Co esponding au ho : Oguzhan Ya uz BAYRAKTAR
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Compa ison o Pb, Cd, Zn and C con en o some mine al conc e e admix u es
Oguzhan Ya uz BAYRAKTAR 1, *, Aydin TURKYILMAZ 2, Kaan ISINKARALAR 2 and Gokhan KAPLAN 3
1 Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing and A chi ec u e, Kas amonu Uni e si y, Tü kiye.
2 Depa men o En i onmen al Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing and A chi ec u e, Kas amonu Uni e si y, Tü kiye.
3 Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing, A a ü k Uni e si y, Tü kiye.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 594-600
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 14 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 03 May 2025; accep ed on 05 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1700
Abs ac
Today, he demand o u ban a eas due o popula ion g ow h wo ldwide and mig a ion om u al o u ban a eas
inc eases he need o new esiden ial a eas and new housing cons uc ion. This need also inc eases he demand o
conc e e, which is an impo an aw ma e ial especially in he building sec o and cons i u es a signi ican po ion o
cons uc ion inpu cos s. The e o e, s udies on he use o a ious en i onmen al was es as conc e e admix u es in o de
o bo h educe he cos o conc e e and o dispose o en i onmen al was es a e gaining impo ance and many s udies
ha e been conduc ed on he subjec in ecen yea s. Howe e , he lack o su icien da a on he chemical s uc u e o
conc e e admix u es leads o a lack o in o ma ion on he en i onmen al impac s o cons uc ion ac i i ies as well as
he heal h o people wo king in he sec o . Fo hese easons, his s udy aimed o de e mine and compa e he Pb, C , Cd
and Zn con en s o some ma e ials used as conc e e admix u es. As a esul o he s udy, i was de e mined ha hese
hea y me al con en s can a y signi ican ly on a ma e ial basis and can each up o 37.36 ppm o Pb, 103.67 ppm o
C , 446.18 ppm o Zn and 444.85 ppm o Cd. This esul shows ha wo ke s in he sec o wo king wi h hese ma e ials
may ace se ious heal h p oblems. The e o e, i is necessa y o ake p ecau ions by p o iding he necessa y awa eness.
Keywo ds: Conc e e; Admix u e; Chemical Con en ; Hea y me al
1. In oduc ion
Bo h inc easing popula ion and mig a ion om u al o u ban a eas necessi a e he c ea ion o new esiden ial a eas in
u ban cen e s and he e o e he cons uc ion o new buildings [1-3]. Conc e e is he basic building block o mos o he
high- ise buildings designed o accommoda e mo e people pe uni a ea. Conc e e, which is o med by combining
cemen , agg ega e, wa e and some addi i es when necessa y, is used in a wide a ie y o s uc u es in ou age [4-6].
Conc e e is used so in ensi ely oday ha i is s a ed o be he mos consumed building ma e ial in he wo ld a e wa e
[7-9].
The e o e, conc e e, which is used in such la ge quan i ies, causes he esou ces used as aw ma e ials o be ex ac ed
om unde g ound deposi s and eleased in o he na u e, some imes o e a long pe iod o ime. Conside ing how many
buildings a e being cons uc ed and how many o hem ha e a li espan limi ed o 20-30 yea s, i will be be e
unde s ood how big a ole he cons uc ion indus y plays in he cycle o many elemen s and how much aw ma e ials
i equi es. In ac , conc e e p oduc ion uses abou 18% o he global annual indus ial wa e use. In addi ion, i is s a ed
ha app oxima ely 10% o global ca bon dioxide (CO2) emissions a e caused by cemen p oduc ion, which is he
p ima y ma e ial o conc e e p oduc ion [10-16].
Especially in cons uc ion ac i i ies in u ban cen e s, he amoun o pa icula e ma e in he ai is signi ican ly a ec ed
and inc eased du ing bo h cons uc ion and demoli ion phases [17]. The chemical s uc u e o hese pa icula e ma e
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 594-600
595
also a ec s en i onmen al pollu ion. En i onmen al pollu ion, and especially ai pollu ion, is shown as one o he mos
impo an global p oblems in he cu en cen u y [17-26]. I is s a ed ha ai pollu ion has eached a dimension ha
will a ec e en he mos emo e ecosys ems [27-29], and especially h ea ens human li e se iously. In ac , i is epo ed
ha app oxima ely 90% o he wo ld's popula ion now b ea he pollu ed ai , 99% a e exposed o poo ai quali y, and
ai pollu ion causes app oxima ely 6 million p ema u e bi hs, app oxima ely 3 million unde weigh babies and
app oxima ely 7 million p ema u e dea hs wo ldwide e e y yea [30-33].
The mos impo an and ha m ul componen s o ai pollu ion a e hea y me als. Hea y me als, some o which a e
h ea ening o human heal h e en a low concen a ions, can cause e y se ious heal h p oblems such as cance ,
espi a o y diseases, hea a acks and e en dea h [34-37]. Hea y me als can be e en mo e ha m ul and a al when hey
a e inhaled in o he human body [38]. The e o e, in e na ional o ganiza ions such as EPA and ATSDR ha e placed some
hea y me als on he p io i y pollu an lis [39-41]. I is o g ea impo ance o human heal h ha hese hea y me als
do no exceed ce ain concen a ions.
Va ious aw ma e ials used in cons uc ion ac i i ies such as cemen , sand, gypsum and b icks may con ain high
amoun s o hea y me als. In addi ion, many addi i es used in ecen yea s o educe he cos o conc e e a e also
epo ed o con ain high amoun s o hea y me als [42,43]. Many admix u es such as kiln slag, ma ble dus , b ick dus ,
wood ash, silica ume can be subs i u ed in o conc e e in o de o p e en was e o esou ces by ecycling and o educe
he cos o conc e e [44-52]. Howe e , he e a e e y ew s udies on he hea y me al con en o hese admix u es.
Howe e , i is impo an o know he hea y me al con en s o conc e e admix u es bo h in e ms o de e mining which
hea y me als a e elimina ed by he use o hese conc e e admix u es, i.e. which hea y me als a e elimina ed as
en i onmen al pollu an s, and how much hese admix u es h ea en human and en i onmen al heal h. In his s udy, he
con en s o he en mos commonly used conc e e admix u es we e analyzed and he concen a ions o Pb, C , Cd and
Zn we e compa ed. These hea y me als we e chosen because hey a e bo h he mos widely used and a e on he p io i y
pollu an lis o EPA and ATSDR due o hei po en ial haza ds.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
The aim o his s udy is o compa e he chemical con en s o some conc e e mine al admix u es. Fo his pu pose, some
o he mos commonly used mine al admix u es we e selec ed as conc e e aw ma e ials. The conc e e admix u es
examined wi hin he scope o he s udy a e as ollows;
• Fly ash
• Wood ash
• Silica ume
• Red Pumice
• Ve miculi e
• B ick powde
• Ti e powde
• Ma ble powde
• Zeoli e
• Blas u nace slag
The ma e ials ob ained wi hin he scope o he s udy we e i s p epa ed o p elimina y analysis. The ma e ials
ob ained a his s age we e g ound and sie ed, hen kep o abou wo weeks un il oom d y and hen d ied in an o en
a 45 °C o wo weeks. Then labo a o y analyzes we e ca ied ou .
Elemen al analyses we e sen o Kas amonu Uni e si y Cen al Resea ch Labo a o y Applica ion and Resea ch Cen e
and pe o med wi h he help o ICP-OES de ice. Be o e elemen al analysis, he d ied samples we e subjec ed o p e-
incine a ion in a mic owa e o en specially designed o his p ocess. The p e-bu ning samples we e analyzed by ICP-
OES o de e mine he concen a ions o Pb, C , Cd and Zn and he hea y me al concen a ions we e calcula ed by
mul iplying he ob ained alues by he dilu ion ac o . This me hod has been widely used in p e ious s udies in his ield
[53,54]. The da a ob ained we e analyzed using SPSS 22.0 package p og am and analysis o a iance was applied o he
da a and Duncan es was applied o he ac o s showing s a is ically signi ican di e ences a a minimum 95%
con idence le el (p < 0.05). Taking in o accoun he esul s o he Duncan es , he da a we e p esen ed in ables and
hen in e p e a ions we e made.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 594-600
596
3. Resul s
Analysis o a iance and Duncan es esul s o he elemen al con en s o he ma e ials subjec o he s udy a e gi en
in Table 1.
Table 1 Analysis o a iance and Duncan es esul s
Ma e ial
Pb (ppm)
C (ppm)
Zn (ppm)
Cd (ppm)
Fly ash
17.14
33.02d
10.74ab
257.20a
Wood ash
9.66cd
103.67e
446.18c
444.85de
Silica ume
5.47b
5.48abc
10.19ab
440.09bc
Red Pumice
13.33e
97.66e
24.19ab
402.16de
Ve miculi e
21.26g
11.95bc
23.12ab
540.59c
B ick powde
11.49de
13.40c
35.98b
498.26c
Ti e powde
11.12de
2.15ab
0.00a
703.90d
Ma ble powde
7.63bc
2.40ab
9.64ab
684.49d
Zeoli e
37.36h
8.88abc
18.31ab
352.97ab
Blas u nace slag
2.08a
1.16a
9.68ab
434.52bc
F Value
85.687***
153.386***
210.304***
19.005***
As a esul o he analysis o a iance, he ma e ials di e ed s a is ically in all elemen s a 99.9% con idence le el. As a
esul o Duncan es in Pb, he ma e ials subjec o he s udy we e g ouped in 8 homogeneous g oups, he lowes alue
was ob ained in blas u nace slag and he highes alue was ob ained in zeoli e. The ma e ials we e g ouped in 5
homogeneous g oups in e ms o C concen a ion, he lowes alue was ob ained in blas u nace slag and he highes
alues we e ob ained in Red Pumice and wood ash.
As a esul o he analysis, he Zn concen a ion ob ained in i e dus was below he de e minable limi s. As a esul o
he Duncan es , he ma e ials subjec o he s udy we e g ouped in 3 homogeneous g oups in e ms o Zn concen a ion,
he highes alue was ob ained in wood ash and all o he ma e ials we e in he i s wo g oups. In e ms o Cd
concen a ion, he ma e ials subjec o he s udy we e g ouped in o 4 homogeneous g oups, he lowes alues we e
ob ained in Fly ash and Zeoli e, and he highes alues we e ob ained in Rubbe dus , Ma ble dus , Red Pumice and
Wood ash ma e ials.
4. Resul and Discussion
Wi hin he scope o he s udy, Pb, C , Cd and Zn concen a ions o 10 ma e ials equen ly used as conc e e admix u es
we e de e mined. Hea y me als a e elemen s whose concen a ions in na u e a e cons an ly inc easing and mos o
hem a e eleased in o na u e om an h opogenic sou ces such as mining, indus y and a ic. They do no easily
deg ade o disappea in na u e [55-59]. The e o e, hea y me al exposu e and ela ed heal h isks a e cons an ly
inc easing and his issue is becoming mo e and mo e impo an e e y day. Due o he impo ance o he issue, many
s udies ha e been ca ied ou in a ious ields o iden i y and educe hea y me al pollu ion [27,29,31]. Howe e , he
numbe o s udies on he subjec in he ield o ci il enginee ing is almos negligible. Howe e , as e ealed in his s udy,
he hea y me al con en o conc e e admix u es can be e y high. As a esul o he s udy, i was de e mined ha hea y
me al concen a ions in he conc e e admix u es subjec o he s udy can each up o 37.36 ppm o Pb, 103.67 ppm o
C , 446.18 ppm o Zn and 444.85 ppm o Cd.
The alues ob ained as a esul o he s udy show ha hey can e en exceed he alues ob ained in a ic and indus ial
zones, which a e shown as he main sou ces o hea y me al pollu ion. Fo example, in a s udy conduc ed on oad dus ,
Cd concen a ion was ound o a y be ween 2.5 ppm and 4.5 ppm [60]. Some concen a ions de e mined in his s udy
a e much highe han his alue.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 594-600
597
I is s a ed ha cons uc ion ac i i ies, especially in u ban cen e s, a e one o he ac o s ha mos a ec he amoun o
pa icula e ma e in he ai du ing bo h cons uc ion and demoli ion [42,43]. These pa icula e ma e ac as a sink o
hea y me als in u ban a eas. The chemical composi ion o pa icula e ma e also g ea ly in luences hea y me al
pollu ion in ai and subsequen ly in soil and wa e [18,21,54]. The e o e, conc e e admix u es can pose a majo isk o
he heal h o wo ke s in cons uc ion ac i i ies. In addi ion, hese pa icles may also ad e sely a ec he heal h o people
and li ing o ganisms in u ban a eas.
As a esul o he s udy, i was de e mined ha he e can be a signi ican di e ence be ween he lowes and highes
alues and his di e ence can each hund eds o imes. This esul shows ha he chemical con en o was e ma e ials
used as conc e e admix u es can be e y a iable. Simila esul s we e ob ained in o he s udies [42,43].
Recommenda ions
A o al o 10 conc e e admix u es we e e alua ed wi hin he scope o he s udy. Mos o he ma e ials subjec o he
s udy a e was e ma e ials and he ecycling o hese ma e ials con ibu es signi ican ly o educing hei en i onmen al
impac . The e o e, besides he use o hese ma e ials as conc e e admix u es, he possibili ies o using hese ma e ials
in di e en a eas should be in es iga ed. Some o he ma e ials wi h e y high concen a ions o hea y me als a e was es
o di e en sec o s and he e o e people wo king in some sec o s o he han he cons uc ion sec o a e also exposed
o he dus o hese ma e ials. O he sec o s whe e hese ma e ials a e used should be wa ned and necessa y
p ecau ions should be aken. People exposed o hese ma e ials should be made awa e and p ecau ions should be aken
du ing wo k, especially in e ms o inhala ion.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgemen s
This s udy was p oduced om he p ojec numbe KÜBAP-01/2022-24 suppo ed wi hin he Kas amonu Uni e si y
Scien i ic Resea ch P ojec s scope. We hank he Kas amonu Uni e si y Scien i ic Resea ch S udies P ojec Managemen
Coo dina ion.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey no con lic o in e es . The none o he au ho s ha e any compe ing in e es s in he
manusc ip .
Re e ences
[1] Bay ak a OY, Sa ıgül E, Yüksel M, Jamal AS, Ka a HO, Ayyıldız MA, & Kaplan G. Recycling ae a ed conc e e was e
as agg ega e o p oduce eco‐ iendly oamed mo a (EFM). S uc Conc. 2025.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/suco.202401353
[2] Ahıskalı A, Benli A, Ahıskalı M, Bay ak a OY, & Kaplan G. Sus ainable geopolyme oam conc e e wi h ecycled
c umb ubbe and dual ibe ein o cemen o polyp opylene and glass ibe s: A comp ehensi e s udy. Cons
Build Ma e . 2025. 474:141137.
[3] Şen G, Güngö E, & Şe ik H. De ining he e ec s o u ban expansion on land use/co e change: a case s udy in
Kas amonu, Tu key. En i on Moni Assess. 2018. 190:1-13.
[4] Bay ak a OY, Ahıskalı A, Ahıskalı M, Ekşioğlu F, Kaplan G, & Assaad J. Feasibili y o oam conc e e using ecycled
b ick and oo ile ine agg ega es. Eu J En i on Ci En. 2025. 29(3):548-566.
[5] Yılmazoğlu MU, Ka a HO, Benli A, Demi kı an AR, Bay ak a OY, & Kaplan G. Sus ainable alkali-ac i a ed oam
conc e e wi h pumice agg ega e: E ec s o clinop iloli e zeoli e and ly ash on s eng h, du abili y, and he mal
pe o mance. Cons Build Ma e . 2025. 464:140160. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.conbuildma .2025.140160
[6] Bay ak a OY, Özel HB, Benli A, Yılmazoğlu MU, Tü kel İ, Dal BB, ... & Kaplan G. Sus ainable oam conc e e
de elopmen : Enhancing du abili y and pe o mance h ough pine cone powde and ly ash inco po a ion in
alkali-ac i a ed geopolyme s. Cons Build Ma e . 2024. 457:139422.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.conbuildma .2024.139422
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 594-600
598
[7] Bay ak a OY, Tunç an M, Benli A, Tü kel İ, Kızılay G, & Kaplan G. A s udy on sus ainable oam conc e e wi h
was e polyes e and ce amic powde : P ope ies and du abili y. J Build Eng. 2024. 95:110253.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110253
[8] Ahıskalı A, Ahıskalı M, Bay ak a OY, Kaplan G, & Assaad J. Mechanical and du abili y p ope ies o polyme ibe
ein o ced one-pa oam geopolyme conc e e: A sus ainable s a egy o he ecycling o was e s eel slag
agg ega e and ly ash. Cons Build Ma e . 2024. 440:137492.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.conbuildma .2024.137492
[9] Özkan İGM, Aldemi K, Alhasan O, Benli A, Bay ak a OY, Yılmazoğlu MU, & Kaplan G. In es iga ion on he
sus ainable use o di e en sizes o sawdus agg ega es in eco- iendly oam conc e es: Physico-mechanical,
he mal insula ion and du abili y cha ac e is ics. Cons Build Ma e . 2024. 438:137100.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.conbuildma .2024.137100
[10] Zeyad AM, Bay ak a OY, Tayeh BA, Öz A, Özkan İGM, & Kaplan G. Impac o ice husk ash on physico-mechanical,
du abili y and mic os uc u al ea u es o ubbe ized ligh weigh geopolyme composi e. Cons Build Ma e .
2024. 427:136265.
[11] Kaplan G, Bay ak a OY, Li Z, Bodu B, Yılmazoglu MU, & Alcan BA. Imp o ing he eco-e iciency o ibe ein o ced
composi e by ul a-low cemen con en /high FA-GBFS addi ion o s uc u al applica ions: Minimiza ion o cos ,
CO2 emissions and embodied ene gy. J Build Eng. 2023. 76:107280.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107280
[12] Bay ak a OY, Tu hal S, Benli A, Shi J, & Kaplan G. Applica ion o ecycled agg ega es and biomass ash in ib e-
ein o ced g een olle compac ed conc e e pa emen - echnical and en i onmen al assessmen . In J Pa emen
Eng. 2025. 26(1):2458140.
[13] Bay ak a OY, Jamal AS, Öz A, Shi J, Bodu B, & Kaplan G. E ec s o me akaolin and was e i e agg ega e on he
p ope ies o pumice-based ligh weigh geopolyme . Ad Cem Res. 2025. 1-39.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1680/jadc .23.00183
[14] Bodu B, Benli A, Bay ak a OY, Alcan HG, Kaplan G, & Aydın AC. Impac o a apulgi e and basal ibe addi ions
on he pe o mance o pumice-based oam conc e e: mechanical, he mal, and du abili y p ope ies. ACME. 2025.
25(2):74.
[15] Benli A, Bay ak a OY, Ka a aş M, Bodu B, Yılmazoğlu MU, & Kaplan G. (2025). Duni e powde as a g een
p ecu so in one-pa alkali-ac i a ed composi es: E ec s on mechanical and du abili y p ope ies. Sus ain Chem
Pha m. 2025. 44: 101964.
[16] Gencel O, Ha ja M, Sa ı A, Hekimoğlu G, Us aoğlu A, Su cu M, ... & Bay ak a OY. De elopmen , cha ac e iza ion,
and pe o mance analysis o shape‐s abilized phase change ma e ial included‐geopolyme o passi e he mal
managemen o buildings. In J Ene gy Res. 2022. 46(15):21841-21855.
[17] Yaman, Ö. Ü. K., & Özçelik, Y. L. Ö. Ö. (2019). Tü kiye’de Ken sel Dönüşüm Uygulamala ı: Ka abük Me kez İlçe
Ö neği. Ca aloging-In-Publica ion Da a, 428.
[18] Koc I, Cobanoglu H, Can u k U, Key K, Kulac S, & Se ik H. Change o C concen a ion om pas o p esen in a eas
wi h ele a ed ai pollu ion. IJEST. 2024. 21(2):2059-2070.
[19] Oz u k Pula oglu A, Koç İ, Özel HB, Şe ik H, & Yıldız Y. Using ees o moni o ai bo ne c pollu ion: e ec s o
compass di ec ion and woody species on C up ake du ing phy o emedia ion. BioRes. 2025. 20(1):121-139.
[20] Özel HB, Şe ik H, Yıldız Y, & Çobanoğlu H. E ec s o sil e nanopa icles on ge mina ion and seedling
cha ac e is ics o o ien al beech (Fagus o ien alis) seeds. BioRes. 2024. 19(2):2135-2148
[21] Koç İ, Can u k U, Cobanoglu H, Kulac S, Key K, & Se ik H. Assessmen o 40-yea Al deposi ion in some exo ic
coni e species in he u ban ai o Düzce, Tü kiye. Wa e Ai Soil Pollu . (2025). 236(2):1-14.
[22] Isinka ala K, Isinka ala O, Özel HB, & Şe ik H. A Compa a i e S udy Abou Physical P ope ies o Coppe Oxide
and Zinc Oxide Nanopa icles on Fagus o ien alis L. as Bioindica o . Wa e Ai Soil Pollu . 2024. 235(11): 738.
[23] Se ik H, Ozel HU, Yildiz Y, & Ozel HB. E ec s o Adding Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanopa icles o soil on ge mina ion
and seedling cha ac e is ics o o ien al beech. BioRes. 2025. 20(1): 70-82.
[24] Key K, Kulaç Ş, Koç İ, & Se ik H. P oo o concep o cha ac e ize his o ical hea y-me al concen a ions in
a mosphe e in No h Tu key: de e mining he a ia ions o Ni, Co, and Mn concen a ions in 180-yea -old Co ylus
colu na L. (Tu kish hazelnu ) annual ings. Ac a Physiol Plan . 2023. 45(10):1-13.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 594-600
599
[25] Se ik H, Ce in M, Ozel HB, & Pina B. De e mining oxic me al concen a ion changes in landscaping plan s based
on some ac o s. Ai Qual A mosp Heal h. 2019. 12:983-991.
[26] Isinka ala K. Remo al o o maldehyde and BTEX in indoo ai using ac i a ed ca bon p oduced om ho se
ches nu (Aesculus Hippocas anum L.) Shell [Doc o al disse a ion]. Hace epe Uni e si y Ins i u e o Science
Depa men o En i onmen al Enginee ing. Anka a, Tu key. 2020.
[27] Se ik H, Ce in M, Oz u k A, Ozel HB, & Pina B. Changes in Pb, C and Cu concen a ions in some bioindica o s
depending on a ic densi y on he basis o species and o gans. Appl Ecol En i on Res. 2019. 17(6):12843-12857.
[28] Isinka ala K. Some a mosphe ic ace me als deposi ion in selec ed ees as a possible biomoni o . Rom Bio ech
Le . 2022. 27(1):3227-3236.
[29] Koç İ, Can u k U, Isinka ala K, Ozel HB, & Se ik H. Assessmen o me als (Ni, Ba) deposi ion in plan ypes and
hei o gans a Me sin Ci y, Tü kiye. En i on Moni Assess. 2024. 196(3):282.
[30] Ghoma WEO, Se ik H, & Isinka ala K. Compa ison o he a e o ce ain ace me als accumula ion in indoo
plan s o smoking and non-smoking a eas. En i on Sci Pollu Res. 2023. 30(30): 75768-75776.
[31] Cobanoglu H, Se ik H, & Koç İ. Do annual ings eally e eal Cd, Ni, and Zn pollu ion in he ai ela ed o a ic
densi y? An example o he ceda ee. Wa e Ai Soil Pollu . 2023. 234(2): 65.
[32] Gül ekin Y, Bay ak a MK, Se ik H, Ce in M, & Bay ak a T. Op imal ege able selec ion in u ban and u al a eas
using a i icial bee colony algo i hm: Hea y me al assessmen and heal h isk. J Food Composi ion Analysis. 2025.
139:107169.
[33] Se ik H, Yildiz Y, Ozel HB. Phy o emedia ion and long- e m me al up ake moni o ing o sil e , selenium,
an imony, and hallium by Black Pine (Pinus nig a A nold), BioRes. 2024. 19(3): 4824-4837.
[34] Can u k U, Koç, İ, Ozel HB, & Se ik H. Iden i ica ion o p ope species ha can be used o moni o and dec ease
ai bo ne Sb pollu ion. En i on Sci Pollu Res. 2024. 1-11.
[35] Isinka ala K, Isinka ala O, Koç İ, Özel HB, & Şe ik H. Assessing he possibili y o ai bo ne bismu h accumula ion
and spa ial dis ibu ion in an u ban a ea by ee ba k: A case s udy in Düzce, Tü kiye. Biomass Con e s Bio .
2024. 14(18):22561-22572.
[36] Kuzmina N, Menshchiko S, Mohnache P, Za yalo K, Pe o a I, Ozel HB, A icak B, Ona SM, and Se ik H. Change
o aluminum concen a ions in speci ic plan s by species, o gan, washing, and a ic densi y. BioRes. 2023.
18(1):792-803.
[37] E dem R, A icak B, Ce in M, & Se ik H. Change in some hea y me al concen a ions in o es ees by species,
o gan, and soil dep h. Fo es is . 2023. 73(3):257-263.
[38] Koç İ, Cobanoglu H, Can u k U, Key K, Se ik H, & Kulac S. Va ia ion o 40-yea Pb deposi ion in some coni e s
g own in he ai -pollu ed-u ban a ea o Düzce, Tü kiye. En i on Ea h Sci. 2025. 84(7):186.
[39] Se ik H, Koç İ, & Cobanoglu H. De e mina ion o some exo ic landscape species As biomoni o s ha can be used
o moni o ing and educing Pd pollu ion in he ai . Wa e Ai Soil Pollu . 2024. 235(10):615.
[40] Yaşa İsmail TS, İsmail MD, Çobanoğlu H, Koç İ, & Se ik H. Moni o ing a senic concen a ions in ai bo ne
pa icula es o selec ed landscape plan s and hei po en ial o pollu ion mi iga ion, Fo es is . 2025. 75,1-6
[41] Isinka ala K, Isinka ala O, Koc I, Se ik H, & Ozel HB. A mosphe ic ace me al exposu e in a 60-Yea -Old Wood:
A sus ainable me hodological app oach o measu emen o d y deposi ion. In J En i on Res. 2025. 19:112
(2025). h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s41742-025-00783-x
[42] Elajail ISI, Se ik H, Ozel HB, Isik B. Examining he chemical composi ions o mine al conc e e agen s in e ms o
hei en i onmen al e ec s. F e En i on Bull. 2022. 31(9):9784–9790
[43] Elajaıl, İ. S., & Şe ik, H.. E alua ion o As, Cd, Ni and Se Con en o Some Mine al Conc e e Agen s. Kas amonu
Uni e si y Jou nal o Enginee ing and Sciences. 2024. 10(1), 44-51.
[44] E i gen B, Ka a HO, Ucun MS, Gül ekin AA, Tos M, & Öz ü k V. The e ec o he geome ical p ope ies o geocell
ein o cemen s be ween a wo-laye ed oad s uc u e unde o e load condi ions. Case S udies in Cons Ma e .
2024. 20:e02793.
[45] Tu koglu, M., Bay ak a , O. Y., Benli, A., & Kaplan, G.. E ec o cemen clinke ype, cu ing egime and ac i a o
dosage on he pe o mance o one-pa alkali-ac i a ed hyb id slag/clinke composi es. Jou nal o Building
Enginee ing. 2023. 68, 106164.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 594-600
600
[46] Bay ak a , O. Y., Ya a , G., Benli, A., Kaplan, G., Gencel, O., Su cu, M., ... & Kadela, M. Basal ibe ein o ced oam
conc e e wi h ma ble was e and calcium alumina e cemen . S uc u al Conc e e. 2023. 24(1), 1152-1178.
[47] Bay ak a , O. Y., Yakupoglu, U., & Benli, A. Slag/dia omi e-based alkali-ac i a ed ligh weigh composi es
con aining was e andesi e sand: mechanical, insula ing, mic os uc u al and du abili y p ope ies. A chi es o
Ci il and Mechanical Enginee ing. 2023. 23(4), 230.
[48] Bay ak a , O. Y., Bozku , T. H., Benli, A., Koksal, F., Tü koğlu, M., & Kaplan, G. Sus ainable one-pa alkali ac i a ed
slag/ ly ash Geo-SIFCOM con aining ecycled sands: Mechanical, lexu al, du abili y and mic os uc u al
p ope ies. Sus ainable Chemis y and Pha macy. 2023. 36, 101319.
[49] Gencel, O., Ha ja, M., Sa ı, A., Hekimoğlu, G., Us aoğlu, A., Su cu, M., ... & Bay ak a , O. Y. De elopmen ,
cha ac e iza ion, and pe o mance analysis o shape‐s abilized phase change ma e ial included‐geopolyme o
passi e he mal managemen o buildings. In e na ional Jou nal o Ene gy Resea ch. 2022. 46(15), 21841-21855.
[50] Bodu , B., Bay ak a , O. Y., Benli, A., Kaplan, G., Tobbala, D. E., & Tayeh, B. E ec o using was ewa e om he
eady-mixed conc e e plan on he pe o mance o one-pa alkali-ac i a ed GBFS/FA composi es: F esh,
mechanical and du abili y p ope ies. Jou nal o Building Enginee ing. 2023. 76, 107167.
[51] Gencel, O., Nodehi, M., Bay ak a , O. Y., Kaplan, G., Benli, A., Koksal, F., ... & Ozbakkaloglu, T. The use o was e
ma ble o cleane p oduc ion o s uc u al conc e e: A comp ehensi e expe imen al s udy. Cons uc ion and
Building Ma e ials. 2022. 361, 129612.
[52] Bay ak a , O. Y., Yılmazoğlu, M., Mü e elli, İ., Çe in, M., Çi oğlu, G. S., Dadula, C. P., & Dadula, D. P. Usabili y o
o ganic was es in conc e e p oduc ion; Palm lea sample. Kas amonu Uni e si y Jou nal o Enginee ing and
Sciences. 2022. 8(1), 69-77.
[53] Isinka ala O, Isinka ala K, & Se ik H. Heal h o he u u e: spa io empo al CA-MC modeling and spa ial pa e n
p edic ion ia dend och onological app oach o nickel and lead deposi ion. Ai Qual A mosp Heal h. 2025. 1-13.
[54] E dem R, Koç İ, Çobanoglu H, & Şe ik H. Va ia ion o magnesium, one o he mac onu ien s, in some ees based
on o gans and species. Fo es is , 2024. 74(1): 84-93.
[55] Sulhan, O. F., Se ik, H., & Isinka ala , K. Assessmen o C and Zn deposi ion on Picea pungens Engelm. in u ban
ai o Anka a, Tü kiye. En i onmen , de elopmen and sus ainabili y. 2023. 25(5), 4365-4384.
[56] E ü k N, A ıcak B, Yiği N, & Se ik H. Po en ial Changes in he Sui able Dis ibu ion A eas o Fagus o ien alis
Lipsky in Kas amonu Due o Global Clima e Change. Fo es is . 2024. doi:10.5152/ o es is .2024.23024.
[57] Cobanoglu H, Can u k U, Koç İ, Kulaç Ş, Se ik H. Clima e change e ec on po en ial dis ibu ion o Ana olian
ches nu (Cas anea sa i a Mill.) in he upcoming cen u y in Tü kiye. Fo es is . 2023. 73(3):247-256.
[58] Yayla, E. E., Se ik, H., & Isinka ala , K. De ec ion o landscape species as a low-cos biomoni o ing s udy: C , Mn,
and Zn pollu ion in an u ban ai quali y. En i onmen al moni o ing and assessmen . 2022. 194(10), 687.
[59] Can ü k U, Koç İ, Özel HB, & Şe ik H. Possible changes o Pinus nig a dis ibu ion egions in Tü kiye wi h he
impac s o global clima e change. BioRes. 2024. 19(3):6190-6214
[60] Is anbullu, S. N., Se ik, H., Isinka ala , K., & Isinka ala , O. Spa ial dis ibu ion o hea y me al con amina ion in
oad dus samples om an u ban en i onmen in Samsun, Tü kiye. Bulle in o en i onmen al con amina ion and
oxicology. 2023. 110(4), 78.
