In e na ional Jou nal o Compu e Science, Enginee ing and Applica ions (IJCSEA) Vol. 13, No. 2/3/4, Augus 2023
DOI 10.5121/ijcsea.2023.13402 19
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF BLACKHOLE
ATTACKS ON AODV AND DSR ROUTING
PROTOCOLS’ PERFORMANCE IN NS-2
Fe dinand Ali o1, Mus apha Awinsongya yakubu2, Ma in Doe3 and Michael
Asan e4
1MIS/Compu e Dep., Minis y o Local Go e nmen , Local Go ’ Se ice.
2Uni e si y o Cincinna i Ohio, USA
3Compu e Science Depa men , Uni e si y o Business and In eg a ed De elopmen
S udies, Ghana
4Depa men o Compu e Science, Kwame Nk umah Uni e si y o Science and
Technology, Ghana
ABSTRACT
Mobile Ad-Hoc Ne wo ks (MANETs) a e wi eless ne wo ks cha ac e ized by hei lack o a ixed
in as uc u e, allowing nodes o mo e eely and se e as bo h ou e s and hos s. These nodes es ablish
i ual links and u ilize ou ing p o ocols such as AODV, DSR, and DSDV o es ablish connec ions.
Howe e , secu i y is a signi ican conce n, wi h he Blackhole a ack posing a no able h ea , whe ein a
malicious node d ops packe s ins ead o o wa ding hem. To in es iga e he impac o Blackhole nodes and
assess he pe o mance o AODV and DSR p o ocols, he esea che s employed he NS-2.35 ns-allinone-
2.35 e sion o simula ion pu poses. The s udy ocused on se e al me ics, including a e age h oughpu ,
packe deli e y a io, and esidual ene gy. The indings e ealed ha AODV demons a ed be e ene gy
e iciency and packe deli e y compa ed o DSR, bu DSR ou pe o med AODV in e ms o h oughpu .
Addi ionally, en i onmen al ac o s and da a sizes we e aken in o accoun du ing he analysis.
KEYWORDS
Pe o mance Analyss, AODV, DSR, MANET, P o ocols, Secu i y, Blackhole, NS2
1. INTRODUCTION
Rou ing p o ocols ha e a c ucial ole in Mobile Ad hoc Ne wo k (MANET) esea ch,
concen a ing on gua an eeing e icien and secu e communica ion. [1]. Se e al ou ing p o ocols
ha e been speci ically de eloped o MANETs, including AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR, among
o he s. MANETs encoun e ulne abili ies a ibu ed o ac o s such as an open access medium,
dynamic opology changes, absence o cen al adminis a ion o moni o ing sys ems, coope a i e
algo i hms, and anspa en p o ec i e mechanisms [2]. Due o hei a ac i e ea u es, MANETs
a e ulne able o malicious ac i i ies. The e o e, emphasizing secu i y conce ns becomes c ucial
o enhance ne wo k a ailabili y, da a eliabili y, and p i acy. Since MANETs unc ion wi elessly,
hey a e suscep ible o di e en o ms o a acks, including Blackhole a acks, sa u a ing a acks,
ou ing able o e low a acks, Denial o Se ice (DoS) a acks, Sybil a acks and impe sona ion
a acks, [3]. These h ea s pose a se ious isk o he a ailabili y, in eg i y, and con iden iali y o
ne wo k se ices. Among hese h ea s, he Blackhole A ack s ands ou as one o he mos
dange ous a acks on MANETs. This a ack has been known o ha e a conside able impac on
MANET eac i e ou ing p o ocols, such as Ad-hoc OnDemand Dis ance Vec o (AODV) and
In e na ional Jou nal o Compu e Science, Enginee ing and Applica ions (IJCSEA) Vol. 13, No. 2/3/4, Augus 2023
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Dynamic Sou ce Rou ing (DSR) [4]. To ensu e ne wo k se ices' a ailabili y and sa egua d use
p i acy, i is impe a i e o add ess ne wo k secu i y issues. This esea ch u ilizes he NS2
Simula o o in es iga e he pe o mance o AODV and DSR p o ocols in Mobile Ad Hoc
Ne wo ks (MANETs) using a ious me ics, including A e age Th oughpu , Packe Deli e y
Ra io (PDR), and Residual Ene gy a he des ina ion node. The p ima y objec i e o he pape is
o assess how he AODV and DSR ou ing p o ocols espond o a Blackhole a ack and how his
secu i y isk impac s c ucial a iables such as packe deli e y a io, a e age h oughpu , and
esidual ene gy. Mo eo e , he s udy analyzes he exis ing body o knowledge on e alua ing
ou ing p o ocol pe o mance unde secu i y a acks, gaining insigh s in o he beha io and
e ec i eness o AODV and DSR du ing a Blackhole a ack.
MANETs a e gaining popula i y in di e se sec o s due o hei wi eless ne wo k connec i i y and
cable- ee con enience. Howe e , hei ulne abili y o secu i y a acks, pa icula ly Blackhole
a acks, aises signi ican conce ns. By sc u inizing he beha io o AODV and DSR ou ing
p o ocols unde Blackhole a acks, his esea ch yields aluable insigh s in o hese ulne abili ies
and can po en ially in o m s a egies o bols e MANET secu i y.
2. RELATED WORKS
[3]discusses Mobile Ad hoc Ne wo ks (MANETs), which a e dynamic, in as uc u e-less
wi eless ne wo ks comp ising mobile, sel -o ganized nodes. Rou ing p o ocols in MANETs ind
ou es be ween nodes o communica ion. The s udy highligh s ha nume ous ou ing p o ocols
a e designed o handle dynamic opology changes. Howe e , MANET's cha ac e is ics, like
openness and es ic ed esou ces, make i ulne able o secu i y a acks, especially Dis ibu ed
Denial o Se ice (DDoS) a acks. DDoS a acks consume sys em esou ces, a ec ing he
e iciency o nodes and making hem una ailable o legi ima e use s. The esea ch aims o use a
simula ion model called DDoS-Sim o examine he impac o DDoS a acks on ou ing p o ocols
like AODV, DSR, and DSDV. The model u ilizes he NS-2 ne wo k simula o o apply DDoS
a acks on he selec ed ou ing p o ocols and analyze hei pe o mance in e ms o packe
deli e y ac ion and end- o-end delay.
In [5], a Mobile Ad Hoc Ne wo k (MANET) consis s o eely and mobile nodes ha o m a
empo a y dynamic wi eless ne wo k wi hou any ixed in as uc u e. These nodes ac as bo h
hos s and ou e s, o wa ding da a packe s o hei des ina ions. The communica ion and
connec i i y a e acili a ed by ou ing p o ocols like Ad hoc On -Demand Dis ance Vec o
(AODV).
Howe e , due o he lack o secu i y measu es and he absence o in as uc u e, MANETs a e
ulne able o a ious secu i y h ea s and a acks. This pape in es iga es he impac o wo ypes
o a acks, namely Blackhole and Wo mhole A acks, on he AODV ou ing p o ocol using
Ne wo k Simula o e sion 2 (NS2) en i onmen . The goal o hese a acks is o p e en da a
packe s om eaching hei in ended des ina ions.
Gi en he p e alence o mobile de ices in oday's wo ld, he au ho s in [6] ha e conduc ed a
comp ehensi e e iew o explo e a ious ou ing p o ocol echnologies applicable o MANETs.
The s udy co e s di e en ypes o ou ing p o ocols, hei classi ica ions, ou ing echniques,
geog aphical co e age, ou e me ic, ou e eposi o y, and ou e econ igu a ion s a egies in
de ail. The [6] compa es he a ious ou ing p o ocols discussed in he s udy, highligh ing hei
espec i e a eas o s eng h. Addi ionally, he esea ch examines ne wo k simula o s ha ha e
hese p o ocols enabled by de aul o gain insigh s in o hei p ac ical implemen a ion.
In e na ional Jou nal o Compu e Science, Enginee ing and Applica ions (IJCSEA) Vol. 13, No. 2/3/4, Augus 2023
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The au ho s in [7] p oposed a coope a i e analysis me hod o de ec malicious nodes in MANETs.
The mechanism in ol es p o ocols wo king oge he o analyze and eliably iden i y malicious
nodes. They alida e hei me hod h ough simula ions using mobile nodes and di e en ou ing
p o ocols such as AODV, DSR, OLSR, and DSDV. The esul s show ha he malicious node
de ec ion a e is excellen , wi h low o e head, a ela i ely high packe deli e y p opo ion, and
quick esponse imes, pa icula ly when he e a e changes in mobili y speed.
Acco ding o [8], Mobile Ad hoc Ne wo ks (MANETs), ou ing p o ocols' pe o mance is
nega i ely a ec ed by a ious ne wo k a acks, including black hole and ushing a acks. The
ulne abili y o hese a acks ex ends o all laye s o mobile ad hoc ne wo ks. MANETs lack
cen alized adminis a ion con ol and in as uc u e, making hem less secu e. The pape
e alua es he Ad hoc On-Demand Dis ance Vec o (AODV) ou ing p o ocol unde ushing
a acks, black hole a acks, and g ayhole a acks. The s udy assesses he ne wo k's pe o mance
unde di e en a ack scena ios, conside ing a ious ac o s like speed, ne wo k size, node
densi y, and he numbe o a acking nodes. Pe o mance me ics such as a e age h oughpu ,
a e age end- o-end delay, and packe deli e y a io a e used o e alua ion. The esul s show ha
he a acks lead o poo h oughpu , inc eased packe d opping, and highe end- o-end delays in
he ne wo k. AODV is ela i ely less a ec ed by ushing a acks compa ed o black hole and
g ayhole a acks.
In [9], he au ho s p oposed an app oach called S able-Ad hoc On Demand Dis ance Vec o
(AODV) o enhance he ou ing pe o mance o AODV in mobile ad hoc ne wo ks. The app oach
aims o imp o e ou e s abili y by conside ing node's esidual ene gy and link quali y, es ima ed
h ough ecei ed signal powe , agains dynamic h eshold alues o hop selec ion du ing ou e
disco e y. I bo h alues exceed hei h esholds, he node inc eases he s abili y ac o o he
ou e be o e o wa ding he ou e eques (RREQ) packe . This p ocess con inues un il he
des ina ion node is eached. I a la e duplica e RREQ packe wi h a be e s abili y ac o a i es,
he node p ocesses i . Addi ionally, he app oach main ains local neighbo hood in o ma ion
h ough hello messages. When a node ecei es a hello message om i s neighbo , i upda es he
neighbo able based on i s cu en esidual ene gy and link connec i i y s a us using dis ance and
hello message delay pa ame e s. Simula ion esul s demons a e ha he p oposed S able-AODV
algo i hm ou pe o ms adi ional AODV in e ms o packe deli e y a io, h oughpu , delay,
con ol message o e head, and no malized ou ing load.
The au ho s o [10] p oposed an enhanced us model o secu ing da a ans e in Mobile Ad hoc
Ne wo ks (MANETs) agains malicious a acks. The p oposed scheme combines blind us and
e e en ial us o es ablish a mo e obus us model. To achie e his, he us ela ionship
unc ion is in eg a ed wi h he dynamic sou ce ou ing (DSR) p o ocol, making he p o ocol mo e
secu e. The au ho s conduc a ho ough analysis o he DSR p o ocol and gene a e pe o mance
ma ices o packe - ela ed da a, including packe s sen , packe s ecei ed, packe s loss, and
h oughpu . They also e alua e he e ec i eness o he imp o ed us es ablishmen scheme by
implemen ing h ee algo i hms in he NS2 simula o o de ec and p e en a ious ypes o
a acks.
The main ocus o he pape is o enhance he secu i y o da a ans e in MANETs by in oducing
a us -based app oach and in eg a ing i wi h he DSR p o ocol o be e p o ec ion agains
malicious a acks. The p oposed scheme is e alua ed and compa ed agains di e en ypes o
a acks h ough simula ions in he NS2 simula o .
In [11], he au ho s in oduced he Dynamic Sou ce Rou ing (DSR) P o ocol o enhance quali y-
o se ice (QoS) by calcula ing pa h eliabili y and link sus ainabili y c i e ia. The p o ocol uses
node ene gy, cen ali y, deg ee, and link cos o selec elay nodes. Quali ied elaying nodes a e
In e na ional Jou nal o Compu e Science, Enginee ing and Applica ions (IJCSEA) Vol. 13, No. 2/3/4, Augus 2023
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u ilized o ansmi da a packe s om he sou ce node o he clus e head (CH). The sugges ed
echnique ou pe o ms o he exis ing ou ing p o ocols in e ms o packe loss a io, ene gy
consump ion, and delay. I achie es a lowe packe loss a io o app oxima ely 4%, which is 3%
less han he exis ing me hods.
3. METHODOLOGY
In his pape , we employ he ns-2.35 simula o on Ubun u LINUX o simula e Blackhole a ack
on he AODV and DSR ou ing p o ocols using Objec Tool Command Language (OTCL). This
simula ion enables us o examine and compa e he pe o mance me ics o bo h p o ocols when
he ne wo k was exposed o a Blackhole a ack. Th ough hese simula ions, we we e able o
assess he beha iou and e ec i eness o AODV and DSR in he p esence o such an a ack. By
u ilizing ns-2.35 as ou simula ion ool, we we e able o e alua e how he Blackhole a ack a ec s
he ou ing p o ocols and d aw signi ican indings abou hei pe o mance unde he me ics.
3.1. Pe o mance Me ics
This s udy employed h ee key me ics o e alua e he esea ch wo k. The i s me ic, A e age
Th oughpu , measu es he a e age da a ansmission a e wi hin he ne wo k, e lec ing i s o e all
pe o mance. The second me ic, PDR (Packe Deli e y Ra io), is essen ial as i indica es he
p opo ion o success ully deli e ed packe s, p o iding insigh s in o eliabili y and minimizing
da a losses. The hi d me ic, Residual Ene gy, assesses he ene gy le els o nodes, o e ing
aluable in o ma ion on ne wo k e iciency and longe i y.
3.2. Simula ion Pa ame e s
Simula ion pa ame e s go e n a model's ac ions and quali ies, in luencing ou comes and indings.
They can be modi ied o examine a ious si ua ions o ci cums ances as shown in able 2.
Table 1. Simula ion Pa ame e s
Pa ame e
Se ings
Channel ype
Channel/Wi eless channel
P opaga ion Model
P opaga ion/TwoRayG ound
Physical Type
Phy/Wi elessPhysical
Mac P o ocol Type
Mac/802_11
In e ace queue ype
Queue/D opTail/CMU/P iQueue
Link laye ype
LL
An enna model
An enna/OmniAn enna
Maximum packe in queue
50
Numbe o mobile nodes
17
Rou ing p o ocol
AODV and DSR
T ansmission Range
550 Me e s
In e e ence Range
550 Me e s
S a Time/S op Time
1 Second/15 Seconds
Packe in queue
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
Numbe o Blackholes nodes
2
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3.3. Rou ing Topology
Rou ing opology is he plan a angemen o concep ual elemen s (nodes) in a communica ion
ne wo k. Fo his s udy, i een (15) legi ima e nodes and wo (2) malicious nodes we e se in he
opog aphy o 956m by 600m simula ion en i onmen . Two commands nam AODV.nam and
nam DSR.nam we e execu ed o in oke ne wo k anima o (NAM) o show he pa h o AODV
and DSR espec i ely wi h N
Figu e 1: Sc eensho o NAM wi h 17 nodes including wo alse nodes
3.4. Simula o Execu ion and se up
Following he success ul assembly o NS-2 e sion ns-allinone-2.35 ia Ubun u on VMwa e
s a ion 16, Six (6) impo an iles equi ed o simula ion we e copied o he ins alla ion olde 's
home di ec o y o execu ion. The Six (6) iles comp ises o ;
• Blackhole. cl
• a e age_ h ou.awk
• ene gy.awk
• pd .awk
• AODV.
• DSR.
Loca ion pa h o hese iles;
2.35/bin:/home/ e dinand/ns-allinone-
2.35/Blackhole/home/ e dinand/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-
#PATH
PATH=$PATH:/home/ e dinand/ns-allinone-2.35/bin:/home/ e dinand/nsallinone-
2.35/ cl11.5.0/unix:/home/ e dinand/ns-allinone-2.35/ k11.5.0/unix
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/ e dinand/ns-allinone-
2.35/o cl-1.14:/home/ e dinand/ns-allinone-2.35/lib NS=/home/ e dinand/ns-allinone-2.35 /ns-
2.35/
NAM=/home/ e dinand/ns-allinone-2.35 /nam-
1.14/ PATH=$PATH:$XGRAPH:$N$S:$$NAM
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3.5. Simula ion Expe imen o AODV
A e alida ing he NS-2.35 ins alla ion and modi ying all o he pa ame e s, changes we e made
o he Blackhole. cl ile o simula e he AODV ou ing p o ocol;
• In e ace queue ype was se o Queue/D opTail/P iQueue
• Rou ing p o ocol was se o AODV cl ile was c ea ed as Blackhole. cl
• ace ile was se o ace ile [open AODVblack. B]
• nam ile o pa h was se o nam ile [open AODVblack.nam B]
• node 10 and node 11 we e se as Blackhole node
• packe s in queue [5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30]
3.6. Simula ion Expe imen o DSR
A e alida ing he NS-2.35 ins alla ion and modi ying all o he pa ame e s, he Blackhole. cl
ile was modi ied o simula e he DSR ou ing p o ocol:
• In e ace queue ype was se o CMUP iQueue
• Rou ing p o ocol was se o DSR
• cl ile was c ea ed as Blackhole. cl
• ace ile was se o ace ile [open DSRblack. B]
• nam ile o opology was se o nam ile [open DSRblack.nam B]
• nam ile o pa h was se o nam ile [open AODVblack.nam B]
• node 10 and node 11 we e se as Blackhole node
4. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Table 3 showing A e age Th oughpu , Packe Deli e y Ra io, and Residual Ene gy as
pe o mance me ics and da a sizes displays he simula ion esul s o AODV and DSR.
Table 2: Resul s o pe o mance me ics o AODV and DSR wi h da a sizes
P o ocol
Speed/Da a
A e age
Th oughpu
Packe Deli e y
Ra io(PDR)
Residual
Ene gy (J)
Size
AODV
5
0.288707
0.993377
1.57784
DSR
0.327946
0.983577
1.410075
AODV
10
0.328707
0.993449
3.155679
DSR
0.367946
0.983725
2.820152
AODV
15
0.368707
0.993521
4.733519
DSR
0.407946
0.983871
4.230228
AODV
20
0.408707
0.99359
6.311358
DSR
0.447946
0.984014
5.640304
AODV
25
0.448707
0.993658
7.889198
DSR
0.487946
0.984155
7.05038
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AODV
30
0.488707
0.993724
9.467037
DSR
0.527946
0.984293
8.460455
4.1. A e age Th oughpu Analysis
A e age h oughpu analysis is a echnique employed o assess he mean a e a which da a is
ansmi ed wi hin a speci ic ime ame in a gi en sys em.
Figu e 2. A g aph o A e age Th oughpu o AODV and DSR
DSR has highe h oughpu compa ed o AODV unde Blackhole a ack as shown in igu e 2, due
o i s abili y o de ec and a oid malicious ou es, enabling success ul packe ansmission.
Addi ionally, DSR uses e icien ou ing mechanisms, educing o e head and main aining highe
h oughpu e en unde a ack.
4.2. Packe Deli e y Ra io Analysis
Packe Deli e y Ra io (PDR) analysis was employed o assess he e iciency and dependabili y o
ansmi ing da a packe s wi hin he communica ion sys em.
Figu e 3. A g aph o Packe Deli e y Ra io o AODV and DSR
In e na ional Jou nal o Compu e Science, Enginee ing and Applica ions (IJCSEA) Vol. 13, No. 2/3/4, Augus 2023
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AODV ou pe o ms DSR in PDR unde Blackhole a ack as shown in igu e 3 due o be e ou e
de ec ion and a oiding malicious node ou es. AODV's e icien ou ing mechanisms enable
lowe o e head ansmission, ensu ing highe PDR e en unde a ack.
4.3. Residual Ene gy Analysis
Residual ene gy analysis was u ilized o e alua e he ene gy le els ha emain in nodes wi hin
ene gy-cons ained sys ems like wi eless senso ne wo ks.
Figu e 4. A g aph o Residual Ene gy o AODV and DSR
AODV is mo e ene gy-e icien han DSR unde Blackhole a ack as shown in igu e 4, due o i s
abili y o de ec and a oid malicious ou es, while DSR is mo e ulne able. AODV's e icien
ou ing mechanisms equi e less ene gy o ansmi packe s, allowing nodes o conse e ene gy
e en du ing a acks.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This s udy conduc ed a pe o mance analysis o he AODV and DSR ou ing p o ocols unde
Blackhole a acks, using PDR, Residual Ene gy, and A e age Th oughpu as me ics. The
simula ion esul s indica ed ha DSR had a highe Th oughpu bu AODV had be e PDR and
Residual Ene gy. These indings can help MANET ne wo k designe s and manage s selec he
bes p o ocols o hei unique ne wo k equi emen s. .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We exp ess ou g a i ude o he e iewe s o hei ho ough examina ion o he pape , as well as
hei aluable commen s and sugges ions ha signi ican ly enhanced he quali y o he
manusc ip . Also, ou g a i ude goes o Uni e si y o Science and Technology KNUST, Kumasi
and Uni e si y o Cincinna i, Ohio o hei suppo
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AUTHORS
Fe dinand Ali o is he Head o ICT/MIS depa men wi h Minis y o Local Go e nmen
in Ghana. He holds an MSc In o ma ion Technology om KNUST, a BSc in Compu e
Science, and His expe ise is u he alida ed by his ce i ica ions in Cisco Ce i ied
Ne wo k P o essional (CCNP) and Cisco Ce i ied Ne wo k Associa e (CCNA).
Th oughou his ca ee , Fe dinand has made signi ican con ibu ions o imp o ing IT
sys ems and se ices wi hin he go e nmen and p i a e sec o s
Mus apha Awinsongya Yakubu is a G adua e Teaching Assis an a he Uni e si y o
Cincinna i whe e he is cu en ly s udying o PhD In o ma ion Technology. His esea ch
ocuses in a eas o En e p ise A chi ec u e & Secu i y, Human Compu e In e ac ion, and
C isis In o ma ics. He ea ned his Mas e ’s deg ee in In o ma ion Technology om he
Kwame Nk umah Uni e si y o Science and Technology. He has o e a decade expe ience
wo king in bo h public and p i a e sec o as an IT P o essional.
Ma in Doe is a Ph.D s uden a he Uni e si y o Business and in eg a ed de elopmen
S udies, Ghana. He had MPhil in In o ma ion Technology a he Depa men o Compu e
Science in he Kwame Nk umah Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Ghana. His
esea ch a ea includes Cybe Secu i y, compu e ne wo ks and in e ne o hings.
P o . Michael Asan e is an Associa e P o esso in Compu e Science a he Depa men o
Compu e Science a he Kwame Nk umah Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Ghana.
His esea ch a eas include Compu e Secu i y, Cybe Secu i y, and Ne wo k
