Co esponding au ho : E ic Joël TAHOU
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
P e alence and an ibio ic esis ance in Esche ichia coli s ains isola ed om poul y
a ms in Azaguie, Cô e d'I oi e
E ic Joël TAHOU 1, *, Kpandji Isido e KOUADIO 1, Mohamed Baguy OUATTARA 2, Au elie Mi abelle TOUVOLI 1,
Assan o Simon-Pie e N’GUETTA 1 and Kouadio Na halie GUESSENND 2
1 Felix Houphoue Boigny Uni e si y, UFR Biosciences, Labo a o y o Bio echnology, Ag icul u e and Valo iza ion o
Biological Resou ces, Co e d’I oi e, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22.
2 Ins i u Pas eu , Abidjan, Co e d’I oi e, 01 BP 490 Abidjan 01.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 611-617
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 26 Feb ua y 2025; e ised on 02 May 2025; accep ed on 04 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1186
Abs ac
Poul y a ming, a p omising sec o in Cô e d'I oi e, is aced wi h a numbe o in ec ious diseases ha a e causing hea y
losses a a ious s ages o he alue chain. The aim o his s udy is o de e mine he an ibio ic esis ance p o ile o
Esche ichia coli s ains ci cula ing in b oile a ms in Azaguié, a locali y in he sou h o Cô e d'I oi e. The me hods used
a e isola ion and pheno ypic iden i ica ion, an ibiog am o bac e ial sensi i i y and syne gy es o he p oduc ion o
ex ended-spec um be a-lac amase. Fi y-se en (57) s ains o Esche ichia coli we e isola ed om d oppings om 14
b oile a ms in Azaguié. The s udy o bac e ial sensi i i y showed high a es o esis ance o amoxicilin + cla ulanic
acid (48.48%), ce azidime (21.21%), gen amicin (60.61%), colis in (100%) and nalidixic acid (57.57%). Howe e , low
le els o esis ance we e ob ained wi h Ce o axime and Ce iaxone, wi h a a e o 6.06%. These esul s show he
impo ance o aising awa eness among poul y a me s abou he use o an ibio ics in o de o educe he le el o
an imic obial esis ance in his egion.
Keywo ds: Esche ichia Coli; B oile Chicken; Resis ance; An ibio ics; Azaguié
1. In oduc ion
Poul y a ming plays an impo an ole in he wo ld's ood supply. Wo ld p oduc ion amoun ed o 112.1 million onnes
pe yea [1]. This is a e y p omising sec o in Wes A ica, pa icula ly in Cô e d'I oi e, whe e poul y a ming plays an
impo an ole in he economic, social and cul u al sec o s, wi h an es ima ed 33 million heads o li es ock [1]. I is
he e o e one o he essen ial sec o s o ood secu i y, as i plays an essen ial ole in ood p oduc ion in Cô e d'I oi e,
p o iding a majo sou ce o animal p o ein. Howe e , she is aced wi h mul iple cons ain s: die a y, inancial and, abo e
all, pa hological. Poul y diseases emain one o he limi ing ac o s in he de elopmen o his ype o a ming, as hey
lead o hea y di ec and indi ec losses o li es ock on a ms. [2, 3]. An ibio ics a e among he mos commonly
p esc ibed d ugs in hospi als in A ica. [4]. They a e mos commonly used on li es ock a ms ei he as a cu a i e o
p e en i e measu e o , in ex eme cases, o compensa e o inadequa e hygiene [5]. A s udy has also shown ha
an ibio ics a e also used as ood addi i es o ho mone s imula o s [6]. As pa o he ‘One Heal h’ concep , he use o
an ibio ics in animal heal h mus also ake in o accoun he possible impac on human heal h and he en i onmen [7].
The wo majo consequences o he inco ec use o an ibio ics a e he p esence o esidues o ac i e molecules in
oods u s o animal o igin and an imic obial esis ance. [5]. O e use o an ibio ics c ea es selec ion p essu e o
esis an pa hogenic o commensal bac e ia [5].
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 611-617
612
Un o una ely, one o he main dange s associa ed wi h he use o an ibio ics is he selec ion p essu e ha educes he
numbe o sensi i e bac e ia in he in es inal lo a o animals o he le el o hose ha a e esis an [8]. In addi ion,
esis ance genes a e dissemina ed by mobile gene ic elemen s be ween bac e ia o he same o di e en species. These
mobile gene ic elemen s can be ans e ed o suscep ible bac e ia by a ious mechanisms such as ans o ma ion,
ansduc ion and conjuga ion [9]. The WHO main ains ha an ibio ic esis ance is esponsible o 700,000 dea hs e e y
yea and could cause he dea h o 10 million people a yea i no coo dina ed and e ec i e ac ion is aken by 2050 [10].
The Azaguié sub-p e ec u e is an ag opas o al a ea wi h a high le el o an ibio ic use, as li es ock a ming is he second
mos impo an economic ac i i y in he egion. An ibio ic p e alence and esis ance mus he e o e be s udied in o de
o moni o he p oblem o an ibio ic esis ance. The aim o his s udy is o de e mine he an ibio ic esis ance p o ile o
Esche ichia coli ci cula ing in b oile chicken a ms in he Azaguié sub-p e ec u e in Cô e d'I oi e.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. S udy a ea
This s udy was ca ied ou in Azaguié, a sub-p e ec u e in he sou h o Cô e d'I oi e. I is loca ed 45 km no h o Abidjan
and 35 km om Agbo ille, he depa men al capi al, be ween la i udes 5°35 and 6°15 no h and longi udes 3°55 and
4°40 wes . Azaguié co e s an a ea o 650 km2. I comp ises wo dis ic s (Azaguié- Ahoua and Azaguié-Ga e) and se en
illages. The ege a ion consis s o dense o es s and he clima e is humid opical wi h ou seasons. The own has a
popula ion o 38,066 [11]. Azaguié's economy is based mainly on ade, ag icul u e and li es ock, including pigs,
b oile s, laye s and guinea owl.
2.2. Sampling
2.2.1. Sampling si es
The wo dis ic s o he municipali y (Azaguié-Ahoua and Azaguié-Ga e), as well as he illages o M'b omé and Abbê
we e a ge ed in his s udy. In each locali y, he aim was o isi , a andom, six b oile a ms, all p i a ely owned and
olun ee ing o a su ey. All a me s we e app oached wi hou dis inc ion in o de o ob ain hei signa u es
au ho ising access o hei a ms o he s udy.
2.2.2. D oppings collec ion
The d oppings we e collec ed om each a m acco ding o he p o ocol used o his ype o s udy [12]. Acco ding o
his p o ocol, 20 eshly emi ed d oppings we e sampled pe housand bi ds. F om 24 o 26 June 2024, eshly emi ed
d oppings we e collec ed along he diagonals and medians o each ba n. The d oppings collec ed by axis in each building
we e collec ed in s e ile po s. The d oppings samples ob ained we e placed on ice be o e being anspo ed o he
labo a o y, whe e hey we e s o ed a 4 °C.
2.3. Bac e iological analysis o d oppings
2.3.1. Isola ion o Esche ichia coli s ains
The bac e iological analyses we e ca ied ou in he bac e iology labo a o y o he Gene ics Resea ch Uni o he
Uni e si é Félix Houphoue -Boigny. The s anda d p o ocol desc ibed in NF EN ISO 6579 (ISO-6579, 2002E) was
ollowed o he isola ion o Esche ichia coli, wi h he ollowing ou s eps: p e-en ichmen , selec i e en ichmen ,
selec i e isola ion and biochemical iden i ica ion.
2.4. Iden i ica ion o Esche ichia coli s ains
Cha ac e is ic colonies ob ained on Hek oen aga we e ans e ed o Mülle -Hin on aga (Bio-Rad, Ma nes, F ance)
and incuba ed a 37 °C o 24 hou s. Thei iden i ica ion was based i s ly on mo phological cha ac e is ics such as he
esh s a e and G am s aining, and secondly on biochemical cha ac e is ics using Lemino 's educed ack. The
Esche ichia coli s ains we e con i med by Maldi-To (Biome ieux, F ance).
2.5. Bac e ial sensi i i y
2.5.1. An ibiog am
An ibio ic suscep ibili y was de e mined using he Müelle -Hin on aga -imp egna ed disc di usion me hod in
acco dance wi h he ecommenda ions o he An ibiog am Commi ee o he Socié é F ançaise de Mic obiologie [13].
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 611-617
613
The an ibio ic discs es ed we e gen amicin (10 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), ce o axime (30 μg), ce azidime (30 μg),
ce iaxone (30 μg), colis in (10 μg) and amoxicillin-cla ulanic acid (20/10 μg). The e e ence s ain E. coli ATCC 25922
was used du ing he an ibiog ams in o de o ca y ou he posi i e con ol.
2.5.2. De ec ion o ex ended-spec um be a-lac amase (ESBL) p oduc ion
The double syne gy me hod was used o he de ec ion o E. coli ESBL [14]. This in ol ed placing 3 d gene a ion
cephalospo in discs (ce o axime, ce iaxone and ce azidime) a ound a cen al disc o amoxicillin + cla ulanic acid in
acco dance wi h EUCAST-CASFM ecommenda ions. [13]. The p esence o ESBLs is indica ed by a dis o ion o he zone
o inhibi ion in ela ion o he disc con aining cla ulanic acid, c ea ing a syne gis ic image known as a “champagne co k”.
2.6. Da a analysis
2.6.1. Bac e ia iden i ica ion and p e alence
P e alences o in ec ion we e calcula ed as a unc ion o locali y, age and bac e ial s ain. A chi-2 es was used o assess
he associa ions be ween in ec ions and he locali y, age and a m s udied. The s a is ical signi icance h eshold o hese
a ious es s was α < 0.05. The es s we e pe o med using STATA 9.2 so wa e.
2.6.2. Es ablishmen o an ibio ic esis ance p o iles o E. coli s ains
The esul s o he an ibiog am we e ead and in e p e ed using an ADAGIO® au oma ed sys em. The esul s ob ained
we e epo ed on a o m and eco ded on a compu e ile using Excel® so wa e. These alues we e in e p e ed as S
(sensi i e) and R ( esis an ) acco ding o he c i ical diame e s o En e obac e iaceae p o ided by EUCAST-CASFM.
[13].
3. Resul
3.1. Isola ed s ains
A o al o 16 hen houses we e sampled a he ou si es in he s udy a ea. Six y- ou (64) samples o b oile d oppings,
ou pe house, we e collec ed. The sea ch o E. coli bac e ial s ains in hese d oppings e ealed hei p esence. E. coli
s ains we e ob ained wi h a bac e iological p e alence o 89.06%, i.e. 57 s ains (Table I).
Table 1 Dis ibu ion o E. coli s ains isola ed by sampling si e
Bac e ial s ains
Sampling si es
To al
AHOUA
ABBÊ
GARE
M’BROME
Esche ichia coli
16
20
9
12
57
3.1.1. P e alence acco ding o sampling si es
Table II shows he esul s o he e ec s o he si es on he p e alence o bac e ial s ains in his s udy. A signi ican
di e ence in isola ion was obse ed be ween si es. In ac , E. coli s ains we e mo e p e alen in he Azaguié-Ahoua
dis ic and he illage o Abbê (100 %) han in he Azaguié-Ga e dis ic and he illage o M'b omé, whe e p e alence
was 75 %.
3.1.2. P e alence acco ding o age- ypes o bi ds
Bac e iological analysis iden i ied 8 s ains o E. coli in chicks aged 1 o 7 days, 17 s ains in hose aged 7 o 21 days, and
32 s ains in hose aged 21 days and o e .
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 611-617
614
Table 2 P e alence o Esche ichia coli s ains isola ed by sampling si e
Va iables
Sampling si es
Numbe o samples examined
In ec ed samples
p- alue
Nomb e
%
E. coli
AHOUA
16
16
100
0,017
ABBÊ
20
20
100
GARE
12
9
75
M'BROME
16
12
75
3.2. An ibio ic esis ance p o iles
3.2.1. Wi h ega d o be a-lac ams
O e all, he p o ile o Esche ichia coli s ains agains be a-lac ams did no e eal any esis ance. The molecules
amoxicilin+cla ulanic acid, ce iaxone, ce o axime and ce azidime we e he e o e ac i e on he E. coli s ains es ed
(Figu e 1).
3.3. Wi h ega d o Aminosides and Polymyxins
The only aminoglycoside an ibio ic used was gen amicin. The an ibiog am e ealed a esis ance a e o 16.67 % in he
E. coli s ains es ed. In addi ion, all he s ains es ed wi h colis in showed esis ance o his compound, gi ing a
esis ance a e o 100% (Figu e 1).
3.3.1. Wi h ega d o Quinolones
The esul s showed esis ance o nalidixic acid. The a e o esis ance o Esche ichia coli s ains o his molecule was
45.83% (Figu e 1).
Figu e 1 Resis ance a es o E. coli s ains o he an ibio ics es ed
Gen amicin (CN), nalidixic acid (NAL), ce o axime (CTX), ce azidime (CAZ), ce iaxone (CRO), colis in (CN) and amoxicillin-cla ulanic acid (AMC)
3.4. P oduc ion o ex ended-spec um be alac amase
The syne gy es ca ied ou o con i m he p oduc ion o ex ended-spec um be a-lac amases by E. coli s ains was
nega i e o all s ains. The esul s did no e eal he champagne co k image, which is he syne gy obse ed be ween
he an ibio ic-imp egna ed discs o hi d-gene a ion cephalospo ins (C3G) and he inhibi o amoxicillin and cla ulanic
acid (AMC).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 611-617
615
4. Discussion
The aim o his s udy was o de e mine he an imic obial esis ance p o ile o Esche ichia coli ci cula ing in b oile
chicken a ms in he Azaguié sub-p e ec u e in Cô e d'I oi e.
The p e alence o E. coli s ains ob ained was 89.06 Ou esul s a e in line wi h hose o Be ghiche e al. [15] in no h-
eas e n Alge ia and Halde e al. [16] in Bangladesh, who epo ha colibacillosis is he mos equen bac e ial
in ec ion in poul y. This high a e o in ec ion could be explained by he combina ion o se e al ac o s ha can
p edispose o colibacillosis o in luence he exp ession o he disease: (i) abno mal wa e s ess, (ii) oo high humidi y
le el (>50%) and oo low empe a u e, combined wi h cold li e when he chicks a e placed, (iii) he quali y o he
chicks when hey a i e on he a ms, (i ) inadequa e applica ion o ex e nal and in e nal biosecu i y measu es [17, 18].
In addi ion, he E. coli species is he bes index o aecal con amina ion o esea ch in o pa hogenic En e obac e iaceae.
[19].
P e alences we e also ob ained acco ding o a ms, si es and age- ypes, whe e Chi-squa ed es s, a he 5 % signi icance
le el, e ealed ha he p e alence o E. coli did no a y signi ican ly acco ding o locali y o age- ypes. These esul s
could be explained by he con inuous bac e ial exposu e in he bi ds' en i onmen a all he si es and a all imes du ing
hei di e en e olu iona y pe iods.
Wi h ega d o he an ibio ic esis ance o E. coli s ains, all he s ains es ed showed no esis ance o be a-lac am
an ibio ics. The absence o esis ance o be a-lac am an ibio ics in E. coli could be explained by a numbe o ac o s,
including he bac e ium's in insic suscep ibili y, he absence o esis ance genes, he low selec ion p essu e o he
de elopmen o an ibio ic esis ance. Howe e , Meki and Qada [20] ob ained a a e o 51.72 % o be a-lac am
an ibio ics in Alge ia.
In he Aminoside amily, he esul s e ealed a esis ance a e o 16 %. Indeed, he exclusi e and in ensi e use o an
an ibio ic could selec esis an s ains [21] in he poul y sec o , which would a ou he p esence o esis an s ains
in Azaguié. I is impo an o s ess ha en e obac e ia ha e a clea capaci y o acqui e and exchange genes ca ying
esis ance ac o s, and he in es inal lo a p o ides an ex ao dina y oppo uni y o he ci cula ion o gene ic
in o ma ion be ween bac e ia [22].
Highe a es ha e been ob ained in a ious s udies. Abe kane e al. [23] and Akka i e al. [24] ob ained esis ance a es
o 32.50 % and 49 % espec i ely in hei wo k on a ian E. coli s ains in Alge ia.
Wi h colis in, he bac e ial s ains showed o al esis ance (100 %). Acco ding o Pe in-Guyoma d e al. [25], his
obse ed a e is s ongly co ela ed wi h exposu e o poul y o colis in, which could a ou dissemina ion o colis in
esis ance genes wi hin he bac e ial communi y. Ou esul s do no co obo a e hose ob ained in Mo occo by
Oubouyahia and Nassik [26], who epo ed no esis ance o his molecule.
The sensi i i y o E. coli s ains was es ed wi h nalidixic acid, which belongs o he quinolone amily. The esis ance
a e ob ained was 45.83%. This can be explained by he ac ha luo oquinolones a e he d ugs mos p esc ibed a e
β-lac ams in A ica, and pa icula ly in Cô e d'I oi e [4]. This esul is simila o ha ob ained in a s udy o pa hogenic
a ian E coli s ains in Alge ia, whe e he au ho s ob ained a esis ance a e o 49.15% [24].
Resis ance can also be de e mined ch omosomally by he occu ence o a gene ic mu a ion leading o a change in he
an ibio ic binding si e, o by ac i e e lux. Howe e , he la e is o plasmid o igin, which can be explained by he
acquisi ion o ans e o one o mo e an ibio ic esis ance genes ia mobile gene ic elemen s such as ansposons and
in eg ons [27].
5. Conclusion
This s udy looked a 57 Esche ichia coli s ains isola ed om he 14 b oile a ms isi ed. Bac e ial suscep ibili y showed
esis ance o nalidixic acid, gen amicin and colis in, in which he a e was pa icula ly high. Howe e , no esis ance o
be a-lac am an ibio ics has been obse ed. Poul y a me s mus he e o e ensu e he a ional use o an ibio ics in o de
o limi o e en educe an ibio ic esis ance a es.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 611-617
616
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s ha e decla ed ha he e is no con lic o in e es .
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