Co esponding au ho : Calis a A in Pa ahi a
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Rela ionship be ween p e e m bi h and low bi h weigh wi h delayed oo h
e up ion
Calis a A in Pa ahi a 1, *, Ananda Azmyi Zuleika 1 and P a iwi Soesilawa i 2
1 Facul y o Den al Medicine, Ai langga Uni e si y, Su abaya, Indonesia.
2 Depa men o O al Biology, Facul y o Den al Medicine, Ai langga Uni e si y, Su abaya, Indonesia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 404-409
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 14 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 03 May 2025; accep ed on 05 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1646
Abs ac
Acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO), he e a e app oxima ely 15 million p e e m bi hs each yea .
P e e m bi hs usually ha e low bi h weigh (LBW). Bo h o hese ac o s can dis up he o e all de elopmen o he
child and cause delayed e up ion o p ima y ee h. This s udy aims o e iew he li e a u e ega ding di e ences in
oo h e up ion pa e ns o oo h g ow h and de elopmen in low bi h weigh p e e m- bi h in an s wi h no mal bi h
weigh in an s. This li e a u e e iew discusses he iden i ied ela ionship be ween p e e m bi h and low bi h weigh
wi h oo h e up ion pa e ns. In addi ion, he e a e o he ac o s ha also a ec he oo h e up ion pa e n. Based on
he esul s o he li e a u e e iew, i is shown ha p e e m o low bi h weigh in an s ha e a di e en oo h e up ion
pa e n o g ow h and de elopmen o ee h han no mal o no mal bi h weigh in an s. Howe e , he e a e also se e al
jou nals ha s a e ha he e is no ela ionship be ween hese wo ac o s.
Keywo ds: P e e m bi h; P ema u i y; Low bi h weigh ; Too h E up ion; Delayed oo h e up ion
1. In oduc ion
P e e m bi hs usually ha e low bi h weigh (LBW) [1]. Low bi h weigh is a baby bo n wi h a bi h weigh o <2,500
g ams [2]. On a global basis, he p e alence o low bi h weigh was 14.6% in 2000 and inc eased o 17.5% in 2015. In
2015, app oxima ely 20.5 million bi hs in ol ed child en wi h low bi h weigh , 91% o whom we e om low- and
middle-income coun ies, namely 48% in Sou h Asia and 24% in sub-Saha an A ica [1]. Based on weigh , he e a e 3
g oups o p e e m bi hs, namely low bi h weigh (LBW) weighing <2500 g ams, e y low bi h weigh (VLBW)
weighing <1,500 g ams, and ex emely low bi h weigh (ELBW) weighing <1,000 g ams [2].
P e e m bi h wi h low bi h weigh can dis up gene al child de elopmen [3]. This can esul in sho e p ena al
de elopmen al ime han i should be, as well as isking a ious neona al complica ions and p oblems in he
de elopmen o o he o gans. P e e m bi h and low bi h weigh a e also associa ed wi h o al issue s uc u e, namely
g ow h and de elopmen al diso de s in p ima y and pe manen ee h which can be in he o m o de elopmen al
anomalies such as abno mali ies in enamel s uc u e, pala al, and smalle oo h size [2].
P e e m bi h and low bi h weigh can cause delayed e up ion o p ima y ee h [1]. Too h e up ion is he p ocess o
oo h de elopmen ha begins o eme ge h ough he so issue o he jaw and mucosa o en e he o al ca i y [4].
Child en's oo h e up ion is in luenced by se e al ac o s, such as du a ion o p egnancy, ype o p egnancy, ace,
de elopmen al abno mali ies, heigh and weigh a bi h, ho monal changes, nu i ion, and gene al g ow h. Delayed
oo h e up ion is he de elopmen o ee h in o he mou h a a di e en ime han he no mal e up ion ange. I can be
associa ed wi h nu i ion, en i onmen al ac o s, and p ema u e bi h weigh [5].
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 404-409
405
The pu pose o his a icle e iew is o de e mine whe he p e e m bi h o low bi h weigh esul in di e en pa e ns
o oo h e up ion o oo h g ow h and de elopmen compa ed o hose bo n a e m o wi h no mal bi h weigh . The
hypo hesis o his a icle e iew is ha he e is an associa ion be ween p e e m bi h o low bi h weigh and he
e up ion pa e n o g ow h and de elopmen o p ima y ee h.
1.1 Too h E up ion
The e m "e up ion" comes om he La in wo d "e up io", which means "ou bu s wi h momen um". Too h e up ion is
he p ocess o he oo h mo ing om i s place o o ma ion in he jawbone owa ds he o al ca i y. This p ocess begins
a he o ma ion o he oo h ge m (odon ogenesis) and con inues un il he oo h eaches i s inal posi ion in he o al
ca i y. The e m "e up ion" is used o indica e when he c own o he oo h en e s h ough he gingi a and begins o be
pa o he o al ca i y, which is only one s age o he physiological p ocess ha includes a se ies o mo emen s ha he
oo h makes, om i s ge m o he end o i s physiological cycle [6].
Too h e up ion is a complex and ongoing p ocess om he ini ial o ma ion o he oo h o he inal posi ion o he oo h
in he o al ca i y. The p ocess consis s o six phases: ini ia ion, p oli e a ion, mo ph di e en ia ion, apposi ion,
calci ica ion, and e up ion. In p ima y ee h, e up ion is ollowed by ex olia ion, which is he de achmen o he oo h
om he jawbone. In pe manen ee h, e up ion is he las phase. Too h e up ion is one o he indica o s o oo h g ow h
and de elopmen . Knowledge o no mal oo h e up ion is impo an o de e mine whe he delayed o accele a ed
e up ion is caused by local, gene ic, o sys emic ac o s. G ow h and de elopmen o ee h a e pa o he o e all g ow h
and de elopmen o he body. G ow h and de elopmen o ee h a e in luenced by gene ic and en i onmen al ac o s
[2].
Too h e up ion is an in eg al pa o he p ocess o child de elopmen and p omo es physiological s imula ion o he
s oma ogna hic sys em. The mechanisms esponsible o he e up ion mo emen s ha e no been ully explained. The
ela ionship be ween he ch onology o his oo h e up ion and p ema u i y and bi h weigh is no ully unde s ood.
The s anda d e up ion s ages o p ima y ee h gene ally begin wi h he e up ion o he lowe cen al inciso s, wi h he
a e ages desc ibed in he li e a u e being 7.68±2.84 mon hs, 8.2±0.8 mon hs, 8.3±3.1 mon hs, and 8.5±2.6 mon hs [3].
Too h e up ion in child en is in luenced by se e al ac o s, including du a ion o p egnancy, gende , ace, de elopmen al
abno mali ies (such as cle lip o pala e), heigh and weigh a bi h, ho monal changes, nu i ion, and gene al g ow h
[5].
1.2 Delayed Too h E up ion
Delayed oo h e up ion is he e olu ion o ee h in o he mou h a a ime di e en om he no mal ange o e up ion.
The causes o delayed oo h e up ion ha e been a ibu ed o nu i ion, en i onmen al ac o s, and p ema u e bi h
weigh . The de elopmen o p ima y ee h is usually om mid-p egnancy o he end o he i s yea o li e. The
p ocedu e can be dis up ed in p ema u e child en due o exposu e o some medica ions, nu i ional de iciencies, and
auma ic o al p ocedu es. Some s udies conclude ha he e up ion ime o he i s p ima y oo h is usually delayed in
p ema u e in an s. The numbe o ee h is signi ican ly lowe in p e e m and low-bi h-weigh low-bi h-weigh in an s
compa ed wi h no mal bi hs, bu he en i e numbe o ee h will ca ch up wi h no mal bi h-weigh child en a a ound
30 o 36 mon hs o age [5].
As his phenomenon is ela ed o physical de elopmen , child en wi h lowe ges a ional age, lowe bi h weigh , and
mo e sys emic p oblems will end o ha e delayed e up ion o he i s deciduous oo h. Daily weigh gain, age,
b eas eeding, i amin supplemen a ion, in uba ion pe iod, and he p esence o apnea in p ema u e in an s a e ac o s
ha can in e e e wi h he e up ion o p ima y ee h [6].
1.3 P ema u i y
The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) s a es ha p e e m bi h is a baby bo n a <37 weeks ges a ion o p egnancy.
P e e m babies gene ally ha e a bi h weigh below 2,500 g ams. P e e m bi h wi h LBW esul s in a sho e p ena al
de elopmen ime han i should be and is a isk o a ious neona al complica ions and p oblems in he de elopmen
o o he o gans [2].
The e iology o p e e m bi h is mul i ac o ial ela ed o ma e nal ac o s, e al ac o s, and unknown ac o s. Ma e nal
ac o s include ma e nal age o deli e y o e 35 yea s, young mo he , smoking mo he , hype ension, p eeclampsia,
mul iple p egnancy, and in ec ion. In ec ions can be loca ed in he ee h caused by i uses o bac e ia. Mo he s wi h
pe iodon i is a e a isk o deli e ing p ema u e and LBW babies. The e a e 3 g oups o p ema u e babies based on
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 404-409
406
weigh , namely LBW <2,500 g ams, e y low bi h weigh (VLBW) <1,500 g ams; and ex emely low bi h weigh
(ELBW) i <1,000 g ams. P e ious esea ch s a es ha he e a e delays in he physical and psychological de elopmen
o in an s wi h a his o y o LBW p ema u i y, as well as in he s uc u e o o al issues, namely g ow h and de elopmen
diso de s in p ima y and pe manen ee h which can be in he o m o de elopmen al anomalies such as abno mali ies
in enamel s uc u e, pala al, and smalle oo h size [2].
The e ec o p ema u i y on he oo h e up ion p ocess has been epo ed, showing a delay in he e up ion o he i s
deciduous oo h in in an s bo n p ema u ely, when compa ed wi h in an s bo n a e m o wi h he a e age e up ion
desc ibed o child en wi h simila cha ac e is ics [3].
Since child en bo n p ema u ely a e no ully ma u e a he ime o bi h, hei ch onological age does no co espond
o hei ac ual biological age. The e o e, meaning ul compa isons wi h no mal ull- e m child en can only be made i he
ages o child en bo n p e e m a e co ela ed wi h he ages o child en bo n ea lie . In addi ion, he e olu ion o p e e m
in an s di e s om he no mal popula ion in wo undamen al aspec s: g ow h pa e ns and pos na al de elopmen .
The e a e se e al ac o s ha a ec pos na al g ow h, such as ges a ional age, nu i ional s a us a bi h, nu ien supply,
and he in ensi y and du a ion o complica ions [6].
1.4 Low Bi h Weigh
Low bi h weigh (LBW) is a baby bo n wi h a bi h weigh o <2,500 g ams [2]. Low bi h weigh is eco ded a e bi h,
and ideally measu ed se e al hou s a e bi h, be o e signi ican pos na al weigh loss occu s. Neona es will lose
be ween 3.5% and 6.6% o hei bi h weigh in he i s 2.5 o 2.7 days o li e [7].
Resea ch by Cu land, e al [7] s a es ha he LBW wo king g oup decided bi h weigh is measu ed in he i s 48 hou s
o li e. Low bi h weigh is an impo an and aluable public heal h indica o o ma e nal, nu i ion, heal hca e deli e y,
and po e y. Neona es wi h low bi h weigh ha e >20 imes g ea e isk o mo ali y. Low bi h weigh is also
associa ed wi h long- e m neu ological de ec s, impai ed language de elopmen , impai ed academic achie emen , as
well as inc eased isk o ch onic diseases including ca dio ascula disease and diabe es.
Based on ges a ion, low bi h weigh babies can be classi ied in o 2, namely low bi h weigh o pu e p ema u i y and
dysma u i y. Pu e p ema u i y low bi h weigh babies a e hose who ha e a ges a ion pe iod o less han 37 weeks. A
his ime, he weigh is usually called a neona e less han a mon h o he ges a ion pe iod. Meanwhile, dysma u e low
bi h weigh babies a e low bi h weigh babies who weigh less han hey should du ing p egnancy. Dysma u e LBW
can be bo n in he p e e m pe iod (less han mon h), e m pe iod ( ull e m), and pos - e m pe iod (mo e han mon h)
[8].
The e a e se e al isk ac o s ha in luence he incidence o low bi h weigh , namely socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics
o he mo he , such as age less han 20 yea s and mo e han 35 yea s, black ace, poo socio-economic s a us, illegi ima e
ma i al s a us, and low educa ion le el. In addi ion, he incidence o low bi h weigh can also occu due o ma e nal
medical isks be o e p egnancy, such as pa i y, weigh and heigh , p e ious low bi h weigh , and bi h spacing. Ma e nal
ep oduc i e heal h s a us is also a isk o LBW, such as ma e nal nu i ional s a us, diseases du ing p egnancy,
p egnancy his o y and p egnancy complica ions. An ena al ca e s a us, such as he equency and quali y o an ena al
ca e, he heal h wo ke whe e he p egnan woman is examined, he age o he p egnancy a he i s examina ion, and
he p egnancy, can also be a isk o LBW [9].
2. Ma e ial and me hods
The au ho s used jou nal e e ences ha ha e been published in 2006-2023. The jou nals we e collec ed om a ious
online sou ces such as Google Schola and Science Di ec wi h he keywo ds p e e m bi h; low bi h weigh , delayed
oo h e up ion. Sou ces we e selec ed based on inclusion c i e ia, namely jou nals wi h he ype o esea ch a icle o
o iginal a icle.
3. Resul s and discussion
Much has been done o imp o e knowledge abou oo h e up ion, no only abou he ch onology and sequence o
e up ion bu also abou he causes ha can in e e e wi h he e up ion p ocess. The li e a u e sugges s ha ac o s such
as ace, gende and physical de elopmen can a ec oo h e up ion. P ema u e bi h and low bi h weigh may a ec
gene al physical de elopmen , and i is possible ha den al de elopmen may also be a ec ed. P ema u e babies a e
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 404-409
407
no ully de eloped a he ime o hei bi h. Thei ch onological age does no co espond o hei co ec biological age
[10].
The s udy conduc ed by Ramos, e al [10] showed ha he e was a signi ican ela ionship be ween bi h weigh and
ime o i s oo h e up ion when ch onological age was used. P e e m in an s bo n weighing less han 1,500 g ams had
delayed i s oo h e up ion, when compa ed o in an s who weighed be ween 1,500g and 2,499g and o in an s whose
bi h weigh was equal o o highe han 2,500g. This is due o p ema u e bi h and no due o delayed oo h
de elopmen . When no mal ges a ional age was used, no s a is ically signi ican di e ences we e ound in he h ee
weigh g oups. The jou nal also men ioned a posi i e ela ionship be ween oo h e up ion and body g ow h by
compa ing he mean e up ion ime be ween low bi h weigh and no mal bi h weigh in an s whe e e up ion in no mal
bi h weigh in an s occu ed signi ican ly ea lie han in low bi h weigh in an s.
The s udy by Paulsson, e al [11] showed ha he de elopmen o pe manen ee h di e s be ween gende s and
e hnici ies. The s udy conduc ed in his jou nal used adiog aphic examina ions using only Caucasians o educe
po en ial con ounding ac o s such as e hnic di e ences, and hus, a homogeneous sample was c ea ed. Ano he
s eng h o his s udy is ha wo g oups o p e e m child en ha e been compa ed wi h a con ol g oup o in an s wi h
no mal ges a ional age. P e e m in an s included in he s udy we e included acco ding o ges a ional age, which was
de e mined by ul asonog aphy. The esul s showed ha he lowe he ges a ional age, he g ea e he delay in oo h
de elopmen a 9 yea s o age.
Resea ch epo ed by Khali a, e al [12] discusses he ac o s ha can a ec he e up ion ime o he i s p ima y ee h,
especially ges a ional age and bi h weigh and neona al diseases. Conside ing he ch onological age o p ema u e
in an s, his s udy showed a delay in he e up ion ime o he i s p ima y ee h in p ema u e in an s when compa ed
o no mal in an s.
The esul s o a s udy in he jou nal by Cas o, e al [13] showed ha he e was an associa ion be ween LBW and delayed
e up ion in child en unde 24 mon hs o age. A e adjus ing o he independen a iables o exclusi e b eas eeding
and une en ul p egnancy, i was ound ha he o e all p e alence (10.29%), and he p e alence ound among LBW
child en (14.71%) was smalle when compa ed o he esul s o o he s udies in ol ing he same age g oup. While
compa ing he mean age o e up ion be ween no mal weigh and low weigh in an s, i has been examined in he jou nal
ha he same occu s signi ican ly ea lie in child en bo n wi h no mal weigh , wi h he excep ion o he maxilla y i s
mola and uppe and lowe canines. Howe e , i is known ha LBW child en usually end o egain g ow h eloci y
be ween 2 and 3 yea s o age, du ing he g ow h eco e y o ca ch-up phase. This phase is cha ac e ized by apid
inc eases in weigh , leng h and head ci cum e ence wi h apid g ow h a es, exceeding hose o child en ound in he
gene al popula ion who a e ull- e m o o no mal bi h weigh . Delayed e up ion and ee hing a e common in child en
who a e no exclusi ely b eas ed, and he p esence o an une en ul p egnancy is an impo an p edic o o child heal h
[13].
In a s udy conduc ed by Sayed, e al [5] explained ha low body weigh a bi h has an impac on he e up ion ime o
he i s deciduous oo h, which delays he ime o oo h e up ion in child en wi h low bi h weigh , bu i does no a ec
he numbe o ee h ha g ow, weigh , leng h, o he child's body mass index (BMI). The numbe o e up ed ee h and
child en's body mass index (BMI) we e posi i ely co ela ed. The i s p ima y ee h ha e up ed in child en did no
co ela e wi h hei body mass index (BMI).
In a s udy by Ne o & Falcao [6] i was obse ed ha child en wi h low bi h weigh had delayed oo h e up ion, acco ding
o lowe body weigh , leng h, and head ci cum e ence a bi h. Child en wi h his condi ion may also ha e delayed mo o
skills. This is an indica ion ha he e up ion o p ima y ee h in child en bo n p ema u ely has i s own de elopmen al
pa e n, and will e u n o no mal a e 2 yea s. Delayed e up ion o p ima y ee h is ela ed o he child's g ow h and
de elopmen . Reduced physical de elopmen , child en wi h lowe ges a ional age, lowe body weigh , and child en wi h
mo e sys emic p oblems may in e e e wi h he e up ion o p ima y ee h.
Like o he issues and o gans, p ema u i y a ec s acial bones and ee h. Resea ch on enamel damage is due o
quan i a i e changes in enamel, quali a i e changes in enamel, o a combina ion o bo h. Delayed oo h e up ion
gene ally occu s in he i s ee h ha a e unde going mine aliza ion. Resea ch conduc ed by Ne o & Falcao [6] es ed
he hypo hesis ha p ema u i y and low bi h weigh can delay oo h e up ion. Bi h weigh is an impo an a iable
o su i al, g ow h and de elopmen . P ema u e in an s ha e imma u e o gans. This can pu hem a high isk o he
de elopmen o espi a o y diseases, hype bili ubinemia, hypocalcemia, anemia, and o he diseases ha a ec heal h
and de elopmen .
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 404-409
408
A low bi h weigh child o a ges a ional age o less han 37 weeks and shows a g ea e likelihood o delayed e up ion
o p ima y ee h. In a s udy by Ne o & Falcao [6] analysis conduc ed on 40 child en bo n wi h bi h weigh less han
1500g ( e y low bi h weigh ) and ges a ional age less han 37 weeks showed ha he e up ion o he i s p ima y
ee h occu ed a an a e age ch onological age o 11 mon hs and 9.61 mon hs mon hs a e being co ec ed o
p ema u i y. In addi ion, all child en in his s udy showed i s e up ion o he mandibula cen al inciso (81/71), and
in 28 child en (70%), he e was concu en e up ion o he wo ee h. In his s udy, he mean e up ion o emales was
11 mon hs and, o males, 12 mon hs. When co ec ed o p ema u i y, he mean was 9.5 mon hs o emales and 9.7
mon hs o males, and he e we e no di e ences ega ding e up ion ime o bo h ch onological age (p=0.90) and age
co ec ed o p ema u i y (p=0.98). The esul s o his s udy ound no signi ican di e ence be ween oo h e up ion by
gende [6].
Based on neona al nu i ion a e m, he mean ch onological age was 12 mon hs o adequa ely nou ished and 11
mon hs o inadequa ely nou ished, wi h a signi ican di e ence (p=0.009). When co ec ed o p ema u i y, he e was
no delay in g ow h and de elopmen wi h child en bo n a e m, bu he e was a di e ence in compa ison by gende
o bo h ch onological age and p e e m age. A compa ison be ween he mean age o i s p ima y oo h e up ion and
nu i ional adequacy a bi h showed a delayed age o p ima y oo h e up ion in child en o ges a ional age, and his
was no con i med when age o e up ion was co ec ed o p ema u i y. Based on his s udy, he edi a y and indi idual
ac o s, such as gende and ace, in conjunc ion wi h ex e nal ac o s, such as geog aphical loca ion, socioeconomic
s a us, nu i ion, p egnancy p oblems, and se e e ma e nal diseases may lead o di e ences in oo h e up ion pa e ns
[6].
In esea ch epo ed by Soewondo & E endi [2] he g ow h o de elopmen o ee h (odon ogenesis) occu s a 4-5
weeks o in au e ine emb yonic age, which occu s wi h a con inuous p ocess o ini ia ion, p oli e a ion,
mo phodi e en ia ion, apposi ion, and calci ica ion p ocess called he p e-e up ion phase and e up ion phase. In his
s udy, he esul s showed ha he e up ion o p ima y ee h occu ed la e in child en wi h LBW bi h his o y, who
s a ed e up ion a 12 mon hs o age. No mal child en s a ed e up ion a 4 o 6 mon hs o age. This delay in e up ion
is mainly in he i s deciduous oo h. In an s bo n p ema u ely LBW a e a isk o de elopmen al delay and imma u i y
o o gans including ee h. In addi ion, he delay in oo h e up ion is also ela ed o he inhibi ion o oo h g ow h and
de elopmen in he jawbone, so ha he p e-e up ion phase consis s o he p ocesses o ini ia ion, p oli e a ion,
mo phodi e en ia ion, apposi ion, and classi ica ion. This is also ollowed by he delay in he e up ion phase, namely
he mucosal pene a ion phase and he occlusal phase o p ima y ee h, so ha he ee h in he mou h a e la e o appea .
In his s udy, he e was no signi ican di e ence be ween p e e m low bi h weigh (LBW) in an s wi h a his o y o
in au e ine g ow h es ic ion (IUGR) and p e e m LBW in an s wi h app op ia e o ges a ional age (AGA). In his
s udy, he e up ion o de o p ima y ee h in p e e m LBW in an s was he same as ha in no mal bi h weigh in an s,
only he e up ion ime was delayed by abou 6 mon hs. This di e ence in e up ion ime occu ed in in ancy o child en
unde 6 yea s o age (ea ly childhood). A e he age o 9 yea s (la e childhood), he e was no longe a di e ence in
e up ion ime o pe manen ee h in p e e m LBW in an s and no mal bi h in an s. Based on his s udy, he e up ion
ime o p ima y ee h in p e e m LBW in an s s a ed a 12 mon hs, which was la e han ha in child en wi h no mal
bi h weigh [2].
In he s udy by Lopes, e al [3] he co ec ed age was calcula ed by sub ac ing he pos na al age om he numbe o
weeks emaining o comple e 40 weeks a he ime o he child's bi h, and hen a e aging he child's age. P ema u e
bi hs p e en newbo n babies om ecei ing essen ial nu ien s o g ow h and de elopmen as hey a e al eady
ou side he womb. In mos o he babies in his s udy, he i s oo h o g ow was he lowe cen al inciso , ollowed by
he uppe cen al inciso . This s udy p o ides e idence ha delayed e up ion o he i s p ima y oo h occu s in
p e e m and low bi h weigh babies. This s udy s a es ha males show delayed oo h e up ion. Male babies, e y low
bi h weigh babies, and low bi h weigh babies showed delayed ch onological e up ion o he i s p ima y oo h.
De elopmen al and nu i ional a iables a bi h and du ing ea ly li e may be impo an o he iming o oo h e up ion
[3].
Sys ema ic e iew epo ed by Po ela, e al [1] was conduc ed using me a-analysis o assess he e ec o p e e m bi h
on he mean age (ch onological and adjus ed) o e up ion o he i s p ima y oo h. When ch onological age was
conside ed, he e was a delay in he e up ion o he i s p ima y oo h compa ed o non-p e e m child en. Howe e ,
when adjus ed age was conside ed, ha is, he ch onological age a e bi h in weeks minus he p e e m adjus men (40
weeks minus ges a ional age in weeks), no associa ion was ound be ween p e e m bi h and delayed e up ion o he
i s p ima y oo h. In a me a-analysis wi h limi ed da a, i was ound ha he e was no associa ion be ween low bi h
weigh and age a e up ion o he i s p ima y oo h. The esul s o he sys ema ic e iew showed ha delayed e up ion
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 404-409
409
o he i s p ima y oo h was associa ed wi h low bi h weigh in an s wi h conside a ion o ch onological age. Howe e ,
no delay in e up ion was ound in child en wi h low bi h weigh when adjus ed age was conside ed.
4. Conclusion
The esul s o his li e a u e e iew sugges ha p e e m o low bi h weigh in an s ha e a di e en oo h e up ion
pa e n o oo h g ow h and de elopmen han no mal o no mal bi h weigh in an s. Howe e , some jou nals also
s a e ha he e is no ela ionship be ween p e e m bi h and low bi h weigh and delayed e up ion o p ima y ee h.
The esul s o his li e a u e e iew can be a guide o mo he s o pay mo e a en ion o he isk ac o s o p e e m
bi h in in an s, as a p e en i e e o o p e e m bi h wi h low bi h weigh which may po en ially a ec he oo h
e up ion pa e n. Fu he esea ch can be conduc ed o analyze he causal ela ionship be ween p e e m o low bi h
weigh in an s and delayed e up ion o p ima y ee h.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s exp ess g a i ude o he e alua o s o hei aluable inpu in e iewing his jou nal and o e ing highly
signi ican eedback.
Disclosu e o Con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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