Co esponding au ho : Sibi Na ayanan.
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
E alua ion o he clinical e icacy o Diges osap sy up in imp o ing appe i e: A single-
a m, open-label pilo s udy
S eede i AP, Maneesha KS, Anu Joy, Reeshma CR, Sibi Na ayanan * and Adi hya Pee hamba a Panicke
Depa men o R&D, Si a am Ayu eda P . L d., Ke ala, India.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 464-472
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 21 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 02 May 2025; accep ed on 04 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1537
Abs ac
Backg ound: Poo appe i e can lead o nu i ional de iciencies and comp omised heal h. Diges osap sy up, a he bal
o mula ion based on Ayu edic p inciples, is designed o enhance appe i e and suppo diges ion. This s udy e alua es
i s clinical e icacy in imp o ing hunge and ela ed ou comes.
Me hods: A single-a m, open-label pilo s udy was conduc ed wi h 30 pa icipan s aged 15–60 yea s wi h poo appe i e.
Pa icipan s ecei ed 10 ml o Diges osap sy up wice daily o 15 days. The p ima y ou come was he change in hunge
assessed using a Nume ical Ra ing Scale (NRS). Seconda y ou comes included hunge pa e ns, sa ie y, bowel habi s,
sleep, and s ool consis ency ( ia B is ol S ool Cha ). Da a we e analyzed using pai ed - es s o p ima y ou comes and
desc ip i e s a is ics o seconda y ou comes.
Resul s: The mean hunge sco e inc eased signi ican ly om 4.87 ± 0.86 o 7.67 ± 1.32 (p < 0.001), indica ing imp o ed
appe i e. Hunge pa e ns imp o ed in 83.3% o pa icipan s, wi h egula meal- ime hunge epo ed pos -
in e en ion. Bowel habi s no malized in 60% o pa icipan s wi h i egula baseline habi s, and s ool consis ency
imp o ed in 73.3% o pa icipan s.
Conclusion: Diges osap sy up signi ican ly imp o ed appe i e and showed posi i e e ec s on hunge pa e ns, bowel
habi s, and s ool consis ency. These indings suppo i s po en ial as a sa e in e en ion o poo appe i e, wa an ing
u he andomized con olled ials.
Keywo ds: Appe i e; Diges osap Sy up; Ayu edic Fo mula ion; Hunge ; Pilo S udy; Diges i e Heal h
1. In oduc ion
Poo appe i e, o ano exia o non-malignan o igin, is a widesp ead clinical conce n ha signi ican ly impac s nu i ional
s a us and o e all heal h. In India, he p e alence o poo appe i e is no able, pa icula ly among indi iduals wi h
ch onic illnesses, gas oin es inal diso de s, and hose expe iencing psychological s ess o aging- ela ed changes.
S udies es ima e ha app oxima ely 20–30% o pa ien s wi h ch onic diseases such as ube culosis, cance , o li e
diso de s in India expe ience educed appe i e, con ibu ing o malnu i ion and diminished quali y o li e [1].
Addi ionally, communi y-based su eys indica e ha up o 15% o he elde ly popula ion in India epo appe i e loss,
exace ba ing isks o sa copenia and ail y [2]. This pe asi e issue leads o inadequa e nu i ional in ake, weigh loss,
and comp omised immune unc ion, unde sco ing he need o e ec i e in e en ions o es o e appe i e and suppo
diges i e heal h.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 464-472
465
He bal o mula ions, deeply oo ed in adi ional medicinal sys ems like Ayu eda, ha e eme ged as p omising
solu ions o add essing poo appe i e due o hei holis ic app oach o enhancing diges ion and s imula ing hunge .
Ayu eda emphasizes he ole o Agni (diges i e i e) in main aining heal h, and o mula ions con aining deepana
d a yas (diges i e s imulan s) a e designed o kindle his i e, he eby imp o ing appe i e and nu ien assimila ion.
Diges osap sy up, a pa en ed he bal p oduc de eloped by Si a am Ayu eda P . L d., exempli ies his app oach. I is a
candy suga -based o mula ion c a ed using he Ayu edic p inciple o Rasak iya kalpana (decoc ion-based sy up
p epa a ion). The sy up inco po a es ama ind (Tama indus indica), a ime- es ed ing edien known o i s appe i e-
s imula ing p ope ies [3], alongside po en deepana d a yas such as Saindha a ( ock sal ), Jee aka (Cuminum
cyminum), Ma icha (Pipe nig um), and Ja ipa i (My is ica ag ans mace). These ing edien s a e selec ed o hei
syne gis ic e ec s in p omo ing diges ion, alle ia ing bloa ing, and enhancing hunge .
While anecdo al e idence and adi ional knowledge suppo he use o such he bal sy ups, igo ous scien i ic alida ion
is c i ical o es ablish hei e icacy, sa e y, and unde lying mechanisms o ac ion. The absence o obus clinical da a
o en limi s he in eg a ion o adi ional o mula ions in o mode n heal hca e p ac ices [4]. To add ess his gap, he
p esen pilo s udy was designed o sys ema ically e alua e he clinical e icacy o Diges osap sy up in imp o ing hunge
as he p ima y ou come. Seconda y ou comes included i s e ec s on hunge pa e ns, sa ie y, bowel habi s, sleep quali y,
and s ool consis ency, all o which a e in eg al o diges i e and o e all heal h.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. S udy Design
This s udy was a single-a m, open-label pilo ial conduc ed a Si a am Ayu eda Special y Hospi al, Th issu , India,
adhe ing o he D ugs and Cosme ics Rules, 1945, which go e n he e alua ion o pa en and p op ie a y Ayu edic
o mula ions. The s udy was designed o assess he clinical e icacy o Diges osap sy up in indi iduals wi h poo
appe i e. The o al du a ion o he s udy spanned app oxima ely ou mon hs, encompassing pa icipan ec ui men , a
15-day in e en ion pe iod pe pa icipan , and subsequen da a compila ion and analysis. The open-label, single-a m
design was selec ed o p o ide p elimina y e idence o e icacy, as pe mi ed o pilo s udies e alua ing Ayu edic
d ugs wi h es ablished he apeu ic ing edien s lis ed in Schedule 1 o he Ac . The s udy was app o ed by he
Ins i u ional E hics Commi ee (IEC) and egis e ed wi h he Clinical T ials Regis y o India (CTRI) [5].
2.2. Pa icipan s
A o al o 30 pa icipan s, aged 15–60 yea s and o ei he sex, we e en olled om he ou pa ien depa men o Si a am
Ayu eda Special y Hospi al. Pa icipan s we e selec ed based on subjec i e epo s o educed hunge , indica i e o
poo appe i e. To ensu e a homogeneous s udy popula ion and minimize con ounding ac o s, s ingen inclusion and
exclusion c i e ia we e applied. Inclusion c i e ia equi ed pa icipan s o ha e a documen ed his o y o poo appe i e.
Exclusion c i e ia we e designed o elimina e indi iduals wi h condi ions o ac o s ha could in e e e wi h he s udy
ou comes o pose sa e y isks, including:
• Diagnosed diabe es melli us
• P egnancy o lac a ion
• Known hype sensi i i y o any ing edien in Diges osap sy up
• Use o o he diges i e o appe i e-s imula ing p oduc s wi hin one week p io o en ollmen
• Ch onic gas oin es inal in ec ions o in lamma o y condi ions
• Se e e sys emic illnesses o li es yle- ela ed diseases (e.g., uncon olled hype ension)
• Dysphagia o in lamma o y condi ions o he o al ca i y ha impai ood inges ion
Pa icipan s we e wi hd awn om he s udy i hey expe ienced ad e se e en s (AEs), labo a o y abno mali ies, o
in e cu en illnesses ha comp omised hei sa e y o s udy pa icipa ion. All pa icipan s p o ided w i en in o med
consen , and he s udy.
2.3. In e en ion
Pa icipan s ecei ed Diges osap sy up, a pa en ed he bal o mula ion, a a dose o 10 ml wice daily a e meals o 15
days. The o mula ion was based on he Ayu edic p inciple o Rasak iya kalpana, a me hod in ol ing he p epa a ion
o a concen a ed decoc ion ans o med in o a candy suga -based sy up. The composi ion o Diges osap sy up pe 100
ml is de ailed in Table 1.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 464-472
466
Table 1 Diges osap sy up composi ion
Sl. No.
Sansk i Name
Bo anical Name
Quan i y in 100 ml
1
Ni gundi
Vi ex negundo L.
10 g
2
Ha i aki
Te minalia chebula Re z.
4 g
3
Shun i
Zingibe o icinale Roscoe
8 g
4
Pippali
Pipe longum L.
6 g
5
Ma icha
Pipe nig um L.
4 g
6
Dhanyaka
Co iand um sa i um L.
6 g
7
Hingu
Fe ula assa- oe ida L.
4 g
8
Ajmoda
T achyspe mum ammi (L.) Sp ague
4 g
9
Chincha
Tama indus indica L.
5.3 g
10
Sha ka a
Saccha um o icina um L. (Suga )
64 g
11
Saindha a
Sodium chlo ide (Rock sal )
3.2 g
12
Jee aka
Cuminum cyminum L.
3.2 g
13
Ma icha
Pipe nig um L.
1.6 g
14
Ja ipa i
My is ica ag ans Hou . (Mace)
0.36 g
15
Mish eya
Foeniculum ulga e Mill.
0.36 g
16
Pudina A ka
Men ha pipe i a L. (Dis illa e)
1.4 ml
2.4. Ou come Measu es
The p ima y ou come was he change in hunge , measu ed using a Nume ical Ra ing Scale (NRS) anging om 1 (no
hunge ) o 10 (ex eme hunge ), assessed be o e ea men (baseline, Day 1) and a e ea men (Day 15). Seconda y
ou comes encompassed a b oade e alua ion o diges i e and ela ed unc ions, including:
• Hunge pa e ns: Assessed ia a subjec i e ques ionnai e e alua ing hunge a meal imes, hunge a non-meal
imes, and pe cei ed adequacy o ood in ake (sel - epo ed and amily- epo ed).
• Bowel habi s: Ca ego ized as egula o i egula based on pa icipan epo s.
• Sleep quali y: Classi ied as sound o dis u bed h ough sel -assessmen .
• S ool consis ency: E alua ed using he B is ol S ool Cha (Types 1–7, anging om ha d, cons ipa ed s ools
o wa e y s ools).
Da a we e collec ed a baseline and pos -in e en ion using a s anda dized Case Repo Fo m o ensu e comp ehensi e
and consis en documen a ion.
2.5. Sample Size
A sample size o 30 pa icipan s was selec ed o p o ide su icien da a o es ablish p oo o e icacy while main aining
easibili y o a pilo s udy [6]. This size was chosen o enhance s a is ical obus ness compa ed o smalle pilo s udies,
allowing o meaning ul p elimina y insigh s in o he sy up’s e icacy and sa e y.
2.6. S a is ical Analysis
The p ima y ou come (change in NRS hunge sco e) was analyzed using a pai ed - es o compa e p e- and pos -
in e en ion sco es, assessing he s a is ical signi icance o he change. Seconda y ou comes we e summa ized using
desc ip i e s a is ics, including equencies and pe cen ages, o cha ac e ize changes in hunge pa e ns, bowel habi s,
sleep quali y, and s ool consis ency. A p- alue h eshold o <0.05 was conside ed indica i e o s a is ical signi icance.
All analyses we e pe o med using SPSS e sion 25 (IBM Co p., USA).
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2.7. Sa e y Moni o ing
Sa e y was a p io i y h oughou he s udy. Ad e se e en s, labo a o y abno mali ies, and concomi an medica ion use
we e me iculously eco ded in he CRF. In he e en o ad e se eac ions, escue medica ions, such as pi asamana
(soo hing) o i echana (laxa i e) d ugs, we e a ailable o manage symp oms and es o e gas oin es inal balance.
Pa icipan s we e moni o ed closely o ensu e hei well-being and compliance wi h he in e en ion p o ocol.
3. Resul s
3.1. Pa icipan Cha ac e is ics
The s udy en olled 30 pa icipan s, comp ising 16 males (53.3%) and 14 emales (46.7%), wi h a mean age o 38.2 ±
12.4 yea s ( ange: 15–60 yea s). All pa icipan s comple ed he 15-day in e en ion pe iod, esul ing in a 100%
comple ion a e wi h no wi hd awals. Compliance wi h he p esc ibed egimen o Diges osap sy up (10 ml wice daily
a e meals) was also 100%, as con i med h ough pa icipan sel - epo s and ollow-up assessmen s. This high
adhe ence a e unde sco es he easibili y and accep abili y o he in e en ion in he s udy popula ion.
3.2. P ima y Ou come: Hunge
The p ima y ou come, change in hunge , was assessed using a Nume ical Ra ing Scale (NRS) anging om 1 (no hunge )
o 10 (ex eme hunge ). A baseline, he mean NRS hunge sco e was 4.87 ± 0.86, e lec ing mode a e o low appe i e
among pa icipan s. Pos -in e en ion, he mean sco e signi ican ly inc eased o 7.67 ± 1.32 (p < 0.001, pai ed - es ),
indica ing a subs an ial imp o emen in appe i e. This 57.3% inc ease in hunge sco es sugges s ha Diges osap sy up
e ec i ely enhanced appe i e in he s udy coho . Indi idual hunge sco es, p esen ed in Table 1, demons a e
consis en imp o emen s ac oss mos pa icipan s, wi h 26 (86.7%) epo ing a pos -in e en ion sco e o 7 o highe .
Table 2 Hunge Sco es (NRS, 1–10)
Pa icipan
BT
AT
1
5
9
2
5
8
3
5
9
4
5
10
5
5
8
6
5
8
7
4
7
8
5
8
9
5
8
10
5
7
11
6
7
12
6
8
13
4
5
14
4
5
15
3
8
16
5
8
17
5
9
18
4
7
19
5
8
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20
5
8
21
6
9
22
5
8
23
4
6
24
5
7
25
5
8
26
5
9
27
4
7
28
5
8
29
5
8
30
5
9
3.3. Seconda y Ou comes
3.3.1. Hunge Pa e ns
Hunge pa e ns we e e alua ed using a subjec i e ques ionnai e add essing hunge a meal imes, hunge a non-meal
imes, and pe cei ed adequacy o ood in ake (sel - epo ed and amily- epo ed). A baseline, 23 pa icipan s (76.7%)
epo ed an absence o hunge a meal imes, which dec eased ma kedly o 5 pa icipan s (16.7%) pos -in e en ion.
Con e sely, hunge a non-meal imes, which can indica e i egula appe i e, educed om 16 pa icipan s (53.3%) a
baseline o 8 (26.7%) a e ea men
Table 3 Hunge Pa e n Ques ionnai e
Ques ion
BT (YES)
AT (YES)
Hunge a meal imes
7 (23.3%)
25 (83.3%)
Hunge a non-meal imes
16 (53.3%)
8 (26.7%)
Family pe cei es adequa e in ake
5 (16.7%)
25 (83.3%)
Sel -pe cei es adequa e in ake
6 (20%)
25 (83.3%)
Figu e 1 Compa ison o Pa icipan Responses BT & AT
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. Family- epo ed pe cep ions o inadequa e ood in ake imp o ed signi ican ly, wi h only 5 pa icipan s (16.7%)
pe cei ed as ea ing inadequa ely pos -in e en ion compa ed o 25 (83.3%) a baseline. Simila ly, sel - epo ed
pe cep ions o inadequa e in ake d opped om 24 pa icipan s (80%) o 5 (16.7%) pos -in e en ion. These indings,
summa ized in Table 2 and Figu e 1, indica e ha Diges osap sy up no only enhanced hunge bu also no malized
hunge pa e ns, aligning appe i e wi h meal imes and imp o ing pe cei ed nu i ional adequacy.
3.3.2. Bowel Habi s
Bowel habi s we e assessed as egula o i egula based on pa icipan epo s. A baseline, 12 pa icipan s (40%)
exhibi ed i egula bowel habi s, cha ac e ized by inconsis en o in equen bowel mo emen s. Pos -in e en ion, 7 o
hese pa icipan s (58.3%) achie ed egula bowel habi s, esul ing in a o al o 25 pa icipan s (83.3%) wi h egula
bowel mo emen s. This imp o emen sugges s a posi i e e ec o Diges osap sy up on gas oin es inal mo ili y, likely
a ibu able o i s diges i e-s imulan ing edien s.
3.3.3. Sleep Quali y
Sleep quali y was e alua ed as ei he sound o dis u bed. A baseline, 14 pa icipan s (46.7%) epo ed dis u bed sleep,
which may be associa ed wi h diges i e discom o o poo nu i ional s a us. Pos -in e en ion, 7 o hese pa icipan s
(50%) epo ed sound sleep, inc easing he o al numbe o pa icipan s wi h sound sleep o 23 (76.7%). While his
imp o emen is no able, he modes change sugges s ha sleep quali y may be in luenced by ac o s beyond he scope
o his in e en ion, wa an ing u he explo a ion. The s udy de ails o Bowel habi s and Sleep quali y a e depic ed in
Figu e 2.
Figu e 2 P e & Pos In e en ion o Diges osap sy up w. . Bowel Habi s and Sleep Quali y
3.4. S ool Consis ency
S ool consis ency was assessed using he B is ol S ool Cha , which ca ego izes s ools in o Types 1–7 (Types 1–3:
cons ipa ed; Types 4–5: no mal; Types 6–7: loose). A baseline, 22 pa icipan s (73.3%) had cons ipa ed s ools (Types
1–3), indica i e o sluggish diges ion. Pos -in e en ion, his numbe dec eased o 8 pa icipan s (26.7%), wi h 22
pa icipan s (73.3%) achie ing no mal s ool consis ency (Types 4–5). No pa icipan s epo ed loose s ools (Types 6–
7) a ei he ime poin . These esul s, p esen ed in Table 3 and Figu e 3, highligh he sy up’s e icacy in imp o ing
diges i e unc ion and p omo ing op imal s ool o ma ion.
Table 4 B is ol S ool Cha
Type
BT
AT
1–3 (Cons ipa ed)
22 (73.3%)
8 (26.7%)
4–5 (No mal)
8 (26.7%)
22 (73.3%)
6–7 (Loose)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
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Figu e 3 B is ol S ool Cha
3.4.1. Sa e y Ou comes
No ad e se e en s, labo a o y abno mali ies, o in e cu en illnesses we e epo ed du ing he s udy. The absence o
sa e y conce ns, coupled wi h he use o escue medica ions (e.g., pi asamana o i echana d ugs) being unnecessa y,
suppo s he sa e y and ole abili y o Diges osap sy up in he s udy popula ion.
4. Discussion
This pilo s udy p o ides compelling p elimina y e idence ha Diges osap sy up, an Ayu edic he bal o mula ion,
signi ican ly enhances appe i e in indi iduals wi h poo appe i e. The p ima y ou come demons a ed a ema kable
57.3% inc ease in mean Nume ical Ra ing Scale (NRS) hunge sco es, om 4.87 ± 0.86 o 7.67 ± 1.32 (p < 0.001),
unde sco ing he sy up’s e icacy and consis en wi h Ayu edic p inciples o s imula ing Agni [7]. This imp o emen
was mi o ed in seconda y ou comes ela ed o hunge pa e ns, wi h 83.3% o pa icipan s epo ing hunge a meal
imes pos -in e en ion, compa ed o only 23.3% a baseline. These indings align wi h he adi ional Ayu edic use o
ama ind (Tama indus indica) and deepana d a yas (diges i e s imulan s) such as Saindha a ( ock sal ), Jee aka
(Cuminum cyminum), Ma icha (Pipe nig um), and Ja ipa i (My is ica ag ans mace), which a e known o kindle Agni
(diges i e i e) and p omo e appe i e. The synch oniza ion o hunge wi h meal imes sugges s ha Diges osap sy up
no only enhances appe i e bu also egula es hunge pa e ns o mee nu i ional demands, a c i ical ac o in
add essing malnu i ion and ela ed heal h challenges.
The seconda y ou comes u he highligh he sy up’s b oade impac on diges i e heal h. No ably, 58.3% o
pa icipan s wi h i egula bowel habi s a baseline achie ed egula bowel mo emen s pos -in e en ion, inc easing
he p opo ion o pa icipan s wi h egula habi s o 83.3%. Simila ly, s ool consis ency imp o ed signi ican ly, wi h
73.3% o pa icipan s achie ing no mal s ool ypes (B is ol S ool Cha Types 4–5) compa ed o only 26.7% a baseline.
These imp o emen s a e likely a ibu able o he syne gis ic e ec s o he sy up’s ing edien s, pa icula ly ama ind,
which is ecognized o i s mild laxa i e p ope ies, and deepana d a yas like Pippali (Pipe longum) and Shun i (Zingibe
o icinale), which enhance gas oin es inal mo ili y and diges ion [8]. Such indings sugges ha Diges osap sy up may
o e a holis ic app oach o diges i e heal h, add essing no only appe i e bu also bowel egula i y and s ool quali y,
which a e essen ial o nu ien abso p ion and o e all well-being.
The e ec on sleep quali y was less de ini i e, wi h 50% o pa icipan s epo ing dis u bed sleep a baseline achie ing
sound sleep pos -in e en ion [9]. This pa ial imp o emen may be indi ec ly linked o enhanced diges ion, as
gas oin es inal discom o is a known con ibu o o sleep dis u bances [10].
A key s eng h o his s udy is he absence o ad e se e en s, suppo ing he sa e y and ole abili y o Diges osap sy up
ac oss a di e se pa icipan g oup (aged 15–60 yea s), including hose wi h mild como bidi ies no co e ed by he
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exclusion c i e ia. The high compliance a e (100%) and lack o wi hd awals e lec he in e en ion’s accep abili y and
ease o adminis a ion, enhancing i s po en ial o clinical use.
In conclusion, his pilo s udy es ablishes Diges osap sy up as a p omising in e en ion o imp o ing appe i e and
suppo ing diges i e heal h, wi h signi ican e ec s on hunge , bowel habi s, and s ool consis ency. These indings pa e
he way o mo e igo ous ials o alida e and expand upon he cu en esul s, po en ially posi ioning Diges osap
sy up as a aluable ool in he managemen o poo appe i e and ela ed diges i e diso de s.
5. Conclusion
This pilo s udy p o ides obus p elimina y e idence ha Diges osap sy up, an Ayu edic he bal o mula ion,
signi ican ly enhances appe i e in indi iduals wi h poo appe i e, as demons a ed by a 57.3% inc ease in mean
Nume ical Ra ing Scale (NRS) hunge sco es (p < 0.001). Beyond i s p ima y e ec , he sy up exhibi ed p omising
seconda y bene i s, including he no maliza ion o hunge pa e ns in 83.3% o pa icipan s, egula iza ion o bowel
habi s in 58.3% o hose wi h i egula baseline pa e ns, and imp o emen in s ool consis ency, wi h 73.3% achie ing
op imal s ool ypes pos -in e en ion. These indings sugges ha Diges osap sy up o e s a holis ic app oach o
imp o ing diges i e heal h, add essing no only appe i e bu also ela ed gas oin es inal unc ions c i ical o nu i ional
well-being.
The absence o ad e se e en s h oughou he s udy unde sco es he sa e y and ole abili y o Diges osap sy up, e en
among a di e se pa icipan g oup aged 15–60 yea s. I s ease o adminis a ion, e idenced by 100% compliance, u he
enhances i s po en ial as a p ac ical in e en ion o clinical use. Roo ed in he ime- es ed Ayu edic p inciples o
Rasak iya kalpana and inco po a ing well-documen ed ing edien s like ama ind and deepana d a yas, he sy up aligns
adi ional wisdom wi h mode n he apeu ic needs.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s since ely hank D . D. Ramana han (Managing Di ec o ), D . Vignesh De a aj (Technical Di ec o ), and Sm .
Janani Ramana han (Di ec o ) o Si a am Ayu eda P . L d. o hei unwa e ing suppo and encou agemen . We also
ex end ou g a i ude o M . Sandeep V. R. (Chie Gene al Manage – Uni Head) o his aluable guidance h oughou he
s udy. The au ho s hank he s a a Si a am Ayu eda Special y Hospi al o hei suppo in pa icipan ec ui men
and da a collec ion, and he pa icipan s o hei coope a ion.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es . The unde had no ole in s udy design, da a collec ion, analysis, o
manusc ip p epa a ion.
S a emen o in o med consen
In o med consen was ob ained om all indi idual pa icipan s included in he s udy.
Funding
This s udy was unded by Si a am Ayu eda P i a e Limi ed, Th issu , Ke ala, India.
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