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CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
DOI: 10.15587/978-617-8360-16-0.CH4
Na aliia Sas, F ancisco de Assis Gaspa Ne o, Ka e yna Yu ye a
S i lana Gaza ian, Lesia Pe enko, Ka e yna Slinkol
© The Au ho (s) o chap e , 2025. This is an Open Access chap e dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he CC BY license
COMBINATION OF THE METHOD OF THEORETICAL
GENERALIZATION, BIOGRAPHICAL METHOD AND SURVEY
METHOD IN RESEARCHING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE NEW
Abs ac
The s udy g adually e eals he me hodology o s udying he phenomenon o suscep ibili y o
he new, which is an impo an componen o a pe son’s cogni i e-emo ional and pe sonal de el-
opmen . Wi hin he amewo k o he h ee-yea esea ch cycle, an in e disciplina y app oach was
applied, which combines he me hods o heo e ical gene aliza ion, he biog aphical me hod and he
su ey me hod.
A he i s s age, he classi ica ion ea u es o suscep ibili y o he new we e ou lined using
heo e ical gene aliza ion, which allowed he au ho o o mula e he concep o he phenomenon.
The second s age in ol ed he use o he biog aphical me hod o he empi ical analysis o
he li e s o ies o p ominen pe sonali ies, such as A. Fleming, V. Roen gen, I. Duncan, F. Habe ,
H. Fo d, S. Jobs. These examples illus a e di e en ypes o suscep ibili y o he new: om in ol-
un a y o olun a y, om senso y o cogni i e-emo ional.
The biog aphical me hod has p o en i s alidi y and e ec i eness in s udying deep pe sonali y
cha ac e is ics, such as sensi i i y o change, abili y o inno a i e hinking, in ui ion, emo ional
in ol emen in he c ea i e p ocess. Pa icula a en ion is paid o he accumula ion o ex e nal and
in e nal impulses, which a e ans o med in o ac i e deeds and new ideas.
A he hi d s age, a su ey was conduc ed, he esul s o which supplemen ed and expanded
heo e ical gene aliza ions. The de eloped ques ionnai e con ained i e ques ions, o med in acco -
dance wi h he au ho ’s concep , and was combined wi h a o malized in e iew. As a esul , he
key ea u es o indi iduals suscep ible o he new we e iden i ied: openness o expe ience, insigh ,
cu iosi y, eadiness o in e ac ion, sensi i i y o change, emo ional lexibili y, abili y o global
coope a ion, c i ical hinking, empa hy.
The su ey esul s allowed us o ca y ou a con en analysis o de ini ions ela ed o he
phenomenon o suscep ibili y o he new, o iden i y ypical combina ions o ai s and classi ica ion
ea u es, which allows us o speak abou he uniqueness o each indi idual. The s udy ou lines
he p ospec s o u he scien i ic esea ch, in pa icula , he s udy o co ela ions be ween key
ac o s, he de elopmen o diagnos ic ools and he compila ion o a classi ica ion index. The da a
ob ained con ibu e no only o a deepe heo e ical unde s anding o he phenomenon unde s udy,
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bu also open up new oppo uni ies o i s p ac ical applica ion in he ield o educa ion, psychology,
inno a ion managemen and pe sonal de elopmen .
KEYWORDS
Suscep ibili y o he new, inno a i e hinking, in e disciplina y app oach, heo e ical gene aliza-
ion, biog aphical me hod, su ey me hod, classi ica ion, c ea i i y, cogni i e-emo ional p ocesses,
pe sonal de elopmen .
Educa ion, which is aimed a ul illing he s a egic asks o economic de elopmen , is de e -
mined, on he one hand, by he achie emen s o undamen al sciences, on he o he hand, by he
de elopmen o p oduc ion. In he con ex o he chosen opic, in ou opinion, such documen s as
he “Na ional Doc ine o he De elopmen o Educa ion o Uk aine in he 21s Cen u y”, he policy
b ie “Indus y 5.0: A T ans o ma i e Vision o Eu ope” a e impo an .
“Na ional Doc ine o he De elopmen o Educa ion o Uk aine in he 21s Cen u y”, o mu-
la ing he goal (c ea ing condi ions o he de elopmen , sel -a i ma ion and sel - ealiza ion o
he indi idual h oughou li e), speci ies i in he ask – es ablishing a s a egy o accele a ed,
an icipa o y, inno a i e de elopmen o educa ion and science [1].
Among he main ea u es o Indus y 5.0, a human-cen ic app oach and indi idually ailo ed
egula o y changes ega ding achie ing he le el o compliance a e highligh ed [2]. The slogan used
is “ he e can be no Indus y 5.0 wi hou a 5.0 go e nmen !” (sec ion “Go e nance 5.0”) ega ding
he speci ied opic can be as ollows “Indus y 5.0 mus co espond o educa ion 5.0.” (bo h a he
le el o educa ional p ocess managemen , and he ac ual managemen and echnologies o eaching
and lea ning). A he same ime, acco ding o he S a e Employmen Cen e , he labo ma ke in
Uk aine is aced wi h an acu e sho age o labo , wo ke s in a ious indus ies and di e en le els
o educa ion [3]. In a speech by he Depu y Minis e o Economy o Uk aine Te yana Be ezhna a
he Kyi In e na ional Economic Fo um 2024, i was no ed ha acco ding o he In e na ional Labo
O ganiza ion, Uk aine needs o a ac 8.6 million addi ional wo ke s, and acco ding o a s udy by
he Minis y o Economy, 4.5 million people a e needed. Among he ways o o e come his a e he
c ea ion o an inclusi e labo ma ke (which will e u n people who ha e le ), in es ing in labo
p oduc i i y (including he c ea ion o mo e p og ams ha will help Uk ainians be mo e compe i i e
in he labo ma ke ) [4].
The abo e ou lines new equi emen s o subjec s o p o essional and inno a i e ac i i y (a
he same ime, o p o essional aining): he abili y o p omp ly upda e speci ic knowledge, skills
and abili ies o ensu e he mul i unc ionali y o exis ing pe sonnel; he abili y o o m new models
o social beha io , cons uc a pe sonal sys em o alues and iden i ica ion s uc u es. The mech-
anism o c ea ing a new iden i y (collec i e and indi idual) is suscep ibili y o he new. I s explica-
ion h ough he in e p e a ion o he adi ional and upda ed, cons an and changing, social and
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pe sonal componen s o social p og ess, p o essional adap a ion and ac i i y in a compe i i e en-
i onmen in ol es new aspec s in gene al philosophical and psychological and pedagogical dimen-
sions. Educa ional ins i u ions, me hods, echnologies should become a ac o in success ully sol -
ing he p oblem o p omo ing he iden i ica ion and s imula ion o he de elopmen o suscep ibili y
o he new. In his ega d, he idea o p o essional educa ion as a con inuous p ocess o p omo ing
he iden i ica ion and s imula ion o he de elopmen o suscep ibili y o he new, he abili y o
men al, beha io al, emo ional new o ma ions is adically changing.
The abo e-men ioned upda es he gene aliza ion and p esen a ion o he au ho ’s expe ience
in using he po en ial o an in e disciplina y app oach and combining a ious me hods in he s udy o
suscep ibili y o he new ( heo e ical gene aliza ion me hod, biog aphical me hod and su ey me hod).
4.1 Cha ac e is ics o esea ch me hods
Since he s udy las s se e al yea s, mos in ensi ely in 2022–2025, we can no e he se-
quence and phased applica ion o he heo e ical gene aliza ion me hod (2022–2023, i s s age),
he biog aphical me hod (2023–2024, second s age), he su ey me hod (2024–2025, hi d
s age). A he i s s age, we used he unde s anding and oppo uni ies, p o ided by he in e dis-
ciplina y app oach, disclosed by A. Kolo [5]. The gene alized esul s o he i s s age o he s udy
a e p esen ed in he o iginal publica ion by N. Sas [6]. Du ing he second s age, he au ho used
he unde s anding o he biog aphical me hod o N. Denzin [7]. The main esul s and gene aliza ions
a e p esen ed in he au ho ’s wo k [8]. A his s age, a hema ic analysis o he su ey esul s is
ca ied ou . [9] a e publica ions, in which his is p esen ed
Suscep ibili y o he new is a a he complex, mul i ace ed and mul i- ec o phenomenon,
he s udy o which allows using he po en ial o an in e disciplina y app oach and complemen a y
me hods: he me hod o heo e ical gene aliza ion, he biog aphical me hod and he su ey me hod.
Scien i ic and heo e ical gene aliza ions a he i s s age o he s udy (2022–2023) we e
ca ied ou on he basis o an in e disciplina y app oach. The au ho suppo s he unde s anding
o in e disciplina i y as a scien i ic and pedagogical inno a ion ha gene a es he abili y o see,
ecognize, pe cei e wha is inaccessible wi hin he amewo k o a sepa a e science (discipline)
wi h i s speci ic, na owly ocused objec , subjec and esea ch me hods [5]. The in e disciplina y
app oach helps o o e come he na owness o he pedagogical iew and en ich pedagogical sci-
ence wi h he achie emen s o mode n economic, sociological, philosophical, psychological sciences
ega ding a speci ic opic. By applying he achie emen s o o he sciences ela ed o a speci ic
opic, he in eg a ion o he la e is achie ed a he le el o cons uc ing in e disciplina y objec s,
subjec s, he p ocessing o which allows ob aining new scien i ic knowledge (in ou case, ega ding
suscep ibili y o he new).
In he p ocess o scien i ic esea ch, he scien i ic achie emen s in philosophy, sociology,
economics, psychology, pedagogy we e analyzed ega ding he ele ance, objec i e necessi y and
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possibili y o a ge ed in luence on he de elopmen o suscep ibili y o he new o an indi idual,
g oup, o ganiza ion (ins i u ion, es ablishmen ).
A ela i ely small numbe o wo ks on suscep ibili y o he new mo i a ed he expediency o a
comp ehensi e unde s anding o he ma e ials, de o ed o his p oblem. In pa icula , he sou ces,
used du ing he scien i ic esea ch and o which he e a e e e ences in gene alizing publica ions
(all ypes o publica ions: monog aphs, a icles, abs ac s o scien i ic wo ks, con e ence ma e i-
als, esul s o examina ions, in e iews wi h p ac i ione s), we e s udied [6].
The use o he biog aphical me hod a he second s age (2023–2024) o he s udy is due,
i s ly, o he lack o expe imen al and es me hods o s udying such a deep p ocess as sus-
cep ibili y o he new; secondly, he suscep ibili y o he new o ou s anding pe sonali ies ( he
peculia i ies o i s mani es a ion in a ious o ms) has a clea ly exp essed cha ac e , does no
cause doub , and ensu es he ep esen a i eness o he da a ob ained; as hose ha mee he
speci ied equi emen s and objec i es o he s udy, he ollowing we e selec ed: au obiog aphies
by I. Duncan “My Li e” and H. Fo d “My Li e, My Achie emen s”, biog aphical wo ks by A. Mau ois
“The Li e o Alexande Fleming”, D. S olzenbe g “F i z Habe : Chemis , Nobel P ize Winne , Ge man,
Jew: Biog aphy”, K. Benek “William Con ad Roen gen”, V. Isaacson “S e e Jobs.
We used he de ini ion o he biog aphical me hod as he me hod o “li e s o ies”, “ i a” (ac-
co ding o N. Denzin) [7]. All a ailable in o ma ion was aken in o accoun ( eco ds o hei au obi-
og aphical wo ks, speeches, in e iews, e c.). In pa icula , he au obiog aphies o Isado a Duncan
“My Li e” and Hen y Fo d “My Li e, My Achie emen s” do no simply desc ibe he li e pa h o
I. Duncan and H. Fo d. Each au ho ocuses on he unique aspec s o his o he li e, on a subjec i e,
pe sonal app oach o desc ibing he his o y o his/he li e’s wo k (“ ee” dance o Isado a Duncan
and “sel -mo ing ca ” o Hen y Fo d).The analysis o he subjec i e anamnesis o he own li e by
I. Duncan and H. Fo d con inces ha he au ho s ha e a a he complex s uc u e o subjec i e ex-
pe ience and a e able o sepa a e hei own “image o he Sel ” om he image o he su ounding
wo ld, a e able o “pe cei e hemsel es as an ac i e subjec o hei own li e his o y, di e en om
he social wo ld.” All oge he gi es eason o he app op ia e conclusions on he esea ch opic.
Biog aphical wo ks by A. Mau ois “The Li e o Alexande Fleming”, D. S olzenbe g “F i z Habe :
Chemis , Nobel P ize Winne , Ge man, Jew: Biog aphy”, K. Benek “William Con ad Roen gen”,
V. Isaacson “S e e Jobs. The biog aphy o he Founde o Apple” a e w i en on he basis o memoi s
and in e iews o amily membe s, con empo a ies abou A. Fleming, F. Habe , V. Roen gen, S. Jobs.
They ec ea e a his o ical, ime-expanded pe spec i e o e en s.
The speci ied sou ces a e used o analysis in he s udy o a speci ic issue as hose ha mee
he speci ied equi emen s and objec i es o he s udy.
In he hi d phase (2024–2025), he s udy uses me hods o collec non-nume ical da a, such
as pe sonal expe iences, a i udes, and beha io s. The s udy is lexible and open-ended and does
no ha e a p ede e mined hypo hesis, which allows he esea che o collec quali a i e and quan-
i a i e da a, explo e di e en pe spec i es, and iden i y po en ial pa e ns o hemes ha can
guide u he esea ch.
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The s udy is conduc ed on a small sample. The numbe o su ey pa icipan s is 16 people.
The age o he su ey pa icipan s anges om 33 o 72 yea s (a e age age is 52.5 yea s). By
gende , he indica o s we e dis ibu ed as ollows: 11 women and 5 men. By ace (skin colo ):
b own (4 people), yellow (2 people), whi e (9 people). Rep esen a i es o di e en aces among
he esponden s do no ep oduce he en i e pale e o aces, na ions, na ionali ies and e hnici ies,
whose ep esen a i es li e in B azil, bu ep oduce he ac o a iabili y o adap a ion, app op ia-
ion o he expe ience o o he peoples, i s ans o ma ion, and, as a esul , po en ial loyal y o he
new (knowledge, expe ience, e c.).
Acco ding o he esul s o he analysis o he le el o educa ion among he esponden s:
seconda y educa ion – 1 pe son, highe educa ion – 3 people, mas e ’s s uden s o highe edu-
ca ion – 7 people, pos g adua e s uden s – 2 people. By ype o p o essional ac i i y: eache s –
5 people, ci il se an s – 2 people, lib a ians – 2 people, enginee , uck d i e , scien i ic manage ,
e en o ganize , doc o – 1 pe son each. Respec able age (implies signi ican li e and p o essional
expe ience) and high educa ional le el (implies a wide ange o knowledge) made i possible o
conside he pa icipan s expe s. Thus, he esponden s a e p ecisely hose people who, by hei
main cha ac e is ics, co espond o he pu pose and objec i es o he s udy, namely, ob aining
in o ma ion abou hei iews, educa ional and li e expe ience, ega ding hei willingness o lea n
new hings. In addi ion, pa icipa ion in he su ey o ep esen a i es o a ious ypes o p o es-
sional ac i i y s imula es he conclusion ega ding he po en ial eplica ion o he s udy esul s o
a wide audience (based on he p ojec ion o he esul s o indi idual ep esen a i es o a pa icula
p o ession o he le el o la ge p o essional g oups). The collec ed da a we e subjec ed o hema ic
analysis and desc ip i e s a is ical analysis.
The ques ions a e o mula ed in acco dance wi h he au ho ’s concep o suscep ibili y o he
new [6]. The su eys in ol e illing ou ques ionnai es. Despi e he ac ha he ques ionnai e was
p epa ed o a co espondence su ey, in ou s udy i was combined wi h a o malized in e iew.
The answe s a e no limi ed by ime and amoun o in o ma ion. The pa icipan s a e ee o answe
as hey wish, no limi ed o a p ede e mined choice. The e a e no igh /w ong answe s. In addi ion
o he ac ha he su ey esul s a e analyzed in he agg ega e o esponses, he su ey akes
place du ing an online mee ing, which p o ides di ec obse a ions o he in e iewe s on he
eac ion o he esponden s o a pa icula ques ion and o he en i e ques ionnai e as a whole.
4.2 Fea u es o he mani es a ion o di e en ypes o suscep ibili y o he new
(using he example o biog aphies o A. Fleming, V. Roen gen, I. Duncan, F. Habe ,
H. Fo d, S. Jobs)
This wo k is ela ed o he gene aliza ion o in o ma ion ega ding he iden i ica ion o di e en
ypes o suscep ibili y o he new acco ding o p e iously iden i ied classi ica ion ea u es. The
biog aphical me hod pe o med he ollowing asks: o iden i y he main ea u es o suscep ibili y
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o he new in A. Fleming, V. Roen gen, I. Duncan, F. Habe , H. Fo d, S. Jobs, acco ding o he
de eloped classi ica ion. To unde s and wha in luenced he iden i ica ion o suscep ibili y o he
new in each speci ic case.
In he au ho ’s classi ica ion o he de ini ion o suscep ibili y o he new, he ollowing a e
de ined by di isible (gene ic) concep s: o m o cogni ion o eali y; leading aspec s o he pe -
cei ed objec ; dominan sensa ions; ield o ac i i y; componen s o he subjec ’s expe ience; cog-
ni i e-emo ional p ocesses; en i onmen o selec ed in o ma ion; hie a chical le el o he subjec
o managemen .
Based on he o m o cogni ion o eali y, we dis inguish in olun a y and olun a y suscep ibili y
o he new.
In olun a y (unin en ional) ecep i i y o he new a ises when a pe son does no se a goal o
pe cei e some hing and does no make an e o o will o his. In ou opinion, he mani es a ion o
in olun a y (unin en ional) ecep i i y o he new is bes illus a ed by he biog aphical in o ma ion
o A. Fleming (based on he book by A. Mau ois “The Li e o Alexande Fleming”) [11].
In pa icula , acco ding o he memoi s o con empo a ies, i was cha ac e is ic o Fleming o
b ing a li le i oli y and an asy in o se ious issues. Acco ding o F eeman’s memoi s, planning
any hing in ad ance was no cha ac e is ic o A. Fleming. He was con en wi h collec ing ac s and
gi ing a e comple e eedom. Since no one is able o p edic wha will come o he decision he/she
makes, his is no such a bad me hod. Thus, he Wa e Polo eam de e mined A. Fleming’s choice o
S . Ma y’s College; he i le eam o ced him o choose bac e iology, and in bo h cases he choice
u ned ou o be success ul. This way o choosing a li e pa h may seem inc edible, eckless and
indica i e o comple e indi e ence o e e y hing.
Fo example, he disco e y o penicillin (which sa ed and s ill sa es he li es and heal h o a
la ge numbe o people) by A. Fleming is a ibu ed o his ca elessness and a andom coincidence.
While s udying in luenza, he did no wash labo a o y glasswa e in ime and did no h ow away
in luenza cul u es o se e al weeks. Once, in one o he many unwashed Pe i dishes, he disco -
e ed mold, which, o his su p ise, supp essed he inocula ed cul u e o s aphylococcus bac e ia.
A. Fleming le he dish on he labo a o y able and wen o es . The al e na ion o cold and wa m
wea he in London c ea ed a o able condi ions o he g ow h o mold and bac e ia. In ou opinion,
in addi ion o he coincidence o ci cums ances, an a bi a y suscep ibili y o he new (p epa ed by
p e iously acqui ed special knowledge and expe ience) wo ked. We ag ee wi h A. Mau ois, A. Flem-
ing had long been looking o a subs ance ha would des oy pa hogenic mic obes wi hou ha ming
he pa ien ’s cells. This magical subs ance acciden ally lew on o his desk. Bu he would no ha e
paid a en ion o he un amilia isi o i he had no been wai ing o him o i een yea s [11].
Volun a y, pu pose ul suscep ibili y o he new is cha ac e ized by he ac ha a pe son se s
a goal o pe cei e some hing and makes will ul e o s o his. In ou opinion, he combina ion o
in olun a y and olun a y suscep ibili y o he new se ed Wilhelm Con ad Roen gen in he dis-
co e y o Roen gen ays o X-Rays. K. Benek in his biog aphical wo k “William Con ad Roen gen”
ci es he ollowing ecollec ions o W. Roen gen: “I ha e long been in e es ed in he p oblem o
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ca hode ays om a acuum ube. I ollowed wi h g ea in e es he esea ch o He z, Lena d
and o he s on his issue and decided o conduc my own esea ch as soon as I had ime o i .”
The ollowing dialogue es i ies o he high deg ee o pu pose ul concen a ion. To he ques ion o
K. Benek: “Wha did you hink when you disco e ed a new ype o ays?” W. Roen gen eplied:
“I did no hink, I in es iga ed. Ha ing disco e ed he exis ence o a new kind o ays, I began o ind
ou wha hey would do. And hen, by concen a ing on he cause o he glow, i was disco e ed
(wi hin a ew weeks) ha he cause o he glow was he di ec ays coming om he ca hode- ay
ube; ha he adia ion cas a shadow, and i could no be de lec ed by a magne – and much mo e.
In addi ion, i u ned ou ha human bones cas a dense shadow han so issues, which is s ill
used in oen genoscopy.
“The e is a lo o wo k ahead, and I am busy, e y busy,” he said a las and s e ched ou his hand
in a ewell, his gaze al eady wande ing o e his wo k in he oom. The wo ds: “I am busy,” seemed o
desc ibe in one sen ence he essence o his cha ac e and he mo o o a e y unusual pe son” [12].
Depending on he leading aspec s o he pe cei ed objec , we dis inguish he ollowing ypes
o suscep ibili y o he new: suscep ibili y o new changes in space, ime, mo emen , o m o
objec s. We imagine ha his can be bo h a eac ion o changes in he objec ha ha e occu ed,
he eby launching he p ocess o changing he en i onmen ( o example, se ice unc ionali y),
and p edic ed changes in space, ime, mo emen , o m (will cause a change in he objec , se ice
unc ionali y, e c.).
The dominan basis o suscep ibili y o he new can be sensa ions (dis an , con ac , deep).
Acco dingly, we dis inguish isual, audi o y, ol ac o y, gus a o y, ac ile, pain suscep ibili y o he
new, and suscep ibili y o he new deep sensi i i y (in e nal o gans, muscle sensi i i y, e c.). In-
dica i e, illus a i e in ela ion o he speci ied classi ica ion ea u e is he eme gence and de elop-
men o imp essionism in pain ing, sculp u e, music. In cho eog aphy – he “ ee” dance o Isado a
Duncan based on own sensa ions, caused by music.
The hy hm o he wa es o he ocean, on he sho e o which he amily li ed, and he absence
o es ic ions om pa en s and go e nesses in childhood, con ibu ed o he o ma ion (acco ding
o I. Duncan) o an o iginal manne (o ideas and mo emen s), he inspi a ion o dance, which
was an exp ession o eedom. I. Duncan no es ha he leading cha ac e ai in childhood was a
cons an spi i o p o es agains he na owness o he socie y, in which she and he amily li ed,
agains he limi a ions o li e.
I. Duncan de ines spon anei y as he main cha ac e is ic o he “new” cho eog aphy, (which
was cha ac e is ic o I. Duncan in childhood and which she ne e los ). “As a child, I exp essed in
dance he sudden joy o g ow h; as a eenage , he joy ha u ns in o ea a he i s eeling o
unde wa e cu en s, he ea o u hless c uel y and he des uc i e p og essi e cou se o li e.
La e , I began o depic my s uggle wi h Li e, which he public called Dea h, and my a emp s o
w es ghos ly joys om i [13].
I is app op ia e, in ou opinion, o ecall doc o s who eso ed o sel -in ec ion wi h he
disease in o de o desc ibe he symp oms and e ec s o ea men based on hei own eelings.
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By sphe e, we dis inguish suscep ibili y o he new in socie y, science, a , e c.
As al eady no ed, he pe cep ion o he new, o ecas ing in ol es all he p e ious expe ience
o he subjec , which makes i possible o dis inguish suscep ibili y o he new, depending on wha
pa o he subjec ’s expe ience is in ol ed and, in u n, on he o ma ion o wha pa o he u-
u e expe ience i is aimed. In pa icula , his is he pe cep ion and o ma ion o new wo ld iews;
emo ional, cogni i e and p ac ical expe ience in ela ion o he objec o esea ch. Suscep ibili y o
he new can be “ u ned on” (in olun a ily o a bi a ily) by he in e es s, aspi a ions, hopes o he
subjec (which, in u n, causes a a o able o inhibi o y e ec ).
This is wha explains he ac o he in luence o ideology on social changes in di e en coun-
ies o he wo ld o e he las wo o h ee cen u ies. Poli ical pa ies and social mo emen s ha
ca ied ou adical ans o ma ions in all sphe es o socie y we e guided by ideological doc ines,
ideals, and p og ams ha became a di ec impe us o change. The mos signi ican in wo ld his o y
we e he G ea F ench Re olu ion o he 18 h cen u y, he s uggle o independence and asse -
ion o independence o he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica in he 18 h cen u y, he Pa is Commune o
he 1970s, he Oc obe Re olu ion o 1917 in Russia, he Chinese Re olu ion o he la e 1940s,
and o he s. I is belie ed ha all o hem we e ca ied ou unde he banne o he s uggle o
he implemen a ion o ce ain ideological p inciples and alues (libe al-bou geois, Ma xis -Leninis ,
Maois , e c.). The mos p og essi e mode n ideology may be he ideology o c ea ing a s a e whose
goal is happiness o all ci izens [14].
Acco ding o he cogni i e-emo ional p ocesses ha s imula e he disco e y, we dis inguish
analy ical, syn he ic, analy ical-syn he ic, emo ional suscep ibili y o he new.
Thus, pa io ic aspi a ions o se e one’s homeland mo i a ed F. Habe – a Ge man chemis
o Jewish o igin, winne o he Nobel P ize in Chemis y, o his con ibu ion o he syn hesis o
ammonia, necessa y o he p oduc ion o e ilize s and explosi es; he a he o chemical weap-
ons. I is no coincidence ha Die ich S olzenbe g, summa izing he opinions o many esea che s
o he li e and wo k o F. Habe , w o e ha he was a g ea scien is , de o ed o his idea and his
coun y [15].
The iden i ica ion and o ma ion o ideas, cogni i e ep esen a ions, and belie s ha in luenced
F. Habe ’s ac ions and choice o p o essional ac i i y we e acili a ed by he occupa ions o his
ela i es (signi ican pe sons), p ima ily his a he and uncle. Sieg ied Habe , F i z Habe ’s a he ,
was a success ul dye me chan , which, in ou opinion, in luenced he choice o chemis y as a u u e
p o essional ac i i y. F i z He mann, F i z Habe ’s uncle, was ac i e in poli ics and he managing
di ec o o a newspape in B eslau (i was he example and in luence o his uncle ha con ibu ed
o he iden i ica ion and o ma ion o a sensi i i y o he new, which was s imula ed by he idea o
se ing he Fa he land, Ge many).
Coming om a Jewish amily, F. Habe con e ed o Ch is iani y (P o es an ism), in a ce ain
way accep ing Ge man na ionalism as his eligion (acco ding o D. S olzenbe g). A his insis ence,
his iancée (la e i s wi e), Cla a Imme wah , also became a Ch is ian. They e en ma ied as
Ch is ians, al hough bo h came om Jewish amilies.
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La e , F. Habe ’s scien i ic esea ch and explo a ion we e d i en by he p inciple: “In peace-
ime, a scien is belongs o humani y, bu in wa ime he belongs o his coun y.”
In pa icula , in he i s decade o he wen ie h cen u y, he wo ld’s demand o ni ogen,
necessa y o he p oduc ion o e ilize s, was much g ea e han he a ailable supply. The main
sou ce o he chemicals, needed o e ilize s, was disco e ed in a huge deposi o guano (seabi d
d oppings), 220 miles long and se e al ee hick, along he coas o Chile. Un o una ely, his
na u al sou ce o ammonia was disappea ing ela i ely quickly.
Du ing he Fi s Wo ld Wa , when Ge many los access o he ni a e mines as a esul o
he B i ish na al blockade, F. Habe belie ed ha Ge many was un ai ly landlocked du ing he wa
and dep i ed o he supplies necessa y o li e. Labo a o y expe imen s by F. Habe (Habe -Bosch
p ocess) allowed o ob ain syn he ic ammonia, which became a aw ma e ial o e ilize s, as well
as o explosi es and ammuni ion.
Acco ding o S ol enbe g, F. Habe helped c ea e e ilize s o plan g ow h and p oduc i i-
y, which, in u n, helped Eu opeans a oid o al s a a ion; in addi ion, he Habe -Bosch p ocess
allowed he Ge man wa machine o las o ou yea s (Ge many would ha e had o su ende a
he end o 1915) [15].
Du ing he wa , Habe in es ed his ene gy in con inuing o suppo Ge many. Al hough Habe
ha ed wa , he belie ed ha he use o chemical weapons could sa e many li es i he exhaus ing
ench wa a e was s opped. He de eloped a new weapon using chlo ine gas, which was pu in o
p oduc ion in Janua y 1915. Thus, ammonia was ac i ely used du ing he Fi s Wo ld Wa as a
chemical weapon. On Ap il 22, 1915, he Ge mans ca ied ou he i s e e gas a ack in his o y
in he Yp es a ea unde he leade ship o F i z Habe .
Ano he di ec ion o F. Habe ’s esea ch is indica i e (in ela ion o he esea ch opic). In
1920, he began esea ch on he ex ac ion o gold om seawa e , hoping ha i success ul, his
en e p ise would allow Ge many o pay epa a ions o he En en e coun ies. Howe e , a e many
yea s o esea ch, he came o he conclusion ha he concen a ion o gold, dissol ed in seawa e ,
is much lowe han epo ed in he wo ks o his p edecesso s, and ha he ex ac ion o gold om
seawa e is economically unp o i able. Thus, he disco e y o suscep ibili y o he new in F. Habe
was s imula ed by cogni i e-emo ional (cogni i e-pa io ic) p ocesses.
Hen y Fo d was s imula ed by a passion o in en ion, he desi e o in en a “sel -p opelled
ca ” and hen endlessly imp o e i (au ho o 161 US pa en s), which led him o de elop a ech-
nological line (con eyo ), and, ul ima ely, o es ablish he p oduc ion o a “ca o e e yone.” In his
book “My Li e, My Achie emen s”, H. Fo d, ecalls ha he was he son o a a me . He knew ha
a m wo k equi es a lo o ime and he e is no ime le o ips o he ci y, ips o he hea e ,
cinema. One o he g ea es ad an ages o he ca , he conside ed a bene icial e ec , c ea ing
oppo uni ies o expanding he ho izons o he a me (due o he educ ion o ime o such and
o he ips). The e o e, he idea o c ea ing a s eam ca and using i as a means o anspo a ion
came o mind o an expe ienced mechanic who had a good wo kshop a his disposal. A ha ime,
he idea o c ea ing a sel -p opelled ca was consonan wi h he idea o a ho seless ca iage [16].
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In con as o S. Jobs, H. Fo d used logical conclusions and p inciples in his wo k. One o he
p inciples was: “Do no be a aid o he u u e and do no bow o he pas … Failu es a e only an
excuse o s a all o e again and ac mo e wisely. The pas is use ul only when i shows us he
ways and means o de elopmen .”
The esponden s iden i ied such an impo an cha ac e is ic o in e na ional eams ( o exam-
ple, Huawei (China)) as he abili y o global coope a ion (cul u al adap abili y, he abili y o adap
and wo k e ec i ely in a ious cul u al en i onmen s; e ec i e communica ion; he abili y o wo k
oge he in geog aphically dis ibu ed eams). This ea u e is also becoming impo an o Uk ainians.
3. Read he ex , answe he ques ion:
In ma ke ing, he ollowing g oups o cus ome s a e dis inguished by hei suscep ibili y o
new ypes o goods and se ices: inno a o s – isk-a e se, hey y ou new p oduc s, aking a
li le isk; ea ly ollowe s – opinion leade s in hei en i onmen , hey accep new ideas qui e ea ly,
al hough wi h cau ion; ea ly majo i y – people a e cau ious, hey accep inno a ions ea lie han he
a e age pe son, bu hey a e a ely leade s; la e majo i y – people who a e skep ical: hey accep
a no el y only a e he majo i y has al eady ied i ; lagga ds – people, bound by adi ions, hey
a e suspicious o changes, communica e wi h o he suppo e s o adi ions and accep a no el y
only because i has al eady become a adi ion o some ex en .
Wha o he cha ac e is ics can dis inguish suscep ibili y o he new?
The hi d o i e ques ions (acco ding o he indica ed opic) is aimed a iden i ying he
esponden s’ opinions ega ding he signs o le el di e en ia ion o people suscep ible o he new?
The mos ob ious ac o s o di e en ia ion o people suscep ible o he new (which was con-
i med by he esul s o he analysis o he esponses o he su ey pa icipan s) a e he ollowing:
age, educa ional le el, inancial capaci y, social g oup, eligious and spi i ual belie s. Since he di -
e en ia ion o socie y (in sociology – s a i ica ion, in ma ke ing – segmen a ion) occu s acco ding
o he indica ed ac o s, i is logical o p edic a simila di e en ia ion among people suscep ible
o he new. Along wi h he ob iousness, each o he abo e ac o s equi es a sepa a e s udy e-
ga ding in e nal di e en ia ion, con i ma ion by examples, e c. And, hus, is a p ospec o u he
scien i ic explo a ions.
While s udying he biog aphies o p ominen pe sonali ies whose suscep ibili y o he new is
beyond doub , I no iced ways o accumula ing ex e nal/in e nal sensa ions, impulses, in o ma ion
and ans e ing hem in o an ac i e (consciously o unconsciously) s a e (“me hod o eleasing
c ea i e ene gy”, “con inuous concen a ion”, “in ui ion, sea ch o inspi a ion and examples”,
“sys emic imp o emen ”).
Rahul Jandial, a amous neu osu geon, au ho o he book “Neu o i ness. Recommenda ions o
a neu osu geon o imp o ing b ain unc ion”, desc ibes his “me hod o eleasing c ea i e ene gy”
as ollows. My me hod o gene a ing ideas g ew ou o an old habi o su gical planning. I he nex
day I ha e a pa icula ly di icul ope a ion, in he e ening I me iculously s udy he pa ien ’s b ain
scans and he umo ha has se led in hem, and when I all asleep, I sc oll h ough all his again
in my head, men ally o a e he neoplasm in all p ojec ions, isualize he dange ous zones adjacen
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o i . In he mo ning, I de ini ely ake a ew minu es o look a he scans, cla i y he shape and
posi ion o he umo con ou s.
In he cou se o and o de elop his app oach, I ead a icles wo e enings a week be o e going
o bed ha a e di ec ly o indi ec ly ela ed o he expe imen I am wo king on. Thus, sc olling
h ough he da a and conclusions, ob ained by o he s, in my head, while my b ain con inues o
sea ch o answe s o i s own scien i ic and p ac ical ques ions, I disco e new connec ions be-
ween wha has al eady been es ablished and he in e es ing, and some imes oo bold, conclusions
ha we ha e eached in he labo a o y.
Inciden ally, such men al wande ings in he bo de land be ween sleep and wake ulness ha e
p o en ui ul. I is qui e possible ha a he momen o alling asleep (in neu obiology his in e me-
dia e s a e is called hypnagogic) and du ing he slow ansi ion back o wake ulness (hypnopompic
s a e) po als o he subconscious open o a momen in ou consciousness o sna ch a c ea i e
insigh [23].
Bill Ga es (co- ounde o Mic oso , who played a decisi e ole in he popula iza ion o compu -
e s and he In e ne ), has epea edly emphasized h oughou his ca ee ha he habi o eading
and sel -isola ion became he d i ing o ce behind his achie emen s. B. Ga es called his me hod
“con inuous concen a ion”. In he 1990s, he spen e e y yea “Week o Re lec ion” – he secluded
himsel in an isola ed hu in he dese wi h a pile o books and echnical documen a ion. Du ing his
ime, he did no check his e-mail and ocused on eading, hinking and w i ing down he ideas ha
a ose. Acco ding o Ga es, i was hese pe iods o deep concen a ion ha allowed him o c ea e
la ge-scale ideas, including he de elopmen o he In e ne Explo e b owse [24].
S e e Jobs’ in e es in Eas e n spi i uali y, Hinduism, Zen Buddhism and his sea ch o en-
ligh enmen led him o belie e ha he ue unde s anding o hings is in ui i e. “In ui ion is a
e y powe ul hing, i is, in my opinion, s onge han in elligence. Unde s anding his had a g ea
in luence on my app oach o wo k,” S. Jobs es i ied. He inspi ed o he s wi h his own in ui i e
ision o hings (desi ed cha ac e is ics o u u e PCs), hus achie ing he impossible. I was like
sel -p og amming, – ecalled Debbie Coleman – You do he impossible because you do no ealize
ha i is impossible [17].
H. Fo d’s me hod is called “sys emic imp o emen ”. This is how H. Fo d desc ibes his me hod
in he book “My Li e, My Achie emen s”.
We mus s a om he p oduc i sel . Fi s , you need o unde s and whe he i is eally as
good as i should be, ha is, whe he he p oduc ully mee s i s pu pose. Then – whe he he bes
ma e ials o he mos expensi e a e used o i s p oduc ion. Can i s design be simpli ied and i s
weigh educed? And hus b ing he p oduc o pe ec ion. P oduc ion mus s a om he p oduc
i sel – echnology, managemen , sales and inancing a e adap ed o i . This is how he company
hones i s capabili ies and ul ima ely wins o e ime. Fo ced elease o a p oduc wi hou p ope
con idence in i is he hidden cause o many, many disas e s.
I ook wel e yea s be o e he Model T, which is popula oday, began o sui me in e e y way.
Un il we had inally comple ed i s de elopmen , we did no e en y o s a i s p oduc ion. Bu la e
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his model did no unde go any signi ican changes. I do no miss a single good idea, bu I y no o
decide igh away whe he i is good o no . I he idea is eally wo h i o opens up new possibil-
i ies, I am o es ing i . Bu om es ing o change is a long way. When mos manu ac u e s a e
willing o change he p oduc , we change he p oduc ion me hods [16].
As o le el di e en ia ion, he mos common in pedagogical esea ch is a h ee-le el one,
acco ding o he le el o quali y (low le el, medium le el, high le el).
In ma ke ing, a i e-le el di e en ia ion o cus ome s is used acco ding o hei suscep ibili y o
new ypes o goods and se ices: inno a o s; ea ly ollowe s; ea ly majo i y; la e majo i y; lagga ds.
By he numbe o people who we e co e ed by he p oposed inno a ion: om pe sonal, unique,
un epea able, ( o example, a is ic pe o mance o dance, pain ing, e c.) o mass applica ion ( o
example, a pe sonal compu e ).
By he le el o ecogni ion: geniuses o he i s kind a e hose who a e ecognized du ing li e;
geniuses o he second kind a e hose who a e ecognized a e dea h; geniuses o he hi d kind
a e hose who can be ecognized in a mo e o less dis an u u e.
The use o heo e ical gene aliza ion, su ey and biog aphical me hods as complemen a y
me hods has en iched he au ho ’s idea o he di e en ia ion o indi iduals suscep ible o he new.
We conside esea ch on he in e nal di e en ia ion o each ac o , he de elopmen o diagnos ic
ools, o be p omising.
4. Read he ex , answe he ques ions:
A. Fleming disco e ed penicillin (which sa ed and s ill sa es he li es and heal h o a la ge
numbe o people); V. Roen gen disco e ed X- ays o X-Rays; I. Duncan is known o his inno-
a i e “ ee” dance, which is based on own sensa ions, caused by music; F. Habe is known o
his con ibu ion o he syn hesis o ammonia, necessa y o he p oduc ion o e ilize s and ex-
plosi es; Hen y Fo d in en ed he “sel -p opelled ca ” and hen endlessly imp o ed i (au ho o
161 US pa en s), de eloped a p oduc ion line (con eyo ), and, inally, es ablished he p oduc ion
o a “ca o e e yone”.
Wha is he di e ence in he suscep ibili y o he new o he people, men ioned in
he ex ?
In he ou h o i e ques ions (acco ding o he indica ed opic), he answe s o he ques-
ion a e analyzed: Wha is he di e ence in he suscep ibili y o he new o A. Fleming, V. Roen gen,
I. Duncan, F. Habe , H. Fo d? The su ey answe ed ha he suscep ibili y o he new o he speci-
ied pe sons di e s in he a eas o hei ac i i y, s a ing oppo uni ies, he en i onmen , in which
he esea che was aised and li ed; mo i a ion o achie emen s.
Using he me hod o heo e ical gene aliza ion, he au ho singled ou classi ica ion ea u es,
by which suscep ibili y o he new can be dis inguished. I is di icul o calcula e he numbe
o possible combina ions o he iden i ied ea u es. The au ho is awa e o he possibili y o he
mani es a ion o new, p e iously unde ec ed classi ica ion ea u es and he p esence o such clas-
si ica ion ea u es ha a e no cu en ly ecognized. The au ho assumes he p esence o pe sonal
uniqueness (up o absolu e).
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5. Gi e examples o hose who a e suscep ible o he new ha you know.
The las ques ion (acco ding o he indica ed opic) asked o gi e known examples o hose
who a e suscep ible o he new. The answe s indica ed: he use o new elec onic gadge s, house-
hold appliances, echnologies; p oblems ha equi e sol ing and p omo ing p og essi e social and
poli ical changes; signs o suscep ibili y o new hings (changing jobs, coun ies o esidence,
endency o a el); names o speci ic B azilian igu es, such as Elke Ma a illa, Helena Cama go,
Sil io San os, Pele, Ta cila do Ama al, Nise da Sil ei a.
Conclusions
Thus, he sequence and phasing o he s udy o suscep ibili y o he new a e e ealed: he
applica ion o he heo e ical gene aliza ion me hod (2022–2023, i s s age), he biog aphical
me hod (2023–2024, second s age), he su ey me hod (2024–2025, hi d s age). The au ho ’s
expe ience in applying he po en ial o an in e disciplina y app oach and combining a ious me hods
in he s udy o suscep ibili y o he new ( heo e ical gene aliza ion me hod, biog aphical me hod
and su ey me hod) is summa ized. The use o he biog aphical me hod has p o en i s alidi y and
pe suasi eness in he s udy o such a deep p ocess as suscep ibili y o he new, in pa icula , o
gene alizing in o ma ion ega ding he iden i ica ion o di e en ypes o suscep ibili y o he new
acco ding o p e iously iden i ied classi ica ion ea u es.
In pa icula , he beha io al cha ac e is ics o in olun a y (unin en ional) suscep ibili y o he
new on he example o A. Fleming (based on he book by A. Mau ois “The Li e o Alexande Fleming”)
could seem eckless, i olous and, in he absence o ad ance planning, such as indica e comple e
indi e ence o e e y hing.
The beha io o V. Roen gen (based on K. Benek, “William Con ad Roen gen”) is an example
o a bi a y, pu pose ul suscep ibili y o he new. V. Roen gen was in e es ed in he p oblem o a
long ime, ollowed he cu en scien i ic sea ches o o he esea che s wi h g ea in e es . Du ing
his own esea ch, he demons a ed a high deg ee o pu pose ul concen a ion, posed new and new
ques ions o himsel , de e mining he pe spec i e.
Biog aphical in o ma ion abou I. Duncan (acco ding o I. Duncan, “My Li e”) illus a es he
suscep ibili y o he new, he basis o which is a mix o isual, audi o y and muscula sensi i i y.
The o ma ion o he o iginal manne o I. Duncan’s pe o ming s yle, he “new” cho eog aphy, was
in luenced by he pe cep ion o he hy hm o ocean wa es, he immediacy, he inspi a ion o he
dance, which was an exp ession o eedom.
Cogni i e-emo ional p ocesses, in ou opinion, s imula ed he mani es a ion o F. Habe ’s sus-
cep ibili y o he new (acco ding o D. S olzenbe g “F i z Habe : chemis , Nobel P ize winne ,
Ge man, Jew: biog aphy”). In pa icula , he example o signi ican indi iduals, wo ld iew belie s
(se ice o he Fa he land, Ge many) s imula ed he mani es a ion and o ma ion o suscep ibili y
o he new in e e yday li e and in p o essional ac i i ies.
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H. Fo d’s suscep ibili y o he new (acco ding o H. Fo d “My Li e, My Achie emen s”) was
s imula ed by a passion o in en ion, which was aimed a o ming a new expe ience o a m wo k
( o build a ligh ca wi h a s eam engine ha could eplace ho ses as a ac o o ex emely hea y
plowing) and li e.
S. Jobs’s suscep ibili y o he new (acco ding o V. Isaacson “S e e Jobs. Biog aphy o he
ounde o Apple”) was in he na u e o o ecas ing, an icipa ing a new p ac ical expe ience (mas-
si e use o pe sonal elec onic de ices). The cha ac e is ic ea u es o he design o u u e elec-
onic gadge s o Apple we e o med on he basis o ans e ing S. Jobs’ imp essions, ecei ed in
his a he ’s au o epai shop and om his admi a ion o Eichle ’s houses (i is simple and unc ional
o use).
The esponden s’ answe s o he i e ques ions, which we e o med in acco dance wi h he
au ho ’s concep o suscep ibili y o he new, we e analyzed. The ques ionnai e o he su ey was
combined wi h a o malized in e iew.
A e analyzing he da a, he esul s ob ained we e in e p e ed in he con ex o he esea ch
p oblem. In pa icula , he ollowing componen s o suscep ibili y o he new we e iden i ied: open-
ness, insigh , cu iosi y, eadiness ( o example, o communica ion), sensi i i y. A con en analysis
o he de ini ions o suscep ibili y o he new, openness, insigh , cu iosi y, eadiness, sensi i i y
was ca ied ou .
The ollowing ea u es o indi iduals suscep ible o he new we e iden i ied. The esponden s’
answe s we e g ouped by simila i y and complemen a i y:
– sel -wo h, mo i a ion, esponsibili y;
– empa hy, esilience, en husiasm, cou age o mind, abili y o gene a e c ea i e ideas, lexibil-
i y in sol ing p oblems;
– educa ion (i s le el, e sa ili y o knowledge, openness o he acquisi ion o di e en knowl-
edge, i s use o he de elopmen o one’s own ideas);
– no o belie e in limi a ions, o look o answe s;
– he abili y o global coope a ion (cul u al adap abili y; abili y o adap and wo k e ec i ely in
a ious cul u al en i onmen s; e ec i e communica ion; abili y o wo k oge he in geog aphically
dis ibu ed eams). The ob ained esul s we e c i ically e alua ed. The biog aphical me hod was
used as a complemen a y one.
The su ey esul s en iched he au ho ’s idea ega ding he di e en ia ion o indi iduals sus-
cep ible o he new. While s udying he biog aphies o ou s anding pe sonali ies, whose suscep ibil-
i y o he new is beyond doub , a en ion was d awn o he ways o accumula ing ex e nal/in e nal
sensa ions, impulses, in o ma ion and ans e ing hem o an ac i e (consciously o unconsciously)
s a e (“me hod o eleasing c ea i e ene gy”, “con inuous concen a ion”, “in ui ion, sea ch o
inspi a ion and examples”, “sys emic imp o emen ”).
Using he me hod o heo e ical gene aliza ion, he au ho has iden i ied classi ica ion ea u es,
by which suscep ibili y o he new can be dis inguished. I is di icul o calcula e he numbe
o possible combina ions o he iden i ied ea u es. The au ho is awa e o he possibili y o he
108
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHAPTER 4
appea ance o new, p e iously undisco e ed classi ica ion ea u es and he p esence o such clas-
si ica ion ea u es ha a e no cu en ly ecognized. The au ho assumes he p esence o pe sonal
uniqueness (up o absolu e).
We see a pe spec i e in he s udy o he le els o in e connec ion and co ela ion o he abo e
de ini ions; he s udy o he in e nal di e en ia ion o each ac o , he de elopmen o diagnos ic
ools/compila ion o a classi ica ion index o di e en ypes o suscep ibili y o he new.
The su ey esul s con ibu e o he iden i ica ion o new hemes, pa e ns o ends and he
unde s anding o he da a in connec ion wi h p e ious heo e ical gene aliza ions, he conside a ion
o al e na i e explana ions and in e p e a ions.
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