B ie ing Pape – No. 1
Decembe 2004
Digi al | Cu a ion | Cen e
[h p://www.dcc.ac.uk/]
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND
3. SCOPE OF FOI
4. FOI AND DIGITAL CURATION
5. FOI IN ACTION
6. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
7. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
1
1. INTRODUCTION
The F eedom o In o ma ion Ac 2000 (“ he Ac ”) was passed on 30 No embe
2000. I gi es a gene al igh o public access o all ypes o “ eco ded”
in o ma ion held by public au ho i ies, se s ou exemp ions om ha gene al
igh , and places a numbe o obliga ions on public au ho i ies.
2. BACKGROUND
F eedom o In o ma ion (“FOI”) is no a new idea. On an in e na ional le el, i
has exis ed on a o mal basis o a numbe o yea s in many o he coun ies -
in Sweden as a back as 1766. The EU cul u e also ends his way, o
example A icle 25 o he Ams e dam T ea y gi es ci izens a igh o access o
Eu opean Pa liamen , Council and Commission documen s and he Eu opean
Ombudsman wo ks o ensu e ha ci izens ha e he wides possible access o
in o ma ion ela ing o he Eu opean ins i u ions. In he UK he e has been a
signi ican mo emen owa ds making in o ma ion accessible esul ing in he
Labou pa y mani es o o 1997 con aining a numbe o cons i u ional e o ms
including he in oduc ion o a eedom o in o ma ion egime. The Ac which
has subsequen ly been in oduced se s ou o p omo e g ea e openness and
accoun abili y. I co e s a ound 100,000 public au ho i ies such as cen al
go e nmen , local go e nmen , u he and highe educa ion, he police and
he NHS.1
3. SCOPE OF FOI
3.1. Di e ences in ju isdic ions
Al hough he p inciple o FOI is b oadly simila in many coun ies i s
applica ion a ies wi h speci ic legisla ion. Wi hin he UK he e a e wo
sepa a e Ac s: The F eedom o In o ma ion Ac 2000 ( he Ac wi h which his
pape conce ns i sel ) and he F eedom o In o ma ion (Sco land) Ac 2002.
Fo u he in o ma ion on he applica ion o he Sco ish Ac please see he
Sco ish In o ma ion Commissione ’s si e a :
h p://www.i spublicknowledge.in o and o a summa y o he di e ences
be ween he Ac s see:
h p://www.i spublicknowledge.in o/compa a i e able.h m
3.2. Publica ion Scheme
Unde he Ac , public au ho i ies ha e wo main esponsibili ies. The i s is o
adop and main ain a publica ion scheme. This is a guide o he ypes o
in o ma ion ha he au ho i y ou inely publishes as well as he o ma in which
he in o ma ion is a ailable and any applicable cha ges. Such schemes should
ac as a ca alys o changing he cul u al a i udes o public au ho i ies by
encou aging p o-ac i e dissemina ion o in o ma ion.2 To his end he
schemes should no emain s a ic and o u u e amendmen s o he scheme i
is wo h conside ing expanding he ypes o in o ma ion included. The ad ice
o he In o ma ion Commissione (Richa d Thomas) is:
“The Ac is a ac o li e. Emb ace i posi i ely and exploi he bene i s o you
o ganisa ion. Do no s a by looking o exemp ions. Wo k ou how much
1 Pedley, An In oduc ion o F eedom o In o ma ion, F ee Pin epo , p 5
2
2 Ibid p 7
in o ma ion you can disclose wi hou wai ing o be asked. A ich publica ion
scheme unde he Ac is he bes way o a oid p oblems wi h indi idual
eques s.”3
3.3. Reques s o In o ma ion
The second main esponsibili y o public au ho i ies unde he Ac is o
espond o eques s o in o ma ion. This comes in o o ce on 1 Janua y
2005. The applican eques ing he in o ma ion can be an indi idual o an
o ganisa ion om anywhe e and does no ha e o be he subjec o he
in o ma ion o be a ec ed by i s holding o use. I is an icipa ed, based on
expe ience in o he coun ies wi h simila FOI legisla ion, ha he indi idual
eques p ocedu e is likely o be widely used by he media.
Reques s o in o ma ion made unde he Ac mus be in w i ing, which
includes elec onic communica ions. In excep ional ci cums ances, whe e he
applican is no able o ame hei eques in w i ing, he public au ho i y may
o e o ake a no e o he eques o e he elephone and hen send he no e
o he applican o con i ma ion. Applican s will no be equi ed o men ion
he Ac . In esponding o a eques o in o ma ion, au ho i ies will be obliged
o p o ide in o ma ion eco ded bo h be o e and a e he Ac was passed, as
i has e ospec i e e ec . In he case o uni e si ies his could in ol e
eco ds ha a e hund eds o yea s old.
Reques s mus be deal wi h p omp ly wi hin a maximum ime ame o 20
wo king days.4 Mo e de ail in ela ion o desi able p ac ice when dealing wi h
eques s can be ound in he Code o P ac ice issued by he Lo d Chancello
on he discha ge o public au ho i ies’ unc ions unde Pa I o he Ac (as
equi ed by s45 o he Ac ). This co e s; he p o ision o ad ice and
assis ance by public au ho i ies o any applican seeking in o ma ion, he
ans e o eques s by one public au ho i y o ano he public au ho i y who
may hold he in o ma ion, consul a ion wi h anyone o whom he in o ma ion
ela es o hose likely o be a ec ed by a disclosu e o in o ma ion and he
p o ision o a complain s p ocedu e.5
The Ac s a es ha a public au ho i y is no obliged o comply wi h “ exa ious
o epea ed eques s” bu does no de ine “ exa ious”.6 The Ac also p o ides
ha an au ho i y is no obliged o comply in he case o eques s whe e he
es ima ed cos s o doing so would exceed “ he app op ia e limi ”. In
ci cums ances whe e a numbe o eques s a e ecei ed om indi iduals who
appea o be ac ing in conce in pu suance o a campaign, he au ho i y may
be exemp om supplying in o ma ion on he basis ha he o al cos s
in ol ed exceed such a limi . This is expanded on in he s45 Code o P ac ice
3 O ice o he In o ma ion Commissione News Release 14 h May 2003
4 The e a e excep ions o his ule, o e.g. whe e u he in o is equi ed by he public
au ho i y om he eques e o whe e a cha ge is le ied and he public au ho i y is wai ing o
paymen .
5 h p://www.dca.go .uk/ oi/codepa unc.h m
3
6 F eedom O In o ma ion Ac 2000 (FOIA) s 14. Fo a discussion o wha is mean by
“ exa ious” see he JISCmail F eedom o In o ma ion a chi es on he s and “examples o
exa ious eques s?”
whe e i is use ully p o ided ha he au ho i y may conside i he in o ma ion
is such ha publica ion on he au ho i y's websi e, and a b ie no i ica ion o
he websi e e e ence o each applican , would b ing he cos wi hin he
app op ia e limi .
3.4. Exemp ions
Al hough he e is an o e whelming p esump ion in a ou o compliance wi h
he supply o in o ma ion he e a e 23 possible exemp ions and hese all in o
wo ca ego ies: hose which a e absolu e and hose which a e quali ied.
Examples o absolu e exemp ions a e:
- in o ma ion o he wise accessible (s21) (i.e. in a publica ion scheme)
- disclosu es esul ing in ac ionable b eaches o con idence (s41)
- pe sonal da a ela ing o he applican (s40) ( his is whe e FOI
c osses o e wi h da a p o ec ion)
Absolu e exemp ions a e cases whe e he igh o know is wholly disapplied.
When applying hese he e is no u he quali ica ion p ocedu e o he han
i ing wi hin he wo ding o he exemp ion i sel .
Examples o quali ied exemp ions a e:
- in o ma ion in ended o u u e publica ion (s22) (may include
uni e si y esea ch p og amme)
- ade sec e s/comme cial in e es s (s43) (no as wide as may seem)
- dange o an indi idual’s men al heal h o sa e y (s38)
In oking his ca ego y is a wo-s age p ocedu e in which he au ho i y mus
i s decide whe he he exemp ion applies and hen conside whe he he e is
a g ea e public in e es in p o iding he in o ma ion o he applican han in
main aining he exemp ion. I is impo an o emembe when applying he
public in e es es ha i is no some hing “o in e es o he public” bu
some hing “in he in e es o he public”. The In o ma ion Commissione ’s
guidance on how o apply he public in e es es can be ound a :
h p://www.in o ma ioncommissione .go .uk/cms/Documen Uploads/AG%203
%20-%20Pub%20In %20 e o m.pd
In ce ain ins ances he au ho i y may also ha e o conside whe he
disclosu e o in o ma ion would be likely o p ejudice ce ain speci ied
in e es s, ( his is o en called he “ha m es ”)7 o example he in e es o he
UK ab oad o law en o cemen . The Home Sec e a y has said ha he ha m
should be “ eal, ac ual o o subs ance.”
Commen a o s sugges ha i is likely ha he exemp ions will be a
con o e sial a ea so i is ad isable o ea any use o hem wi h ca e. In
p epa a ion o he ull implemen a ion o he Ac public au ho i ies should
conside spending ime on iden i ying hose exemp ions which a e likely o be
4
7 No e ha his is one o he di e ences be ween he UK and Sco ish Ac s. The Sco ish Ac
equi es ha disclosu e would “subs an ially p ejudice” as opposed o “p ejudice”.
o ele ance o hem and de eloping gene al policies ega ding when o ely
upon exemp ions and when o disclose in he public in e es .
3.5. Re usal No ices
I a public au ho i y e uses o disclose he in o ma ion ha has been
eques ed hey mus no mally disclose ha he in o ma ion is held and s a e
ha an exemp ion is claimed. They mus u he iden i y he applicable
exemp ion and no mally why i applies and i hey a e elying on a quali ied
exemp ion s a e he eason why public in e es a ou s non-disclosu e. Then
hey mus in o m he applican o he igh o apply o hem o seek e iew and
he p ocedu e o escala ion o he complain o he In o ma ion
Commissione .
3.6. Cha ges
I is impo an no o con use he cha ges o ma e ial a ailable h ough a
publica ion scheme wi h hose ela ing o eques s o in o ma ion.
The publica ion scheme should s a e wha in o ma ion is ee o cha ge and
wha is cha geable. Tha said, i should no s a e wha he ac ual cha ges a e
because all modi ica ions o a publica ion scheme need o be app o ed by he
In o ma ion Commissione so i is simple o e e o a schedule o cha ges
which can be changed wi hou he app o al o he Commissione . The e a e
no p o isions ela ing o he cha ges ha may be le ied unde a publica ion
scheme howe e he le el o he cha ges should be compa ible wi h he
p inciple o p omo ing access o in o ma ion held by public au ho i ies.
Cha ges may also a y in acco dance wi h he o ma in which he in o ma ion
is supplied.
Cha ges o eques s o in o ma ion will be made in acco dance wi h
Go e nmen egula ions. Ini ial d a ees egula ions o eques s we e
ecen ly abandoned and he Gua dian epo ed on 21 Sep embe ha Tony
Blai had ag eed o sc ap mos o he ees le ied o making use o he Ac as
pa o an e o o egain disillusioned libe al o e s a he nex gene al
elec ion.8 While he Sec e a y o S a e o Cons i u ional A ai s, Lo d
Falcone , ga e u he de ail on his in Oc obe , many au ho i ies a e s ill
la gely le in he da k in e ms o unde s anding how he cha ging scheme will
ope a e and a e he e o e unable o p og ess wi h planning in his a ea. See
below a page 10 o mo e on his.
3.7. O ences
Whe e a alid eques o in o ma ion is made o a public au ho i y unde he
Ac a pe son is guil y o a c iminal o ence i he “al e s, de aces, blocks,
e ases, des oys o conceals any eco d held by he public au ho i y, wi h he
in en ion o p e en ing he disclosu e by he au ho i y o all, o any pa , o he
in o ma ion o he communica ion o which he applican would ha e been
en i led.”9 A pe son guil y o his o ence is liable o a ine o up o £5000 (a
cu en a es).
8 h p://www.gua dian.co.uk/gua dianpoli ics/s o y/0,,1309064,00.h ml
5
9 FOIA s 77(1)
I a pe son in en ionally obs uc s o ails o assis in he execu ion o a
wa an o he In o ma ion Commissione hey a e also guil y o a c iminal
o ence10.
4. FOI AND DIGITAL CURATION
4.1. The Digi al Pe spec i e
Unlike he Da a P o ec ion Ac 1998 (“ he DPA”) FOI legisla ion co e s all
in o ma ion “held” ega dless o he o m in which i is eco ded. As such, he
ac ha in o ma ion is held digi ally is i ele an . Howe e , he digi isa ion o
da a can impac FOI obliga ions; bo h posi i ely and nega i ely. On he
posi i e side, digi isa ion has made i easie o gene a e, e ain and loca e
inc easingly la ge amoun s o da a. I should be no ed ha his elec onic
in o ma ion mus be accompanied by comple e and accu a e me ada a and
s o ed using sound eco ds managemen and a chi al p ac ices o ensu e
e icien e ie al o in o ma ion o mee FOI eques s. On a less posi i e no e,
he du abili y o digi al objec s is es ic ed by he limi a ions o s o age media
and he apid change in ha dwa e and so wa e echnologies. Wi hou he
implemen a ion o eliable digi al cu a ion and p ese a ion p ac ices, he e is
a g ea isk ha his digi al in o ma ion will no be accessible o assis in
mee ing FOI eques s.11 P oblems may also a ise in ela ion o he e ec i e
disposal o digi al eco ds as u he endi ions o he same eco d may be
p ese ed e en i he “o iginal” has been des oyed in good ai h.12
4.2. Cu a ion/Reco ds Managemen
“Any eedom o in o ma ion legisla ion is only as good as he quali y o he
eco ds o which i p o ides access. Such igh s a e o li le use i eliable
eco ds a e no c ea ed in he i s place, i hey canno be ound when needed
o i he a angemen s o hei e en ual a chi ing o des uc ion a e
inadequa e.”13
Good eco ds managemen acili a es compliance wi h he Ac . Public
au ho i ies should ollow an ag eed e en ion schedule so ha ime expi ed
in o ma ion is emo ed and des oyed and does no become pa o he
ins i u ional a chi e. Fo some eco ds he e will be s a u o y limi a ions
go e ning he ime he in o ma ion should emain a ailable and o o he s
he e will be equi emen s imposed by he ins i u ion o ex e nal agencies. A
Code o P ac ice on he Managemen o Reco ds has been issued by he Lo d
Chancello unde sec ion 46 o he Ac , which p o ides guidance o all public
au ho i ies as o he p ac ice which i would, in he opinion o he Lo d
Chancello , be desi able o hem o ollow in connec ion wi h he discha ge o
hei unc ions unde he Ac .14 Howe e his is a high le el documen and o
10 FOIA Schedule 3, pa a 12
11 Cu all, Johnson, Johns on, Moss and Richmond “No Going Back?”, The inal epo o he
E ec i e Reco ds Managemen P ojec , p 57
12 Ibid p 25
13 Fo ewo d, Pa a iii, Lo d Chancello ’s Code o P ac ice on he Managemen o Reco ds
6
14 h p://www.dca.go .uk/ oi/codeman ec.h m
u he assis ance wi h compliance see he de ailed model ac ion plans d awn
up by he Na ional A chi es15 and he JISC guidance o HE/FE Ins i u ions.16
Poo eco ds managemen is no in i sel a b each o he Ac , howe e he Ac
se s ou s ic ime ables o compliance wi h a eques o in o ma ion and
asse s ha all eco ded in o ma ion held, whe e e i is loca ed, is po en ially
disclosable. I poo eco ds managemen esul s in hese equi emen s no
being me , i will cons i u e a b each o he Ac and he In o ma ion
Commissione may conside using his en o cemen powe s.
HE o ganisa ions may ind hey ha e di icul y in his a ea as eco ds
managemen and a chi ing a e likely o ha e had a low p o ile be o e he
in oduc ion o his legisla ion. While da a p o ec ion legisla ion was
in oduced a numbe o yea s ago his was o en seen as a echnology issue
based p incipally on cen al sys ems. In con as , FOI is a wide anging and
mul i ace ed equi emen which is ele an a all le els o he o ganisa ion. I
is he e o e mo e dependen on ins i u ion-wide cul u al change o ensu e
compliance. In addi ion, pa icula ly in he la ge ins i u ions, he di e si y o
eco ds managemen p ac ice is likely o cause p oblems.
A ques ion o ask is whe he he e is a ension be ween he p ese a ion o
da a en isaged by he DCC on he one hand and he ad ice o des oy ce ain
documen s o educe FOI obliga ions on he o he ? 17 Al e na i ely, is he
e alua ion o da a an inhe en pa o he cu a ion p ocess which he e o e
assis s wi h he e en ion/disposal policy? I is clea ha in he ligh o he
in oduc ion o FOI in o he UK a c ucial pa o any mode n day cu a ion
sys em would be he e alua ion o da a o asce ain whe he i can be
des oyed he eby managing and educing FOI obliga ions.18
5. FOI IN ACTION
5.1. Di icul ies o Public Au ho i ies
“The F eedom o In o ma ion Ac is he Taj Mahal o he Doc ine o
Unan icipa ed Consequences, he Sis ine Chapel o Cos -Bene i Analysis
Igno ed.” 19
The e will ine i ably be some di icul ies in ol ed in e ec i ely complying wi h
he Ac . A well-es ablished cul u e o sec ecy may be a ba ie in some
au ho i ies and he “cul u e o ine ia” has been s a ed as a g ea e h ea in
o he s.20 Lack o p ope aining will also be an obs acle as i is no only he
FOI o ice s who need o know abou FOI bu employees a all le els o he
ins i u ion. I is impo an ha hese people know how o ecognise a eques
15 h p://www.na ionala chi es.go .uk/policy/ oi/
16 h p://www.jisc.ac.uk/index.c m?name= epo s_modelac ion
17 See h p://www. imesonline.co.uk/p in F iendly/0,,2-523-1280239,00.h ml which sugges s
ha councils a e des oying iles o hwa access p o isions and a oid emba assmen .
18 Fo ano he iew o FOI (and o he in o ma ion access legisla ion) in a digi al p ese a ion
con ex , see h p://www.dpconline.o g/docs/guides/ou sou cing.pd
19 An onin Scalia, a US Sup eme Cou Associa e Jus ice since 1986, alking abou he US
Ac . He is conside ed by many o be one o he mo e conse a i e judges o he cu en
cou .
7
20 Lo d Williams o Mos yn. See h p://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_poli ics/381214.s m
and whom o in o m o ale . Ensu ing ha s a ha e his knowledge may be
a cos ly and ime-consuming ask. This ela es o a u he obs acle o many
which is lack o esou ces bo h in e ms o employees’ ime alloca ion and
unding o he necessa y aining. Finally, poo in o ma ion managemen is a
p oblem common o many public au ho i ies, which means ha e en i hey
ins i u e good p ac ice now he e may be p oblems wi h loca ing and
e alua ing e ospec i e eco ds. See abo e a page 5 o he impo ance o
eco ds managemen .
Ce ain challenges a e mo e speci ic o HE o ganisa ions. These may include
enqui y ou ing p oblems caused by an ins i u ion’s highly de ol ed s uc u e.
Simila ou ing p oblems may also esul om he ac ha he e can be
signi ican di e si y o ac i i ies wi hin an ins i u ion meaning ha no all pa s
o he o ganisa ion know who deals wi h wha o whe e o ind a ele an
pe son. HE o ganisa ions may also ind hemsel es gi ing inconsis en o
con adic o y esponses o applican s because he pe son p o iding he
esponse is no awa e o he ull pic u e. P oblems may also a ise as a esul
o di e si y o p ac ice in in o ma ion managemen , web in o ma ion, IT sys em
use and eco ds managemen p ac ice.
5.2. Legisla i e In e play
FOI legisla ion will ha e an impac on a numbe o o he legisla i e a eas such
as copy igh , da a p o ec ion, con iden ial in o ma ion, human igh s, na ional
secu i y, en i onmen al ma e s and public eco ds. We will look a how i
in e ac s wi h copy igh and da a p o ec ion law.
5.2.1. Copy igh and FOI
The Ac does no make explici e e ence o any in ellec ual p ope y igh bu
ne e heless he e a e implica ions. Amongs hese is he in e ac ion be ween
copy igh and FOI. Public au ho i ies a e equi ed o make a ailable all o he
in o ma ion ha hey possess no me ely all o he in o ma ion ha hey
c ea e. I ollows ha a public au ho i y will no necessa ily own he copy igh
in all o he in o ma ion ha i makes a ailable. The pe cei ed isk is ha in
complying wi h an FOI eques an au ho i y may in inge a copy igh held by a
hi d pa y in he disclosed eco ds. Howe e eassu ance has been gi en21
ha such disclosu e will no be a b each o he Copy igh , Designs and
Pa en s Ac 1988 (“CPDA”) as he e is a s a u o y de ence o in ingemen a
s50 o he CDPA whe e he publica ion o he ma e ial is speci ically
au ho ised by an Ac o Pa liamen .22 The ele an issue is ha he ecipien
o he in o ma ion is no ee o ep oduce he ma e ial in ways ha would
b each he igh s o he copy igh holde o ha ma e ial. I is he e o e
ad isable o he public au ho i y o include a gene al copy igh s a emen a
21 F eedom o In o ma ion and In ellec ual P ope y Righ s, JISC Legal In o ma ion Se ice
and Dundas & Wilson No e, 20 Sep embe 2004 and
h p://www. oi.go .uk/guidance/p oguide/chap08.h m
8
22 The e has been some deba e o e how his would apply o he Sco ish FOI Ac . This
should be esol ed by he in oduc ion o he F eedom o In o ma ion (Sco land) Ac 2002
(Consequen ial Modi ica ions) O de 2004, a d a o which was laid be o e he UK Pa liamen
on 12 Oc obe . Subjec o he a i ma i e p ocedu e a Wes mins e and he app o al o he
P i y Council his will ex end he applica ion o s50 o he CDPA o he Sco ish FOI Ac .
he head o a publica ion scheme and in any esponse o a eques o
in o ma ion which s a es ha mos o he in o ma ion made a ailable is subjec
o copy igh p o ec ion and ha he supply o documen s unde FOI does no
gi e he pe son who ecei es he in o ma ion an au oma ic he igh o e-use
he documen s wi hou ob aining he consen o he copy igh holde .
Pe mission o e-use copy igh in o ma ion is gene ally g an ed in he o m o
a licence. HMSO ha e p oduced a use ul guide on hese issues.23
5.2.2. Da a P o ec ion and FOI
Da a p o ec ion and FOI bo h ela e o in o ma ion policy and hey come
oge he a he poin whe e pe sonal in o ma ion is conside ed o disclosu e.
A single o ice o In o ma ion Commissione has been c ea ed which has
o e sigh o bo h egimes and is esponsible o ensu ing he espec o he
p i a e li es o indi iduals whils also encou aging open and accoun able
public au ho i ies. By gi ing he In o ma ion Commissione esponsibili y o
bo h o hese a eas he Go e nmen hopes ha he/she will be able o p o ide
an in eg a ed, cohe en app oach o good p ac ice b inging oge he he
di e en s ands o in o ma ion handling co e ed by bo h egimes. How he
in e ac ion be ween he wo egimes will de elop in he u u e is, as ye ,
un es ed.
I is necessa y o uphold he igh s c ea ed unde he DPA when conside ing
an enqui y unde he Ac so ha he igh s o p i acy a e no comp omised.
To his end in o ma ion conce ning iden i ied (o iden i iable) indi iduals
should be ea ed wi h cau ion.
The Ac exemp s mos “pe sonal da a” om he FOI egime. I also makes a
numbe o amendmen s o he DPA. One o he mos signi ican is ha he
de ini ion o “da a” is ex ended, as a as public au ho i ies a e conce ned, o
co e all pe sonal da a held, which includes “s uc u ed” and “uns uc u ed”
manual eco ds.
The main di e ences be ween he wo egimes a e:
• The access ees – in he case o da a p o ec ion he ee is up o £10.
The e will be no cha ge o FOI eques s which cos public au ho i ies
less han £450 o adminis e (£600 in he case o Go e nmen
depa men s) as discussed below a page 9;
• The ime limi o esponding o eques s - o da a p o ec ion i is 40
calenda days24 bu o FOI i is 20 wo king days;
• The exemp ions om disclosing. (The e a e cons ain s on emba king
on a idying up exe cise because he DPA implemen s an EC Di ec i e
whe eas he Ac does no .)
The DCC will p oduce a b ie ing pape on da a p o ec ion.
5.3. Implica ions o Business
23 h p://www.hmso.go .uk/copy igh /guidance/gn_19.h m
9
24 O 15 school days o school eco ds and 7 wo king days o c edi eco ds.
