Co esponding au ho : Ha iyono
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Con amina ion o helmin h egg in aw ege ables om adi ional ma ke s in G esik,
Eas Ja a, Indonesia
Ha iyono 1, *, S i Pan ja Madyawa i 1, 2, Shi a Fauziyah 3, Teguh Ha i Sucip o 4 and Sin Wa Naw 5
1 School o Pos g adua e, Uni e si as Ai langga.
2 Facul y o Ve e ina y Medicine, Uni e si as Ai langga.
3Doc o al P og am o Medical Science, Facul y o Medicine, Uni e si as Ai langgas.
4 Ins i u e o T opical Disease, Uni e si as Ai langga, Mulyo ejo, 60115, Su abaya, Eas Ja a, Indonesia.
5 Depa men o Chemis y, Myi kyina Uni e si y. Myi kyina, Myanma .
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 509-514
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 11 Feb ua y 2025; e ised on 18 Ma ch 2025; accep ed on 20 Ma ch 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.0258
Abs ac
Soil- ansmi ed helmin h (STH) in ec ions pose a se ious h ea o public heal h since hey a e sp ead h ough
en i onmen al ecal con amina ion. One o he main ways ha in es inal pa asi es a e acqui ed is h ough he
consump ion o aw ege ables wi hou adequa e washing. Thus, his s udy aims o examine helmin h con amina ion o
aw ege ables which a e b ough om adi ional ma ke s in G esik Regency, Eas Ja a, Indonesia. Analy ical
obse a ional s udy wi h c oss sec ional design we e conduc ed o wo mon hs. A o al o 125 aw ege ables including
ca o , cabbage, le uce, po a o, mus a d, leek, spinach we e collec ed om adi ional ma ke in G esik, Eas Ja a,
Indonesia, be ween Sep embe and Oc obe 2023. The p e alence o STH eggs we e calcula ed by compa ing he
numbe o posi i e sample and he numbe o ege ables which examined. The p e alence o STH eggs in aw ege ables
collec ed om G esik Regency a e 17.6%. Spinach was he mos equen ly ege ables which con amina ed by helmin
egg (31.8%). Asca is egg was he mos equen ly helmin egg which con amina ed aw ege ables which collec ed om
adi ional ma ke s in G esik, Eas Ja a, Indonesia.
Keywo ds: Pa asi ic con amina ion; Helmin ; Vege ables; T opical disease
1. In oduc ion
F ui and ege ables we e included as die a y ecommenda ions due o he i s high le el o i amin, mine als, ibe , and
an ioxidan s. Daily in ake bo h o aw and cooked ege ables is an impo an die pa e n wo ldwide, due o he mic o-
nu ien s composi ion in each ege ables (Jolly, 2013). F ui s and ege ables a e high in i amins, ibe , and mine als
and ha e been shown o lowe he isk o ch onic disease and se e al o ms o cance (Sha ma, 2020). Due o he ich
sou ce o aluable elemen s including i amins, mine als, ibe , and an ioxidan p ope ies, ege ables a e conside ed
as c ucial pa s o he human die . Ea ing aw and cooked eggies on a daily basis p omo es human g ow h and
de elopmen and helps p e en a a ie y o disease (Aysha, 2017)
Vege ables ha ha e been hea ed, like many o he oods, p og essi ely lose componen s including i amins and
mine als ha a e good o human heal h. The quan i y and leng h o hea exposu e de e mine his loss. As a esul ,
ea ing aw eggies has gained popula i y as a way o li e a heal hy li es yle. Because he e a e se e al ha m ul bac e ia
ha can ain ege ables and endange public heal h, i is impo an o conside he sou ces o wa e and e ilize , as
well as he mo emen o people and animals in places whe e ege ables a e cul i a ed (E ez, 2022).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 509-514
510
Consuming ege ables wi hou washing hem p ope ly is hough o be a majo way ha pa asi ic diseases can sp ead
o people. I has been epo ed ha ea ing con amina ed ege ables may be a con ibu ing ac o o in es inal pa asi e
ou b eaks in de eloped o de eloping na ions (Sli ko, 2000). Vege ables ha we e no ho oughly cleaned could be a
sou ce o helmin h ansmission. This is because a me s use na u al e ilize s and sewage wa e o i iga e hei plan s
(Meg in, 2010). The likelihood o a con amina ion sou ce and he su i al o he pa asi e s ages ha ansmi disease
o humans a e bo h inc eased by he inc eased global demand o ood and he quick anspo a ion o ood, pa icula ly
so ui and ege ables (Sli ko, 2000). Foodbo ne pa asi e ou b eaks a e p edic ed o ha e a signi ican e ec on public
heal h, especially in ligh o he wo ld's g owing mea consump ion and he ealiza ion ha billions o people lack access
o clean wa e (Boi eau, 2015).
Inadequa e wa e supply in as uc u e, poo sani a ion, illi e acy, insu icien heal h se ices, and o e c owding ha e
all been associa ed wi h he equency o STHs (Olusola, 2013). Acco ding o Imalele e al., a signi ican amoun o human
exc emen is dumped in o he g ound in Calaba , Nige ia, pollu ing he soil wi h STH o a and la ae (Imalele e al.,
2021). Since he majo i y o STH in ec ions a e con ac ed by he ecal-o al ou e, in ec ion can also be acqui ed om
seconda y sou ces such as ood, wa e , ege ables, and ui s (Abe e al., 2019).
Helmin hiasis can be mild in bo h opical dan sub opical coun ies, going undiagnosed in some cases. As a esul , he
ue cos and impac o helmin hiasis a e g ea ly unde es ima ed. I p omp and e ec i e ea men is no ecei ed, bo h
asymp oma ic and symp oma ic cases de elop ch onic helmin hiasis (Dega ege, 2022). The elabo a ion o helmin h egg
in aw eg ables ha e been p e iously published, and showing a ious p e alence o hemin h egg. Hookwo m egg we e
commonly ound in aw ege ables (le uce pa sley, ca o s, g een onion, spinach, and so on) ha was collec ed om
A yonka ahisa , Tu key (E ez, 2022). The epidemiology o hookwo m in ec ion was epo ed in soil ha used human
eces as e ilize (Cen e s o Disease Con ol, 2023). The occu ence o helmin h o a in e ilize can pose a h ea o
human heal h, speci ically he possibili y o STHs sp eading.
A c oss-sec ional s udy was conduc ed on e ilize in he ma ke , and he esul s showed he posi i i y o helmin h o a,
which we e p edomina ed by T ichu is and Asca is eggs (Figu a e al., 2022). No only he helmin h o a, which we e
de ec ed in e ilize , bu also he helmin h la ae. Toxoca a sp. Also p esen in comme cial e ilize (Figu a e al., 2022).
Mos comme cially e ilized c ops show he p esence o T ichu is eggs, which can pose a signi ican heal h h ea (Else
e al., 2020). The o he epo om Nige ia shows ha Asca is spp. eggs we e ound in 300 samples o le uce, 250
samples o cabbage, 200 ga den eggs, 150 ca o s, 130 cucumbe s, and 100 g een peppe s ha we e analysed (Adamu,
2012). This s udy aims o examine helmin h con amina ion o aw ege ables which a e b ough om adi ional
ma ke s in G esik Regency
2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. S udy A ea
This s udy was ca ied ou in Kebomas and Ce me dis ic s as pa o G esik Residence, Eas Ja a, Indonesia. G esik
Regency is loca ed in he no hwes o Su abaya Ci y, which is he capi al o Eas Ja a P o ince, wi h an a ea o 1,191.25
km2 ha is di ided in o 18 dis ic s, 330 illages, and 26 sub-dis ic s. Geog aphically, G esik Regency is loca ed
be ween 112° o 113° Eas Longi ude and 7° o 8° Sou h La i ude and is a lowland wi h an al i ude o 2 o 12 me e s
abo e sea le el, excep o Panceng Dis ic , which has an al i ude o 25 me e s abo e sea le el.
G esik Regency is a coas al a ea ha ex ends om he dis ic s o Kebomas, G esik, Manya , Bungah, Sidayu,
Ujungpangkah, and Panceng, as well as he dis ic s o Sangkapu a and Tambak, which a e loca ed on Bawean Island.
G esik Regency is bo de ed o he no h by he Ja a Sea, o he eas by he Madu a S ai and Su abaya Ci y, o he sou h
by Sidoa jo Regency and Mojoke o Regency, and o he wes by Lamongan Regency. The geog aphical a ea o sampling
si e we e shown in Figu e 1.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 509-514
511
Figu e 1 The geog aphical mapping o sampling si e (G esik Regency)
Figu e 2 Rep esen a i es o helmin h egg con amina ion in aw ege ables collec ed om adi ional ma ke in
G esik, Eas Ja a, Indonesia. A 1, A 2, A 3: Asca is lumb icoides e ile egg, Tc1: T ichu is ichiu a egg, Hk1:
Hookwo m egg, O 1: Oxyu is e micula is egg
2.2. S udy Design
Analy ical obse a ional s udy wi h c oss sec ional design we e conduc ed o wo mon hs. A o al o 125 aw ege ables
including ca o , cabbage, le uce, po a o, mus a d, leek, spinach we e collec ed om adi ional ma ke in G esik, Eas
Ja a, Indonesia, be ween Sep embe and Oc obe 2023. Sampling si e we e choosen based on he numbe o ci izen in
hose dis ic s. Ce me and Mengan i we e ca ego ized as he c owded dis ic s in G esik Regency, Eas Ja a, Indonesia.
2.3. Sample Collec ion
A o al o 125 aw salad ege ables om many ypes including ca o , cabbage, le uce, g een onion, mus a d, po a o,
spinach, swee po a o, whi e mus a d we e pu chased om six adi ional ma ke s in G esik Regency, Eas Ja a,
Indonesia. The collec ed ege ables we e sealed by plas ic bags and labelled acco ding o he da e collec ion and
loca ion.
2.4. Resea ch P ocedu e
All o ege ables we e anspo ed o Pa asi ology Labo a o y o di ec examina ion o iden i y he occu ence o
helmin h eggs. A o al o 200 g am o each ege ables we e mixed wi h NaCl as saline solu ion, hen he solu ion om
hose mix u e we e d opped in o objec glass, ollowed by d opping eosin 2% as he s aining o helmin h egg.
Mic oscopical examina ion we e conduc ed by wo ained medical analys . The occu ence o helmin h egg we e
cap u ed and summa ized in o he Table 1. Iden i ica ion o egg mo phology we e done by ollowing he iden i ica ion
guidelines o mo phological egg o soil- ansmi ed helmin h by CDC.
2.5. Da a Analys
The p e alence o STH eggs om aw ege ables was calcula ed h ough his o mula:
• P e alence o STH eggs : Numbe o posi i e sample/ o al sample x 100%
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 509-514
512
Table 1 The dis ibu ion o helmin h eggs in aw ege ables collec ed om adi ional ma ke s in G esik, Eas Ja a,
Indonesia
No.
Vege ables
Numbe o
Samples
Hookwo m
spp eggs
Asca is
lumb icoides
T ichu is
ichiu a
Oxyu is
e micula is
To al
1.
Ca o
27
0
1
0
1
2 (9.09%)
2.
Cabbage
26
1
0
1
0
2 (9.09%)
3.
Le uce
10
0
1
0
3
4 (18.18%)
4.
G een Onion
21
0
1
1
1
3 (13.6%)
5.
Mus a d
15
0
0
0
0
0 (0%)
6.
Po a o
7
0
3
0
0
3 (13.6%)
7.
Spinach
11
0
2
3
2
7 (31.8%)
8.
Swee Po a o
7
0
1
0
0
1 (4.5%)
9.
Whi e Mus a d
1
0
0
0
0
0 (0%)
To al
125
1
9
5
7
3. Resul s
The de ail o egg mo phology we e shown below in Figu e 2. This igu e consis ing o many a ian s o helmin h egg,
including Asca is lumb icoides e ile, T ichu is ichiu a, Hookwo m, and Oxyu is e micula is.
Spinach was ound o be he mos equen ly con amina ed sample (31.8%), ollowed by le uce (18.18%), g een onion
and po a o (13.6%), ca o and cabbage (9.09%), and swee po a ao (4.5%). The e’s no helmin egg con amina ion in
mus a d and whi e mus a d (0%). Bo h o po a o and g een onion ha e he same pe cen age o helmin egg
con amina ion (13.6%). This also ound in ca o and cabbage ha showing he same pe cen age o helmin egg
con amina ion (9.09%). The dis ibu ion o helmin h eggs in aw ege ables collec ed om adi ional ma ke s in
G esik, Eas Ja a, Indonesia we e shown in Table 2 and Figu e 3.
Figu e 3 The dis ibu ion o helmin h eggs in aw ege ables collec ed om adi ional ma ke s in G esik, Eas Ja a,
Indonesia
Acco ding o he numbe o sample and he numbe o posi i e sample, ou s udy indica es ha he p e alence o STH
eggs we e 22/125 x 100% : 17.6%.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 509-514
513
4. Discussion
The epidemiology o hookwo m o a was epo ed in some p e ious s udies om o he coun ies, such as A ica. One-
hi d o p e-school child en show posi i i y o hookwo m in ec ion, ollowed by Asca is in ec ion and T ichu is
in ec ion. Hookwo m in ec ion also shows signi ican ou comes in in ec ed child en in A ica, such as anemia and, in he
wo s case, mo bidi y (B ooke ’* e al., 1999). Se e e anemia was epo edly he speci ic ou come o hookwo m
in ec ions. Howe e , o di e en ia e he speci ic species o hookwo m, molecula me hods should be used. The wo main
species o hookwo m ha esul ed in se e e anemia a e Neca o ame icanus and Ancylos oma duodenale (Clemen s &
Addis Alene, 2022). In e es ingly, he main ea men o hookwo m in ec ions didn’ need o know exac ly which species
we e in ec ed indi iduals (Mu ay e al., 2015). Ano he helmin h species, such as En e obius e micula is and
S ongyloides, was also de ec ed in was ewa e sludge. Su p isingly, i was no only helmin h eggs ha we e de ec ed
bu also p o ozoan cys s, such as En amoeba his oly ica and Gia dia (Sabbahi e al., 2022). The p esence o helmin h o a
in soil was caused by some en i onmen al ac o s, such as empe a u e, humidi y, and o he mic obes (Campos e al.,
2013).
Ou s udy shows ha he mos p edominan o aw ege ables which con amina ed by helmin egg was spinach
(31.8%).Due o i s dis inc nu i ional con en s, spinach (Spinacia ole acea L.), a da k g een lea y ege able, is widely
consumed wo ldwide and a membe o he Chenopodiaceae amily (Li e al., 2019). One o he na u ally en iched
ege ables ha is pa icula ly wo hy is spinach, which con ains a a ie y o phy onu ien s and bioac i e compounds
wi h bene icial biological p ope ies, such as lu ein, zeaxan hin, asco bic acid, la onoids, and polyphenols (Manzoo e
al., 2020; Salehi e al., 2019). The po en ial heal h bene i s o u ilizing echnological ad ancemen s in o mula ion o
p ese ing esh ege ables a e being explo ed in ela ion o he unc ional and heal h quali ies o spinach. Addi ionally,
spinach con ains a a ie y o ac i e ing edien s, including la onoids and o he polyphenolic ac i e ing edien
compounds ha wo k in conce o educe in lamma ion and boos an ioxidan le els (Chenping, 2016).
Some e o s o elimina e and p e en hookwo m in child en li ing in endemic a eas ha e been s udied; one o hem is
p o iding STHs d ugs in public places (Taylo -Robinson e al., 2019). Indonesia is one o he endemic coun ies o
helmin hiasis, and he helmin h in ec ion was classi ied as a neglec ed opical disease. Du ing he COVID-19 pandemic,
his disease didn’ ge much a en ion (Fauziyah e al., 2021). A s udy in no he n I an shows an asymp oma ic
indi idual ha was in ec ed by Neca o ame icanus acco ding o molecula examina ion (Sha i dini e al., n.d.).
Signi ican pa asi e loads, especially soil-bo ne pa asi es o aw ege ables and o age g own ou doo s in he ields as
well as on he mo he land eas o he Nile Del a in Egyp , we e epo ed. This should be a conce n, and he u gency o
implemen ing soil con ol measu es, especially in he p e-ha es pe iod o aw ege ables and g eens, is an impo an
s ep in educe he ansmission o pa asi es om soil o humans (Yahia e al., 2023a). Pa asi e con amina ion in soil was
no only epo ed in his s udy bu also in o he s udies. An assessmen o pa asi ic con amina ion om Ke ala, India,
shows he posi i i y o Asca is sp. om aw ege ables ha ha e mo phological s uc u e nea he soil, such as oma oes,
po a oes, ginge , ca o s, and bi oo (Sunil e al., 2014). The occu ence o STH eggs in he en i onmen is a sign o
animal o human ac i i y ha in ol es unhygienic p ac ices, including open de eca ion. STH equi es soil as he medium
o i s de elopmen (Sunil e al., 2014).
Recen in es iga ions o soil con amina ion wi h STH eggs ha e also been ca ied ou in he Philippines. A o al o 70%
o he soil samples aken om u al Sou he n Luzon owns we e posi i e o STH eggs. Fu he mo e, 31% o he soil
samples om u ban and u al egions o Sou he n Luzon we e posi i e o STH eggs (Palle & Babia-Abion, 2019). Soil
plays a c ucial ole in he ansmission o in es inal pa asi es o human and animal hos s. Soil may ge con amina ed as
a esul o he de imen al habi o disposing o he eces o in ec ed hos s ei he di ec ly in o he soil, which is a
signi ican sou ce o pa asi e con amina ion in g owing ege ables, o on o human hands (Yahia e al., 2023b). One o
he mos p e alen illnesses a ec ing he poo and a majo con ibu o o anemia and unde nu i ion in de eloping
na ions is human hookwo m in ec ion. Wo ldwide, an es ima ed 576 million indi iduals a e in ec ed, wi h sub-Saha an
A ica ha ing he highes a e o in ec ions, ollowed by Sou heas Asia, India, and he Ame icas (WHO, 2023).
Hookwo ms, which we e disco e ed in his in es iga ion, a e zoono ic pa asi es ha may in ec humans. The possibili y
o using un ea ed manu e and pollu ed wash wa e a e wo con empo a y a ming p ac ices ha bo h con en ional
and o ganic a ms u ilize. These ac i i ies ep esen se ious isks o addi ional pa asi e ansmission o people,
animals, and he en i onmen . Fa m p oduc consume s migh po en ially be in dange o illness. Helmin hiasis
in ec ion is a se ious public heal h h ea . Indi iduals wi h helmin h in ec ions can show a ious signs and symp oms.
People wi h mild STH in ec ions o en ha e no symp oms. Se ious in ec ions can cause a ange o heal h p oblems,
including abdominal pain, dia hea, blood and p o ein loss, ec al p olapse, and delayed physical and cogni i e
de elopmen (Cen e s o Disease Con ol and P e en ion, 2023).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 509-514
514
5. Conclusion
The p e alence o STH eggs in aw ege ables collec ed om G esik Regency a e 17.6%. Spinach was he mos
equen ly ege ables which con amina ed by helmin egg (31.8%). Asca is egg was he mos equen ly helmin egg
which con amina ed aw ege ables which collec ed om adi ional ma ke s in G esik, Eas Ja a, Indonesia.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
We would like o hanks o he adi ional ma ke om G esik which become esea ch si e in his s udy.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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