi ions, a e
ela i ely a o able o i iga ion. The slope exposu e is cha ac e ized by he ac i i y o empo a y
s eams, which leads o he o ma ion o e osional and cli o ma ions. I iga ed ag icul u e also
signi ican ly in luences he o ma ion o i e s and s eams o igina ing in moun ainous and oo hill
a eas. The Su khanda ya Basin is men ioned in many li e a y sou ces as pa o he na u al
geog aphic dep ession o sou he n Tajikis an [1, 2, 11]. The sou he n pa , su ounded by
moun ains on h ee sides, is open, and hese ea u es se e as an impo an basis o de e mining
clima ic cha ac e is ics. The deg ee o landscape di e en ia ion in he Su khanda ya Basin is qui e
high. This is due o he complex o og aphy o i s e i o y and signi ican ele a ion a ia ions.
The e o e, he in a-landscape di ision has a complex s uc u e o local and na u al bounda y
ypes.
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Li e a u e analysis and me hodology
I is wo h men ioning ha om an economic poin o iew, ag icul u e is a leading indus y
in mee ing he ood and o he needs o he popula ion. In he Dec ee o he P esiden o he
Republic o Uzbekis an da ed June 24 o his yea No. PP-233 "On measu es o c ea e a sus ainable
ag oecosys em in connec ion wi h clima e change and inc easing he adap abili y o ag icul u al
p oduce s o he isks associa ed wi h clima e change" a esolu ion was adop ed on he
de elopmen o ag icul u e and imp o emen o he ag oecosys em [2, 18;]. The o al a ea o
ag icul u al land in ou epublic as o Janua y 1, 2024 is 26,132.2 housand hec a es (58.21%),
i iga ed land - 4,226.2 housand hec a es (9.41%). The sha e o ag icul u al land in he
Su khanda ya basin is 1,136.9 housand hec a es (Figu e 1), and i iga ed a able land is 271.3
housand hec a es [19;]. Annual da a om he Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o he Uni ed
Na ions (FAO) show signi ican di e ences in he consump ion o ag icul u ally p oduced oods
wo ldwide [17]. These di e ences a e caused no only by na u al geog aphic ac o s bu also by
he economic and poli ical indica o s o he coun y.
Consequen ly, he e a e coun ies ha s ill u ilize ex ensi e ag icul u e, whe e he sha e o
ag icul u e in GDP is e y high. The economic backwa dness o hese coun ies is e lec ed in he
scope o indus ies, and his si ua ion is due o many ac o s. The ac ha ex ensi e ag icul u e
has been used in ou coun y since he mid-20 h cen u y and he mode n de elopmen o in ensi e
ag icul u e is o g ea impo ance o he de elopmen o his sec o . In pa icula , he
Su khanda ya egion is a egion wi h g ea po en ial o he use o ag icul u e. The popula ion has
been engaged in ag icul u e since ancien imes, and his has been u he de eloped wi h he
de elopmen o new lands. The s udy o he na u al and geog aphical ea u es o he swamp, i s
mapping and assessmen o i s sui abili y o ag icul u al ac i i ies we e ca ied ou by R.A. Abolin
(1929), E.P. Ko o in, A.N. Rozano (1938), V.M. Che y kin (1960), L.N. Babushkin, N.A. Kogai
(1961, 1964, 1965), Sh. E gesho (1972, 1974), P. Ba a o (1996), A.A. Abdulkosimo (2006,
2008), K.S. Ya ashe (2018, 2022) and o he scien is s. In hei esea ch, hey iden i ied nume ous
ea u es o he swamp and adjacen landscapes [1, 8, 14, 15].
Resul s and discussion
I should be no ed ha he main sec o s o he egion's ag icul u al sec o a e co on
g owing, ho icul u e, ui and ege able g owing, melon g owing, and he cul i a ion o a ious
c ops, li es ock a ming, and ood p oduc ion. The S a egy o Ag icul u al De elopmen in
Uzbekis an o 2020-2030 ini ia es wo k on undamen ally e o ming ag icul u e, cul i a ing c ops
sui able o he egion locally, aking in o accoun exis ing ag oclima ic ac o s, and s udying
indi idual c op species. Cu en ly, ou coun y has a o al o 4,342,500 hec a es o i iga ed
ag icul u al land (Table 1). Landscape plays a signi ican ole in ag icul u al de elopmen , as i
de e mines a o able na u al condi ions and he de elopmen o landscape componen s and
in as uc u e. Ag oclima ic indica o s in he Su khanda ya basin indica e ha i is ex emely
a o able o he de elopmen o ag icul u al landscapes. I is clea ha 57% o he egion's land
a ea is occupied by ag icul u e and i s indus ies.
When specializing in a speci ic ag icul u al sec o , landscape analysis o he egion is o
g ea impo ance. In pa icula , ine- ibe co on is conside ed a p oduc i e c op sui ed o he
egion's na u al condi ions when de eloping. I is no coincidence ha esea che s chose co on as
an indica o plan in ag oclima ic assessmen s udies. This was due, on he one hand, o accu a e
assessmen s and, on he o he , o he implemen a ion o "co on policy."
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In e ms o elie , he olling hills o he lowlands—in he bo de zone, g adually adjoining
he moun ains om he no h, wes , and eas —c ea e ag icul u al landscapes sui able o
ho icul u e, i icul u e, se icul u e, and melon g owing. Fac o s such as local clima ic condi ions,
soil mois u e, sola adia ion, and hea balance di ec ly in luence c op p oduc i i y. The lowes
poin o he lowland zone co esponds o he ci y o Te mez (300 m), while he hilly zone is he
highes . Slope is c ucial o i iga ed ag icul u e, and he s eepe he land, he less sui able i is.
The e o e, i is necessa y o assess he sui abili y o he slope and conside he p ocesses ha may
a ise on i . Due o he slope's exposu e, a eas in he cen al and sou he n pa s o he egion ha e
elie ea u es a o able o i iga ed ag icul u e, and a elie assessmen scale allows o a
con enien in e p e a ion. On he banks o he Su khanda ya Ri e , la a eas o he su ace elie
include i e meande s, e ace meande s, i e e aces, and he middle and lowe pa s o oo hill
p olu ial plains. He e, he slope anges om 1° o 3°, and in places e en inc eases. This in luences
soil e osion, and e osion p ocesses de elop less in ensely han in a eas wi h highe slopes.
The e o e, i iga ion is widely used in ag icul u e in hese ypes o elie . In he uppe pa o he
oo hill plains and on he hillsides, in addi ion o a g adual slope, he su ace is ac i ely dissec ed
as a esul o e osion p ocesses.
A g owing body o esea ch sugges s ha as a esul , he high oo hill plains a e hea ily
dissec ed by hills, i e alleys and s eams, and hei use in ag icul u e c ea es a numbe o
di icul ies. These lands equi e measu es o comba e osion p ocesses [1,11,13;]. Fo hei use in
he cul i a ion o ag icul u al p oduc s in he lowlands, i is ex emely impo an o know he elie
heigh , he deg ee o slope, he shape o he hills and he composi ion o he pa en ma e ial.
Typically, wi h inc easing al i ude, a dec ease in empe a u e is obse ed, and a dec ease in
empe a u e a ec s he sho ening o he g owing season and he ela i e leng hening o he win e
mon hs. The inc ease in he amoun o p ecipi a ion wi h al i ude a ies depending on he di ec ion,
loca ion and exposu e o he hills, and his phenomenon is in e p e ed as al i udinal zona ion. In
he oo hills o he Su khanda ya Basin and in he moun ains abo e 600-650 m, he amoun o
p ecipi a ion inc eases by 50-60 mm o e e y 100 m o al i ude. The land o ms o he
Su khanda ya Basin a e a o able o ag icul u al use, and a signi ican po ion o he e i o y has
unde gone an h opogenic ans o ma ion. An h opogenic land o ms a e ex emely nume ous on
de eloped lands, pa icula ly in he o m o e acing o hillsides and lowlands [1, 11, 12].
Table 1. To al a ea o used land in he Su khanda ya egion
As o Janua y 1, 2024 ( housand hec a es)
A ea
To al land a ea
C opland
Pe ennial ees
G ay a eas
Hay ields and
pas u es
*Ag icul u al land
( o al)
Homes ead,
ho icul u e,
ege able and
associa ion lands
Fo es s
Reclama ion
cons uc ion land
O he places
Land use
s uc u e in
Su khanda y
a egion
2009.9
277.
9
34.
2
0.3
824.
5
113
6.9*
63.2
233.
3
1.3
575.2
Employmen
a e as a
100 %
1.4 %
28.2 %
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pe cen age o
he egion's
land a ea
13.8
%
1.7
%
0.02
%
41
%
(57
%)*
3.15
%
11.6
%
To al land
a ea
composi ion
by epublic
44 892.
4
402
8.6
44
5.3
84.3
21 1
90.4
25 7
48.6
748.4
343
5.2
68.3
13 573.
8
Sha e o
egional land
a ea in he
Republic as a
pe cen age
4.48 %
6.90
%
7.7
0
%
0.25
%
3.89
%
4.41
%
8.49
%
6.79
%
1.99
%
4.24 %
No e: The sou ce was compiled by he au ho s based on da a om he Cadas al Agency.
I is impossible o judge a landscape based on only one componen ; a en ion mus be paid
o o he aspec s and analyses. Agains he backd op o global clima e change, wa e o i iga ed
ag icul u e in Cen al Asia, pa icula ly in Uzbekis an, emains he mos p essing issue, and his
si ua ion has a ela i e impac on he egion compa ed o o he egions o ou coun y.
I has become inc easingly e iden ha in he Kohi ang and Boysun og oo hill plains, he
allu ial and p olu ial deposi s a e well-de eloped o ag icul u e, esul ing in apid and deep
g oundwa e mig a ion p ocesses and low wa e mine aliza ion. A sys ema ic app oach o
landscape managemen is necessa y; o example, en i onmen al p o ec ion should be aken in o
accoun when de eloping li es ock a ming. Among landscape componen s, li es ock a ming
poses a se ious h ea p ima ily o ege a ion [3, 4, 5, 7;]. Fu he mo e, he slope causes soil e osion
in high-moun ain meadows and pas u es. Exogenous p ocesses also play a signi ican ole in he
de elopmen o la elie . In pa icula , he high a iabili y o annual p ecipi a ion dis ibu ion is
no iceable no only in he de elopmen o na u al bu also an h opogenic landscapes. Annual
p ecipi a ion in he egion anges om up o 600 mm in he moun ains o up o 130 mm on he
s eppe plains. This is one o he main ac o s d i ing he de elopmen o i iga ed ag icul u e in
he lowland zone.
The da a p esen ed in his s udy illus a es ha he egion's gen le slope is a o able o
i iga ed ag icul u e, dec eased mois u e leads o he de elopmen o less e ile soils, low humus
con en , and poo soil quali y. This dec eased mois u e a ec s he egion's ag icul u al c ops, and
he in ensi y o he Ga msel winds (humidi y - 30% m3) inc eases du ing he summe mon hs. The
de elopmen o i iga ed ag icul u e begins p ecisely in he zone o in e en ion o educe mois u e
and p e en i s consequences. In lowlands, mois u e educ ion is mos o en obse ed unde he
in luence o he Ga msel wind. Fu he mo e, in egions wi h a id clima es, he shallowe he slope,
he mo e a o able i is o ag icul u e, he g ea e he dec ease in mois u e, and he lowe he
o e all com o le el. Due o mois u e condi ions, g ain yields a e lowe in a eas o he landscape
wi h low p ecipi a ion, and his p oblem is e en mo e acu e in d y yea s. The e o e, he main issue
in inc easing ag icul u al yields is he igh o mois u e. To achie e his, i is necessa y o adhe e
o ag icul u al p ac ices, conduc deep win e illage, and selec ea ly- ipening a ie ies sui ed o
he clima e and esis an o d ough (Table 2).
In e ms o clima ic indica o s, he ole o ac o s such as geog aphic loca ion and sola
adia ion is incompa able. In pa icula , ac o s such as he a e age annual sunshine du a ion o
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3095 hou s, he a e age ene gy pe cm² o su ace a ea o 160 kcal, and he numbe o cloudless
days a e o g ea impo ance. The g owing season a empe a u es abo e +10°C las s 290-320 days.
The e a e ample oppo uni ies o g owing hea -lo ing c ops in ag icul u e, bu he a id mois u e
ype o he egion c ea es condi ions o i iga ed ag icul u e [9, 10, 13;].
Table 2. Mo phogene ic elie ypes and pa e ns o he Su khanda ya Lowland and hei use
in ag icul u e
Mo phogene ic
ypes and
sub ypes o elie
Main a eas o use
in ag icul u e
Al i ude
zoning
Ranking o landscape
componen s based on
con enience c i e ia (based
on ini ial placemen )
Moun ains
A id-denuda ion
hills
Plains
P e-moun ainous
p olu ial plains
Allu ial plains
Aeolian sand
plains
Used as pas u e in
li es ock a ming
and sp ing
ag icul u e.
Used in i iga ed and
sp ing ag icul u e.
Used in i iga ed
ag icul u e.
Used as pas u e.
Moun ain -
hill
Hill - dese
Dese
Dese
A eas a an al i ude o 1200 m
+. Soil, wa e , clima e,
adia ion, ege a ion, ocks,
elie , e c.
A eas a an al i ude o 500 -
1200* m. Clima e, adia ion,
soil, elie , wa e , ege a ion,
ocks, e c.
A eas a an al i ude o 500 -
600* m. Relie , adia ion,
clima e, soil, wa e ,
ege a ion, ocks, e c.
A eas a an al i ude o 300 -
500. Relie , adia ion, clima e,
soil, wa e , ege a ion, ocks,
e c.
No e: compiled by he au ho based on da a.
The c ea ion o "g een zones" is ecommended o p o ec ag icul u al landscapes om he
e ec s o d y winds and o p e en e osion on g ay soils. The Bolakkum and Ka akum massi s,
wi h a ypical d y sub opical clima e, a e loca ed in he sou h o he Su khanda ya Dep ession.
The ege a ion co e is a he spa se, and he elie is cha ac e ized by dunes and sand idges.
They a e used p ima ily as pas u es o li es ock [1, 4, 11].
The lowe he slopes, he mo e unc ionally and s uc u ally deple ed he soils become, wi h
he excep ion o soils ha ha e been used o a long ime in ag icul u e. In addi ion o geological
and geomo phological cha ac e is ics, hyd og aphic o ma ions also play an impo an ole in soil
o ma ion [6, 10, 12]. The i iga ed allu ial meadow and ma sh-meadow soils o he Su khanda ya
Basin a e among he mos e ile lands wi h good humus con en . These soils, due o hei s uc u e
and p ope ies, a e he p ima y land esou ce o co on cul i a ion wi hin he landscape. Allu ial
meadow and ma sh soils ound along i e s yield high ag icul u al yields. The p esence o eolian
sands in he landscape o he Tuyun o a and Bobo og oo hill plains hinde s ag icul u al
de elopmen . These lands can be used o i iga ed ag icul u e, p ima ily h ough eclama ion
measu es. The ole o su ace and g oundwa e de e mines he p ospec s o i s de elopmen o
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ag icul u al needs. In he basin, wa e needed o ag icul u e p ima ily comes om he
Su khanda ya and She obada ya i e s and hei ibu a ies.
Figu e 1 - Land a ea s uc u e o he Su khanda ya egion in pe cen ages (as o Janua y 1,
2024.)
No e: The sou ce was compiled by he au ho based on da a om he Cadas al Agency.
I is also used o ag icul u e h ough main canals di e ed om he Amu Da ya. A eas
wi h shallow g oundwa e include he sou he n dis ic s o Ba ik and he She abad dis ic . In some
places, g oundwa e is highly mine alized and lies close o he su ace. This aises p io i y issues,
such as de eloping he d ainage ne wo k and upg ading old, ou da ed d ainage s uc u es. Dis ic s
wi h shallow g oundwa e ables and high soil salini y include he She abad, Muz abo , Te mez,
Ango a, Kyzy yk, and Dzha ku gan dis ic s. The opog aphy o i iga ed a eas is a o able, bu
he d ainage condi ions a e un a o able. Fu he mo e, ag icul u e and i s sec o s a e expe iencing
sel -pollu ion. Examples include impac s on he en i onmen and ecosys ems, deg ada ion,
unsus ainable li es ock a ming, and excessi e use o pes icides and he bicides. I is es ima ed ha
ag icul u al land deg ada ion leads o an i e e sible loss o p oduc i i y on app oxima ely 6
million hec a es o e ile land annually [16].
The wo king popula ion employed in he sec o also plays a signi ican ole in ag icul u al
de elopmen . Because he popula ion is simul aneously a p oduce , a consume , a o ce o
en i onmen al damage, and a o ce o applying mode n inno a ions o he sec o 's de elopmen .
The high popula ion densi y in lowland a eas and he signi ican supe io i y o he ag icul u al
sec o in employmen compa ed o o he sec o s de e mine he p ospec s o he de elopmen o
ag icul u al indus ies. As o June 1, 2024, he egion was home o 2 million 907 housand people,
and app oxima ely 52% o he popula ion is conside ed o wo king age, o which 23-25% a e
employed in ag icul u e and i s b anches [20;]. In ou coun y, due o he in oduc ion o mode n
echnologies in he ag icul u al sec o and he indus ial na u e o he economy, he g oss domes ic
4.48
6.9
7.7
0.25
3.89
4.41
8.49
6.79
1.99
4.24
The composi ion o he land und
o Su khanda ya egion in he
Republic in % is shown in he
diag am
1) umumiy maydon
2)ekin ye la i
3)da ax zo la
4)bo'z ye la
5)pichanzo , yaylo
6)Qishloq xo'jaligi
7)Tomo qa, bog'la , uyushma ye la i
8)O' monzo la
9)Melio a i qu ilish ye la i
10)boshqa ye la
Boshqa
sohala d
a band
maydon;
873; 43%
Land
occupied
by
ag icul u
e and
ela ed
indus ie
s; 57%
To al a ea o he egion (2009.9*)
Boshqa sohala da
band maydon
Qishloq xo'jaligi
a uni
a moqla ida
band ye la
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p oduc is declining. This downwa d end is also obse ed in he employmen a e. This si ua ion
es i ies o he e ec i eness o economic g ow h and aspec s o indus ializa ion.
Fu he mo e, he landscape ac o o ag icul u al de elopmen equi es a en ion o such
ele an aspec s as en i onmen al p o ec ion and he a ional use o na u al esou ces. Ecological
balance wi hin he e i o y and he ha monious de elopmen o p oduc i e ac i i ies o he
popula ion enhance he impo ance o de elopmen pa ame e s.
Conclusion
The sou he n egion o Uzbekis an has a sub opical clima e, expe iencing he ho es
empe a u es, and i s na u al en i onmen is a o able o ag icul u e. Fo ag icul u al
de elopmen , na u al condi ions, na u al esou ces, socio-economic aspec s, anspo a ion, and
he in e ac ion o en i onmen al ac o s a e p ima ily impo an . This analysis de e mines he
de elopmen index. The inadequacy o incomple eness o any ac o di ec ly impac s i .
F om he indings, i can be concluded ha he na u al and geog aphical condi ions o he
Su khanda ya Lowland a e highly a o able o he de elopmen o ag icul u e and li es ock
a ming. A mo e in-dep h s udy o he egion's na u al condi ions should be conduc ed om a
p ac ical pe spec i e h ough la ge-scale landscape s udies. This will help mo e ully iden i y and
a ionally u ilize he egion's na u al esou ces. The mos immedia e and p omising asks include
he cons uc ion o new wa e managemen s uc u es, ese oi s, and i iga ion sys ems, as well
as he econs uc ion o exis ing i iga ion sys ems, he de elopmen o loodplains, d ainage
ne wo ks, and he planning o i iga ed lands. These measu es will imp o e he e iciency o
landscape use, enhance he melio a ion s a us o i iga ed lands and wa e a ailabili y, and inc ease
ag icul u al p oduc i i y. In conclusion, i should be no ed ha a ional landscape use is de ined
as an impo an ounda ion o ag icul u al de elopmen .
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