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Occupa ional sa e y and heal h isk managemen in wa e shed ehabili a ion
supe ision in Sou heas Sulawesi
Syawal Kamiluddin Sap apu a 1, Zulka nain 2, *, A niawa i 2, Baha uddin 3, Fuji Rahma 4, Abka 4, Muhaji
Feb ian o 4 and Dwiki And ianus 4
1 Facul y o Public Heal h¸Halu Oleo Uni e si y, Indonesia.
2 Facul y o Fo es y and En i onmen al Sciences, Halu Oleo Uni e si y, Indonesia.
3 Facul y o Fo es y, Hasanuddin Uni e si y, Indonesia.
4 PT. Vale Indonesia Tbk.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 205-214
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 17 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 26 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 29 Ap il 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1469
Abs ac
Backg ound: Wa e shed ehabili a ion is essen ial o es o ing deg aded ecosys ems, imp o ing wa e quali y, and
inc easing biodi e si y. Howe e , supe ision o wa e shed ehabili a ion ac i i ies has po en ial haza ds o he heal h
and sa e y o wo ke s, so i needs a en ion. This s udy aims o conduc haza d iden i ica ion, isk assessmen and
e alua ion, and isk con ol e o s in wa e shed ehabili a ion supe ision ac i i ies in Sou heas Sulawesi.
Me hod: This s udy uses an obse a ional desc ip ion app oach. This ype o esea ch is quan i a i e desc ip i e. This
ac i i y was ca ied ou om Decembe 2024 o Feb ua y 2025 in se e al illages in No h Kolaka Regency and one in
Bombana Regency, Sou heas Sulawesi. OSH isk assessmen uses a semi-quan i a i e app oach.
Resul s: Based on he s udy's esul s, wa e shed ehabili a ion supe ision ac i i ies ha e a ious po en ial haza ds
wi h a ying le els o isk. Poo oad accessibili y is he highes isk, equi ing comp ehensi e con ol measu es.
Meanwhile, he isk o ine ec i e communica ion is conside ed low, bu i s ill equi es a en ion o main ain good
ela ionships. Exposu e o ex eme wea he and he h ea o wild animals p esen s a mode a e isk, emphasizing he
impo ance o p e en i e measu es such as p o iding p o ec i e equipmen and educa ion. This s udy highligh s he
need o e ec i ely implemen Occupa ional Sa e y and Heal h o p o ec wo ke s du ing wa e shed ehabili a ion
supe ision ac i i ies. Pe iodic e alua ions a e needed o ensu e he e ec i eness o implemen a ion and make
con inuous imp o emen s.
Keywo ds: Wa e shed ehabili a ion; Haza d iden i ica ion; Risk assessmen ; Con ol e o s
1. In oduc ion
Wa e shed ehabili a ion p ojec s a e essen ial o es o ing deg aded ecosys ems, imp o ing wa e quali y, and
inc easing biodi e si y (Gann e al., 2019). Howe e , hese p ojec s o en in ol e haza dous ac i i ies ha signi ican ly
isk wo ke sa e y and Heal h (Song e al., 2022). The e o e, adequa e occupa ional sa e y and heal h (OSH) isk
managemen is essen ial o p o ec wo ke s and ensu e he success o wa e shed ehabili a ion e o s (Baghdadi,
2024).
Wa e shed ehabili a ion includes a ious ac i i ies o es o e he ecological unc ion o deg aded wa e sheds (Mel ani
e al., 2024). These ac i i ies include e o es a ion, soil conse a ion, i e es o a ion, and in asi e species con ol
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 205-214
206
(Gann e al., 2019). While hese e o s bene i he en i onmen , hey o en in ol e physical labo , exposu e o ad e se
wea he condi ions, and hea y equipmen , which can pose sa e y haza ds (E ena & Wo ku, 2018).
Some haza ds a e commonly encoun e ed in wa e shed ehabili a ion p ojec s, posing isks o he sa e y and heal h o
wo ke s. Physical haza ds include slipping, ipping, and alling due o une en e ain and dense ege a ion (Mon e o-
Odasso e al., 2022). Wo ke s may also ace isks om alling objec s, such as ee b anches o ocks, and inju ies caused
by hea y equipmen , such as chainsaws and ac o s, ei he om acciden s o equipmen mal unc ions (Song e al.,
2022).
En i onmen al haza ds in ol e exposu e o ex eme empe a u es, including hea and cold, and ad e se wea he
condi ions like ain, snow, and wind (Schul e e al., 2016). Wo ke s can also ind poisonous plan s, insec s, and animals,
posing signi ican heal h isks (Gann e al., 2019). Addi ionally, wo king nea wa e bodies inc eases he isk o
d owning. Chemical haza ds a ise om pes icides, he bicides, and e ilize s, which, i no handled p ope ly, can cause
skin i i a ion, espi a o y p oblems, o se e e heal h impac s (Kaushal e al., 2021).
E gonomic and biological haza ds a e also p e alen in wa e shed ehabili a ion. Repe i i e mo emen s, awkwa d
pos u e, and hea y weigh li ing can lead o musculoskele al diso de s (MSDs) such as back pain, ca pal unnel
synd ome, and endoni is, especially in ac i i ies such as ee plan ing, e aco a making, and emo al o in asi e
species (Cancellie e e al., 2016). In addi ion, wo ke s can be exposed o wa e bo ne and ec o -bo ne diseases,
especially in opical and sub opical a eas, and in ec ions om con amina ed soil o wa e . (Schul e e al., 2016).
This s udy aims o conduc haza d iden i ica ion, isk assessmen and e alua ion, and isk con ol e o s in wa e shed
ehabili a ion supe ision ac i i ies in Sou heas Sulawesi.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
This ype o esea ch is quan i a i e desc ip i e. This ac i i y was ca ied ou om Decembe 2024 o Feb ua y 2025
in se e al illages in No h Kolaka Regency, Sou heas Sulawesi, namely Wa umo aha Village, Wadiabe o Village,
Pa u ellang Village, Nimbuneha Village, Buki Ba u Village, and Saludongka Village, and Lengkong Ba u Village. In
addi ion, obse a ions we e also ca ied ou in Wulu Village, Bombana Regency.
Figu e 1 Resea ch Loca ion Map
2.1. Sampling Techniques
The isk assessmen o OSH uses a semi-quan i a i e app oach by adap ing he AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 s anda d. Semi-
quan i a i e me hods a e me hods ha use a combina ion o quali a i e and quan i a i e da a o conduc analysis and
assessmen . In his me hod, quali a i e da a is used o unde s and he con ex and cha ac e is ics o he isk, while
quan i a i e da a is used o pe o m isk calcula ions and assessmen s. Haza d iden i ica ion, isk assessmen , and
con ol we e ca ied ou using Obse a ional Shee s and in e iews in he block a ea o each illage. OSH isk
assessmen includes se e al componen s, namely likelihood and se e i y. The ca ego iza ion is as ollows:
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 205-214
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Likelihood: Ve y High (5): F equen (mo e han once a week); High (4): Occu s occasionally (once a mon h); Mode a e
(3): Ra e (once in a ew mon hs); Low (2): Ve y a e (once a yea ); and Ve y Low (1): Almos ne e happens.
Se e i y: Fa al (5): Dea h o majo loss o he en i onmen / inances; C i ical (4): Pe manen se ious inju y o majo
damage; Mode a e (3): Mode a e inju y o mode a e damage; Low (2): Mino inju y o mino damage; and Ve y Low
(1): No inju y o damage. Risk Assessmen Fo mula (Risk Le el = Likelihood×Se e i y): 1 - 4 Low; 5–9 Medium; 10–15
Heigh ; and 16–25 Ex eme.
2.2. Da a Collec ion
This s udy uses se e al da a collec ion me hods o ob ain in o ma ion on po en ial haza ds, isk assessmen s, and isk
con ol e o s in wa e shed ehabili a ion supe ision ac i i ies. The me hods used we e obse a ion and in e iews
wi h he communi y, illage o icials, and he local go e nmen .
3. Resul s
3.1. Haza d Iden i ica ion and Risk Assessmen
The accessibili y o he oad is s eep and slippe y, and i is damaged o he ehabili a ion a ea o he Ri e Flow
A ea. Risks o causing mino acciden s ha ha e he po en ial o cause mino o se ious inju ies
Table 1 Road Accessibili y
Loca ion
Documen a ion
Risk Assessmen
Possibili y (a)
Se e i y (b)
To al (a x b)
Risk Le el
Wa umo aha Village
Ve y High (5)
Medium (3)
15
High
Wadiabe o Village
Ve y High (5)
Medium (3)
15
High
Lenkong Ba u Village
High (4)
C i ical (4)
16
Eks em
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Pa u ellang Village
High (4)
C i ical (4)
16
Eks em
Wulu Village
High (4)
Medium (3)
12
High
Nimbuneha Village
High (4)
C i ical (4)
16
Eks em
Buki Ba u Village
High (4)
C i ical (4)
16
Eks em
Sou ce: P ima y Da a (Decembe 2024 - Feb ua y 2025)
The s eep, slippe y, and damaged oad accessibili y o wa e shed ehabili a ion a eas p esen s a signi ican isk o
acciden s. This poo oad condi ion can cause alls, ehicle slips, and inju ies due o impac s. The isk assessmen esul s
show a "High" o "Ex eme" isk le el in a ious illages, indica ing a high likelihood o acciden s and he se e i y o
se ious inju ies. The e o e, s ong con ol measu es, such as oad epai s, ins alla ion o wa ning signs, d i e aining,
and pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen (PPE), a e indispensable o educe he isk o acciden s and p o ec wo ke s.
Ine ec i e communica ion wi h he public o endo s has he po en ial o e bal con lic and obs acles in he
execu ion o wo k.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 205-214
209
Table 2 Communica ion wi h he public o endo
Loca ion
Documen a ion
Risk Assessmen
Possibili y (a)
Se e i y (b)
To al (a x b)
Risk Le el
Wa umo aha Village
Low (2)
Low (2)
4
Low
Wadiabe o Village
Low (2)
Low (2)
4
Low
Lenkong Ba u Village
Low (2)
Low (2)
4
Low
Pa u ellang Village
Low (2)
Low (2)
4
Low
Wulu Village
Low (2)
Low (2)
4
Low
Saludongka Village
Low (2)
Low (2)
4
Low
Sou ce: P ima y Da a (Decembe 2024 - Feb ua y 2025)
Ine ec i e communica ion wi h he public o endo s can igge e bal con lic s and hinde he execu ion o wo k due
o misunde s andings. Based on he isk assessmen esul s, his po en ial haza d has a "Low" isk le el ac oss he
obse ed si es. This condi ion indica es ha he likelihood o e bal con lic due o miscommunica ion is ela i ely low,
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 205-214
210
and he se e i y may also be low. None heless, i is essen ial o main ain e ec i e communica ion and build good
ela ionships wi h he communi y and endo s o p e en po en ial u u e con lic s.
Exposu e o ex eme wea he ha has he po en ial o cause a igue, dehyd a ion, and hypo he mia
Table 3 Ex eme wea he exposu e
Loca ion
Documen a ion
Risk Assessmen
Possibili y (a)
Se e i y (b)
To al (a x b)
Risk Le el
Wa umo aha Village
3 (Medium)
3 (Medium)
9
Medium
Wadiabe o Village
3 (Medium)
3 (Medium)
9
Medium
Lenkong Ba u Village
3 (Medium)
3 (Medium)
9
Medium
Pa u ellang Village
3 (Medium)
3 (Medium)
9
Medium
Wulu Village
3 (Medium)
3 (Medium)
9
Medium
Sumbe : Da a P ime (Desembe 2024 - Feb ua i 2025)
Exposu e o ex eme wea he is a po en ial haza d ha can cause a igue, dehyd a ion, and hypo he mia, especially o
ac i e wo ke s in he ield. Based on he isk assessmen esul s, his po en ial haza d has a "Medium" isk le el ac oss
he obse ed si es. This inding sugges s ha he likelihood o heal h impac s due o ex eme wea he is qui e signi ican ,
and he se e i y ha may a ise is also mode a e. The e o e, p e en i e measu es such as adequa e d inking wa e ,
egula es , and p o ec i e clo hing a e essen ial o educe he isk o heal h impac s due o ex eme wea he .
Exposu e o h ea o wild animals ha ha e he po en ial o cause mino o se e e inju y
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Table 4 Exposu e o h ea o wild animals
Loca ion
Documen a ion
Risk Assessmen
Possibili y (a)
Se e i y (b)
To al (a x b)
Risk Le el
Wa umo aha Village
2 (Ve y a e)
4 (C i ical)
8
Medium
Pa u ellang Village
2 (Ve y a e)
4 (C i ical)
8
Medium
Wulu Village
2 (Ve y a e)
4 (C i ical)
8
Medium
Sou ce: P ima y Da a (Decembe 2024 - Feb ua y 2025)
Exposu e o h ea o wild animals is a po en ial haza d ha can cause mino o se ious inju ies o wo ke s in he ield.
Based on he isk assessmen esul s, his po en ial haza d has a "Medium" isk le el in Wa umo aha, Pa u ellang, and
Wulu Villages. This inding indica es ha al hough he likelihood o in e ac ions wi h wild animals occu ing is e y
a e, he se e i y o he inju ies ha may a ise is qui e c i ical. The e o e, wo ke s mus emain igilan and ake
p ecau iona y measu es, such as using pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen (PPE) and a oiding di ec in e ac ion wi h wild
animals, o educe he isk o inju y.
4. Discussion
4.1. The Role o Su eillance in Disas e Mi iga ion
Adequa e supe ision is essen ial o educe hese haza ds and ensu e wo ke sa e y. Supe iso s play a key ole in
iden i ying haza ds, assessing isks, implemen ing con ol measu es, and moni o ing wo ke s' compliance wi h sa e y
p ocedu es (Song e al., 2022). They a e also esponsible o p o iding adequa e aining and equipmen o wo ke s, as
well as p omo ing a cul u e o sa e y in he wo kplace.
A sys ema ic isk managemen amewo k is essen ial o add ess he issue o OSH in wa e shed ehabili a ion
supe ision wo k. This amewo k ypically includes he ollowing s eps:
4.2. Haza d Iden i ica ion, Risk Assessmen , Con ol Measu es, Moni o ing and E alua ion
The i s s ep in isk managemen is o iden i y po en ial haza ds. This s ep can be done h ough a ious me hods,
including Occupa ional Haza d Analysis (JHA), which in ol es b eaking down each ask in o indi idual s eps and
iden i ying he haza ds associa ed wi h each s ep (Zisook e al., 2020). Wo kplace Inspec ions: Regula inspec ions can
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 205-214
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help iden i y isks ha may no be isible du ing he JHA p ocess (Gann e al., 2019). Inciden Repo Re iew: Analyzing
pas inciden epo s can help iden i y ends and pa e ns o wo kplace inju ies and illnesses (Song e al., 2022). Inpu
om Wo ke s: Wo ke s a e o en he i s o iden i y haza ds, and hei inpu should be ac i ely solici ed (Gann e al.,
2019).
Once he haza d has been iden i ied, he nex s ep is o assess he associa ed isks. This s ep in ol es de e mining he
likelihood o an inciden and he se e i y o po en ial consequences (Ta iq e al., 2020). Risk assessmen s can be
quali a i e o quan i a i e, depending on he haza d's na u e and da a a ailabili y. Quali a i e Risk Assessmen : This
in ol es using desc ip i e e ms such as "high", "medium", o "low" o desc ibe he likelihood and se e i y o po en ial
inciden s. Quan i a i e Risk Assessmen : This app oach uses nume ical alues o es ima e he p obabili y and se e i y
o po en ial inciden s (Zisook e al., 2020). This app oach is o en used o haza ds wi h exposu e limi s o well-
es ablished dose- esponse ela ionships.
The nex s ep is o implemen con ol measu es o elimina e o educe he isks associa ed wi h he haza ds ha ha e
been iden i ied. A hie a chy o con ol is a widely used amewo k o p io i izing con ol measu es, wi h he mos
e ec i e con ols implemen ed i s . The hie a chy o con ol includes he ollowing: Elimina ion: This includes
elimina ing haza ds. Fo example, d ones can su ey s eep slopes ins ead o sending wo ke s on oo . Subs i u ion: This
in ol es eplacing haza dous ma e ials o p ocesses wi h less haza dous ones. Fo example, non- oxic he bicides can
be used ins ead o oxic he bicides. Enginee ing Con ol: This equi es wo kplace modi ica ion o educe he isk o
exposu e. Fo ins ance, ins alling gua d ails on ele a ed pla o ms o p o iding en ila ion in enclosed spaces.
Adminis a i e Con ol: This in ol es implemen ing wo k p ac ices o p ocedu es o educe he isk o exposu e. Fo
example, aining on sa e wo k p ac ices, implemen ing a buddy sys em o scheduling equen b eaks. Pe sonal
P o ec i e Equipmen (PPE): This includes p o iding equipmen o wo ke s o p o ec hem om dange . Fo example,
p o ec i e ha s, sa e y goggles, glo es, and espi a o s should be p o ided (Zisook e al., 2020).
In addi ion o haza d iden i ica ion, isk assessmen , and con ol e o s, ano he c i ical s ep is moni o ing and
e alua ing con ol measu es' e ec i eness. This s ep includes Inciden In es iga ion: In es iga ing all inciden s o
iden i y he oo cause and p e en u u e occu ences (Song e al., 2022). Fu he conduc ing egula inspec ions o
ensu e ha con ol measu es a e in place and being used co ec ly, solici ing eedback om wo ke s on he
e ec i eness o con ol measu es and new haza ds ha may ha e been iden i ied, and egula ly e iewing and e ising
isk managemen plans o ensu e ha hey emain p ac ical and up- o-da e (Gann e al., 2019).
4.3. Special OSH Conside a ions in Wa e shed Rehabili a ion Supe ision
In addi ion o he isk managemen amewo k, se e al speci ic OSH conside a ions a e highly ele an o wa e shed
ehabili a ion supe ision wo k. These hings include:
4.3.1. T aining
Wo ke s should ecei e adequa e aining on he haza ds associa ed wi h hei wo k and he con ol measu es a ailable
o p o ec hem (Song e al., 2022). T aining should be p o ided in a language ha he wo ke unde s ands and should
be ailo ed o he speci ic asks hey will be pe o ming. Supe iso s should also ecei e aining on hei esponsibili ies
o OSH, including haza d iden i ica ion, isk assessmen , and inciden in es iga ion.
4.3.2. Eme gency P epa edness
An eme gency p epa edness plan should be in place o add ess po en ial eme gencies such as inju ies, illnesses, na u al
disas e s, and chemical spills (Gann e al., 2019). The plan should include i s aid and medical ca e p ocedu es, such as
p o iding i s aid and p omp medical ca e o inju ed o sick wo ke s. Communica ion: Communica ing wi h wo ke s,
eme gency esponde s, and he public du ing eme gencies (Liang e al., 2020). E acua ion: E acua ing wo ke s om
job si es in a na u al disas e o o he eme gency (Hoegh-Guldbe g e al., 2018). Spill Con ol: Con aining and cleaning
chemical spills (Kaushal e al., 2021).
4.3.3. Heal h Moni o ing
Heal h moni o ing may be necessa y o wo ke s exposed o speci ic haza ds, such as chemicals o biological agen s
(Land igan e al., 2020). Heal h moni o ing can include P e-Employmen Heal h Sc eening To es ablish a baseline o
wo ke s' Heal h. Pe iodic Heal h Check-ups: To moni o wo ke s' heal h and de ec ea ly signs o illness o inju y (Liang
e al., 2020). Exposu e Moni o ing: To measu e wo ke s' exposu e o haza dous subs ances (Land igan e al., 2020).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 205-214
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4.3.4. P omo e Heal h Cul u e
C ea ing and main aining a s ong sa e y cul u e is essen ial o p e en ing wo kplace inju ies and illnesses. Sa e y
cul u e is a se o sha ed alues, belie s, and a i udes abou sa e y e lec ed in an o ganiza ion's policies, p ocedu es,
and p ac ices. Key elemen s o a sa e y cul u e include Managemen Commi men : Managemen mus demons a e a
s ong commi men o sa e y by p o iding esou ces, se ing clea expec a ions, and holding employees accoun able o
sa e y pe o mance (Song e al., 2022). Wo ke Engagemen : Wo ke s should be ac i ely in ol ed in sa e y decision-
making and encou aged o epo haza ds and nea -misses (Gann e al., 2019). Open Communica ion: Managemen and
wo ke s should communica e openly abou sa e y issues (Liang e al., 2020). Con inuous Imp o emen : O ganiza ions
should s i e o imp o e hei sa e y pe o mance by lea ning om pas inciden s and implemen ing new and
inno a i e sa e y p ac ices (Gann e al., 2019).
4.4. The Role o Technology in OSH Risk Managemen
Eme ging echnologies o e signi ican po en ial o e olu ionize OHS isk managemen wi hin wa e shed
ehabili a ion supe ision. Among hese ad ancemen s, d ones s and ou as a aluable ool. (Hoegh-Guldbe g e al.,
2018). These de ices can be employed o con inuously moni o key physiological pa ame e s o pe sonnel, such as hea
a e, body empe a u e, and exposu e le els o haza dous subs ances (Liang e al., 2020) .
5. Conclusion
Based on he s udy's esul s, wa e shed ehabili a ion supe ision ac i i ies ha e a a ie y o po en ial haza ds wi h
a ying le els o isk. Poo oad accessibili y is he highes isk, equi ing comp ehensi e con ol measu es. Meanwhile,
he isk o ine ec i e communica ion is conside ed low, bu i s ill equi es a en ion o main ain good ela ionships.
Exposu e o ex eme wea he and he h ea o wild animals p esen s a mode a e isk, emphasizing he impo ance o
p e en i e measu es such as p o iding p o ec i e equipmen and educa ion. This s udy highligh s he need o
e ec i ely implemen Occupa ional Sa e y and Heal h o p o ec wo ke s du ing wa e shed ehabili a ion supe ision
ac i i ies. We would like o exp ess ou g a i ude o he adminis a i e eam and PIC o Wa e shed Rehabili a ion a
PT. Vale Indonesia in Sou heas Sulawesi: M. Reza Se iawan, Alan Sapu a, Adnan Anhum, Has udin Haya , Simaali, La
Ode Abdul Rajab, Wahyu Syahpu a, Muhammad Fa wa Jumain, La Ham un, Dedi Da mawan, and Muhammad Rizal,
who we e e y help ul h oughou he da a collec ion and ield documen a ion p ocesses.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
S a emen o in o med consen
In o med consen was ob ained om all indi idual pa icipan s included in he s udy.
Re e ences
[1] Republic o Indonesia P esiden ial Dec ee. RI Pe p ess Numbe 72 o 2012 conce ning he Na ional Heal h
Sys em. Indonesia; 2012 p. 1–7.
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