Biodi e si y Da a Jou nal 13: e163708
doi: 10.3897/BDJ.13.e163708
Resea ch A icle
Fac o s de e mining he su i al o mo ali y o
Nyc e eu es p ocyonoides (Canidae) escued by a
wildli e escue cen e: Is u banisa ion a h ea o
wildli e?
Bong Kyun Kim , Soo Hyung Eo
‡ Kongju Na ional Uni e si y, Yesan, Republic o Ko ea
§ Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Cen e , Yesan, Republic o Ko ea
Co esponding au ho : Soo Hyung Eo ([email protected] )
Academic edi o : K izle Tanalgo
Recei ed: 01 Jul 2025 | Accep ed: 30 Sep 2025 | Published: 06 Oc 2025
Ci a ion: Kim BK, Eo SH (2025) Fac o s de e mining he su i al o mo ali y o Nyc e eu es p ocyonoides
(Canidae) escued by a wildli e escue cen e: Is u banisa ion a h ea o wildli e? Biodi e si y Da a Jou nal 13:
e163708. h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/BDJ.13.e163708
Abs ac
E ec i e wildli e conse a ion equi es an unde s anding o species' ecological
cha ac e is ics and iden i ying su i al- h ea ening ac o s. Speci ically, mi iga ing
an h opogenic h ea s is impe a i e o wildli e acing human-wildli e con lic s, such as
accoon dogs (Nyc e eu es p ocyonoides). This s udy analysed da a collec ed o e 11
yea s on accoon dogs escued in Sou h Ko ea, ca ego ising 1,123 escue cases, based
on se en a iables. Fu he mo e, i examined he impac o hese a iables on inciden
equency and subsequen ou comes, including elease and mo ali y. In accoon dogs,
escue equency was highe in au umn, in males and in ju eniles, wi h inciden s
equen ly occu ing nea buildings o in ol ing pa asi ic in ec ions. Causes o dis ess
and iage we e iden i ied as key indica o s when e alua ing he elease po en ial o
escued accoon dogs. Addi ionally, he elease po en ial was ound o signi ican ly
dec ease when hey we e escued nea oads o buildings o had expe ienced collisions
wi h ehicles, highligh ing u banisa ion as a majo h ea o wildli e. This s udy p o ides
guidance o he p o ec ion and managemen o accoon dogs and suppo s he
e alua ion and imp o emen o wildli e escue, ea men and ehabili a ion e o s.
‡,§ ‡
© Kim B, Eo S. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (CC BY
4.0), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e
c edi ed.
Keywo ds
collision wi h ehicle, accoon dog, sa cop ic mange, iage, wildli e managemen , wildli e
ehabili a ion
In oduc ion
The Wildli e Rescue Cen e (WRC) escues wildli e exposed o a ious acciden s
esul ing om human ac i i ies and p o ides app op ia e ea men , managemen and
ehabili a ion o es o e hei heal h and acili a e hei e u n o sui able habi a s. These
ac i i ies con ibu e o he wel a e o indi idual wildli e and main enance o popula ions
(T ibe and B own 2000, Molina-López e al. 2017, Kim 2019, Cope e al. 2022).
Addi ionally, WRC analyses he acciden his o y o escued wildli e o iden i y h ea s o
species and popula ions, assesses he le els and ends o damage and collec s he
necessa y da a o mi iga e he isk o acciden s (Kim 2006, Kwok e al. 2021, Cope e al.
2022, Pahuja and Na ayan 2023). The collec ed da a can be used o e alua e ecosys em
heal h o es ablish p o ec ion s a egies o wildli e species and popula ions (Sleeman
and Cla k 2003, Molina-López e al. 2017). Based on he abo e, WRC is ecognised o
i s con ibu ion o wildli e p o ec ion, ecosys em conse a ion and biodi e si y
main enance (Rome o e al. 2019, Cope e al. 2022).
Rescued wildli e p o ides aluable biological and ecological in o ma ion (T ibe and
B own 2000), including species, sex, age, escue loca ion, causes o dis ess, condi ion,
ea men and managemen his o y (Molina-López and Da wich 2011, Kwok e al. 2021).
The collec ed in o ma ion and samples om escued wildli e can be u ilised o esea ch
in a ious ields such as e e ina y science, ecology, gene ics, molecula biology,
oxicology and pa hology (Clea eland e al. 2014). Fo example, e e ina y ea men and
managemen p o ocols o di e en ac u e ypes we e illus a ed h ough he case o a
escued la ge-billed c ow (Co us mac o hynchos Wagle , 1827) (Kim e al. 2024). DNA
analysis o escued ba s yielded he i s na ional eco d o a pa icolou ed ba (Vespe ilio
mu inus Linnaeus, 1758), a species no p e iously documen ed in he coun y (Kim e al.
2025). One s udy analysed he p esence o Wes Nile Vi us in ec ion in escued bi ds and
assessed he isk o disease eme gence and sp ead (López e al. 2010). Mo eo e ,
accu a e assessmen o inju y se e i y in escued wildli e has been ecognised as a key
ac o in p edic ing su i al p ospec s and his unde s anding has been used o es ablish
p ac ical s anda ds o ea men and managemen (Molony e al. 2007).
Unde s anding he causes, equency and isks o acciden s in ol ing escued wildli e
o e s impo an ad an ages (Kim 2006, Molina-López and Da wich 2011, Kim 2019,
Kwok e al. 2021). Rep esen a i e s udies include hose ha analyse he ou comes o
escued wildli e o examine ends ela ed o acciden s (Mon esdeoca e al. 2017) o
p esen he c i icali y o he inju ies in p edic ing su i al p ospec s (Molony e al. 2007).
Fu he mo e, hese da a can p o ide in o ma ion o p ac ical mi iga ion measu es
add essing he causes o acciden s and p o ide c ucial in o ma ion o enac ing o
e ising ele an ins i u ions and laws (Na ional Ins i u e o Ecology 2017, Minis y o
2Kim B, Eo S
Go e nmen Legisla ion 2024). Howe e , despi e g owing ecogni ion o he alue o da a
collec ed by WRCs, ela ed esea ch and u ilisa ion emain limi ed (Kwok e al. 2021).
Raccoon dog (Nyc e eu es p ocyonoides G ay, 1834) is he only species o he genus
Nyc e eu es wi hin he amily Canidae; i p ima ily inhabi s Eas Asia, being widely
dis ibu ed om eas e n Sibe ia and no he n Indochina o Cen al Eu ope (Jo e al. 2018
). In Ko ea, wi h he ex inc ion o canid species such as he g ey wol (Canis lupus) and
dhole (Cuon alpinus), he accoon dog emains he only ex an membe o he amily
Canidae excluding he ed ox (Vulpes ulpes), which is cu en ly unde es o a ion
p og ammes (Jo and Baccus 2015). Raccoon dogs, which ha e a b oad ange o habi a
p e e ences (Saeki e al. 2007), a e amongs he mos commonly obse ed wild
mammals in Ko ea (Choi and Pa k 2006). Howe e , wildli e habi a s ha e been
ex ensi ely los due o indus ialisa ion and u banisa ion (Ka zoǧlu 2008). Recen ly, he
inc eased equency o he species in u ban a eas has aised conce ns abou human-
wildli e con lic s, including c op damage, landscape des uc ion and con on a ions wi h
people o dogs du ing walks (Kim e al. 2024). U banisa ion and habi a educ ion ha e
inc eased con lic s be ween wildli e, including mammal species and humans, exposing
wildli e o a ious acciden s (Kim 2006, T e es e al. 2006). Gene ally, compa ed o
na u al en i onmen s such as o es s o i e s, u ban a eas wi h dense a i icial s uc u es
pose a highe isk o wildli e acciden s, such as collisions wi h ehicles, habi a
agmen a ion, isola ion in a i icial s uc u es and a acks by s ay dogs (Kim 2006, Kim
2019, Co onel-A ellano e al. 2021). Howe e , speci ic causes o dis ess in accoon
dogs emain la gely unknown. Thus a , collisions wi h ehicles ha e been ega ded as
he mos signi ican h ea , simila o pa e ns obse ed in o he mammal species (Choi
and Pa k 2006, Kim 2006, Kim 2019). The e o e, analysing he causes and le els o
acciden s in ol ing accoon dogs is u gen ly needed o de elop e ec i e p o ec ion and
managemen s a egies o policies.
This s udy examined 11 yea s (Janua y 2011 o Decembe 2022) o escue and
managemen e o s o accoon dogs om he Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Cen e in
Sou h Ko ea. The da a we e classi ied by yea , season, sex, age, en i onmen , causes o
dis ess and iage o examine he occu ence le els and elease o mo ali y s a us unde
di e en condi ions. Speci ically, we hypo hesised ha : (1) ehicle collisions, as epo ed
in o he mammals, would also ep esen he mos equen and le hal cause o mo ali y in
accoon dogs; (2) in o ma ion collec ed du ing escue, pa icula ly inju y le el, could
se e as eliable indica o s o assessing elease po en ial; and (3) acciden s associa ed
wi h u banisa ion, including buildings, oads and a i icial s uc u es, would di ec ly
inc ease inciden equency and mo ali y isk. By es ing hese hypo heses, his s udy
aimed o iden i y he majo h ea s o accoon dogs and p o ide a scien i ic basis o
de eloping e ec i e managemen and conse a ion s a egies ha p omo e co-exis ence
wi h humans.
Fac o s de e mining he su i al o mo ali y o Nyc e eu es p ocyonoides ... 3
Ma e ial and me hods
S udy a ea
The s udy a ea, Chungnam P o ince Sou h Ko ea (app oxima ely 36.52°N, 126.80°E),
co e ed app oxima ely 8,248 km² and was composed o 29.8% ag icul u al a ea, 49.2%
o es and 21% o he en i onmen s, including u ban and indus ial a eas (Ko ean
S a is ical In o ma ion Se ice 2023). I consis s o 15 ci ies and coun ies and land-use
pa e ns and popula ion densi y end o a y ac oss adminis a i e di isions. As o May
2023, he P o ince had a popula ion o app oxima ely 2.14 million (Ko ean S a is ical
In o ma ion Se ice 2025).
F equency o escues and a ec ing a iables
Be ween Janua y 2012 and Decembe 2022, he Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Cen e
in Sou h Ko ea escued 1,123 accoon dogs (Fig. 1). Da a ob ained om he escued
accoon dogs we e classi ied, based on six a iables: yea , season, sex, age,
en i onmen and causes o dis ess (Table 1) o de e mine how hese a iables a ec ed
acciden occu ence. The a iables used in he analysis we e selec ed, based on
p e ious s udies (Molony e al. 2007, Cope e al. 2022, Pahuja and Na ayan 2023). I is
wo h no ing ha body weigh was conside ed in he analysis, bu ul ima ely excluded.
Al hough body weigh can be an indica o o heal h, a ia ions in g ow h le els amongs
indi iduals may complica e analysis and in e p e a ion (Molony e al. 2007).
Va iable Va iable
ype
Desc ip ion
Yea Ca ego ical F om 2012 o 2022
Season Ca ego ical Sp ing (Ma –May), Summe (Jun–Aug), Au umn (Sep–No ), Win e (Dec–
Feb)
Sex Ca ego ical Male, Female, Unknown
Age Ca ego ical Adul , Sub adul , Ju enile, Unknown
En i onmen Ca ego ical Ag icul u al a ea, By buildings, Fo es , Road, Wa e bodies, O he s
Causes o dis ess Ca ego ical Six dis inc causes o dis ess and an "O he s” g oup (comp ising 15
addi ional causes)
T iage (Le el o
inju ies)
Ca ego ical Le el 1 (No mal), Le el 2 (Mild inju y), Le el 3 (Se e e inju y), Le el 4 (Ve y
se e e inju y)
Ou come Ca ego ical Dependen a iable: eleased o non- eleased
Fi s , we classi ied he da a by “Yea ” and “Season”, based on he da e he animal was
escued. Annual equencies we e analysed o ack empo al changes and ends.
Table 1.
Desc ip ion o he a iables used in he analysis o accoon dogs (Nyc e eu es p ocyonoides)
admi ed o Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Cen e .
4Kim B, Eo S
Mon hs we e classi ied in o ou seasons acco ding o he s a da es and du a ions as
de ined by he Ko ea Me eo ological Adminis a ion: sp ing (Ma ch–May), summe
(June–Augus ), au umn (Sep embe –No embe ) and win e (Decembe –Feb ua y).
Subsequen ly, he occu ence a es and ends o each season we e analysed.
The “sex” o he escued accoon dogs was de e mined by examining he en al side
and iden i ying he posi ion and shape o he geni alia (Pe e son 1988). Classi ica ion
was ma ked as unknown in cases whe e he geni alia we e damaged o in o ma ion was
missing, as sex de e mina ion was impossible.
“Age” was classi ied in o adul (o e one yea old), sub-adul (be ween six mon hs and
one yea old) and ju enile (unde six mon hs old). Indi iduals whose age could no be
de e mined due o physical damage o missing in o ma ion we e classi ied as unknown.
Age was assessed ia adiog aphic examina ion o de e mine he body size and cu en
s age o skele al de elopmen and po en ial o u he g ow h (Geige 2015, Roge s e al.
2021). We examined he closu e o g ow h pla es in ou limb bones: he hume us, ulna,
emu and ibia.
“En i onmen ” desc ibes a place whe e an animal was escued and is classi ied in o six
ypes: ag icul u al a ea, buildings, o es , oad, wa e bodies and o he s. "O he s" include
en i onmen s no co e ed by any o he ca ego ies, ansi ional en i onmen s due o
Figu e 1.
The s udy a ea in Chungcheongnam-do, Sou h Ko ea, whe e accoon dog escues we e
conduc ed, along wi h he ac ual loca ions whe e indi iduals we e escued (CNWARC:
Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Cen e ).
Fac o s de e mining he su i al o mo ali y o Nyc e eu es p ocyonoides ... 5
cons uc ion and mixed en i onmen s ha a e di icul o de ine, such as ou doo gol
cou ses o pa ks. The en i onmen was assessed by conside ing on-si e da a and
sa elli e images om Google Ea h P o ( e sion 7.3), e alua ing he ype ha occupied
he la ges a ea wi hin a 30 m adius and he cha ac e is ics o he en i onmen whe e he
acciden occu ed.
A o al o 20 “causes o dis ess” ela ed o he escue o accoon dogs we e iden i ied.
The i e mos equen causes we e pa asi ic in ec ions, collisions wi h ehicles,
o phaning and kidnapping, isola ion o a i icial s uc u es and en apmen . The
emaining 15 less equen causes we e included in he "o he s" ca ego y, making a o al
o six ca ego ies.
Rescue ou comes and in luencing a iables
The escued accoon dogs we e classi ied in o six ca ego ies a e ea men ,
ehabili a ion and o he managemen : elease, dead, dead on a i al (DOA), ca cass,
eu hanasia and in-ca e. The equency and p opo ion o each ca ego y we e examined.
C i e ia o each ca ego y we e as ollows: (1) Release, in which indi iduals we e
e u ned o he wild a e unde going ea men and ehabili a ion; (2) Dead, in which
indi iduals died du ing ea men and ehabili a ion p ocess; (3) DOA, in which
indi iduals died wi hin 24 hou s o being escued; (4) Ca cass, in which indi iduals we e
al eady deceased a he ime o admission; (5) Eu hanasia, in which indi iduals we e
humanely eu hanised due o easons such as disease diagnosis, i al in ec ion o an
un ea able condi ion; (6) In-ca e, in which indi iduals we e s ill unde going ea men o
being held long- e m o esea ch and educa ional pu poses.
To e alua e he likelihood o elease, he ca ego ies we e u he classi ied in o wo
ou comes: eleased and no eleased. The eleased g oup comp ised indi iduals who
e u ned o he wild, whe eas he non- eleased g oup included hose who died, we e
DOA o we e eu hanised. The emaining ou comes, ca cass and in-ca e, we e excluded
om his analysis as hey did no align o e alua e he ac o s a ec ing he elease o
escued accoon dogs.
Subsequen ly, we added “ iage” o he exis ing six a iables o de e mine how he se en
ac o s a ec ed he likelihood o eleasing escued animals (Table 1). T iage is a concep
designed o ca ego ise pa ien s, based on he se e i y o hei inju ies, assess ea men
po en ial and assign p io i y le els (Robe son-S eel 2006). In his s udy, inju ies we e
classi ied in o ou le els based on se e i y. Le el 1 (No mal), indica ing no appa en
inju y; Le el 2 (Mild inju y), such as mino auma wi hou weigh loss o closed ac u es;
Le el 3 (Se e e inju y), including open ac u es, in ec ed o mul iple ac u es and clea
signs o dehyd a ion and weigh loss; and Le el 4 (Ve y se e e inju y), in ol ing
neu ological diso de s, espi a o y impai men , ap- ela ed inju ies, blindness, pa alysis
o se e e s a a ion and exhaus ion.
6Kim B, Eo S
S a is ical analysis
Based on he in o ma ion collec ed om escued accoons, linea eg ession and chi-
squa e goodness-o - i es s we e conduc ed acco ding o he na u e o each a iable o
iden i y he le els and co ela ions o acciden occu ences ac oss a ious a iables.
Addi ionally, o e alua e he ac o s in luencing he ou comes — elease o in-ca e
mo ali y — o escued accoons, logis ic eg ession analyses we e pe o med using
ca ego ised a iables and he log-odds a ios (ORs) we e calcula ed. ORs, de i ed
h ough logis ic eg ession analysis, a e used o quan i a i ely assess he ex en o which
speci ic condi ions a ec ou comes (Molony e al. 2007). In his s udy, he calcula ed ORs
ep esen he likelihood o elease e sus in-ca e mo ali y o each condi ion. An odds
a io g ea e han one indica es ha animals in luenced by a gi en a iable a e mo e
likely o be eleased compa ed o hose in luenced by he e e ence ca ego y, while an
odds a io less han one indica es a highe likelihood o in-ca e mo ali y. One a iable
wi hin each ca ego y was se as he in e cep and ORs o he emaining a iables we e
compa ed ela i e o his e e ence o quan i a i ely assess he in luence o each ac o on
he ou come. All s a is ical analyses conduc ed in his s udy we e pe o med using R
so wa e ( e sion 4.3.3; R Co e Team (2024)).
Resul s
F equency o escues and a ec ing a iables
An analysis o 1,123 escued accoon dogs indica ed ha hey accoun ed o
app oxima ely 25.6% o all escued mammals du ing he same pe iod, ep esen ing he
second-highes p opo ion a e he wa e dee (Hyd opo es ine mis Swinhoe, 1870). The
annual numbe o escues inc eased om 73 in 2012 o 157 in 2022, wi h an a e age
annual inc ease o 12.8 indi iduals (Fig. 2, R² = 0.61, p < 0.01). Seasonal p opo ions
we e 24.4, 25.5, 32.3 and 17.8% (274, 286, 363 and 200 cases) in sp ing, summe ,
au umn and win e , espec i ely. The p opo ion o animals escued by sex was 48.3%
and 37.0% (542 and 416 cases) o males and emales, espec i ely. The p opo ions by
age we e 10.5, 16.8 and 25.6% (118, 189 and 288 cases) o adul s, subadul s and
ju eniles, espec i ely. Rescued indi iduals wi h unknown sex o age accoun ed o
14.7% and 47.0% (165 and 528 cases). Fo en i onmen als analysis, he highes
p opo ion was obse ed in buildings (54.1%, 608 cases), ollowed by ag icul u al land
(19.9%, 224 cases), oads (12.6%, 142 cases), o es s (8.2%, 92 cases), wa e bodies
(2.6%, 29 cases) and o he s (2.5%, 28 cases). Causes o dis ess analysis e ealed ha
pa asi ic in ec ions accoun ed o he highes p opo ion, a 60.9% (684 cases).
O phaning and kidnapping we e he second-mos equen causes (11.1%, 125 cases),
ollowed by collisions wi h ehicles (11.0%, 124 cases), isola ion in a i icial s uc u es
(5.3%, 59 cases), en apmen (4.6%, 52 cases) and o he s (7.0%, 79 cases).
Analysis o he incidence a es o dis ess causes, based on sex-con i med indi iduals,
iden i ied pa asi ic in ec ions as he leading cause in males, accoun ing o 62.4% (338
cases); o phaning/kidnapping as he second mos equen cause (12.4%, 67 cases),
Fac o s de e mining he su i al o mo ali y o Nyc e eu es p ocyonoides ... 7
ollowed by collision wi h ehicles (10.0%, 54 cases), en apmen (4.8%, 26 cases),
isola ion om a i icial s uc u es (3.7%, 20 cases) and o he s (6.8%, 37 cases). Amongs
he 416 emales, pa asi ic in ec ions we e he leading cause, accoun ing o 62.3% (n =
259). Collision wi h ehicles was he second mos equen cause (12.3%, 51 cases),
ollowed by o phaning/kidnapping (9.6%, 40 cases), en apmen (4.3%, 18 cases),
isola ion in a i icial s uc u es (3.6%, 15 cases) and o he causes (7.9%, 33 cases).
Analysis o he incidence a es o he causes o dis ess, based on age-con i med
indi iduals, iden i ied pa asi ic in ec ions as he leading cause o dis ess amongs adul s,
accoun ing o 49.2% (58 cases). Collision wi h ehicles was he second mos equen
cause (17.8%, 21 cases), ollowed by en apmen (12.7%, 15 cases), isola ion in a i icial
s uc u es (4.2%, 5 cases) and o he s (16.1%, 19 cases). Amongs sub-adul s, pa asi ic
in ec ions we e he leading cause, accoun ing o 75.1% (142 cases). The second mos
equen cause was collisions wi h ehicles (12.2%, 23 cases), ollowed by en apmen
(5.3%, 10 cases), isola ion in a i icial s uc u es (1.6%, 3 cases) and o he s (5.8%, 11
cases). Amongs ju eniles, pa asi ic in ec ions, o phaning and kidnapping we e iden i ied
as he leading causes, accoun ing o 34.4% (n = 99). The hi d mos equen cause was
collisions wi h ehicles (12.2%, 35 cases), ollowed by isola ion in a i icial s uc u es
(7.6%, 22 cases), en apmen (2.1%, 6 cases) and o he s (9.4%, 27 cases). The
equency o escues o each a iable is shown in Fig. 3.
Rescue ou comes and co ela ion o a iables
The analysis o ou comes o 1,123 escued accoon dogs e ealed ha elease
accoun ed o he highes p opo ion a 41.2%, ollowed by dead a 22.3%, DOA a 16.2%,
eu hanasia a 11%, ca cass a 8.5% and in-ca e a 0.8% as o 1 Janua y 2023.
Figu e 2.
Annual ends in he escue equency o accoon dogs om 2012 o 2022.
8Kim B, Eo S
The analysis o he likelihood o elease, based on seasons, showed ha , compa ed o
sp ing,
summe had a 2.69 imes highe likelihood o elease (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.88–3.85, p
< 0.001). In con as , he e we e no signi ican di e ences in he likelihood o elease
Figu e 3.
The equency and p opo ion o acciden s in ol ing accoon dogs we e assessed acco ding o
a ious a iables.
Fac o s de e mining he su i al o mo ali y o Nyc e eu es p ocyonoides ... 9
• Ko ean S a is ical In o ma ion Se ice (2023) Types o land co e . h ps://kosis.k /
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Accessed on: 2025-3-03.
• Ko ean S a is ical In o ma ion Se ice (2025) Popula ion by adminis a i e di ision (ci y/
coun y) and sex. h ps://kosis.k /s a H ml/s a H ml.do?sso=ok& e u nu l=h ps%3A%2
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